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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
cause_n	bishop_n	judge_v	rome_n	1,426	5	7.0633	4	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A09832	The hystories of the most famous and worthy cronographer Polybius discoursing of the warres betwixt the Romanes [and] Carthaginenses, a riche and goodly worke, conteining holsome counsels [and] wonderfull deuises against the incombrances of fickle fortune. Englished by C.W. Wherevnto is annexed an abstract, compendiously coarcted out of the life & worthy acts, perpetuate by our puissaunt prince king Henry the fift.; Historiae. English	Polybius.; Watson, Christopher, d. 1581.	1568 (1568)	STC 20097; ESTC S114792	81,252	276

at the ende a replye to the same made by the right honorable Lorde Rafe earle of Westmerlande a man of no lesse grauitie than experience which was garnished with such floures of Rethoricke and matter of importance that if it had ben in Greke and Latine it had ben nothing inferiour but equiualent with the Orations of Demosthenes or Tully When I had taken a superficial sight of it I was rapte in minde more profoundly to digest his stately stile knit together as the Ambre and argumentes indissoluble as the Adamant After that I had circumspectly pondered and wayed it with deliberation I wondered not a little to sée such eloquence and pithie sentences procede out from such a potentate as scant in these our dayes demane from graue great learned Doctors There lacked no copie of examples as of the Persians the Africans the Grekes and especially of the Romans by diuerse other nations yea of Englande and Scotlande When I had perused the mellifluous Oration of this worthy Oratour and mightie magistrate I determyned with my selfe to reade some of the famous Histories out of which he had picked such pleasant pearles and especially before the rest that Historie intreating of the warres made by the Romans for Scicilie and the Citie of the Samnites out of the which he hadde collected the most firme infringible argumentes of his Oration With the perusing of the which History I was so rapt and pleasured that my appalled senses were quickned and my dul wit sharpened reuiued For the which causes I vowed to apply my vacant houres in reducing it to our maternal vulgar tong vnder the protection gouernāce of the most worthy sequele hautie successours of the incomparable Earle trusting so much to their boūtiful beneuolēce accustomed gētlenes which naturally is plāted in that stock so that they would gratefully accept my good wil towards them When the matter was come to this point I thought that of necessitie I must nedes pen the oration which was the originall cause of this my translation that thereby I might satisfie them which were desirous to know for what cause I toke this worke in hand which could not be done without declaring of the bishops which was the cause of the earls So then I was persuaded that euery man would be desirous to know for what cause the bishop made his which could not be shewed without entring into the life of King Henry the which percell of his life would haue caused him to haue ben iudged of some maligne cursed persons a wicked prince But for their confounding which would go about to take such a cause where none is offered I iudged it as a thing necessarie at the leaste compendiously to shew this abstract of the life of our worthy and renoumed prince and gouernour not neding any argelier to explicate set forth his workes bothe bicause I should soner emptie the Occeans and fill the vorages of Scilla and Caribdis than shew his merited praises which are done alredy as worthely as may be by any man in the vnion of the two illustre and noble families of Lancaster and Yorke compiled by the forenamed Hal but yet not accordingly as they ought to haue ben or as he deserued and also bicause this may sufficiently serue for the vnderstanding of that which I intēded Thus fare you well from my study in saint Iohns Colledge at Cambridge Yours Christopher Watson ¶ The victorious actes of king Henry the fift THe mightie puissāt prince Henry sonne heire to king Henry the fourth toke vpon him the highe power and regimēt of this Realme of England the twenty day of March in the yeare after that Christ our sauiour had entred into the immaculate wombe of the holy Virgin his natural Mother a thousand foure hundreth and eyght and was crowned King the ninth day of April next ensuing and proclaimed King by the name of King Henry the fift This King was the man which according to the auncient prouerbe declared shewed that honour ought to chaunge maners for incontinently after that he was inthronised in the siege royall and had receiued the diaadem and scepter of this famous and fortunate region he determined with him selfe to put on the shape of a new man to vse an other sort of liuing turning insolency wildenesse into grauitie and sobernesse and wauering vice into constant vertue and to the entent that he would so persiste without reflection either least he should bée allured by the sinister persuasions of his familyer companions with whome he had passed his adolescencie in wanton pastimes and ryotous rufflings he banyshed and separated from him all his olde flatterers and lighte bolde brainesicke playféeres but not vnrewarded inhibiting them from thence forth on a great payne not once to approche eyther to his speach or presence nor yet to lodge or soiourne within ten miles of his highe Courte or royall mansion and in their places elected chose men of grauitie and great wit with such as were practised in pollicie and martial prowes by whose skilful wisdome curious counsayle prudent pollicies and ingenious instructions he might at all times rule regally to his high honour guide his gouernāce princelike to his profit This péerlesse prince was righteously reported to be the rare Arabical Phoenix and the very Peragone of his predecessours This haughty Henry was a King whose life was exempt from al faults his liuing vnspotted with obloquie this curtuous king was a princely potentate whome all men leally loued none disdained or dreade this prewe Prince was a coragious Captaine against whome fickle Fortune neuer fraudulently frowned nor irous mischaunce once spitefully spurned this warlike Captaine was a sincere shepherd whome his fawning flocke faithfully fauored and obediently obeyed and with continuall acclamations reknowledged their louing lorde Thys our pastor was such a iust iusticiarie that no facinorous fact was pretermitted vnpunished or faithfull frendshyp destitute of due desert This gentle Iusticiarie was so vnfaynedlye feared that all rage and rebellion were quite banished and all sedition suppressed His feruēt vertues were no more notable than his fine qualities wer worthy of praise for the whiche fewe or none were to him comparable No mā could be found more temperate in eating and drinking than he was he fained no frugalitie his diet was not delicate dainties but rather rurall and grosse more to be desired of the wearied warrier than to be offred to amorous ladies Hys indomable courage was so constant and his hearte was so immutable that he reiected al feare and dastardly dread from him was vtterly banished He had such profound knowledge in conducting and ordring an armie and suche a rare grace in the incoraging of his souldiers that frēch men publikely pronounced him to bée inuincible and impossible to be vanquished Hée was endued with suche pregnant wyt such perfecte prudence and admirable policie that he neuer enterprised any thing before he hadde

placing their standerds not in the beginning but in the strength of the battail their order was very slender in the breast and strengthned with many aydes in the backe to withstand the force of the elephants But as it was wel prouided of the Romanes to kéepe backe the beasts so it was very daungerous for being ingired for the Carthaginenses hauing the greater troupe of horsses might easilier enuiron thē disposed so straightly Now both the companions beyng prest to ioyne battaile either of them looked to be assailed of other As sone as Zantippus had commanded the elephantes to be put towarde the enimies the horsemen of both wings braste in egerly The Romanes according to the custome of their countrey sounding their trumpets commanded their souldiers to girde valiantly into the thickest of the armie The syghte was very sharp and terrible amongst them but the Romane souldiers dreading the multitude of the Carthaginenses fled incontinētly from both wings the footemen of the left wing hauyng inclined the force of the elephantes estéemed nothyng the multitude of the hired souldiers but rushed in valiantly on the right wing of the Carthaginenses putting them to flight and pursuyng them sharply to their tents but those whiche were placed next to the Elephants were hurled down ouerthrowne on heapes by the filthy beastes The fortune of victorie depended doubtful the resistants defended them selues so worthily but after the rerewarde of the Romanes was compassed in with the Carthaginean horsemen wer cōpelled to encounter with them those which as I shewed were placed in the midst to resist the elephāts driuen on the strongest companie of their ennimies by whome they were suppressed and quite ouerthrowne the Romanes began to languishe and faynt on euery part some being trodē down with the multitude of that cruell fierce beastes other slaine by the horssemen in the same place where they stode in the beginning so that a small handful remained to the latter end which perceyuing there was no hope of recouerie fled away to saue them selues but they also the place being very plaine were ouerrunne with horsemen and elephants other fiue hundreth flying away with Marcus Attilius were intrapped and taken by their enimies In the Carthaginean armie were slayn eight hundreth hired souldiers which fought in the left wing against the Romanes Of the other parte escaped only two thousande with their ensignes and standerdes which as you heard a litle before chased the Carthaginenses to their tents all the rest sauing Marcus Attilius and a few which were taken with him wer slaine The Carthaginenses hauyng made spoyle of the bodies of their ennimies returned into the Citie wyth greate ioye and gladnesse leadyng with them the Consul and the rest of their Captiues If there be any man that pondreth and wayeth this according to veritie he shall fynde diuers thyngs included herein verye necessarie and passyng profitable to the amendement right gouernement of our lyues Fyrst yf he reuolue and intentiuely consider in hys minde how friuolous vn constant and vaine a thing it is to put any hope or trust in Fortune bicause of prosperitie or other famous facts done according to oure mindes Marcus Attilius may bée a singular example to euerie one whiche of late flouryshyng wyth so many famous triumphes and adorned with so many glorious victories and in hys chiefe pompe and glorie would by no meanes possible nor by any intercessions bée mercifull or fauourable to the Carthaginenses beyng at the last caste and in extreme danger nowe hymselfe was forced humblye to request mercie and peace at their hāds which with tedious exorations low obeisance had required it of him not lōg before so that the worthie saying of Euripides was at thys time verified that the counsell of one wise man counteruaileth the strength of many souldiers for one man by his politike prudence ouercame and vtterly destroyed a multitude before inuincible restoring the citie greuously afflicted and oppressed to the pristinat state relieuing the Citizens myndes which were in vtter despaire I haue voluntarily remembred these things knowing the fruite conteined in them to belong muche to the correction and amendment of mens liues For there are two ways laid before men by exāple of which they may be reformed to a better trade of lyfe the one is by his owne calamities the other by example of other mens harmes of whiche the former without doubte is of more efficacie but it chāceth not without the great detrimēt of him which suffreth it the second though it be not so efficacious yet it is good bicause it is expert and voyde of all daunger or damage Wherfore very fewe choose the fyrste willingly by reason of his collaterals whiche are affliction oppression and trouble but the other is well accepted of all men bicause it is exempte from all detriment griefe and vexation so that a man of vnderstanding may wel perceyue experience to be the beste guide and conducter to the right institution and amendement of life which chiefly consisteth in the commemoration of other mens facts for they with out trouble hurt or damage giue best instructions to wise men but for thys matter let these suffise The Carthaginenses hauing all things chaunced prosperously and according to their desire pretermitted no kynde of braueries pompe and gladnesse whether it were in praysing their Gods or in offeryng sacrifice to them other rights neither in makyng and settyng forth of playes ne yet in giuing and receuing giftes according to the custome of the countrey Zantippus hauyng restored the Carthaginenses to their pristinate estate soone after returned to his own countrey hauing vigilantly foreséens all daungers For it oft tymes chaunceth that he which doeth worthily is mortally hated and enuied therefore but being defended with his Citizens allies and friendes he may easily flée and eschue the same where strangers and forayners are quickly dispatched There is also an other cause alleaged for his departure as I shal shew more at large in his place When relation was made at Rome of the ouerthrowe of their host and the Consuls taking also howe the rest of their armie were besieged in Clipia they prepared to ayde them leuying a populous armie whiche they sent into Africa In thys meane tyme the Carthaginenses besieged Clipia labouryng earnestly to ouer com it hoping to take those which escaped the battaile But the Romane souldiers defended them selues so couragiously that the Carthaginenses laboured in vaine who perceiuing their trauayle to bée of none effecte raysed their campe Nowe they heard worde howe the Romanes had prepared a nauie whyche shoulde come into Africa with which rumours the Carthaginenses being moued beganne to repaire their olde Nauie also to prepare a newe so that hauing two hundreth well appointed shippes they determined to staye their passage into Africa The Romanes hauyng also furnyshed thrée hundreth and fiftie sayle sente Marcus Aemilius and Seruilius Fuluius Consules wyth an armie into Africa the which didde determine their

and repayring the olde Nauie they leuied a freshe Armye Asdruball Captaine of the Carthaginenses perceiuing the fearfulnesse of the Romans also hauing knowledge by the fugitiues of the Romans preparation also hearing how one of the Consuls was determined to repaire into Italye with part of the Armye that only Metellus with scant half of the army shold remaine at Panormus now Autumne drawing nye he remoued from Lilybeum and brought his armie to that territories of Panormus Metellus perceiuing his enimies to be at hand seing Asdrubal desirous of battaile restrained his men within the walles which thing much more incensed the Carthaginean captaine in so much that hauing spoiled and burned the fieldes on euery side he marched toward Panormus The Consul kept his men so long within that he ministred the enimies occasion to passe the riuer which fronted on the walles The Consul perceiuing the Elephants and mayne army to approche he sent out his most actiue souldiers to solicitate and prouoke his aduersaries that they might come to the hands of the rest and perceiuing that all things chanced according to his minde he appointed such as were of most agilitie to stande as it were a rampier aboue a ditch from whence they should fight with their enimies a farre of with their dartes and other rouing weapons commanding them that if at any tyme the beastes began to rage they shold skip into the ditches and from thēce hurle at them againe he made a great company of dartes or pykes to be conueied out of the Citie which he placed in the pits Then he with all that standarts stoode at a nother cōtrary angle of the Citie butting on the left wing of hys enimies As soone as the battaile was begon the maister of the Elephants being very desirous of honour and the name of a conquerour nothing esteming Asdrubals commaūdement sturred vp the beastes againste the light souldiers which according to that Consuls commaundement gaue back and seing the beasts pursue them very hastely skipped into the ditches Now when the Elephāts were come to the pitte side they were so galled what with shaftes shot out of the Towne the souldiers pikes in the trenches that they could passe no further but were compelled to recoyle and burst in among their owne Armie perturbing their order and making great slaughter amongst them While this broyle was in hande in came Metellus with his crew from an other part of the Citie and girded in amongst his enimies so hautely that being troubled with the Elephantes before and now so sharpely assayled by the Consul they were easely suppressed part being slaine the rest sauing them selues by taking them to their héeles There were ten Elephantes taken with ten Indians the rest which had cast downe their riders after the conflict were taken by the Consuls After this prosperous triumphe no small praise was attribute to Metellus the which by the confession of euery man was the onely cause that the Roman souldiers peaked not in mountaynes and hilles but durst in any plaine place skirmish with the Carthaginenses When the rumor of this victory was noysed at Rome the whole Citie was impleate with inexplicable gladnesse not onely bicause the Elephantes being taken the enimies were much theyr inferiors but bicause theyr souldiers were animated and imboldened Therefore as they had decréed in the beinning they prepared an other nauie and sent it into Scicilye being very desirous to finish the warres Thus hauing prepared viands and other necessaries they passed the seas into Scicilye with two hundreth ships This was the fourtenth yeare of this warre After their arriuall in the wished Porte the Consuls tooke suche footemen as were in the prouince and went to besiege Lilybeum for that Citie being subuerted they hoped soone after to passe into Africae But the Carthaginenses being moued also with the same reasons did purpose in any case to preserue and kepe their munition from taking knowledging them selues to haue no tytle to any thing in Scicilie that being lost for all the residue of the prouince sauing Drapanum was in subiection to the Romans But least those things which I determine to intreate of in Scicilye shold séeme difficult or obscure to any vnacquainted with the places I purpose briefly and in few words to declare the situation of the Iland Scicylie bordereth for the most parte vpon Italye and the frontiers thereof as Peloponesus doeth vpon Grecia and this is the chiefe difference betwixt them Scicilye is seperate from Italye by an arme or créeke of the Sea Peloponesus from Grecia by a dry march or plot of ground so that one may passe on foote from it into Grecia but not from Scicilye into Italye except they passe by water in forme it resembleth a triangle hauing at euery corner a promentary of the which that bordering towards the southerne clyme ioineth to the sea of Scicilye and is called Pachinus that which extēdeth toward the North is lykewise an ende or corner of the sea is distant from Italye but a myle and and a halfe and is called Pelorus the third which declyneth towards Africa and Carthage is but a mile halfe a shoote seuen and twenty pases distaunte from the coastes of Africa and the inhabitants call it Lilybeum it seperateth the Sardinian and Scicilyan sea In this promētarie there is a hill of the same name at that instante besieged of the Romanes fortifted with strong walles déepe ditches perilous puddels and many standing waters by which the porte is made very daungerous and perilous to be entered except the Pilottes be very cunning and expert The Romanes besieging this Citie enuironed it on eyther side with two campes making many ditches rampers erecting sundry munitions placing their engins pretermitting nothing thought requisite to the expugnation of a holde first they assaulted a towne which stoode in the hyll side bending towardes the African Sea by all meanes that coulde be inuented dayly inuenting new tormentes continually setting them in places most conuenient In continuaunce they ouerthrew sixe Townes standing nygh to yt as with theyr whole power they were assayling the walles This siege was very sharpe and mortall the Citizens were sore discoraged oppressed with great feare and dread for many of their towers and bulwarckes were very ruinous being sore rent and torne and diuers turned ouer and cast to the grounde by theire Enimies and the Engins damaged them dayly more and more The number besieged amounted to aboue ten thousand beside the greate multitude of inhabitantes In thys theyr greuous distresse Imilcon ruler of the Citie valyantly defended them from their enimies continually réedifying and making vp newe walles within the Cytie where the Romans brake them with rammes and brakes circumspectly watching wher his enimies made trenches and by making other disapointed them of their purpose so that the subtil and slye slyghts of his aduersaries were frustrate and of no effecte oftentimes he issued out setting on them bothe by night and day