last_v until_o some_o new_a declaration_n of_o the_o will_n of_o the_o donor_n shall_v rescind_v it_o for_o in_o a_o dubious_a case_n that_o which_o be_v deem_v sufficient_a to_o give_v a_o right_n shall_v be_v presume_v sufficient_a to_o continue_v it_o but_o yet_o not_o if_o he_o that_o grant_v it_o be_v disable_v any_o long_a to_o declare_v his_o pleasure_n as_o in_o case_n he_o be_v dead_a for_o than_o whatsoever_o depend_v bare_o upon_o the_o uncertainty_n of_o his_o will_n shall_v likewise_o cease_v as_o accident_n do_v when_o the_o substance_n fail_v xxii_o a_o pass_n imply_v protection_n a_o safe-pass_a be_v grant_v protection_n be_v due_a even_o beyond_o the_o territory_n of_o he_o that_o grant_v it_o because_o it_o ought_v to_o protect_v we_o against_o all_o the_o licence_n of_o war_n which_o of_o itself_o be_v not_o confine_v within_o the_o bound_n of_o any_o one_o prince_n dominion_n as_o we_o have_v elsewhere_o show_v 4_o bo._n 3._o ch_n 4_o xxiii_o the_o redemption_n of_o prisoner_n the_o redeem_n of_o captive_n be_v very_o much_o favour_v especial_o among_o christian_n it_o be_v a_o especial_a act_n of_o mercy_n commend_v unto_o we_o by_o the_o law_n of_o god_n redemptio_fw-la magnum_fw-la &_o praeclarum_fw-la justitiae_fw-la munus_fw-la be_v the_o word_n of_o lactantius_n the_o redeem_n of_o prisoner_n be_v a_o great_a and_o singular_a part_n of_o justice_n and_o in_o case_n it_o be_v from_o barbarian_n 28._o matt._n 25.36.39_o de_fw-fr offic._n l._n 2_o c._n 28._o it_o be_v by_o st._n ambrose_n reckon_v as_o the_o best_a and_o great_a liberality_n in_o the_o world_n and_o in_o that_o apology_n he_o make_v for_o himself_o and_o his_o church_n for_o the_o break_n in_o piece_n the_o consecrate_a vessel_n thereby_o to_o redeem_v the_o captive_n he_o affirm_v that_o ornatus_fw-la sacramentorum_fw-la est_fw-la redemptio_fw-la captivorum_fw-la the_o chief_a ornament_n to_o christian_a sacrament_n be_v the_o redeem_n of_o slave_n where_o also_o he_o have_v many_o other_o such_o excellent_a say_n to_o the_o same_o purpose_n st._n aug._n follow_v the_o example_n of_o st._n ambrose_n do_v the_o like_a though_o contrary_a to_o the_o carnal_a sense_n of_o some_o who_o therein_o oppose_v he_o as_o possidius_n relate_v the_o very_a same_o be_v record_v by_o hincmarus_n in_o the_o life_n of_o remigius_n and_o adamus_n in_o his_o ecclesiastical_a british_a history_n make_v honourable_a mention_n of_o the_o like_a fact_n do_v by_o rimbertus_n archbishop_n of_o breme_n and_o we_o likewise_o find_v it_o approve_v of_o by_o the_o six_o general_a synod_n who_o decree_n be_v recite_v by_o gratian_n namely_o 2._o causa_fw-la 12._o q._n 2._o that_o no_o bishop_n shall_v presume_v to_o alienate_v any_o of_o the_o consecrate_a vessel_n of_o their_o church_n unless_o for_o such_o cause_n as_o be_v of_o old_a approve_a of_o by_o the_o ancient_a canon_n of_o the_o church_n as_o for_o the_o redeem_n of_o captive_n and_o the_o like_a xxiv_o whether_o the_o redemption_n of_o prisoner_n may_v by_o any_o law_n be_v forbid_v be_v thus_o awe_v by_o so_o great_a authority_n i_o dare_v not_o absolute_o approve_v of_o those_o law_n which_o forbid_v the_o redemption_n of_o slave_n without_o a_o distinction_n such_o i_o mean_v as_o we_o may_v read_v of_o among_o the_o roman_n nulli_fw-la civitati_fw-la viliores_fw-la captivi_fw-la quà m_fw-la nostrae_fw-la there_o be_v no_o city_n so_o regardless_o of_o captive_n as_o we_o say_v a_o wise_a roman_a in_o open_a senate_n for_o which_o cause_n rome_n be_v call_v in_o livy_n civitas_n captivis_fw-la minime_fw-la indulgens_fw-la a_o city_n show_v little_a favour_n to_o captive_n that_o ode_n of_o horace_n be_v very_o well_o know_v where_o he_o condemn_v the_o ransome_v of_o prisoner_n as_o a_o opprobrious_a act_n a_o example_n of_o dangerous_a consequence_n and_o be_v a_o execrable_a fact_n encourage_v with_o a_o reward_n but_o what_o aristotle_n blame_v in_o the_o laconian_a be_v also_o usual_o blame_v in_o the_o roman_a government_n namely_o that_o all_o their_o polity_n tend_v only_o to_o the_o advancement_n of_o their_o military_a discipline_n as_o if_o in_o this_o alone_o consist_v the_o safety_n of_o their_o commonwealth_n whereas_o if_o we_o will_v but_o due_o consider_v it_o as_o rational_a man_n with_o the_o allowance_n of_o some_o grain_n of_o compassion_n it_o will_v seem_v much_o better_a to_o rebate_v somewhat_o of_o that_o rigour_n which_o the_o licence_n of_o war_n permit_v than_o to_o leave_v so_o many_o of_o perhaps_o our_o kinsman_n and_o countryman_n in_o a_o everlasting_a slavery_n i_o can_v therefore_o conceive_v how_o such_o a_o law_n can_v be_v repute_v just_a unless_o it_o shall_v appear_v that_o such_o a_o severe_a course_n be_v necessary_a for_o the_o prevention_n of_o far_o great_a and_o moral_o inevitable_a calamity_n which_o will_v otherwise_o in_o all_o humane_a probability_n fall_v upon_o we_o for_o in_o such_o a_o case_n of_o necessity_n as_o the_o prisoner_n themselves_o ought_v by_o the_o rule_n of_o charity_n patient_o to_o bear_v their_o hard_a fortune_n so_o may_v this_o punishment_n be_v just_o impose_v upon_o they_o and_o threaten_v against_o other_o to_o deter_v they_o from_o the_o like_a cowardice_n according_a to_o what_o we_o have_v elsewhere_o write_v concern_v any_o one_o citizen_n which_o for_o the_o public_a safety_n of_o the_o city_n may_v be_v deliver_v up_o xxv_o that_o a_o man_n may_v transfer_v his_o right_n in_o a_o captive_n true_a it_o be_v that_o to_o make_v slave_n of_o such_o as_o be_v take_v in_o war_n be_v not_o agreeable_a to_o our_o law_n and_o custom_n yet_o doubtless_o may_v that_o right_n of_o exact_v a_o ransom_n from_o he_o that_o be_v so_o take_v by_o he_o that_o take_v he_o just_o be_v transfer_v to_o another_o for_o by_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n thing_n even_o incorporeal_a may_v also_o be_v alienate_v xxvi_o the_o ransom_n may_v be_v due_a to_o more_o than_o to_o one_o and_o possible_a it_o be_v that_o the_o same_o ransom_n may_v be_v due_a to_o several_a person_n as_o in_o case_n a_o prisoner_n be_v discharge_v by_o one_o the_o ransom_n not_o pay_v be_v apprehend_v by_o another_o and_o after_o that_o by_o another_o these_o must_v needs_o be_v distinct_a debt_n because_o they_o arise_v from_o distinct_a cause_n xxvii_o whether_o a_o agreement_n for_o a_o ransom_n be_v null_v his_o estate_n or_o quality_n be_v not_o then_o know_v the_o ransom_n agree_v upon_o shall_v bind_v the_o contractor_n though_o the_o prisoner_n be_v find_v rich_a than_o he_o be_v think_v to_o be_v when_o the_o contract_n be_v make_v because_o by_o that_o right_n of_o nation_n which_o be_v external_a whereby_o we_o be_v in_o this_o case_n to_o be_v judge_v no_o man_n can_v be_v compel_v to_o give_v a_o great_a price_n than_o what_o be_v first_o agree_v on_o although_o undervalue_v if_o there_o be_v no_o fraud_n in_o the_o contract_n as_o may_v easy_o be_v understand_v by_o that_o which_o have_v be_v already_o deliver_v in_o the_o chapter_n of_o agreement_n 26._o agreement_n lib._n 2._o c._n 26._o xxviii_o what_o good_n of_o captive_n be_v he_o that_o take_v they_o from_o what_o have_v be_v already_o say_v that_o captive_n be_v not_o now_o to_o be_v make_v slave_n it_o follow_v that_o the_o dominion_n that_o we_o have_v over_o their_o person_n do_v not_o give_v we_o a_o universal_a right_n to_o all_o that_o be_v they_o as_o have_v be_v elsewhere_o say_v 4._o say_v lib._n 3._o c._n 7._o §._o 4._o for_o he_o that_o take_v a_o prisoner_n have_v a_o right_a to_o nothing_o but_o what_o he_o particular_o lay_v hold_v on_o so_o that_o if_o the_o prisoner_n can_v conceal_v any_o thing_n he_o have_v from_o he_o he_o can_v be_v say_v to_o get_v it_o because_o he_o be_v not_o thereof_o possess_v thus_o paulus_n the_o lawyer_n plead_v against_o brutus_n and_o manlius_n he_o that_o take_v a_o field_n into_o his_o possession_n can_v be_v say_v to_o be_v possess_v of_o the_o treasure_n which_o he_o know_v not_o to_o be_v there_o bury_v for_o no_o man_n can_v be_v say_v to_o possess_v that_o which_o he_o know_v not_o of_o whence_o it_o will_v likewise_o follow_v that_o what_o the_o prisoner_n can_v so_o conceal_v he_o may_v make_v use_n of_o for_o his_o redemption_n xxix_o whether_o the_o ransom_n agree_v on_o be_v chargeable_a upon_o the_o heir_n another_o question_n be_v like_a to_o arise_v namely_o whether_o a_o ransom_n agree_v on_o the_o prisoner_n die_v before_o it_o be_v pay_v may_v be_v recover_v from_o his_o heir_n whereunto_o the_o answer_n be_v easy_a for_o if_o the_o captive_n die_v in_o prison_n doubtless_o the_o ransom_n be_v not_o due_a because_o the_o promise_n be_v make_v upon_o condition_n that_o the_o prisoner_n shall_v be_v set_v at_o liberty_n but_o he_o that_o be_v dead_a can_v be_v say_v to_o be_v at_o liberty_n but_o on_o the_o
afterward_o to_o the_o several_a kind_n of_o peace_n and_o to_o all_o covenant_n or_o agreement_n make_v in_o war_n which_o appear_v for_o this_o reason_n to_o be_v worth_a our_o pain_n because_o as_o i_o have_v say_v no_o man_n have_v ever_o yet_o treat_v upon_o this_o subject_n and_o they_o that_o have_v handle_v the_o part_n of_o it_o have_v leave_v very_o much_o to_o other_o man_n industry_n there_o be_v nothing_o of_o this_o subject_a extant_a from_o the_o old_a philosopher_n neither_o of_o the_o grecian_n among_o who_o aristotle_n indeed_o have_v compose_v a_o book_n entitle_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d the_o right_n of_o war_n nor_o among_o the_o christian_n which_o yet_o be_v a_o work_n very_o desiderable_a nay_o of_o those_o book_n write_v by_o the_o ancient_a roman_n concern_v their_o fecial_a law_n there_o be_v nothing_o traduce_v unto_o we_o but_o the_o bare_a name_n they_o that_o collect_v the_o sum_n of_o such_o case_n as_o they_o call_v case_n of_o conscience_n have_v as_o of_o other_o thing_n so_o also_o of_o war_n of_o promise_n of_o oath_n and_o of_o reprizal_n write_v whole_a chapter_n i_o have_v also_o see_v some_o special_a book_n write_v of_o the_o right_n of_o war_n partly_o by_o divine_n as_o by_o franciscus_n de_fw-fr victoria_n henricus_fw-la gorichemus_fw-la willielmus_fw-la mathaeus_n johannes_n de_fw-fr carthagena_n and_o partly_o by_o doctor_n of_o the_o law_n as_o by_o johannes_n lupus_n franciscus_n arius_n johannes_n de_fw-fr lignano_n and_o martinus_n laudensis_n but_o on_o so_o copious_a a_o argument_n they_o all_o of_o they_o say_v but_o very_o little_a and_o most_o of_o they_o so_o that_o they_o have_v confound_v thing_n due_a by_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n thing_n appertain_v to_o the_o divine_a law_n thing_n due_a by_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n and_o thing_n due_a by_o the_o civil_a and_o canon_n law_n mix_v they_o altogether_o without_o either_o order_n or_o distinction_n but_o what_o all_o these_o be_v most_o defective_a in_o namely_o the_o light_n of_o history_n the_o most_o learned_a faber_n in_o some_o chapter_n of_o his_o semestria_fw-la but_o so_o far_o only_o as_o conduce_v to_o his_o purpose_n and_o allege_v testimony_n only_o have_v endeavove_v to_o supply_v so_o also_o do_v balthasar_n ayala_n but_o somewhat_o more_o full_o and_o albertus_n gentilis_fw-la yet_o more_o full_o than_o ayala_n who_o labour_n as_o i_o know_v they_o may_v be_v helpful_a to_o other_o and_o confess_v have_v be_v to_o i_o so_o what_o may_v be_v want_v in_o he_o either_o in_o the_o way_n of_o teach_v or_o in_o his_o method_n or_o in_o distinguish_v of_o question_n and_o of_o the_o kind_n of_o diverse_a law_n i_o leave_v to_o the_o reader_n judgement_n this_o only_a i_o shall_v say_v that_o in_o his_o decision_n of_o controversy_n he_o usual_o follow_v either_o some_o few_o example_n not_o altogether_o to_o be_v allow_v or_o he_o be_v lead_v by_o the_o authority_n of_o some_o modern_a lawyer_n in_o their_o answer_n many_o whereof_o be_v frame_v in_o favour_n to_o their_o client_n more_o than_o to_o the_o nature_n of_o justice_n and_o equity_n the_o cause_n that_o render_v a_o war_n either_o just_a or_o unjust_a be_v not_o by_o ayala_n so_o much_o as_o touch_v gentilis_fw-la have_v indeed_o describe_v some_o general_a head_n in_o such_o a_o way_n as_o please_v himself_o but_o many_o place_n of_o such_o controversy_n as_o be_v both_o noble_a and_o very_a frequent_a he_o have_v not_o so_o much_o as_o glance_v at_o now_o lest_o any_o such_o shall_v escape_v we_o we_o have_v adventure_v to_o discover_v the_o very_a foundation_n whereupon_o we_o may_v build_v our_o judgement_n so_o that_o it_o may_v be_v easy_a to_o decide_v any_o such_o question_n as_o shall_v happen_v by_o we_o to_o be_v omit_v law_n the_o law_n of_o nature_n how_o prove_v and_o how_o distinguish_v from_o other_o law_n it_o remain_v now_o that_o we_o brief_o declare_v by_o who_o assistance_n and_o with_o what_o care_n we_o undertake_v this_o work_n and_o in_o the_o first_o place_n my_o care_n be_v to_o refer_v the_o proof_n of_o such_o thing_n as_o belong_v to_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n to_o such_o notion_n as_o be_v so_o certain_a and_o undoubted_o true_a that_o no_o man_n without_o wrong_v his_o own_o judgement_n can_v deny_v they_o for_o the_o principle_n of_o that_o law_n if_o right_o observe_v be_v as_o plain_a and_o evident_a of_o themselves_o almost_o as_o those_o we_o discern_v with_o our_o outward_a sense_n which_o if_o our_o organ_n be_v right_o dispose_v and_o other_o thing_n thereunto_o necessary_a not_o want_v can_v deceive_v we_o therefore_o euripides_n bring_v in_o polynices_n assert_v the_o righteousness_n of_o his_o own_o cause_n thus_o these_o thing_n be_v plain_a and_o regular_o due_a both_o learned_a and_o unlearned_a must_v confess_v be_v true_a whereunto_o he_o present_o add_v the_o judgement_n of_o the_o chorus_n which_o after_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o barbarian_n consist_v all_o of_o woman_n acknowledge_v the_o truth_n of_o what_o polynices_n have_v say_v the_o same_o author_n in_o another_o place_n bring_v in_o hermione_n say_v we_o live_v not_o like_o barbarian_n here_o i_o trow_v whereunto_o andromache_n answer_v yet_o what_o with_o they_o be_v ill_o with_o we_o be_v so_o for_o the_o proof_n also_o of_o this_o law_n i_o have_v likewise_o produce_v the_o testimony_n of_o philosopher_n historian_n poet_n and_o in_o the_o last_o place_n orator_n not_o that_o they_o be_v all_o either_o equal_o or_o rash_o to_o be_v believe_v for_o they_o speak_v many_o thing_n in_o favour_n to_o their_o own_o sect_n and_o to_o the_o argument_n or_o cause_n they_o undertake_v to_o defend_v but_o that_o which_o many_o wise_a man_n live_v in_o several_a age_n and_o in_o several_a place_n do_v all_o of_o they_o affirm_v to_o be_v true_a and_o certain_a that_o i_o say_v aught_o to_o be_v refer_v to_o some_o universal_a cause_n which_o in_o these_o question_n bring_v by_o we_o can_v be_v no_o other_o than_o either_o some_o inference_n direct_o draw_v from_o the_o very_a principle_n of_o nature_n or_o from_o the_o common_a consent_n of_o all_o nation_n the_o former_a show_v the_o law_n of_o nature_n the_o latter_a the_o law_n of_o nation_n the_o difference_n between_o these_o be_v not_o to_o be_v understand_v by_o the_o testimony_n themselves_o distinguish_v the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o nation_n how_o distinguish_v for_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o nation_n be_v every_o where_n by_o writer_n promiscuous_o use_v but_o by_o the_o quality_n of_o the_o matter_n for_o that_o which_o can_v be_v deduce_v from_o certain_a principle_n by_o certain_a and_o conclude_a argument_n and_o yet_o every_o where_o appear_v to_o be_v observe_v we_o may_v conclude_v have_v its_o rise_n or_o beginning_n from_o the_o freedom_n of_o the_o will_n and_o therefore_o i_o alone_o have_v endeavour_v to_o distinguish_v these_o two_o not_o only_o one_o from_o another_o but_o both_o of_o they_o from_o the_o civil_a law_n so_o also_o in_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n right_a in_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n that_o which_o be_v perfect_o right_a distinguish_v from_o that_o which_o have_v some_o effect_n of_o right_a i_o have_v distinguish_v that_o which_o be_v true_o and_o in_o every_o respect_n right_o from_o that_o which_o have_v only_o get_v a_o certain_a outward_a effect_n like_o unto_o that_o of_o primitive_a right_n namely_o that_o it_o may_v not_o lawful_o be_v resist_v or_o that_o it_o ought_v every_o where_o to_o be_v defend_v even_o by_o public_a force_n either_o by_o reason_n of_o some_o profit_n or_o that_o some_o great_a inconvenience_n may_v be_v eschew_v which_o how_o necessary_o it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v will_v appear_v in_o the_o contexture_n of_o this_o ensue_a treatise_n nor_o have_v i_o be_v less_o careful_a to_o distinguish_v between_o those_o thing_n that_o be_v right_o strict_o and_o proper_o take_v whence_o arise_v the_o obligation_n to_o restitution_n and_o those_o thing_n that_o be_v so_o account_v because_o to_o do_v otherwise_o will_v be_v repugnant_a to_o some_o other_o dictate_v of_o right_a reason_n of_o which_o diversity_n of_o right_n we_o have_v say_v somewhat_o already_o both_o here_o and_o above_o commend_v aristotle_n commend_v among_o philosopher_n aristotle_n deserve_o claim_v the_o pre-eminence_n whether_o we_o consider_v the_o order_n of_o his_o treatise_n his_o acute_a distinction_n or_o the_o strength_n and_o weight_n of_o his_o reason_n only_o i_o wish_v that_o this_o principality_n of_o he_o have_v not_o for_o some_o age_n past_a degenerate_v into_o tyranny_n so_o that_o truth_n for_o the_o discovery_n whereof_o aristotle_n take_v so_o great_a pain_n find_v no_o great_a oppressor_n than_o the_o very_a name_n of_o aristotle_n ay_o as_o well_o here_o as_o elsewhere_o do_v challenge_n to_o myself_o the_o liberty_n of_o the_o ancient_a
injurer_n although_o those_o injury_n do_v not_o the_o least_o touch_v we_o and_o the_o great_a the_o wrong_a be_v the_o great_a be_v our_o indignation_n against_o he_o that_o do_v it_o no_o man_n be_v equal_o incense_v against_o he_o that_o cut_v a_o purse_n only_o as_o he_o be_v against_o he_o that_o commit_v a_o murder_n but_o if_o at_o any_o time_n justice_n be_v attribute_v to_o brute_n beast_n it_o be_v improper_o and_o only_o by_o reason_n of_o some_o analogy_n or_o resemblance_n that_o it_o have_v to_o humane_a justice_n 5._o pliny_n l._n 8._o c._n 5._o as_o be_v that_o of_o the_o 30_o elephant_n record_v by_o pliny_n who_o can_v not_o by_o any_o mean_n be_v provoke_v to_o be_v instrumental_a to_o the_o cruelty_n of_o king_n bacchus_n in_o worry_v 30_o other_o elephant_n which_o he_o have_v bind_v to_o so_o many_o tree_n on_o purpose_n to_o have_v they_o destroy_v 10._o lib._n 10._o and_o that_o also_o of_o the_o asp_n record_v by_o the_o same_o pliny_n who_o have_v be_v say_v 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have_v decree_v be_v common_a to_o we_o with_o other_o live_a creature_n as_o the_o education_n of_o our_o issue_n etc._n etc._n or_o proper_a unto_o we_o only_o as_o that_o god_n shall_v be_v worship_v do_v nothing_o appertain_v to_o the_o very_a nature_n of_o right_n xii_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n how_o prove_v but_o that_o any_o thing_n may_v be_v due_a by_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n be_v usual_o prove_v two_o way_n either_o by_o argument_n draw_v à _fw-la priori_fw-la or_o by_o such_o as_o be_v draw_v à _fw-la posteriori_fw-la whereof_o the_o former_a sort_n be_v more_o convince_a the_o latter_a more_o vulgar_a and_o plausible_a the_o proof_n by_o the_o former_a way_n be_v by_o show_v the_o necessary_a convenience_n or_o repugnancy_n that_o there_o be_v in_o any_o thing_n with_o rational_a and_o social_n nature_n for_o whatsoever_o can_v be_v prove_v to_o be_v necessary_a to_o the_o conservation_n of_o humane_a nature_n and_o humane_a society_n must_v needs_o be_v institute_v as_o 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erratum_fw-la sed_fw-la traditum_fw-la what_o be_v approve_v of_o by_o the_o most_o be_v not_o error_n but_o tradition_n i_o say_v before_o that_o that_o must_v needs_o be_v a_o dictate_v of_o nature_n that_o be_v acknowledge_v to_o be_v so_o by_o all_o or_o at_o least_o by_o the_o most_o civilise_v nation_n and_o deserve_o for_o some_o people_n be_v so_o fierce_a and_o savage_a that_o they_o have_v hardly_o any_o humanity_n among_o they_o as_o prophyrie_n right_o observe_v now_o no_o man_n of_o sound_a judgement_n sure_o will_v impute_v this_o as_o a_o general_a reproach_n to_o all_o mankind_n sure_o this_o law_n of_o nature_n be_v immutable_a and_o the_o same_o with_o all_o mankind_n that_o be_v of_o sound_n and_o perfect_a mind_n rhod._n andr._n rhod._n but_o if_o it_o appear_v otherwise_o to_o such_o be_v of_o distemper_a and_o perverse_a spirit_n or_o have_v be_v so_o corrupt_v through_o a_o evil_a education_n that_o they_o have_v lose_v even_o common_a sense_n and_o all_o natural_a notion_n it_o do_v not_o in_o the_o least_o weaken_v the_o authority_n of_o this_o law_n no_o more_o than_o it_o will_v evince_v that_o honey_n be_v not_o sweet_a because_o it_o do_v not_o seem_v so_o to_o such_o as_o be_v sick_a or_o of_o distemper_a palate_n not_o much_o discrepant_a from_o this_o be_v that_o of_o plutarch_n in_o the_o life_n of_o pompey_n there_o neither_o be_v nor_o ever_o be_v any_o man_n by_o nature_n wild_a and_o unsociable_a many_o have_v indeed_o be_v make_v so_o by_o accustom_v themselves_o to_o live_v like_o beast_n beyond_o the_o bound_n of_o nature_n law_n and_o yet_o even_o these_o by_o change_v their_o manner_n of_o life_n or_o the_o place_n of_o their_o abode_n be_v easy_o reduce_v to_o become_v gentle_a and_o sociable_a and_o therefore_o aristotle_n in_o the_o description_n that_o he_o give_v of_o man_n make_v this_o as_o it_o be_v his_o proper_a passion_n that_o he_o be_v by_o nature_n a_o creature_n mild_a and_o tractable_a 3._o top._n l._n 5._o c._n 3._o especial_o if_o we_o judge_v of_o he_o according_a to_o that_o general_a rule_n that_o the_o same_o aristotle_n lay_v down_o quid_fw-la naturale_fw-la sit_fw-la spectandum_fw-la in_o his_o quae_fw-la bene_fw-la secundum_fw-la naturam_fw-la se_fw-la habent_fw-la non_fw-la in_o depravatis_fw-la 5._o pol._n l._n 1._o 5._o what_o be_v the_o true_a nature_n of_o any_o thing_n be_v best_a know_v by_o those_o that_o be_v perfect_a in_o their_o own_o kind_n and_o not_o by_o those_o that_o be_v deprave_v and_o corrupt_v for_o if_o we_o steer_v our_o judgement_n by_o this_o rule_n we_o can_v but_o acknowledge_v man_n to_o be_v in_o his_o own_o nature_n the_o most_o meek_a gentle_a and_o peaceable_a creature_n of_o all_o other_o as_o have_v nothing_o by_o nature_n give_v he_o whereby_o either_o to_o offend_v other_o or_o to_o defend_v himself_o beside_o as_o nature_n have_v make_v he_o the_o gentle_a of_o all_o other_o live_v creature_n so_o as_o philo_n observe_v have_v she_o 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other_o creature_n wisdom_n furnish_v they_o with_o such_o natural_a muniment_n as_o be_v sufficient_a to_o defend_v they_o from_o violent_a incursion_n and_o sudden_a danger_n but_o unto_o man_n be_v send_v into_o the_o world_n naked_a and_o unarm_v the_o better_a to_o instruct_v he_o in_o wisdom_n have_v god_n beside_o other_o endowment_n give_v he_o natural_a affection_n whereby_o we_o be_v teach_v to_o love_n cherish_v and_o defend_v each_o other_o and_o ready_o to_o give_v and_o receive_v aid_n and_o assistance_n one_o to_o and_o from_o another_o against_o all_o outward_a assault_n and_o danger_n whatsoever_o iii_o or_o instrumental_a as_o servant_n etc._n etc._n by_o instrument_n here_o we_o mean_v not_o arm_n or_o such_o like_a wherewith_o we_o either_o offend_v other_o or_o defend_v ourselves_o but_o such_o voluntary_a agent_n as_o be_v content_v to_o receive_v direction_n from_o other_o such_o as_o a_o son_n be_v to_o his_o father_n be_v a_o part_n of_o himself_o natural_o or_o as_o a_o servant_n to_o his_o master_n of_o who_o he_o be_v legal_o a_o part_n for_o as_o a_o part_n do_v not_o only_o refer_v to_o the_o whole_a in_o the_o same_o relation_n as_o the_o whole_a be_v the_o whole_a of_o the_o part_n but_o this_o very_a thing_n that_o it_o be_v be_v the_o whole_a so_o possession_n be_v say_v to_o be_v something_o of_o he_o that_o possess_v it_o and_o servant_n say_v democritus_n be_v to_o be_v use_v as_o we_o do_v the_o member_n of_o our_o body_n some_o to_o one_o purpose_n and_o some_o to_o another_o now_o what_o servant_n be_v to_o a_o family_n the_o same_o be_v subject_n to_o a_o commonwealth_n and_o so_o be_v as_o instrument_n to_o he_o who_o have_v the_o supreme_a power_n iv_o naturally_n no_o man_n excuse_v from_o war._n without_o doubt_n natural_o all_o that_o be_v subject_n may_v be_v employ_v in_o the_o war_n though_o some_o special_a law_n may_v excuse_v some_o as_o heretofore_o servant_n among_o the_o roman_n and_o now_o every_o where_o the_o clergy_n as_o the_o levite_n among_o the_o jew_n be_v not_o liable_a to_o the_o duty_n of_o war_n as_o josephus_n testify_v which_o law_n notwithstanding_o as_o all_o other_o of_o that_o nature_n must_v admit_v of_o the_o exception_n of_o extreme_a necessity_n and_o let_v this_o suffice_v to_o be_v speak_v in_o general_a concern_v subject_n and_o servant_n for_o what_o more_o especial_o concern_v they_o shall_v be_v handle_v in_o their_o proper_a place_n hugo_n grotius_n of_o the_o right_n of_o peace_n &_o war_n book_n ii_o chap._n i._o of_o the_o cause_n of_o war_n and_o first_o of_o war_n make_v in_o our_o own_o defence_n i._o what_o cause_n may_v be_v say_v to_o justify_v a_o war._n ii_o that_o they_o arise_v either_o from_o our_o own_o defence_n or_o from_o require_v what_o be_v our_o own_o or_o be_v due_a to_o we_o or_o from_o punishment_n iii_o war_n make_v for_o the_o defence_n of_o our_o life_n lawful_a iv_o against_o the_o aggressor_n only_o v._o in_o such_o danger_n as_o be_v imminent_a and_o certain_a not_o in_o such_o as_o be_v opinionative_n only_o vi_o war_n make_v in_o defence_n of_o our_o limb_n lawful_a vii_o especial_o in_o defence_n of_o chastity_n viii_o war_n make_v in_o defence_n of_o ourselves_o may_v sometime_o be_v omit_v ix_o our_o defence_n make_v against_o a_o person_n public_o very_o profitable_a sometime_o unlawful_a by_o the_o law_n of_o charity_n x._o to_o kill_v a_o man_n for_o a_o box_n on_o the_o ear_n or_o for_o some_o such_o reproach_n or_o rather_o than_o flee_v not_o lawful_a for_o a_o christian_n xi_o to_o kill_v a_o man_n in_o defend_v our_o good_n by_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n not_o unlawful_a xii_o how_o far_o permit_v by_o the_o law_n of_o moses_n xiii_o whether_o and_o how_o far_o permit_v by_o the_o evangelical_n law_n fourteen_o whether_o the_o civil_a law_n permit_v a_o man_n to_o kill_v another_o in_o defence_n of_o himself_o do_v give_v a_o right_a so_o to_o do_v or_o only_o a_o impunity_n explain_v by_o a_o distinction_n xv._o when_o duel_v may_v be_v lawful_a xvi_o of_o defence_n in_o a_o war_n that_o be_v public_a xvii_o if_o only_o to_o weaken_v the_o grow_a power_n of_o a_o neighbour_n prince_n the_o war_n be_v to_o be_v repute_v unlawful_a xviii_o the_o defence_n of_o he_o who_o have_v give_v just_a cause_n of_o a_o war_n be_v likewise_o unlawful_a i._o let_v we_o now_o proceed_v to_o the_o cause_n of_o war_n i_o mean_v those_o that_o justify_v a_o war_n for_o there_o be_v other_o that_o excite_v man_n to_o war_n under_o the_o notion_n of_o profit_n which_o be_v sometime_o distinct_a from_o those_o which_o excite_v upon_o the_o account_n of_o justice_n which_o as_o well_o between_o themselves_o as_o from_o the_o beginning_n of_o war_n such_o as_o be_v the_o hart_n in_o the_o war_n between_o turnus_n and_o aeneas_n polybius_n do_v accurate_o distinguish_v hist_o 3_o hist_o and_o though_o the_o difference_n between_o these_o be_v manifest_a yet_o be_v the_o term_n usual_o confound_v for_o even_o these_o cause_n which_o we_o call_v justify_v livy_n in_o the_o oration_n of_o the_o rhodian_o call_v the_o beginning_n of_o the_o war_n 45._o lib._n 45._o sure_o you_o say_v the_o rhodian_o be_v those_o very_a roman_n who_o pretend_v that_o your_o war_n be_v therefore_o successful_a because_o they_o be_v just_a and_o that_o glory_n not_o in_o the_o event_n that_o you_o can_v conquer_v but_o in_o the_o beginning_n that_o you_o never_o make_v war_n but_o upon_o just_a cause_n and_o indeed_o there_o be_v hardly_o ever_o any_o nation_n that_o do_v so_o long_a pride_n themselves_o in_o the_o justice_n of_o their_o quarrel_n as_o the_o roman_n do_v the_o roman_n say_v polybius_n take_v very_o great_a care_n not_o to_o begin_v a_o war_n with_o their_o neighbour_n and_o will_v have_v all_o man_n believe_v that_o they_o never_o make_v war_n but_o to_o repel_v injury_n this_o dion_n testify_v in_o that_o notable_a comparison_n he_o make_v between_o the_o roman_n and_o 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such_o like_a the_o foundation_n or_o groundwork_n shall_v be_v firm_a and_o last_a otherwise_o the_o superstructure_n will_v soon_o decay_v and_o totter_v so_o in_o all_o our_o erterprise_n justice_n and_o truth_n shall_v lay_v as_o it_o be_v the_o first_o stone_n 12._o lib._n 12._o if_o we_o expect_v that_o the_o success_n shall_v be_v honourable_a no_o less_o pertinent_a to_o this_o purpose_n be_v that_o also_o of_o dion_n cassius_n in_o all_o our_o war_n let_v our_o chief_a regard_n be_v to_o justice_n for_o if_o she_o lead_v up_o the_o van_n true_a valour_n may_v bid_v fair_a for_o the_o victory_n but_o if_o she_o be_v want_v though_o our_o first_o attempt_n flatter_v we_o 3._o de_fw-fr rep_n l._n 3._o yet_o will_v the_o end_n prove_v inglorious_a and_o that_o also_o of_o cicero_n those_o war_n be_v unjust_a that_o be_v undertake_v without_o cause_n and_o therefore_o in_o another_o place_n he_o sharp_o reprove_v cassius_n for_o pass_v with_o his_o army_n over_o euphrates_n when_o there_o be_v no_o just_a cause_n of_o war_n give_v which_o hold_v true_a no_o less_o in_o public_a war_n than_o it_o do_v in_o private_a hence_o arise_v that_o complaint_n of_o seneca_n do_v we_o restrain_v homicide_n and_o punish_v murderer_n and_o yet_o esteem_v the_o depopulation_n of_o whole_a nation_n glorious_a covetousness_n and_o cruelty_n know_v no_o moderation_n commission_n be_v every_o day_n send_v out_o by_o the_o senate_n and_o people_n to_o execute_v act_n of_o cruelty_n and_o what_o we_o private_o forbid_v we_o public_o commend_v homicidium_fw-la cum_fw-la admittant_fw-la singuli_fw-la crimen_fw-la est_fw-la virtus_fw-la voco_fw-la cum_fw-la publicae_fw-la geritur_fw-la when_o a_o private_a man_n commit_v a_o murder_n he_o be_v punish_v as_o a_o criminal_a but_o when_o thousand_o be_v public_o take_v away_o and_o destroy_v it_o be_v
to_o dominion_n or_o empire_n because_o there_o be_v few_o of_o they_o but_o some_o that_o be_v unborn_a may_v pretend_v a_o title_n to_o if_o we_o say_v it_o may_v then_o will_v it_o seem_v as_o strong_a how_o silence_n can_v prejudice_v they_o that_o can_v never_o speak_v as_o have_v as_o yet_o no_o existence_n or_o how_o the_o fact_n of_o one_o man_n may_v damnify_v another_o to_o resolve_v this_o we_o must_v know_v right_n he_o that_o have_v no_o visible_a be_v can_v have_v no_o right_n that_o he_o that_o have_v no_o visible_a be_v can_v have_v no_o right_n as_o that_o which_o have_v no_o existence_n can_v have_v no_o accident_n wherefore_o if_o the_o people_n from_o who_o will_n all_o right_n of_o sovereignty_n do_v original_o proceed_v may_v change_v their_o will_n sure_o they_o can_v be_v say_v to_o injure_v those_o that_o be_v as_o yet_o unborn_a see_v they_o have_v as_o yet_o not_o acquire_v right_o but_o as_o the_o people_n may_v change_v their_o will_n express_o so_o may_v they_o be_v believe_v to_o do_v it_o tacit_o and_o therefore_o it_o be_v grant_v that_o the_o people_n have_v change_v their_o will_n and_o that_o the_o right_n of_o those_o who_o be_v as_o yet_o unborn_a do_v not_o exist_v but_o that_o the_o parent_n of_o who_o they_o may_v be_v bear_v and_o who_o have_v a_o right_a in_o the_o mean_a time_n to_o have_v preserve_v it_o for_o they_o do_v relinquish_v it_o what_o shall_v hinder_v but_o that_o what_o be_v thus_o desert_v may_v be_v occupy_v by_o another_o many_o example_n we_o find_v in_o history_n of_o such_o dereliction_n 18._o many_o example_n of_o dereliction_n mariana_n l._n 13._o c._n 18._o the_o most_o eminent_a be_v that_o of_o lewis_n the_o nine_o of_o france_n who_o we_o find_v renounce_v for_o himself_o and_o his_o child_n all_o that_o right_n which_o by_o his_o mother_n blanch_n he_o may_v have_v claim_v to_o the_o kingdom_n of_o castille_n and_o those_o renunciation_n which_o the_o infanta_n of_o spain_n do_v usual_o make_v whensoever_o they_o marry_v to_o the_o king_n of_o france_n be_v of_o force_n to_o debar_v they_o and_o their_o child_n from_o all_o pretension_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o spain_n and_o thus_o much_o may_v suffice_v to_o be_v speak_v of_o that_o right_n which_o be_v natural_a for_o by_o the_o civil_a law_n as_o many_o other_o fiction_n so_o this_o also_o may_v be_v introduce_v that_o the_o law_n may_v in_o the_o mean_a time_n sustain_v the_o person_n of_o such_o as_o be_v unborn_a and_o may_v so_o provide_v that_o nothing_o shall_v be_v possess_v by_o any_o other_o to_o their_o prejudice_n as_o the_o civil_a law_n do_v for_o the_o inheritance_n of_o infant_n and_o idiot_n but_o whether_o the_o law_n will_v do_v it_o or_o not_o be_v not_o rash_o to_o be_v presume_v because_o what_o thus_o conduce_v to_o the_o particular_a benefit_n of_o these_o may_v haply_o much_o endanger_v the_o commonwealth_n there_o be_v no_o doubt_n but_o that_o such_o a_o right_n may_v be_v establish_v by_o the_o civil_a law_n as_o can_v lawful_o be_v alienate_v by_o any_o one_o act_n which_o notwithstanding_o for_o the_o avoid_n of_o the_o uncertainty_n of_o dominion_n may_v by_o the_o neglect_n of_o claim_n in_o some_o certain_a time_n be_v lose_v yet_o so_o that_o they_o that_o shall_v afterward_o be_v bear_v may_v have_v their_o personal_a action_n against_o those_o by_o who_o neglect_n they_o have_v lose_v their_o right_n or_o against_o their_o heir_n xi_o that_o the_o title_n to_o empire_n may_v be_v get_v or_o lose_v by_o prescription_n by_o what_o have_v be_v already_o say_v it_o be_v plain_a that_o a_o just_a title_n may_v be_v gain_v by_o one_o king_n against_o another_o and_o by_o one_o free_a people_n against_o another_o not_o only_o by_o express_a consent_n but_o by_o dereliction_n and_o the_o occupancy_n follow_v it_o create_v as_o it_o be_v from_o thence_o a_o new_a right_n or_o title_n unto_o it_o for_o as_o to_o that_o general_a maxim_n quae_fw-la ab_fw-la initio_fw-la non_fw-la valent_fw-la ex_fw-la post_fw-la facto_fw-la convalescere_fw-la non_fw-la possunt_fw-la those_o title_n which_o be_v original_o naught_o can_v by_o any_o post_n fact_n be_v make_v good_a be_v to_o be_v understand_v with_o this_o exception_n unless_o some_o new_a cause_n do_v intervene_v which_o of_o itself_o be_v apt_a and_o able_a to_o form_v a_o new_a right_n and_o by_o this_o mean_n that_o be_v by_o a_o manifest_a dereliction_n and_o a_o long_a possession_n he_o that_o be_v a_o true_a king_n may_v lose_v his_o kingdom_n and_o become_v a_o subject_a to_o the_o people_n and_o he_o that_o be_v real_o no_o king_n but_o a_o prince_n may_v become_v a_o absolute_a king_n and_o that_o sovereign_a power_n which_o be_v once_o whole_o in_o either_o king_n or_o people_n may_v at_o length_n come_v to_o be_v divide_v among_o they_o xii_o whether_o king_n be_v oblige_v by_o those_o civil_a law_n of_o usucapion_n or_o prescription_n but_o here_o it_o be_v not_o altogether_o unworthy_a our_o pain_n to_o inquire_v whether_o the_o law_n of_o usucapion_n or_o prescription_n have_v the_o stamp_n of_o the_o sovereign_a power_n may_v bind_v he_o also_o that_o make_v it_o or_o whether_o the_o very_a right_n of_o empire_n or_o their_o necessary_a part_n which_o we_o have_v elsewhere_o explain_v be_v subject_a to_o this_o law_n of_o prescription_n and_o uninterrupted_a possession_n some_o civilian_n be_v of_o opinion_n that_o they_o be_v and_o those_o not_o a_o few_o especial_o of_o such_o as_o handle_v question_n concern_v sovereign_a empire_n according_a to_o the_o civil_a law_n of_o the_o roman_n but_o we_o with_o some_o other_o be_v of_o another_o opinion_n direct_o king_n not_o always_o bind_v by_o their_o own_o law_n direct_o for_o that_o a_o man_n shall_v be_v bind_v up_o by_o law_n it_o be_v require_v that_o in_o the_o law_n maker_n there_o shall_v be_v both_o a_o power_n and_o a_o will_v at_o least_o strong_o presume_v so_o to_o do_v but_o no_o man_n can_v proper_o impose_v a_o law_n upon_o himself_o as_o a_o superior_a upon_o a_o inferior_a for_o then_o the_o person_n command_v and_o the_o person_n command_v will_v be_v one_o and_o the_o same_o and_o from_o hence_o it_o be_v that_o he_o that_o have_v power_n to_o make_v a_o law_n have_v also_o a_o power_n to_o change_v that_o law_n and_o consequent_o not_o only_a to_o command_v according_a to_o law_n but_o to_o command_v sometime_o the_o law_n themselves_o for_o the_o general_a good_a and_o yet_o a_o king_n may_v stand_v oblige_v by_o his_o own_o law_n though_o not_o direct_o 85._o though_o indirect_o they_o may_v vide_fw-la infra_fw-la bo._n 2._o ch_n 20._o §._o 22._o sen._n epist_n 85._o yet_o by_o reflection_n namely_o as_o he_o be_v a_o part_n of_o the_o body_n politic_a and_o so_o in_o natural_a equity_n ought_v to_o be_v conformable_a to_o the_o whole_a as_o saul_n in_o the_o infancy_n of_o his_o reign_n be_v say_v to_o do_v 1_o sam._n 14.40_o so_o in_o a_o ship_n the_o captain_n sustain_v two_o person_n one_o common_a with_o the_o rest_n be_v carry_v also_o along_o with_o they_o the_o other_o proper_a as_o he_o be_v governor_n both_o of_o the_o ship_n and_o those_o that_o be_v in_o it_o but_o here_o we_o look_v at_o the_o lawgiver_n not_o as_o apart_o but_o as_o one_o in_o who_o the_o power_n of_o the_o whole_a be_v contract_v for_o in_o this_o place_n we_o treat_v of_o sovereign_a power_n as_o such_o neither_o be_v it_o easy_o to_o be_v believe_v that_o it_o be_v the_o will_n of_o the_o lawmaker_n to_o comprehend_v himself_o under_o the_o law_n he_o make_v unless_o it_o be_v where_o the_o matter_n and_o reason_n of_o the_o law_n be_v universal_a as_o in_o the_o apprise_n of_o commodity_n and_o the_o like_a for_o there_o be_v not_o the_o same_o reason_n that_o the_o sovereign_a power_n shall_v be_v bound_v and_o limit_v by_o the_o law_n as_o other_o thing_n be_v it_o be_v in_o dignity_n far_o above_o it_o for_o if_o we_o once_o admit_v it_o to_o be_v absolute_a and_o supreme_a we_o must_v also_o grant_v it_o some_o privilege_n and_o prerogative_n above_o and_o before_o other_o i_o never_o yet_o find_v any_o civil_a law_n that_o treat_v of_o prescription_n that_o can_v with_o any_o probability_n be_v understand_v to_o include_v the_o high_a power_n hence_o than_o we_o may_v conclude_v that_o neither_o the_o time_n limit_v by_o the_o civil_a law_n can_v suffice_v to_o acquire_v a_o sovereign_a empire_n or_o any_o of_o its_o necessary_a part_n in_o case_n these_o natural_a conjecture_n whereof_o we_o have_v here_o treat_v be_v want_v nor_o be_v such_o a_o space_n of_o time_n require_v if_o within_o that_o time_n sufficient_a conjecture_n of_o dereliction_n shall_v appear_v nor_o last_o do_v the_o civil_a law_n which_o forbid_v thing_n
of_o their_o promise_n not_o only_o among_o the_o roman_n but_o among_o the_o grecian_n and_o against_o some_o they_o introduce_v the_o benefit_n of_o restitution_n but_o these_o be_v the_o peculiar_a effect_n of_o the_o civil_a law_n and_o do_v no_o whit_n appertain_v to_o the_o law_n either_o of_o nature_n or_o nation_n except_o only_o in_o this_o that_o where_o they_o be_v receive_v it_o be_v agreeable_a to_o nature_n that_o they_o shall_v be_v observe_v insomuch_o that_o if_o a_o foreigner_n shall_v contract_v with_o a_o citizen_n he_o shall_v be_v bind_v up_o by_o the_o law_n of_o that_o city_n as_o if_o he_o be_v for_o that_o time_n a_o subject_a of_o that_o nation_n but_o it_o be_v otherwise_o in_o case_n such_o a_o contract_n be_v make_v either_o on_o the_o sea_n or_o in_o some_o desert_a island_n or_o by_o letter_n between_o two_o person_n inhabit_v diverse_a nation_n for_o then_o such_o agreement_n shall_v be_v regulate_v by_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n only_o as_o be_v the_o agreement_n make_v between_o such_o as_o be_v invest_v with_o the_o supreme_a power_n as_o they_o be_v such_o for_o in_o these_o what_o they_o do_v private_o may_v by_o their_o law_n be_v make_v void_a when_o it_o be_v do_v in_o favour_n to_o those_o power_n but_o not_o when_o do_v to_o their_o punishment_n vi_o a_o promise_v make_v through_o error_n how_o far_o natural_o it_o oblige_v concern_v a_o promise_n make_v by_o a_o error_n or_o mistake_n in_o the_o person_n promise_v the_o question_n be_v yet_o more_o difficult_a for_o we_o be_v to_o distinguish_v between_o that_o error_n which_o be_v about_o the_o substance_n of_o the_o thing_n promise_v and_o that_o which_o concern_v not_o the_o substance_n and_o then_o we_o be_v to_o consider_v whether_o the_o fraud_n give_v occasion_n to_o the_o promise_n or_o not_o again_o whether_o he_o with_o who_o we_o have_v to_o do_v be_v guilty_a of_o the_o fraud_n or_o not_o and_o last_o whether_o the_o act_n be_v strict_o due_a or_o bind_v only_o in_o honesty_n and_o conscience_n for_o the_o opinion_n of_o lawyer_n do_v vary_v according_a to_o the_o variety_n of_o these_o case_n declare_v some_o act_n to_o be_v void_a and_o other_o valid_a but_o so_o that_o according_a to_o his_o will_n and_o pleasure_n that_o be_v injure_v the_o promise_n may_v be_v either_o revoke_v or_o reform_v but_o most_o of_o these_o distinction_n proceed_v from_o the_o roman_a law_n as_o well_o from_o the_o old_a civil_a law_n as_o from_o the_o praetorian_a and_o some_o of_o they_o be_v either_o not_o altogether_o true_a or_o not_o well_o digest_v but_o yet_o it_o suffice_v to_o chalk_v out_o a_o way_n for_o we_o to_o find_v out_o the_o natural_a truth_n for_o as_o concern_v the_o force_n and_o efficacy_n of_o law_n this_o have_v ever_o be_v allow_v of_o by_o the_o general_a consent_n of_o almost_o all_o nation_n that_o when_o a_o law_n be_v enact_v upon_o the_o presumption_n of_o such_o a_o fact_n as_o be_v not_o real_o so_o do_v as_o be_v suggest_v and_o believe_v that_o law_n be_v not_o oblige_v because_o the_o truth_n of_o the_o fact_n fail_v the_o foundation_n of_o that_o law_n fail_v with_o it_o but_o when_o a_o law_n be_v ground_v upon_o such_o a_o presumption_n may_v be_v gather_v from_o the_o matter_n of_o that_o law_n from_o the_o word_n and_o from_o other_o circumstance_n the_o like_a may_v be_v say_v in_o this_o case_n if_o a_o promise_v be_v make_v upon_o the_o belief_n of_o such_o a_o fact_n as_o indeed_o never_o be_v do_v that_o promise_v natural_o be_v of_o no_o force_n because_o the_o promiser_n do_v not_o give_v his_o consent_n absolute_o to_o the_o thing_n promise_v but_o upon_o such_o a_o condition_n if_o not_o express_v yet_o presume_v as_o real_o be_v not_o as_o in_o that_o case_n mention_v by_o cicero_n of_o he_o who_o false_o believe_v his_o own_o son_n to_o be_v dead_a appoint_v a_o stranger_n to_o be_v his_o heir_n and_o yet_o in_o case_n the_o promiser_n be_v neglective_a either_o in_o his_o diligence_n to_o examine_v and_o search_v out_o the_o truth_n of_o his_o son_n death_n or_o in_o his_o care_n of_o express_v his_o own_o sense_n and_o do_v thereby_o occasion_n any_o damage_n to_o the_o person_n to_o who_o he_o make_v that_o promise_n he_o shall_v be_v oblige_v to_o repair_v it_o not_o upon_o the_o account_n of_o his_o promise_n make_v but_o for_o the_o damage_n which_o through_o his_o neglect_n be_v sustain_v by_o he_o to_o who_o it_o be_v make_v whereof_o we_o shall_v speak_v more_o anon_o but_o if_o there_o be_v a_o error_n or_o mistake_n in_o the_o person_n promise_v and_o yet_o that_o error_n be_v not_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o promise_v make_v the_o act_n shall_v be_v valid_a because_o there_o be_v nothing_o want_v of_o a_o true_a consent_n but_o if_o in_o this_o case_n also_o the_o person_n to_o who_o the_o promise_n be_v make_v do_v by_o any_o fraud_n of_o he_o direct_o or_o indirect_o occasion_n that_o error_n what_o damage_n soever_o shall_v accrue_v to_o the_o promiser_n by_o reason_n of_o that_o error_n shall_v be_v by_o he_o repair_v but_o if_o the_o promise_n be_v but_o in_o part_n occasion_v by_o a_o error_n then_o as_o to_o the_o other_o part_n the_o promise_n shall_v stand_v good_a vii_o a_o promise_v make_v through_o fear_n oblige_v concern_v those_o promise_n that_o be_v make_v through_o fear_n question_n do_v arise_v no_o less_o perpiext_n for_o herein_o they_o do_v usual_o distinguish_v of_o fear_n which_o be_v either_o great_a and_o vehement_a or_o light_n and_o slender_a if_o great_a than_o they_o consider_v whether_o it_o be_v so_o absolute_o or_o in_o respect_n only_o of_o the_o person_n fear_v then_o whether_o it_o be_v occasion_v just_o or_o unjust_o and_o whether_o by_o he_o to_o who_o the_o promise_n be_v make_v or_o by_o some_o other_o as_o also_o they_o distinguish_v of_o the_o act_n whether_o free_a and_o generous_a or_o grievous_a and_o burdensome_a and_o according_a to_o this_o diversity_n be_v some_o act_n say_v to_o be_v void_a other_o revocable_a at_o the_o pleasure_n of_o the_o promiser_n and_o other_o to_o be_v whole_o renew_v concern_v every_o one_o of_o these_o case_n there_o be_v great_a difference_n in_o opinion_n but_o i_o do_v whole_o incline_v to_o those_o who_o hold_v that_o set_v aside_o that_o authority_n of_o the_o civil_a law_n which_o sometime_o take_v away_o and_o sometime_o moderate_v the_o bind_a power_n of_o such_o promise_n he_o that_o promise_v any_o thing_n through_o fear_n be_v oblige_v to_o perform_v what_o he_o have_v so_o promise_v because_o the_o consent_n he_o give_v be_v not_o conditional_a as_o in_o the_o case_n of_o error_n but_o absolute_a for_o as_o aristotle_n well_o observe_v he_o that_o for_o fear_n of_o be_v shipwrack_v throw_v his_o good_n overboard_o 3._o eth._n nic._n 3._o will_v willing_o preserve_v they_o on_o condition_n that_o he_o may_v not_o be_v wreck_v but_o upon_o a_o serious_a consideration_n of_o the_o present_a danger_n he_o be_v in_o he_o absolute_o resolve_v that_o his_o good_n rather_o than_o himself_o shall_v perish_v but_o yet_o we_o must_v also_o crave_v this_o allowance_n that_o if_o he_o to_o who_o the_o promise_n be_v make_v do_v occasion_n not_o a_o just_a but_o a_o unjust_a fear_n though_o but_o slight_a and_o that_o thereupon_o the_o promise_n be_v so_o make_v he_o be_v bind_v to_o discharge_v the_o promiser_n if_o he_o desire_v it_o not_o that_o the_o promise_n be_v in_o itself_o void_a but_o for_o the_o damage_n that_o he_o sustain_v who_o make_v it_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o injury_n do_v he_o 1._o see_v chap._n 17.6.19_o and_o p._n 3._o ch_n 19_o §._o 1._o but_o what_o exception_n the_o law_n of_o nation_n admit_v herein_o shall_v in_o its_o proper_a place_n be_v hereafter_o explain_v but_o that_o some_o act_n be_v rescind_v which_o be_v make_v through_o fear_n be_v occasion_v not_o by_o he_o with_o who_o we_o have_v to_o do_v but_o by_o another_o be_v a_o effect_n of_o the_o civil_a law_n which_o do_v often_o either_o null_a or_o revoke_v act_n though_o free_o do_v if_o they_o that_o do_v they_o be_v of_o weak_a judgement_n seneca_n argue_v according_a to_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n when_o he_o tell_v we_o that_o whatsoever_o either_o force_n or_o fear_n or_o necessity_n make_v we_o to_o grant_v 26._o lib._n 4._o cont_n 26._o may_v be_v revoke_v if_o that_o force_n or_o necessity_n be_v impose_v on_o we_o by_o he_o to_o who_o the_o grant_n be_v make_v but_o what_o say_v he_o be_v that_o to_o i_o what_o thou_o be_v compel_v or_o necessitate_v to_o do_v if_o not_o by_o i_o meam_fw-la culpam_fw-la oportet_fw-la esse_fw-la ut_fw-la mea_fw-la poena_fw-la sit_fw-la it_o be_v necessary_a that_o the_o fault_n shall_v be_v my_o own_o
on_o be_v such_o as_o by_o the_o civil_a law_n may_v be_v revoke_v although_o the_o contract_n be_v agreeable_a to_o honesty_n and_o that_o a_o king_n be_v not_o therefore_o bind_v because_o he_o have_v swear_v but_o as_o every_o man_n may_v be_v bind_v by_o such_o just_a covenant_n so_o far_o as_o it_o concern_v the_o other_o party_n but_o we_o as_o we_o have_v elsewhere_o distinguish_v so_o do_v we_o here_o between_o the_o act_n of_o king_n which_o they_o do_v as_o king_n and_o the_o private_a act_n of_o the_o same_o king_n for_o what_o they_o do_v as_o king_n in_o their_o politic_a capacity_n be_v so_o esteem_v as_o do_v by_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o whole_a nation_n but_o over_o such_o act_n as_o the_o law_n make_v by_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o people_n can_v have_v no_o power_n because_o the_o community_n can_v be_v superior_a to_o itself_o so_o neither_o can_v the_o prerogative_n law_n of_o a_o king_n null_a his_o own_o public_a act_n because_o a_o king_n can_v be_v superior_a to_o himself_o wherefore_o restitution_n which_o receive_v its_o vigour_n from_o the_o civil_a law_n only_o be_v of_o no_o force_n against_o such_o contract_n neither_o be_v those_o contract_n to_o be_v exempt_v which_o king_n make_v in_o their_o minority_n ii_o to_o what_o act_n of_o king_n the_o law_n extend_v without_o all_o question_n if_o the_o people_n elect_v a_o king_n yet_o not_o with_o full_a and_o absolute_a right_n but_o restrain_v he_o with_o some_o law_n then_o what_o act_v he_o shall_v do_v contrary_a to_o those_o law_n may_v by_o those_o law_n be_v make_v null_n either_o altogether_o or_o in_o part_n because_o the_o people_n do_v reserve_v that_o right_n unto_o themselves_o but_o if_o the_o king_n do_v reign_v in_o full_a right_n i._n e._n not_o bound_v by_o any_o law_n yet_o hold_v not_o his_o kingdom_n in_o propriety_n i._n e._n have_v no_o power_n to_o alienate_v it_o or_o any_o part_n of_o it_o or_o of_o its_o revenue_n all_o such_o act_n of_o his_o that_o shall_v tend_v to_o such_o a_o alienation_n be_v by_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n void_a because_o what_o he_o so_o alienates_v be_v not_o his_o own_o but_o the_o private_a act_n of_o a_o king_n be_v to_o be_v consider_v not_o as_o the_o act_n of_o the_o community_n but_o as_o the_o act_n of_o a_o part_n and_o be_v therefore_o make_v with_o a_o purpose_n that_o they_o may_v follow_v the_o common_a rule_n of_o the_o law_n whence_o it_o be_v that_o even_o the_o law_n which_o make_v void_a some_o act_n either_o simple_o or_o if_o the_o person_n damnify_v will_n shall_v take_v place_n even_o here_o also_o as_o if_o it_o have_v be_v contract_v upon_o this_o condition_n so_o we_o have_v see_v some_o king_n who_o have_v consult_v the_o law_n for_o remedy_n against_o extortion_n yet_o may_v a_o king_n if_o he_o please_v exempt_v from_o those_o law_n his_o own_o act_n as_o well_o as_o other_o man_n but_o whether_o he_o will_v so_o do_v or_o not_o must_v be_v gather_v from_o circumstance_n if_o he_o do_v then_o shall_v the_o mere_a law_n of_o nature_n determine_v the_o case_n yet_o with_o this_o proviso_n that_o where_o the_o law_n do_v make_v void_a any_o private_a man_n act_n not_o in_o favour_n to_o the_o person_n act_v but_o as_o his_o punishment_n those_o law_n be_v of_o no_o force_n against_o the_o act_n of_o king_n nor_o indeed_o any_o other_o penal_a law_n nor_o any_o thing_n else_o that_o imply_v vim_o cogendi_fw-la a_o power_n coercive_a for_o to_o punish_v and_o to_o compel_v can_v proceed_v but_o from_o two_o different_a and_o distinct_a will_n and_o so_o from_o distinct_a person_n neither_o can_v the_o compeller_n and_o the_o compel_v be_v any_o one_o person_n though_o under_o diverse_a respect_n iii_o when_o king_n be_v bind_v by_o their_o oath_n and_o when_o not_o a_o king_n may_v make_v void_a his_o own_o oath_n as_o a_o private_a man_n antecedenter_n i._n e._n if_o by_o a_o former_a oath_n he_o have_v deprive_v himself_o of_o the_o power_n to_o oblige_v himself_o by_o oath_n to_o any_o such_o thing_n but_o consequent_o he_o can_v for_o herein_o also_o be_v require_v a_o distinction_n of_o person_n beside_o to_o every_o such_o absolution_n it_o be_v requisite_a that_o in_o the_o very_a oath_n before_o take_v there_o shall_v have_v be_v this_o limitation_n or_o exception_n either_o express_v or_o imply_v nisi_fw-la superior_a voluerit_fw-la unless_o my_o prince_n command_v the_o contrary_a which_o in_o the_o oath_n of_o a_o king_n can_v be_v admit_v because_o this_o be_v to_o make_v a_o king_n superior_a to_o himself_o or_o to_o make_v his_o oath_n still_o to_o depend_v upon_o his_o own_o will_n which_o be_v contrary_a to_o the_o nature_n of_o a_o oath_n and_o whereas_o a_o oath_n though_o make_v may_v confer_v no_o right_n to_o another_o by_o reason_n of_o some_o default_n in_o that_o person_n yet_o be_v he_o that_o swear_v bind_v before_o god_n to_o make_v good_a what_o he_o have_v so_o promise_v as_o be_v before_o say_v and_o thus_o also_o be_v king_n bind_v by_o their_o oath_n which_o they_o make_v no_o less_o than_o private_a man_n though_o bodinus_fw-la think_v otherwise_o iv_o how_o far_o a_o king_n be_v bind_v by_o those_o promise_n which_o he_o make_v without_o cause_n we_o have_v likewise_o already_o show_v that_o full_a and_o absolute_a promise_n be_v accept_v of_o do_v natural_o transfer_v our_o right_n to_o another_o now_o this_o hold_v as_o well_o in_o king_n as_o in_o private_a man_n their_o opinion_n therefore_o be_v not_o to_o be_v admit_v who_o say_v that_o king_n be_v not_o bind_v by_o their_o promise_n which_o they_o make_v without_o good_a cause_n which_o notwithstanding_o may_v in_o some_o sense_n be_v true_a as_o we_o shall_v show_v anon_o v._o of_o what_o use_n that_o which_o have_v be_v say_v of_o the_o power_n of_o the_o law_n about_o the_o contract_n of_o king_n that_o the_o civil_a law_n of_o a_o kingdom_n have_v no_o power_n over_o the_o covenant_n and_o contract_n of_o a_o king_n be_v well_o acknowledge_v by_o vasquius_fw-la but_o that_o which_o he_o will_v thence_o infer_v namely_o that_o what_o be_v by_o he_o buy_v or_o sell_v for_o no_o price_n certain_a or_o what_o be_v by_o he_o let_v or_o take_v to_o hire_v without_o any_o rent_n agree_v on_o or_o what_o he_o shall_v give_v away_o in_o fee_n without_o any_o write_n or_o grant_v under_o his_o hand_n shall_v be_v of_o force_n we_o can_v admit_v for_o these_o act_n be_v do_v by_o he_o not_o as_o a_o king_n but_o as_o any_o private_a person_n and_o over_o such_o act_n as_o these_o not_o only_o the_o civil_a law_n of_o that_o nation_n but_o even_o the_o municipal_a law_n of_o that_o city_n wherein_o the_o king_n reside_v have_v power_n because_o the_o king_n for_o some_o special_a reason_n place_v himself_o there_o as_o a_o member_n of_o that_o corporation_n unless_o it_o shall_v appear_v by_o good_a circumstance_n that_o it_o be_v his_o will_n that_o those_o act_n of_o his_o shall_v be_v exempt_v from_o the_o power_n of_o those_o law_n but_o that_o other_o example_n bring_v by_o the_o same_o vasquius_fw-la concern_v a_o promise_n any_o way_n make_v do_v very_o well_o agree_v and_o may_v be_v explain_v by_o what_o have_v be_v before_o say_v vi_o in_o what_o sense_n a_o king_n may_v be_v oblige_v to_o his_o subject_n by_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n only_o or_o by_o civil_a law_n that_o which_o civilian_n do_v general_o affirm_v that_o the_o covenant_n which_o a_o king_n enter_v into_o with_o his_o subject_n do_v oblige_v by_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n only_o and_o not_o by_o the_o civil_a law_n be_v somewhat_o obscure_a for_o that_o be_v sometime_o corrupt_o say_v by_o the_o lawgiver_n natural_o to_o oblige_v which_o be_v only_o agreeable_a to_o the_o rule_n of_o honesty_n but_o yet_o can_v proper_o be_v say_v to_o be_v due_a as_o for_o a_o executor_n to_o pay_v the_o entire_a legacy_n without_o defalcation_n though_o he_o have_v not_o the_o four_o part_n of_o the_o testator_n estate_n leave_v he_o or_o to_o pay_v a_o just_a debt_n though_o the_o creditor_n be_v make_v by_o the_o law_n uncapable_a of_o receive_v it_o or_o to_o requite_v a_o courtesy_n receive_v all_o which_o can_v no_o way_n be_v recover_v by_o any_o action_n at_o law_n sometime_o again_o that_o be_v more_o proper_o say_v natural_o to_o oblige_v which_o be_v indeed_o true_o obligatory_a whether_o it_o be_v such_o as_o transfer_v a_o right_a unto_o another_o as_o in_o contract_n or_o such_o as_o transfer_v none_o as_o in_o a_o full_a and_o firm_a pollicitation_n maimonides_n the_o jew_n do_v very_o apt_o distinguish_v between_o these_o three_o whatsoever_o come_v more_o than_o be_v due_a fall_v under_o the_o notion_n of_o mercy_n which_o
be_v well_o observe_v by_o andronicus_n rhodius_n and_o although_o it_o can_v exempt_v they_o altogether_o from_o punishment_n yet_o without_o doubt_n it_o render_v the_o fault_n the_o more_o tolerable_a so_o the_o apprehension_n of_o some_o imminent_a danger_n quick_o beget_v a_o fear_n and_o then_o we_o rash_o adventure_v upon_o a_o sin_n to_o avoid_v that_o danger_n in_o like_a manner_n some_o sudden_a and_o unexpected_a injury_n set_v our_o hot_a blood_n on_o boil_v and_o then_o immediate_o before_o reason_n can_v interpose_v we_o attempt_v a_o revenge_n these_o be_v the_o sudden_a eruption_n of_o passion_n and_o not_o the_o deliberate_a act_n of_o the_o will_n which_o certain_o be_v in_o themselves_o more_o excusable_a than_o those_o which_o arise_v mere_o out_o of_o the_o desire_n of_o pleasure_n assault_v we_o not_o so_o violent_o and_o therefore_o may_v either_o be_v defer_v or_o admit_v of_o some_o other_o matter_n wherein_o to_o delight_v without_o injury_n to_o any_o gal._n de_fw-fr providentia_fw-la in_o epist_n ad_fw-la gal._n so_o st_n chrysostome_n lust_n say_v he_o seek_v coition_n only_o but_o not_o with_o this_o or_o that_o particular_a person_n and_o so_o 10._o so_o nic._n l._n 7._o c._n 10._o aristotle_n anger_n and_o cruelty_n be_v much_o more_o natural_a than_o covetousness_n or_o a_o inordinate_a desire_n of_o thing_n unnecessary_a for_o this_o be_v general_o to_o be_v observe_v that_o the_o more_o the_o judgement_n be_v hinder_v in_o its_o free_a choice_n or_o in_o the_o act_n of_o discern_v between_o good_a and_o evil_a and_o the_o more_o natural_a the_o cause_n be_v exciting_a to_o sin_n the_o less_o of_o evil_a the_o sin_n have_v and_o consequent_o the_o less_o it_o shall_v have_v of_o punishment_n difficilium_fw-la facilis_fw-la est_fw-la venia_fw-la the_o great_a difficulty_n there_o be_v in_o the_o thing_n command_v the_o easy_a be_v the_o pardon_n if_o not_o perform_v quantò_fw-la potestas_fw-la vitandi_fw-la fuit_fw-la tanto_fw-la contumaciae_fw-la crimine_fw-la oneratur_fw-la say_v tertullian_n the_o more_o power_n and_o the_o great_a help_n we_o have_v to_o avoid_v a_o sin_n the_o more_o contumacy_n we_o bewray_v in_o the_o commit_v it_o aristotle_n likewise_o in_o the_o place_n before_o cite_v account_v that_o man_n less_o temperate_a who_o be_v either_o not_o at_o all_o or_o very_o weak_o provoke_v with_o carnal_a desire_n either_o seek_v after_o enormous_a pleasure_n or_o fly_v from_o some_o small_a inconvenience_n than_o he_o that_o be_v urge_v thereunto_o by_o some_o vehement_a passion_n for_o what_o will_v the_o same_o person_n do_v if_o he_o feel_v those_o vehement_a perturbation_n of_o mind_n which_o be_v incident_a to_o youth_n or_o that_o grief_n and_o vexation_n that_o poverty_n bring_v with_o it_o pertinent_a whereunto_o be_v that_o of_o antiphanes_n qui_fw-la cum_fw-la sit_fw-la opulens_fw-la nequiter_fw-la quicquam_fw-la facit_fw-la hunc_fw-la si_fw-la esset_fw-la pauper_fw-la quid_fw-la non_fw-la facturum_fw-la putas_fw-la he_o that_o be_v opulent_a unjust_a will_v be_v what_o will_v he_o not_o if_o pinch_v by_o poverty_n and_o what_o we_o every_o where_n read_v in_o comedian_n concern_v the_o dote_a love_n of_o old_a man_n from_o these_o cause_n we_o ought_v to_o guess_v at_o the_o merit_n of_o man_n sin_n and_o to_o fit_v their_o punishment_n according_o xxxii_o counter-passion_n reject_v the_o pythagorean_n hold_v that_o justice_n require_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d i._n e._n a_o sufferance_n in_o the_o like_a kind_n by_o way_n of_o punishment_n which_o be_v true_a but_o not_o so_o to_o be_v understand_v as_o if_o he_o that_o hurt_v another_o deliberate_o and_o without_o any_o just_a cause_n give_v shall_v suffer_v just_a so_o much_o again_o and_o no_o more_o for_o the_o law_n of_o moses_n itself_o which_o be_v a_o perfect_a pattern_n for_o all_o other_o law_n reject_v this_o exposition_n for_o it_o require_v that_o he_o that_o steal_v any_o thing_n from_o another_o shall_v restore_v four_o and_o fivefold_a and_o the_o attic_a law_n do_v require_v that_o a_o thief_n beside_o a_o double_a restitution_n whereunto_o that_o of_o st_n john_n rev._n 18.6_o refer_v shall_v remain_v in_o bond_n for_o certain_a day_n as_o demosthenes_n testify_v and_o when_o the_o minyan_o have_v without_o any_o right_n timocr_n cont._n timocr_n extort_a tribute_n from_o the_o theban_n hercules_n compel_v they_o to_o restore_v it_o unto_o they_o double_a as_o apollodorus_n record_v it_o aristides_n also_o of_o the_o grecian_a law_n testify_v 2._o lib._n 2._o leuctr_n 2._o that_o the_o injure_a person_n be_v permit_v to_o recover_v more_o than_o the_o damage_n sustain_v by_o way_n of_o revenge_n whereof_o st._n ambrose_n give_v this_o reason_n qâ—o_fw-la furem_fw-la à _fw-la detrahendo_fw-la aut_fw-la poena_fw-la deterreant_fw-la aut_fw-la mulcta_fw-la revocent_fw-la 3._o de_fw-fr offic_n 3._o c._n 3._o that_o so_o they_o may_v affright_v the_o thief_n from_o his_o pilfer_n by_o the_o punishment_n or_o discourage_v he_o by_o the_o mulct_n seneca_n speak_v of_o judgement_n to_o be_v inflict_v after_o this_o life_n say_v scelera_fw-la taxantur_fw-la modo_fw-la majore_fw-la nostra_fw-la our_o crime_n with_o great_a plague_n be_v there_o punish_v than_o those_o we_o suffer_v here_o strabo_n observe_v a_o law_n among_o the_o indian_n 15._o lib._n 15._o that_o if_o one_o man_n have_v maim_v or_o dismember_v another_o beside_o the_o common_a punishment_n of_o retaliation_n he_o be_v to_o lose_v his_o hand_n and_o in_o that_o book_n which_o be_v entitle_v aristotle_n moral_n we_o read_v that_o it_o be_v just_a 34._o lib._n 1._o c._n 34._o that_o he_o that_o willing_o put_v out_o another_o man_n eye_n shall_v suffer_v not_o only_o in_o the_o like_a kind_n but_o somewhat_o more_o for_o as_o philo_n in_o his_o special_a law_n observe_v it_o be_v not_o equal_a that_o the_o nocent_a and_o the_o innocent_a shall_v suffer_v but_o alike_o and_o from_o hence_o it_o be_v that_o the_o very_a attempt_n to_o commit_v some_o sin_n though_o not_o consummate_v and_o consequent_o have_v less_o of_o evil_n in_o they_o than_o those_o that_o be_v perpetrate_v yet_o be_v equal_o punish_v according_a to_o what_o they_o intend_v as_o we_o may_v read_v deut._n 19.19_o in_o the_o case_n of_o a_o false_a testimony_n so_o deut_n 22.19_o in_o the_o case_n of_o a_o husband_n accuse_v his_o wife_n of_o whoredom_n to_o defraud_v she_o of_o her_o dowry_n the_o like_a we_o may_v read_v exod._a 22.9_o as_o also_o among_o the_o roman_a law_n it_o be_v provide_v that_o he_o that_o carry_v a_o weapon_n about_o he_o with_o a_o intent_n to_o kill_v a_o man_n be_v to_o have_v be_v punish_v as_o though_o he_o have_v do_v it_o and_o if_o it_o be_v object_v that_o if_o the_o bare_a attempt_n be_v punishable_a with_o death_n sure_o the_o execution_n shall_v be_v more_o severe_o punish_v i_o answer_v that_o because_o nothing_o can_v be_v more_o grievous_a than_o death_n and_o because_o a_o man_n can_v die_v but_o once_o therefore_o we_o must_v necessary_o aquiesce_v in_o this_o punishment_n because_o we_o can_v go_v no_o further_o unless_o we_o do_v sometime_o add_v thereunto_o some_o kind_n of_o torment_n to_o make_v death_n itself_o the_o more_o terrible_a xxxiii_o in_o punishment_n regard_n be_v to_o be_v have_v to_o the_o person_n punish_v punishment_n be_v not_o to_o be_v consider_v bare_o but_o with_o respect_n have_v to_o the_o quality_n of_o he_o that_o suffer_v they_o the_o same_o mulct_n or_o fine_a that_o be_v grievous_a to_o a_o poor_a man_n be_v no_o punishment_n at_o all_o to_o the_o rich_a and_o the_o stock_n or_o pillory_n which_o by_o the_o vile_a sort_n of_o people_n be_v slight_v be_v worse_o than_o death_n itself_o to_o the_o noble_a the_o roman_a law_n do_v often_o make_v use_n of_o this_o difference_n of_o person_n and_o punishment_n and_o bodine_n upon_o this_o consideration_n do_v frame_v a_o kind_n of_o harmoniacal_a proportion_n whereas_o notwithstanding_o indeed_o here_o be_v but_o a_o simple_a equality_n between_o the_o merit_n and_o the_o punishment_n such_o as_o be_v in_o number_n as_o also_o in_o all_o contract_n between_o the_o thing_n sell_v and_o the_o money_n although_o the_o same_o merchandise_n be_v worth_a in_o some_o place_n more_o and_o in_o some_o less_o as_o also_o be_v money_n according_a to_o its_o either_o plenty_n or_o scarcity_n but_o we_o must_v acknowledge_v that_o ofttimes_o among_o the_o roman_n this_o be_v not_o do_v without_o too_o great_a a_o respect_n have_v to_o the_o person_n and_o their_o quality_n nothing_o appertain_v to_o the_o fact_n which_o acception_n of_o person_n moses_n his_o law_n do_v exceed_o abhor_v and_o this_o be_v as_o we_o have_v say_v the_o intrinsic_a valuation_n of_o a_o punishment_n xxxiv_o charity_n mitigate_v punishment_n but_o that_o which_o restrain_v we_o in_o punish_v within_o those_o bound_n which_o the_o law_n permit_v be_v the_o love_n of_o he_o who_o be_v punish_v
be_v so_o forbid_v but_o be_v such_o rather_o as_o be_v interdict_v by_o the_o divine_a law_n in_o which_o number_n we_o may_v haply_o place_v the_o sin_n of_o fornication_n and_o some_o of_o those_o sin_n which_o we_o esteem_v to_o be_v incest_n usury_n etc._n etc._n thus_o asterius_n bishop_n of_o amasea_n they_o that_o yield_v obedience_n unto_o the_o civil_a law_n of_o prince_n only_o do_v leave_v whoredom_n unpunished_a so_o likewise_o st_n hierome_n to_o oceanus_n 9_o vide_fw-la hier._n ad_fw-la oceanum_fw-la supra_fw-la c._n 5._o sect_n 9_o the_o law_n of_o temporal_a prince_n let_v loose_v the_o reins_o of_o unbridled_a lust_n and_o condemn_v adultery_n only_o suffer_v man_n to_o run_v every_o where_o to_o stew_n and_o brothel-house_n without_o control_n as_o if_o it_o be_v the_o dignity_n that_o make_v the_o crime_n and_o not_o the_o will_n but_o with_o we_o what_o be_v unlawful_a for_o woman_n be_v likewise_o so_o for_o man_n the_o same_o yoke_n bind_v both_o to_o the_o same_o condition_n xliii_o in_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n we_o ought_v to_o distinguish_v between_o thing_n that_o be_v clear_a and_o that_o be_v obscure_a the_o three_o caution_n be_v that_o we_o diligent_o distinguish_v between_o those_o general_a maxim_n of_o reason_n that_o be_v manifest_a of_o themselves_o as_o this_o that_o every_o man_n ought_v to_o live_v honest_o that_o be_v according_a to_o the_o dictate_v of_o natural_a reason_n and_o other_o that_o be_v near_a unto_o these_o but_o so_o manifest_a that_o they_o can_v admit_v of_o no_o doubt_v such_o as_o this_o that_o we_o ought_v not_o to_o take_v away_o from_o another_o that_o which_o be_v he_o and_o between_o those_o maxim_n which_o be_v not_o of_o themselves_o so_o clear_a but_o must_v be_v collect_v from_o those_o before_o mention_v by_o consequence_n whereof_o some_o be_v easy_o draw_v as_o this_o admitting_z matrimony_n it_o follow_v that_o we_o ought_v not_o to_o commit_v adultery_n which_o be_v so_o general_o receive_v that_o as_o philo_n testify_v in_o the_o life_n of_o joseph_n it_o be_v every_o where_o punish_v and_o lactantius_n tell_v we_o that_o to_o defile_v the_o marriagebed_n be_v condemn_v by_o the_o common_a law_n of_o nation_n other_o though_o as_o true_a yet_o be_v not_o so_o manifest_o true_a because_o our_o assent_n unto_o they_o can_v be_v gain_v but_o by_o the_o mediation_n of_o three_o or_o four_o consequence_n as_o this_o that_o that_o revenge_n that_o do_v acquiesce_v in_o another_o man_n grief_n be_v vicious_a it_o be_v here_o almost_o as_o it_o be_v in_o the_o mathematics_n wherein_o some_o thing_n be_v of_o the_o first_o notion_n or_o next_o unto_o the_o first_o some_o be_v demonstration_n which_o be_v immediate_o both_o understand_v and_o assent_v unto_o but_o some_o other_o though_o true_a yet_o be_v not_o so_o evident_a unto_o all_o therefore_o as_o by_o the_o civil_a law_n our_o ignorance_n of_o the_o law_n or_o of_o the_o true_a meaning_n of_o the_o law_n do_v in_o part_n excuse_v we_o so_o concern_v the_o law_n of_o nature_n there_o be_v the_o same_o reason_n that_o our_o weakness_n to_o collect_v what_o be_v thereby_o forbid_v by_o such_o consequence_n or_o what_o a_o ill_a education_n have_v ingenerate_v in_o we_o shall_v also_o excuse_v we_o for_o as_o st_n hierome_n well_o observe_v vnaquaeque_fw-la gens_n hoc_fw-la legem_fw-la naturae_fw-la putat_fw-la quod_fw-la didicit_fw-la every_o nation_n think_v that_o to_o be_v the_o law_n of_o nature_n which_o it_o first_o imbibe_n now_o our_o ignorance_n of_o the_o law_n as_o it_o take_v away_o a_o sin_n if_o it_o be_v inevitable_a so_o also_o it_o diminish_v a_o sin_n though_o it_o be_v cause_v by_o some_o neglect_n and_o therefore_o those_o that_o be_v corrupt_v by_o some_o evil_a education_n aristotle_n compare_v to_o such_o who_o appetite_n be_v vitiate_a by_o some_o malignant_a distemper_n and_o plutarch_n observe_v that_o there_o be_v some_o disease_n of_o the_o mind_n that_o violent_o hurry_v a_o man_n from_o his_o natural_a constitution_n last_o this_o also_o be_v to_o be_v note_v which_o i_o say_v once_o but_o shall_v not_o often_o repeat_v that_o those_o war_n which_o be_v undertake_v for_o the_o exact_v of_o punishment_n unless_o the_o injury_n that_o be_v do_v be_v very_o great_a very_o manifest_a or_o back_v with_o some_o other_o cause_n be_v always_o suspect_v to_o be_v unjust_a for_o what_o mithridates_n say_v of_o the_o roman_n be_v oftentimes_o too_o true_a non_fw-la delicta_fw-la regum_fw-la illos_fw-la sed_fw-la vires_fw-la ac_fw-la majestatem_fw-la insequi_fw-la it_o be_v not_o the_o fault_n of_o prince_n do_v in_o such_o case_n then_o we_o ought_v not_o to_o be_v too_o severe_a chastiser_n of_o other_o man_n infirmity_n but_o rather_o pity_v their_o ignorance_n and_o their_o ill_a education_n pray_v for_o they_o as_o st._n stephen_n do_v for_o his_o persecutor_n father_n forgive_v they_o for_o they_o know_v not_o what_o they_o do_v but_o their_o power_n and_o majesty_n that_o they_o persecute_v xliv_o whether_o war_n may_v be_v make_v for_o offence_n against_o god_n our_o propose_a method_n now_o guide_v we_o to_o crime_n commit_v against_o god_n and_o to_o inquire_v whether_o for_o the_o punishment_n of_o such_o a_o war_n may_v just_o be_v undertake_v covarruvius_fw-la handle_v this_o question_n at_o large_a but_o be_v sway_v by_o the_o authority_n of_o other_o he_o hold_v that_o this_o punitive_a power_n can_v subsist_v but_o where_o there_o be_v a_o jurisdiction_n proper_o so_o call_v which_o we_o have_v already_o reject_v whence_o it_o follow_v that_o as_o in_o the_o affair_n of_o the_o church_n the_o bishop_n be_v in_o some_o measure_n say_v to_o take_v upon_o they_o the_o care_n of_o the_o universal_a church_n for_o so_o st_n cyprian_n speak_v it_o become_v we_o to_o watch_v over_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o church_n who_o member_n be_v disperse_v into_o several_a province_n and_o again_o there_o be_v but_o one_o episcopacy_n whereof_o every_o one_o hold_v his_o part_n entire_o so_o beside_o the_o charge_n of_o their_o particular_a dominion_n king_n may_v be_v say_v to_o assume_v the_o general_a care_n of_o all_o humane_a society_n but_o a_o better_a argument_n bring_v by_o such_o as_o deny_v such_o a_o war_n to_o be_v lawful_a be_v this_o that_o god_n alone_o be_v sufficient_a to_o punish_v such_o sin_n as_o be_v commit_v against_o himself_o for_o deorum_fw-la injuriae_fw-la diis_fw-la curae_fw-la &_o perjurium_fw-la satis_fw-la habet_fw-la deum_fw-la ultorem_fw-la the_o affront_v commit_v against_o god_n god_n take_v care_n of_o and_o it_o suffice_v that_o god_n himself_o be_v the_o avenger_n of_o perjury_n but_o we_o must_v observe_v that_o so_o it_o may_v be_v say_v of_o any_o other_o sin_n god_n without_o doubt_n be_v sufficient_o able_a to_o punish_v they_o and_o yet_o we_o see_v that_o the_o law_n be_v just_o and_o due_o exercise_v upon_o such_o offender_n by_o magistrate_n in_o all_o nation_n none_o dissent_v but_o against_o this_o some_o reply_n that_o those_o punishment_n be_v inflict_v not_o so_o much_o for_o offence_n commit_v against_o god_n as_o because_o of_o the_o damage_n thereby_o do_v unto_o man_n but_o on_o the_o contrary_a it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o not_o only_o those_o offence_n which_o be_v commit_v against_o other_o direct_o be_v punish_v by_o humane_a law_n but_o those_o also_o which_o may_v by_o consequence_n be_v prejudicial_a to_o other_o as_o self-murder_n sodomy_n and_o the_o like_a for_o though_o the_o principal_a end_n and_o scope_n of_o religion_n be_v to_o purchase_v the_o grace_n and_o favour_n of_o god_n yet_o have_v it_o also_o a_o very_a strong_a influence_n and_o work_v many_o notable_a effect_n upon_o humane_a society_n plato_n call_v it_o the_o fortress_n and_o bulwark_n of_o all_o power_n and_o jurisdiction_n and_o the_o very_a bond_n of_o good_a discipline_n plutarch_n call_v it_o the_o cement_n of_o all_o humane_a society_n and_o the_o very_a foundation_n and_o groundwork_n of_o the_o legislative_a power_n philo_n say_v it_o be_v the_o most_o effectual_a charm_n to_o procure_v love_n and_o that_o the_o worship_n of_o one_o and_o the_o same_o god_n be_v the_o most_o indissoluble_a band_n of_o friendship_n whereas_o on_o the_o contrary_a heu_fw-la primae_fw-la scelerum_fw-la causae_fw-la mortalibus_fw-la aegris_fw-la naturam_fw-la nescire_fw-la dei_fw-la all_o wickedness_n '_o among_o mortal_n hence_o do_v flow_v that_o the_o most_o righteous_a god_n we_o do_v not_o know_v every_o false_a opinion_n concern_v religion_n say_v plutarch_n be_v dangerous_a and_o if_o it_o be_v accompany_v with_o perturbation_n of_o mind_n most_o pernicious_a but_o to_o have_v one_o and_o the_o same_o opinion_n concern_v the_o worship_n of_o god_n and_o to_o differ_v nothing_o in_o life_n and_o manner_n from_o each_o other_o do_v produce_v the_o most_o perfect_a harmony_n and_o agreement_n among_o man_n as_o
of_o israel_n 138._o quaest_n ad_fw-la orthod_n 138._o and_o have_v absolute_a power_n over_o their_o life_n take_v they_o away_o by_o the_o pestilence_n thereby_o punish_v both_o prince_n and_o people_n for_o as_o a_o good_a christian_a author_n say_v well_o king_n be_v never_o more_o severe_o punish_v than_o when_o they_o be_v punish_v in_o their_o subject_n and_o this_o be_v as_o just_a with_o god_n as_o it_o be_v with_o man_n ordinary_o to_o be_v whip_v on_o the_o back_n for_o a_o offence_n commit_v by_o the_o hand_n or_o as_o it_o be_v with_o a_o physician_n to_o burn_v a_o man_n on_o the_o great_a toe_n to_o cure_v he_o of_o a_o pain_n in_o the_o hip_n as_o plutarch_n make_v the_o comparison_n but_o why_o this_o be_v not_o lawful_a for_o man_n we_o have_v already_o show_v xviii_o nor_n dissenter_n for_o the_o sin_n of_o the_o major_a part_n the_o self_n same_o may_v be_v say_v of_o the_o punishment_n of_o such_o particular_a person_n in_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v proper_o their_o own_o as_o do_v not_o consent_v unto_o those_o injury_n that_o be_v commit_v by_o the_o generality_n of_o the_o people_n xix_o the_o heir_n not_o oblige_v to_o his_o father_n punishment_n as_o such_o and_o why_o but_o why_o the_o heir_n that_o be_v obnoxious_a to_o other_o debt_n be_v not_o oblige_v to_o this_o of_o punishment_n the_o true_a cause_n be_v because_o the_o heir_n represent_v the_o person_n of_o the_o decease_a not_o in_o merit_n which_o be_v mere_o personal_a but_o in_o his_o good_n whereunto_o that_o those_o also_o that_o be_v owe_v unto_o any_o man_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o very_a inequality_n of_o thing_n shall_v cohere_v be_v at_o the_o first_o by_o a_o general_a consent_n introduce_v with_o dominion_n itself_o rhodiana_n orat._n rhodiana_n for_o as_o dion_n prusiensis_fw-la observe_v whatsoever_o be_v owe_v by_o the_o father_n be_v no_o less_o due_a from_o his_o posterity_n neither_o can_v you_o just_o charge_v it_o upon_o we_o that_o we_o have_v renounce_v our_o inheritance_n so_o likewise_o cicero_n there_o be_v no_o person_n so_o fit_a to_o succeed_v in_o the_o room_n of_o the_o decease_a as_o the_o right_a heir_n xx._n yet_o he_o be_v if_o that_o punishment_n be_v change_v into_o some_o other_o kind_n of_o debt_n hence_o it_o follow_v that_o if_o beyond_o the_o merit_n there_o appear_v any_o new_a cause_n of_o obligation_n than_o even_o that_o contain_v in_o the_o punishment_n may_v be_v just_o due_a though_o not_o proper_o as_o a_o punishment_n so_o we_o have_v see_v that_o sometime_o after_o the_o sentence_n be_v past_a and_o sometime_o after_o the_o matter_n of_o fact_n be_v sufficient_o prove_v in_o such_o thing_n as_o will_v admit_v of_o a_o composition_n the_o mulct_n or_o pecuniary_a punishment_n shall_v be_v recover_v from_o the_o heir_n as_o even_o that_o also_o which_o be_v draw_v into_o that_o agreement_n because_o there_o now_o appear_v a_o new_a cause_n of_o obligation_n chap._n xxii_o of_o cause_n of_o war_n that_o be_v unjust_a i._o the_o difference_n between_o cause_n that_o be_v just_a and_o such_o as_o be_v suasory_n only_o explain_v ii_o the_o war_n that_o have_v neither_o of_o these_o be_v brutish_a iii_o that_o war_n that_o have_v cause_n suasory_n only_o not_o justify_v be_v predary_n iv_o there_o be_v some_o cause_n which_o seem_v to_o be_v just_a which_o be_v not_o v._o as_o uncertain_a fear_n vi_o profit_n without_o necessity_n vii_o the_o denial_n of_o wife_n where_o there_o be_v plenty_n of_o woman_n viii_o the_o desire_n to_o plant_v in_o a_o better_a soil_n ix_o the_o find_v out_o of_o such_o thing_n as_o be_v preoccupyed_n by_o other_o x._o what_o if_o those_o pre-occupier_n be_v altogether_o mad_a xi_o the_o desire_n of_o liberty_n no_o just_a cause_n in_o such_o as_o be_v subject_n xii_o nor_o the_o desire_n to_o rule_v over_o other_o without_o their_o consent_n though_o for_o their_o good_a xiii_o nor_o the_o title_n of_o be_v universal_a monarch_n which_o some_o have_v give_v to_o the_o emperor_n which_o be_v refute_v fourteen_o which_o other_o give_v to_o the_o church_n which_o be_v also_o refute_v xv._o as_o also_o a_o pretence_n to_o fulfil_v some_o prophecy_n without_o a_o special_a command_n from_o god_n xvi_o as_o also_o a_o pretence_n of_o some_o due_a debt_n though_o not_o in_o strictness_n of_o right_n but_o some_o other_o way_n vii_o the_o difference_n between_o a_o war_n who_o cause_n be_v unjust_a and_o that_o which_o be_v some_o other_o way_n unjust_a and_o the_o divers_a effect_n of_o both_o i._o the_o difference_n between_o the_o true_a and_o the_o pretend_a cause_n of_o war._n of_o the_o cause_n of_o war_n some_o be_v as_o i_o have_v say_v above_o 1._o above_o lib._n 2._o c._n 1._o justify_v some_o suasory_n only_o those_o that_o be_v unjust_a have_v notwithstanding_o always_o some_o specious_a pretence_n or_o other_o to_o make_v the_o war_n to_o appear_v just_a which_o polybius_n call_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d the_o other_o he_o call_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o the_o true_a cause_n which_o ofttimes_o lie_v couchant_a whilst_o something_o that_o be_v more_o plausible_a be_v expose_v to_o the_o public_a view_n as_o in_o the_o war_n which_o alexander_n make_v against_o darius_n the_o preface_n or_o pretence_n be_v to_o revenge_v some_o wrong_n which_o the_o persian_n have_v long_o before_o do_v unto_o the_o grecian_n but_o the_o true_a cause_n be_v ambition_n and_o a_o vehement_a thirst_n after_o sovereignty_n and_o riches_n which_o also_o be_v very_o much_o heighten_v by_o the_o facility_n of_o the_o enterprise_n which_o he_o collect_v from_o the_o success_n which_o both_o xenophon_n and_o agesilaus_n have_v before_o in_o their_o several_a expedition_n thucydides_n distinguish_v they_o into_o the_o outward_a show_n and_o the_o inward_a truth_n as_o when_o the_o athenian_n make_v war_n against_o sicily_n they_o open_o declare_v that_o it_o be_v only_o to_o aid_v the_o aegestan_n but_o the_o naked_a truth_n be_v to_o gain_v sicily_n to_o themselves_o appian_n also_o have_v the_o very_a same_o expression_n in_o the_o war_n make_v between_o the_o roman_n and_o mithridates_n and_o also_o in_o his_o five_o book_n of_o their_o civil_a war_n where_o speak_v of_o the_o peace_n break_v between_o octavius_n and_o sextus_n pompeius_n he_o say_v that_o there_o be_v some_o cause_n which_o be_v true_a but_o latent_fw-la and_o other_o that_o be_v feign_v and_o pretend_v only_o the_o one_o be_v but_o as_o a_o cloak_n or_o vizard_n the_o other_o be_v the_o real_a purpose_n and_o intention_n it_o be_v true_a what_o procopius_n in_o his_o persian_a war_n say_v 2._o lib._n 2._o stultum_fw-la est_fw-la non_fw-la libere_fw-la loqui_fw-la ubi_fw-la justitia_fw-la dux_fw-la est_fw-la comes_fw-la utilitas_fw-la it_o be_v but_o folly_n to_o dissemble_v where_o justice_n be_v our_o guide_n and_o profit_v our_o companion_n the_o pretence_n of_o the_o second_o punic_a war_n be_v a_o contest_v about_o saguntum_n but_o the_o true_a cause_n be_v the_o secret_a disgust_n which_o the_o carthaginian_n have_v against_o the_o roman_n for_o the_o hard_a condition_n they_o have_v impose_v on_o they_o in_o the_o low_a ebb_n of_o their_o fortune_n and_o the_o great_a confidence_n they_o have_v in_o their_o own_o strength_n upon_o some_o prosperous_a success_n they_o then_o have_v in_o spain_n as_o polybius_n observe_v the_o same_o distinction_n we_o find_v use_v by_o livy_n 7._o liv._o lib._n 7._o in_o the_o oration_n make_v by_o the_o campane_n to_o the_o roman_n concern_v their_o engagement_n against_o the_o samnite_n which_o they_o pretend_v to_o be_v only_o to_o assist_v the_o sedicine_n but_o their_o main_a end_n be_v their_o own_o defence_n because_o they_o foresee_v that_o when_o their_o neighbour_n house_n be_v burn_v the_o fire_n will_v quick_o reach_v they_o so_o when_o antiochus_n make_v war_n against_o the_o roman_n his_o pretence_n be_v to_o revenge_v the_o death_n of_o barcilla_n and_o some_o other_o wrong_v receive_v 36._o lib._n 36._o but_o the_o true_a cause_n be_v the_o great_a hope_n he_o have_v to_o make_v some_o advantage_n to_o himself_o of_o the_o looseness_n of_o the_o roman_a discipline_n and_z and_o plutarch_n observe_v that_o when_o cicero_n object_v against_o anthony_n that_o he_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o civil_a war_n it_o be_v but_o a_o pretence_n for_o caesar_n resolve_v to_o make_v war_n take_v only_o his_o pretence_n from_o anthony_n ii_o a_o war_n without_o any_o cause_n be_v brutish_a some_o there_o be_v that_o be_v carry_v headlong_o into_o war_n without_o either_o of_o these_o cause_n periculorum_fw-la propter_fw-la se_fw-la avidi_fw-la that_o delight_n only_o in_o sweat_n and_o blood_n and_o that_o live_v whole_o upon_o spoil_n and_o rapine_n this_o be_v a_o vice_n so_o much_o beneath_o the_o nature_n of_o mankind_n that_o aristotle_n call_v it_o 〈◊〉_d
〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d a_o savageness_n proper_a to_o wild_a beast_n only_o and_o so_o do_v seneca_n 7._o lib._n 2._o the_o clem_v cap._n 7._o non_fw-la crudelitatem_fw-la sed_fw-la feritatem_fw-la dicimus_fw-la we_o can_v so_o proper_o call_v it_o cruelty_n as_o a_o kind_n of_o savage_a fierceness_n to_o delight_v in_o blood_n we_o may_v also_o call_v it_o madness_n whereof_o as_o there_o be_v divers_a kind_n so_o be_v there_o divers_a symptom_n but_o none_o more_o certain_a than_o that_o which_o delight_v in_o humane_a slaughter_n wherewith_o accord_v that_o of_o aristotle_n he_o be_v cruel_a with_o a_o witness_n who_o be_v so_o far_o transport_v with_o a_o thirst_n after_o humane_a blood_n that_o he_o make_v no_o difference_n between_o friend_n and_o foe_n and_o that_o also_o of_o dion_n prusiensis_fw-la to_o engage_v ourselves_o in_o unnecessary_a war_n and_o to_o rush_v into_o battle_n without_o any_o provocation_n be_v a_o mere_a madness_n so_o likewise_o say_v seneca_n 37._o orat._n 37._o there_o be_v few_o or_o none_o so_o savage_a as_o to_o shed_v humane_a blood_n prodigal_o and_o that_o for_o blood_n sake_n only_o iii_o the_o war_n that_o have_v no_o justify_v cause_n be_v but_o predatory_a most_o man_n that_o make_v war_n have_v some_o cause_n that_o move_v they_o thereto_o some_o whereof_z have_v matter_n sufficient_a to_o justify_v they_o other_o none_o at_o all_o of_o this_o latter_a sort_n be_v that_o war_n make_v by_o the_o heruli_n against_o the_o lombard_n a_o war_n without_o any_o pretence_n whatsoever_o and_o such_o be_v the_o war_n make_v by_o the_o gaul_n as_o livy_n testify_v who_o think_v the_o best_a right_a to_o consist_v in_o their_o arm_n and_o that_o the_o long_a sword_n may_v take_v all_o but_o in_o the_o account_n of_o the_o roman_a law_n qui_fw-la rogatus_fw-la de_fw-fr possidendi_fw-la causa_fw-la nullam_fw-la aliam_fw-la adfert_fw-la quam_fw-la quod_fw-la possideat_fw-la praedae_fw-la est_fw-la he_o who_o be_v demand_v by_o what_o right_a he_o hold_v any_o thing_n can_v show_v none_o but_o that_o have_v get_v it_o he_o will_v keep_v it_o be_v hold_v to_o be_v a_o thief_n a_o pirate_n or_o a_o usurper_n of_o another_o man_n right_a so_o aristotle_n of_o such_o as_o excite_v other_o to_o war_n say_v that_o they_o regard_v not_o at_o all_o whether_o to_o subdue_v their_o innocent_a neighbour_n be_v just_a or_o not_o such_o a_o one_o be_v brennus_n who_o hold_v that_o he_o have_v the_o best_a right_n to_o all_o who_o be_v strong_a of_o all_o such_o a_o one_o silius_n thought_n annibal_n to_o be_v pro_fw-la foedere_fw-la próque_fw-la justitia_fw-la est_fw-la ensis_fw-la who_o sword_n do_v awe_v both_o league_n and_o law_n and_o such_o be_v attila_n and_o all_o those_o who_o look_v not_o at_o the_o cause_n but_o at_o the_o success_n of_o war_n according_a to_o that_o vulgar_a say_n of_o most_o soldier_n quaeritur_fw-la belli_fw-la exitus_fw-la non_fw-la causa_fw-la it_o be_v not_o the_o cause_n but_o the_o end_n that_o crown_v the_o war._n for_o when_o once_o the_o dispute_n come_v to_o blow_n the_o vanquish_a party_n can_v by_o the_o strength_n of_o argument_n convince_v the_o conqueror_n that_o he_o be_v in_o a_o error_n nor_o shall_v reason_n be_v hear_v when_o the_o sword_n have_v decide_v the_o quarrel_n haec_fw-la acies_fw-la victum_fw-la factura_fw-la nocentem_fw-la est_fw-la this_o battle_n will_v the_o vanquish_v guilty_a make_v for_o let_v the_o cause_n be_v what_o it_o will_v the_o conquer_a party_n must_v be_v guilty_a still_o whereunto_o that_o of_o st_n augustine_n may_v very_o fit_o be_v apply_v 6._o de_fw-fr civit._n l._n 4._o c._n 6._o to_o invade_v the_o dominion_n of_o our_o neighbour_n prince_n and_o be_v encourage_v by_o success_n to_o proceed_v by_o force_n of_o arm_n to_o waste_v their_o country_n and_o out_o of_o mere_a ambition_n to_o destroy_v those_o who_o never_o injure_v we_o quid_fw-la aliud_fw-la nisi_fw-la grande_fw-fr latrocinium_fw-la nominandum_fw-la est_fw-la what_o can_v we_o call_v this_o but_o a_o grand_a robbery_n of_o such_o war_n as_o these_o thus_o speak_v vellejus_n that_o they_o be_v make_v for_o no_o other_o cause_n but_o for_o pay_v and_o plunder_v so_o think_v cicero_n also_o that_o pride_n and_o haughtiness_n of_o spirit_n â—_o de_fw-fr off._n lib._n â—_o whereby_o we_o confront_v danger_n and_o endure_v all_o manner_n of_o hardship_n be_v no_o part_n of_o true_a valour_n if_o justice_n be_v want_v to_o the_o same_o purpose_n speak_v agathias_n 2._o lib._n 2._o they_o who_o be_v transport_v either_o with_o a_o insatiable_a desire_n of_o rule_n or_o of_o riches_n or_o by_o a_o violent_a hatred_n shall_v without_o any_o other_o cause_n invade_v another_o man_n dominion_n forasmuch_o as_o they_o offend_v those_o that_o be_v inoffensive_a these_o man_n say_v he_o be_v both_o proud_a and_o dishonest_a of_o the_o same_o mind_n be_v andronicus_n rhodius_n they_o who_o to_o enrich_v themselves_o do_v rob_v other_o be_v account_v wicked_a impious_a and_o unjust_a and_o such_o be_v tyrant_n and_o they_o who_o for_o plunder_v make_v city_n desolate_a 1._o ferinum_fw-la est_fw-la ad_fw-la caedes_fw-la &_o vastationes_fw-la nulla_fw-la accepta_fw-la injuria_fw-la venire_fw-la see_v bo._n 2._o chap._n 1._o §._o 1._o concern_v who_o philo_n upon_o the_o decalogue_n write_v thus_o they_o that_o have_v get_v the_o power_n of_o thief_n and_o robber_n that_o spoil_v whole_a city_n be_v secure_v from_o punishment_n by_o be_v above_o the_o law_n these_o be_v man_n of_o a_o barbarous_a nature_n ambitious_a of_o rule_n and_o dominion_n commit_v great_a robbery_n yet_o cloak_v their_o villainy_n under_o the_o specious_a name_n of_o magistracy_n and_o empire_n which_o may_v more_o proper_o be_v call_v notorious_a villainy_n for_o to_o waste_v and_o depopulate_v country_n be_v by_o no_o injury_n provoke_v be_v brutish_a cruelty_n iv_o some_o cause_n be_v specious_a but_o not_o just_a other_o there_o be_v that_o pretend_v to_o make_v war_n upon_o just_a and_o warrantable_a ground_n which_o notwithstanding_o be_v thorough_o search_v into_o will_v be_v find_v unjust_a and_o as_o livy_n speak_v a_o contest_v not_o to_o be_v decide_v by_o law_n or_o justice_n but_o by_o plain_a force_n some_o prince_n say_v plutarch_n make_v the_o same_o use_n of_o peace_n and_o war_n as_o private_a man_n do_v of_o money_n not_o always_o for_o just_a end_n but_o for_o end_n suitable_a to_o their_o own_o fancy_n now_o though_o what_o cause_n be_v unjust_a may_v be_v in_o some_o measure_n know_v by_o those_o that_o be_v just_a rectum_fw-la enim_fw-la est_fw-la obliqui_fw-la judex_fw-la for_o by_o a_o line_n that_o be_v straight_o we_o may_v easy_o discern_v that_o which_o be_v crooked_a yet_o for_o plainness_n and_o perspicuity_n we_o shall_v insist_v upon_o the_o principal_a head_n of_o they_o v._o as_o a_o uncertain_a fear_n and_o first_o our_o fear_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o swell_a power_n of_o our_o neighbour_n prince_n be_v no_o sufficient_a ground_n for_o a_o just_a war_n for_o that_o our_o defence_n by_o arm_n be_v just_a it_o ought_v to_o be_v necessary_a which_o it_o can_v be_v unless_o we_o be_v most_o assure_v not_o only_o that_o he_o against_o who_o we_o make_v war_n have_v a_o power_n to_o do_v we_o wrong_n but_o that_o he_o have_v also_o a_o full_a purpose_n and_o resolution_n so_o to_o do_v which_o certain_o ought_v to_o be_v such_o as_o take_v place_n in_o moral_a matter_n that_o therefore_o our_o neighbour_n be_v not_o restrain_v by_o any_o former_a agreement_n build_v a_o fort_n in_o any_o part_n of_o his_o own_o dominion_n from_o whence_o we_o may_v be_v hereafter_o annoy_v be_v no_o just_a ground_n for_o we_o to_o make_v war_n upon_o he_o because_o for_o prevention_n we_o also_o may_v do_v the_o like_a in_o any_o part_n of_o our_o own_o territory_n 1._o zonaras_n pausanias_n lib._n 1._o or_o apply_v ourselves_o to_o other_o the_o like_a remedy_n and_o not_o by_o war._n whence_o we_o may_v conclude_v that_o the_o war_n make_v by_o the_o roman_n against_o philip_n of_o macedon_n and_o that_o make_v by_o lysimachus_n against_o demetrius_n be_v unjust_a unless_o warrant_v by_o the_o access_n of_o some_o other_o cause_n cauchi_n the_o cauchi_n i_o be_o very_a well_o satisfy_v with_o that_o of_o tacitus_n concern_v the_o cauchi_n the_o noble_a people_n of_o all_o germany_n who_o say_v he_o support_v their_o grandeur_n by_o justice_n without_o any_o extraordinary_a affectation_n either_o of_o glory_n or_o riches_n and_o yet_o without_o any_o disability_n or_o want_n of_o power_n to_o either_o they_o live_v quiet_o and_o without_o noise_n provoke_v no_o war_n nor_o be_v they_o waste_v by_o spoil_n or_o pillage_n spain_n though_o our_o own_o uncertain_a fear_n be_v no_o sufficient_a ground_n for_o we_o to_o make_v war_n yet_o may_v we_o use_v all_o lawful_a mean_n cautious_o to_o prevent_v danger_n before_o they_o fall_v this_o be_v
not_o into_o the_o world_n to_o invade_v another_o man_n glory_n but_o to_o communicate_v his_o own_o not_o to_o usurp_v a_o earthly_a kingdom_n but_o to_o confer_v a_o heavenly_a st_n paul_n tell_v timothy_n that_o a_o bishop_n shall_v be_v no_o striker_n 1_o tim._n 3.2_o nor_o rule_n by_o constraint_n or_o compulsion_n for_o to_o dâ—ive_v by_o force_n better_a become_v a_o king_n than_o a_o bishop_n prince_n may_v exercise_v their_o power_n in_o punish_v offender_n to_o deter_v they_o from_o do_v evil_a 2._o de_fw-fr sacerd._n l._n 2._o but_o what_o we_o do_v say_v chrysostome_n must_v be_v not_o by_o coercion_n but_o by_o persuasion_n whereunto_o he_o add_v this_o reason_n for_o god_n crown_v not_o our_o force_a but_o our_o voluntary_a or_o as_o st_n paul_n speak_v our_o reasonable_a service_n 1.4_o ad_fw-la eph._n 1.4_o so_o in_o another_o place_n it_o be_v our_o duty_n to_o instruct_v persuade_v exhort_v and_o reprove_v but_o not_o to_o command_v or_o to_o compel_v consiliariorum_fw-la locum_fw-la obtinemus_fw-la we_o serve_v as_o councillor_n to_o advice_n and_o to_o give_v our_o opinion_n but_o still_o we_o leave_v our_o auditor_n to_o their_o free_a choice_n whether_o they_o will_v act_v according_o or_o no_o we_o have_v no_o such_o power_n give_v we_o as_o to_o restrain_v man_n from_o sin_v by_o severe_a punishment_n whence_o it_o be_v evident_a that_o bishop_n as_o such_o have_v no_o right_n of_o domination_n over_o man_n nepotiani_n in_o epitaphio_fw-la nepotiani_n as_o king_n and_o prince_n have_v st_n hierome_n distinguish_v between_o a_o king_n and_o a_o bishop_n conclude_v that_o the_o power_n of_o a_o bishop_n be_v much_o inferior_a to_o that_o of_o a_o king_n for_o a_o king_n may_v enforce_v to_o a_o unwilling_a obedience_n but_o a_o bishop_n have_v no_o power_n but_o over_o such_o as_o be_v willing_a to_o obey_v he_o episcopus_fw-la docet_fw-la ne_fw-la judex_n inveniat_fw-la quod_fw-la puniat_fw-la the_o bishop_n instruct_v and_o admonish_v that_o the_o magistrate_n may_v find_v no_o cause_n to_o punish_v it_o be_v well_o say_v of_o frederick_n the_o emperor_n concern_v the_o pope_n ecclesiam_fw-la regat_fw-la ille_fw-la svam_fw-la divinaque_fw-la jura_fw-la temperet_fw-la imperium_fw-la nobis_fw-la fascesque_fw-la relinquat_fw-la let_v he_o his_o own_o church_n rule_v by_o law_n divine_a but_o let_v the_o sword_n and_o sceptre_n still_o be_v i_o and_o when_o suenno_n king_n of_o denmark_n stand_v excommunicate_a william_n bishop_n of_o rosâ—hil_n in_o oppose_v himself_o against_o he_o at_o his_o entrance_n into_o the_o church_n with_o his_o pastoral_a staff_n and_o expose_v his_o breast_n naked_a to_o the_o officer_n of_o the_o king_n who_o offer_v to_o draw_v upon_o he_o do_v therein_o perform_v the_o office_n of_o a_o good_a bishop_n the_o like_a do_v st_n ambrose_n to_o the_o emperor_n valentinus_n as_o we_o have_v declare_v above_o 5._o bo._n 1._o ch_n 4._o §._o 5._o but_o whether_o it_o be_v lawful_a for_o king_n themselves_o to_o make_v war_n upon_o such_o as_o have_v reject_v christianity_n by_o way_n of_o punishment_n we_o have_v already_o elsewhere_o discourse_v in_o the_o chapter_n of_o punishment_n as_o far_o as_o suffice_v to_o our_o purpose_n xv._o the_o pretence_n of_o fulfil_n of_o prophecy_n no_o cause_n of_o war._n and_o hereof_o also_o i_o shall_v give_v my_o advice_n and_o that_o not_o in_o vain_a but_o because_o i_o foresee_v by_o compare_v these_o modern_a time_n with_o those_o long_o since_o past_a much_o mischief_n likely_a to_o ensue_v unless_o in_o time_n careful_o prevent_v that_o the_o hope_n we_o conceive_v that_o some_o thing_n be_v due_a unto_o we_o by_o our_o own_o interpretation_n of_o some_o divine_a prophecy_n can_v be_v no_o cause_n of_o a_o just_a war._n zozimus_n record_v it_o of_o nicomedes_n the_o son_n of_o prusias_n that_o mis-appling_a a_o prophecy_n of_o one_o of_o the_o sibyl_n by_o the_o persuasion_n of_o attalus_n make_v war_n against_o his_o own_o father_n the_o like_a he_o and_o ammianus_n relate_v of_o one_o theodorus_n so_o do_v procopius_n of_o john_n of_o cappadocia_n gratian._n in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o emperor_n gratian._n for_o beside_o that_o those_o prophecy_n which_o be_v not_o fulfil_v can_v certain_o be_v understand_v without_o a_o prophetic_a spirit_n the_o very_a time_n of_o the_o accomplishment_n of_o such_o as_o be_v certain_a may_v be_v hide_v from_o we_o and_o last_o the_o bare_a prediction_n unless_o it_o be_v back_v with_o a_o express_a command_n from_o god_n give_v no_o right_a to_o any_o man_n sâ—eing_v that_o god_n permit_v such_o thing_n as_o he_o predict_v to_o be_v sometime_o bring_v to_o pass_v by_o wicked_a man_n and_o by_o wicked_a action_n for_o the_o book_n of_o the_o prophet_n be_v shut_v and_o seal_v up_o until_o a_o certain_a time_n so_o that_o they_o can_v be_v understand_v dan._n 12.4.8.9_o the_o vision_n that_o the_o prophet_n habbakkuk_n see_v concern_v the_o judgement_n to_o fall_v on_o the_o chaldaean_n be_v not_o immediate_o to_o be_v inflict_v on_o they_o but_o it_o be_v to_o be_v fulfil_v in_o its_o appoint_a time_n in_o the_o end_n whereof_o say_v that_o vision_n it_o shall_v speak_v and_o not_o lie_v though_o it_o do_v tarry_v yet_o be_v the_o prophet_n to_o wait_v for_o it_o for_o it_o shall_v sure_o come_v to_o pass_v and_o not_o stay_v hab._n 2.3_o time_n then_o be_v the_o best_a interpreter_n of_o prophecy_n st_n jerome_n upon_o that_o place_n of_o daniel_n before-recited_n write_v thus_o if_o the_o prophet_n do_v hear_v and_o not_o understand_v what_o will_v they_o do_v who_o presume_v on_o their_o own_o understanding_n have_v publish_v this_o book_n which_o be_v seal_v up_o and_o until_o the_o time_n come_v for_o its_o accomplishment_n so_o procopius_n concern_v the_o oracle_n of_o the_o sibyl_n which_o say_v he_o i_o believe_v be_v beyond_o all_o humane_a power_n to_o unfold_v until_o the_o time_n come_v when_o they_o shall_v be_v fulfil_v let_v divine_n therefore_o take_v heed_n how_o they_o undertake_v to_o unriddle_v prophecy_n and_o let_v politician_n beware_v how_o they_o give_v credit_n to_o over-arrogating_a divine_n though_o the_o thing_n predict_v be_v certain_o to_o come_v to_o pass_v yet_o be_v the_o time_n and_o mean_n when_o and_o whereby_o they_o be_v to_o be_v accomplish_v very_o uncertain_a and_o therefore_o it_o be_v no_o dishonour_n to_o profess_v our_o ignorance_n of_o they_o eorum_fw-la quae_fw-la scire_fw-la nec_fw-la datur_fw-la nec_fw-la fas_fw-la est_fw-la docta_fw-la est_fw-la ignorantia_fw-la scientiae_fw-la appetus_fw-la insaniae_fw-la species_n some_o kind_n of_o madness_n it_o be_v to_o desire_v to_o know_v those_o thing_n which_o be_v therefore_o screen_v from_o we_o that_o we_o shall_v not_o know_v they_o the_o secret_a thing_n belong_v unto_o god_n but_o the_o thing_n reveal_v unto_o we_o deut._n 29.29_o xvi_o nor_o a_o debt_n not_o strict_o due_a but_o some_o other_o way_n thus_o also_o be_v it_o to_o be_v observe_v that_o in_o case_n any_o thing_n be_v owe_v to_o a_o man_n not_o strict_o out_o of_o justice_n but_o arise_v from_o some_o other_o virtue_n as_o from_o liberality_n favour_n mercy_n love_n or_o the_o like_a as_o it_o can_v be_v recover_v by_o any_o course_n of_o law_n so_o neither_o can_v it_o be_v require_v by_o war._n for_o to_o either_o of_o these_o it_o suffice_v not_o that_o what_o be_v require_v be_v for_o some_o moral_a reason_n to_o be_v do_v but_o beside_o that_o it_o be_v necessary_a that_o there_o shall_v be_v in_o we_o some_o kind_n of_o right_n unto_o that_o such_o a_o kind_n of_o right_a as_o the_o law_n both_o divine_a and_o humane_a do_v sometime_o give_v even_o unto_o such_o thing_n as_o be_v due_a by_o other_o virtue_n which_o when_o it_o happen_v than_o it_o become_v a_o debt_n after_o a_o new_a way_n which_o now_o appertain_v to_o justice_n but_o this_o be_v want_v the_o war_n that_o be_v make_v for_o this_o cause_n be_v unjust_a as_o be_v that_o war_n make_v by_o the_o roman_n against_o the_o king_n of_o cyprus_n or_o ingratitude_n for_o he_o that_o do_v a_o courtesy_n to_o another_o have_v no_o right_a to_o exact_v thanks_o otherwise_o it_o be_v not_o a_o courtesy_n but_o a_o contract_n or_o debt_n xvii_o though_o the_o war_n be_v just_a yet_o the_o manner_n of_o prosecute_a it_o may_v make_v it_o unjust_a it_o be_v also_o to_o be_v observe_v that_o though_o there_o be_v a_o just_a cause_n of_o war_n yet_o may_v this_o just_a cause_n be_v spoil_v by_o the_o access_n of_o some_o vice_n that_o cleave_v to_o the_o action_n from_o the_o mind_n of_o the_o agent_n either_o that_o something_o else_o not_o by_o itself_o unlawful_a do_v more_o efficacious_o move_v we_o to_o the_o war_n than_o the_o right_n itself_o as_o when_o we_o have_v a_o great_a prospect_n unto_o glory_n or_o when_o some_o kind_n of_o profit_n either_o public_a or_o
private_a be_v expect_v to_o arise_v from_o the_o very_a war_n be_v consider_v a_o part_n from_o the_o cause_n that_o justify_v it_o which_o vice_n be_v most_o dangerous_a because_o it_o come_v mantle_v with_o the_o robe_n of_o virtue_n but_o as_o st._n augustine_n right_o advise_v satius_fw-la est_fw-la cujuslibet_fw-la inertiae_fw-la poenas_fw-la luere_fw-la quam_fw-la istorum_fw-la armorum_fw-la gloriam_fw-la quaerere_fw-la better_a it_o be_v to_o suffer_v the_o punishment_n of_o any_o cowardice_n then_o to_o seek_v glory_n by_o such_o a_o war._n this_o be_v it_o that_o sully_v all_o the_o victory_n of_o alexander_n and_o for_o which_o all_o historian_n declaim_v against_o he_o as_o a_o robber_n because_o he_o make_v war_n only_o for_o ambition_n and_o to_o that_o end_n disquiet_v the_o whole_a world_n vex_v all_o nation_n without_o any_o cause_n give_v and_o make_v war_n upon_o those_o who_o he_o never_o know_v for_o what_o can_v this_o be_v but_o as_o st._n augustine_n call_v it_o grandee_n latrocinium_fw-la a_o great_a robbery_n or_o a_o just_a cause_n may_v be_v spoil_v when_o accompany_v with_o a_o passion_n manifest_o unlawful_a as_o when_o we_o rejoice_v in_o the_o destruction_n of_o our_o enemy_n bare_o as_o such_o without_o respect_n to_o any_o thing_n that_o be_v good_a so_o aristides_n be_v of_o opinion_n that_o the_o phocenses_n be_v deserve_o destroy_v but_o withal_o he_o condemn_a king_n philip_n for_o destroy_v they_o because_o he_o do_v it_o not_o upon_o the_o score_n of_o religion_n as_o he_o pretend_v but_o out_o of_o a_o ambitious_a desire_n to_o enlarge_v his_o empire_n sallust_n ascribe_v all_o war_n to_o this_o one_o and_o that_o very_o ancient_a cause_n namely_o a_o vehement_a thirst_n after_o dominion_n and_o riches_n and_o it_o be_v tacitus_n his_o observation_n that_o gold_n and_o wealth_n be_v ever_o the_o principal_a cause_n of_o make_v war_n which_o seneca_n attribute_n to_o covetousness_n and_o revenge_n mad_a anger_n and_o a_o greedy_a thirst_n for_o gain_v the_o league_n have_v break_v whereunto_o we_o may_v add_v that_o of_o st._n augustine_n a_o earnest_a desire_n to_o make_v what_o spoil_n we_o can_v the_o cruelty_n of_o revenge_n a_o unquiet_a and_o implacable_a spirit_n contumacy_n and_o rebellion_n together_o with_o a_o ambitious_a thirst_n after_o empire_n and_o riches_n these_o and_o the_o like_a be_v deserve_o blame_v in_o all_o war_n but_o yet_o these_o where_o a_o justify_v cause_n be_v not_o want_v though_o they_o favour_v rank_o of_o a_o corrupt_a mind_n yet_o do_v they_o not_o render_v the_o war_n proper_o unjust_a and_o therefore_o restitution_n can_v just_o be_v require_v of_o damage_n sustain_v in_o such_o a_o war._n chap._n xxiii_o of_o the_o cause_n of_o war_n that_o be_v doubtful_a i._o whence_o doubt_n arise_v in_o moral_a matter_n ii_o that_o we_o ought_v to_o do_v nothing_o contrary_a to_o the_o dictate_v of_o our_o own_o judgement_n though_o erroneous_a iii_o that_o the_o judgement_n be_v sometime_o sway_v by_o argument_n draw_v from_o the_o thing_n itself_o iv_o sometime_o by_o the_o authority_n of_o other_o v._o if_o on_o either_o side_n doubt_n do_v equal_o arise_v and_o the_o matter_n be_v weighty_a and_o one_o must_v be_v choose_v than_o we_o be_v to_o choose_v the_o safe_a vi_o whence_o it_o follow_v that_o in_o such_o a_o case_n we_o be_v not_o to_o engage_v in_o war._n vii_o which_o may_v be_v avoid_v either_o by_o a_o treaty_n viii_o or_o by_o arbitration_n where_o also_o be_v handle_v the_o duty_n of_o christian_a prince_n in_o mediate_a between_o the_o party_n engage_v in_o war._n ix_o or_o by_o lot_n x._o whether_o single_a combat_n may_v be_v admit_v to_o prevent_v a_o public_a war._n xi_o that_o the_o present_a occupant_a have_v some_o advantage_n where_o the_o case_n be_v equal_o doubtful_a xii_o where_o the_o case_n be_v equal_o doubtful_a on_o both_o side_n and_o neither_o party_n be_v in_o possession_n the_o matter_n contend_v for_o may_v be_v divide_v xiii_o whether_o a_o war_n may_v be_v on_o both_o side_n just_a explain_v by_o many_o distinction_n i._o cause_n of_o doubt_n whence_o it_o be_v true_a what_o aristotle_n in_o the_o first_o of_o his_o moral_n teach_v that_o there_o can_v be_v the_o same_o certainty_n in_o ethic_n as_o in_o mathematics_n which_o therefore_o happen_v because_o the_o mathematics_n abstract_a form_n from_o all_o matter_n and_o because_o the_o very_a form_n themselves_o be_v such_o for_o the_o most_o part_n as_o will_v admit_v of_o no_o mean_a as_o between_o straight_a and_o crooked_a there_o be_v nothing_o intervenient_a but_o in_o moral_n the_o least_o circumstance_n vary_v the_o matter_n and_o the_o form_n concern_v which_o we_o treat_v have_v usual_o something_a interjacent_a and_o of_o that_o latitude_n that_o they_o sometime_o approach_v near_o to_o this_o extreme_a and_o sometime_o near_o to_o that_o as_o between_o thing_n absolute_o command_v and_o thing_n absolute_o interdict_v there_o be_v some_o thing_n that_o may_v or_o may_v not_o be_v do_v so_o between_o thing_n exact_o just_a and_o thing_n absolute_o unjust_a there_o be_v some_o thing_n intermediate_v whereof_o some_o incline_v near_o to_o this_o extreme_a and_o some_o to_o that_o from_o whence_o do_v often_o arise_v some_o doubt_n and_o ambiguity_n to_o whether_o of_o the_o two_o extreme_n they_o approach_v near_o as_o we_o may_v perceive_v in_o the_o degree_n of_o heat_n and_o cold_a in_o water_n when_o it_o be_v tepid_a and_o in_o the_o degree_n of_o light_n and_o darkness_n health_n and_o sickness_n etc._n etc._n insomuch_o that_o as_o aristotle_n say_v the_o judgement_n have_v sometime_o a_o hard_a task_n to_o determine_v which_o be_v to_o be_v prefer_v before_o the_o other_o but_o andronicus_n rhodius_n go_v yet_o far_o affirm_v that_o it_o be_v a_o very_a difficult_a thing_n sometime_o to_o distinguish_v between_o reality_n and_o resemblance_n thing_n exact_o just_a and_o thing_n that_o be_v only_o apparent_o so_o ii_o nothing_o to_o be_v do_v against_o our_o judgement_n but_o this_o rule_n be_v in_o the_o first_o place_n to_o be_v constant_o observe_v that_o though_o a_o act_n be_v real_o just_a yet_o if_o upon_o a_o serious_a examination_n we_o shall_v judge_v it_o to_o be_v unjust_a to_o we_o if_o we_o do_v it_o it_o be_v so_o and_o this_o be_v that_o which_o st_n paul_n intend_v when_o he_o say_v whatsoever_o be_v not_o of_o faith_n be_v sin_n in_o which_o place_n faith_n signify_v the_o firm_a persuasion_n or_o judgement_n of_o the_o mind_n concern_v a_o thing_n 14.23_o rom._n 14.23_o as_o may_v easy_o be_v collect_v from_o those_o other_o expression_n of_o st_n paul_n in_o the_o same_o chapter_n let_v every_o man_n be_v full_a y_o persuade_v in_o his_o own_o mind_n bâ—â—ssed_a be_v the_o man_n that_o condemn_v not_o himself_o in_o that_o which_o he_o allow_v peccatum_fw-la est_fw-la quoth_v aliter_fw-la fit_n quam_fw-la probatum_fw-la est_fw-la whatsoever_o any_o man_n do_v say_v st_n ambrose_n ambrose_n ambrose_n otherwise_o than_o what_o his_o own_o conscience_n approve_v be_v sin_n for_o that_o a_o thing_n be_v well_o do_v say_v plutarch_n timoleonte_n plut._n timoleonte_n it_o be_v requisite_a not_o onâ—y_o that_o what_o be_v do_v be_v just_a and_o honest_a but_o that_o there_o be_v a_o firm_a and_o constant_a persuasion_n of_o mind_n in_o he_o that_o do_v it_o that_o what_o be_v do_v be_v therefore_o do_v because_o his_o conscience_n tell_v he_o that_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v so_o do_v for_o god_n have_v endue_v the_o rational_a soul_n with_o a_o discern_a faculty_n to_o the_o end_n that_o it_o may_v guide_v we_o in_o all_o our_o action_n which_o be_v slight_v the_o mind_n immediate_o become_v sensual_a and_o brutish_a but_o yet_o it_o sometime_o fall_v out_o that_o the_o judgement_n waver_v and_o give_v but_o a_o dim_a and_o uncertain_a light_n which_o if_o upon_o a_o mature_a disquisition_n we_o can_v clear_v than_o we_o shall_v take_v the_o advice_n of_o cicero_n 1._o de_fw-fr off._n lib._n 1._o and_o forbear_v to_o act_v whilst_o we_o remain_v doubtful_a whether_o it_o be_v just_a or_o unjust_a the_o like_a advice_n pliny_n give_v wherein_o thou_o doubte_v forbear_v the_o hebrew_n doctor_n also_o give_v this_o caution_n beware_v and_o forbear_v in_o matter_n that_o be_v dubious_a but_o this_o be_v then_o only_o seasonable_a where_o we_o have_v a_o free_a choice_n either_o to_o do_v or_o not_o to_o do_v but_o not_o where_o we_o be_v oblige_v to_o do_v either_o this_o or_o that_o and_o yet_o be_v unsatisfied_a in_o either_o whether_o it_o be_v just_a or_o not_o for_o there_o we_o be_v to_o choose_v that_o which_o in_o our_o judgement_n seem_v to_o be_v less_o evil_a semper_fw-la enim_fw-la ubi_fw-la electio_fw-la evadi_fw-la non_fw-la potest_fw-la minus_fw-la malum_fw-la rationem_fw-la induit_fw-la boni_fw-la for_o always_o when_o the_o will_n be_v straighten_a between_o two_o
of_o the_o law_n do_v not_o observe_v it_o although_o haply_o that_o law_n be_v promulgate_v and_o time_n of_o itself_o sufficient_a allow_v for_o the_o knowledge_n thereof_o as_o also_o in_o such_o as_o go_v to_o law_n both_o party_n may_v be_v free_a not_o from_o injustice_n only_o baldus_n nemo_fw-la debet_fw-la jus_o suum_fw-la indiscussum_fw-la relinquere_fw-la tentanda_fw-la sunt_fw-la quaecunque_fw-la tantum_fw-la sunt_fw-la baldus_n but_o from_o any_o thing_n else_o that_o be_v unblamable_a especial_o when_o both_o or_o either_o of_o they_o contend_v not_o in_o the_o behalf_n of_o themselves_o but_o of_o other_o as_o a_o tutor_n for_o his_o pupil_n a_o guardian_n for_o his_o ward_n who_o right_a he_o be_v bind_v in_o duty_n to_o defend_v though_o that_o right_o be_v but_o uncertain_a so_o in_o a_o wager_n at_o law_n two_o person_n may_v contend_v for_o one_o and_o the_o same_o thing_n and_o yet_o neither_o of_o they_o be_v unjust_a so_o also_o a_o councillor_n may_v plead_v for_o either_o of_o they_o without_o the_o least_o derogation_n to_o his_o honesty_n herodian_a again_o when_o something_o that_o be_v very_o profitable_a stand_v in_o opposition_n to_o what_o be_v honest_a it_o be_v no_o easy_a matter_n to_o tell_v whether_o of_o they_o to_o follow_v when_o we_o first_o enter_v into_o war_n with_o niger_n say_v severus_n the_o emperor_n there_o be_v i_o confess_v no_o very_a plausible_a pretence_n for_o war_n but_o the_o empire_n lie_v at_o stake_n between_o we_o and_o both_o of_o we_o strive_v which_o shall_v appropriate_v it_o to_o himself_o herodian_a nay_o as_o aristotle_n well_o note_n to_o say_v of_o a_o judge_n that_o he_o judge_v right_a be_v but_o a_o ambiguous_a speech_n for_o it_o may_v signify_v either_o that_o he_o judge_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d plain_o as_o he_o ought_v without_o any_o ignorance_n or_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d according_a to_o the_o best_a of_o his_o knowledge_n or_o the_o clear_a evidence_n that_o be_v bring_v before_o he_o and_o therefore_o the_o sentence_n which_o must_v pass_v according_a to_o that_o evidence_n may_v be_v through_o misinformation_n unjust_a and_o yet_o the_o judge_n that_o pass_v that_o sentence_n may_v be_v righteous_a possit_fw-la righteous_a si_fw-mi dubium_fw-la sit_fw-la à _fw-la qua_fw-la parte_fw-la stet_fw-la justitia_fw-la hanc_fw-la si_fw-la utraque_fw-la pars_fw-la quaerit_fw-la injusta_fw-la esse_fw-la neutra_fw-la possit_fw-la if_o it_o be_v doubtful_a on_o what_o side_n the_o right_n stand_v if_o both_o party_n contend_v for_o it_o it_o be_v probable_a that_o neither_o do_v unjust_o the_o jew_n make_v war_n against_o the_o canaanite_n just_o be_v so_o command_v by_o god_n and_o the_o canaanite_n be_v ignorant_a of_o that_o charge_n give_v against_o they_o do_v just_o in_o defend_v themselves_o wherefore_o that_o war_n be_v on_o both_o side_n just_a thus_o pope_n pius_n the_o second_o answer_v the_o hungarian_a ambassador_n that_o complain_v against_o the_o emperor_n namely_o he_o think_v that_o the_o king_n of_o hungary_n do_v intend_v nothing_o dishonest_o and_o he_o know_v that_o the_o emperor_n be_v a_o great_a lover_n of_o justice_n but_o both_o contend_v for_o the_o kingdom_n probable_a it_o be_v that_o neither_o of_o they_o think_v his_o cause_n unjust_a sententia_fw-la in_o disceptationibus_fw-la fori_fw-la par_fw-fr est_fw-la litigantis_fw-la utriusque_fw-la jus_o donec_fw-la lata_fw-la est_fw-la pro_fw-la altero_fw-la eorum_fw-la sententia_fw-la in_o all_o controversy_n this_o be_v find_v true_a but_o especial_o in_o war_n that_o both_o party_n pretend_v to_o maintain_v a_o cause_n that_o be_v just_a but_o in_o war_n it_o be_v hardly_o possible_a that_o either_o party_n shall_v be_v in_o that_o sense_n just_a that_o be_v free_a from_o all_o blame_n by_o reason_n of_o that_o great_a defect_n of_o love_n and_o that_o overmuch_a rashness_n that_o for_o the_o most_o part_n inseparable_o accompany_v it_o beside_o the_o weightiness_n of_o the_o business_n itself_o which_o be_v such_o as_o be_v not_o satisfy_v with_o probability_n strict_o require_v such_o proof_n as_o be_v demonstrative_a and_o convince_a but_o if_o we_o account_v that_o to_o be_v just_a which_o be_v permit_v to_o enjoy_v some_o effect_n of_o right_a it_o be_v most_o certain_a just_a according_a to_o the_o effect_n of_o right_a war_n may_v be_v on_o both_o side_n just_a that_o war_n in_o this_o sense_n may_v be_v on_o both_o side_n just_a as_o will_v appear_v anon_o when_o we_o come_v to_o treat_v of_o a_o public_a solemn_a war_n for_o so_o both_o a_o sentence_n though_o not_o right_o pass_v and_o a_o possession_n not_o right_o gain_v have_v both_o of_o they_o some_o effect_n of_o that_o which_o be_v right_a chap._n xxiv_o war_n though_o just_o not_o to_o be_v undertake_v rash_o i._o it_o it_o better_a sometime_o to_o remit_v our_o own_o right_n than_o to_o engage_v in_o a_o doubtful_a war._n ii_o but_o especial_o when_o undertake_v to_o exact_a punishment_n iii_o and_o chief_o by_o a_o king_n that_o be_v injure_v iu._n and_o that_o sometime_o for_o his_o own_o and_o his_o subject_n safety_n v._o certain_a rule_n guide_v we_o to_o a_o prudent_a choice_n of_o thing_n apparent_o good_a vi_o a_o example_n whereby_o we_o may_v be_v guide_v in_o our_o endeavour_n after_o liberty_n or_o peace_n whereby_o the_o misery_n of_o war_n may_v be_v prevent_v vii_o punishment_n not_o to_o be_v exact_v by_o war_n unless_o by_o the_o most_o potent_a party_n viii_o war_n not_o to_o be_v undertake_v unless_o compel_v by_o necessity_n ix_o or_o when_o we_o have_v some_o very_a great_a cause_n together_o with_o some_o notable_a advantage_n x._o the_o misery_n of_o war_n lively_o describe_v i._o better_a sometime_o to_o forego_v our_o right_n than_o to_o make_v war_n for_o it_o though_o it_o be_v not_o proper_o pertinent_a to_o our_o purpose_n in_o treat_v only_o of_o the_o right_n of_o war_n to_o show_v how_o far_o other_o virtue_n do_v either_o enjoin_v or_o persuade_v thereunto_o yet_o will_v it_o not_o be_v altogether_o impertinent_a for_o prevent_v of_o mistake_n to_o give_v some_o caution_n about_o it_o lest_o any_o man_n shall_v think_v that_o whensoever_o he_o have_v a_o just_a cause_n offer_v he_o he_o be_v bind_v to_o make_v war_n or_o at_o least_o that_o it_o be_v at_o all_o time_n lawful_a for_o he_o so_o to_o do_v whereas_o on_o the_o contrary_a it_o be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n much_o more_o pious_a to_o remit_v somewhat_o of_o our_o right_n than_o to_o endeavour_v to_o defend_v it_o by_o a_o dangerous_a war._n we_o christian_n be_v especial_o teach_v to_o expose_v our_o own_o life_n to_o the_o great_a peril_n that_o can_v be_v to_o preserve_v the_o life_n and_o as_o much_o as_o in_o we_o lie_v to_o procure_v the_o everlasting_a welfare_n of_o other_o in_o imitation_n of_o our_o great_a lord_n and_o master_n who_o lay_v down_o his_o own_o life_n to_o save_v we_o even_o then_o when_o we_o be_v stranger_n nay_o enemy_n unto_o he_o rom._n 5.6_o how_o much_o more_o reason_n have_v we_o to_o forbear_v the_o prosecution_n of_o our_o just_a right_n when_o they_o can_v be_v obtain_v without_o the_o effusion_n of_o so_o much_o christian_a blood_n and_o the_o destruction_n of_o so_o many_o man_n life_n and_o estate_n 3._o pol._n lib._n 4._o rhet._n ad_fw-la alex._n c._n 3._o beside_o other_o mischief_n which_o war_n usual_o bring_v with_o it_o this_o we_o be_v forewarn_v of_o by_o aristotle_n and_o also_o by_o polybius_n not_o for_o every_o such_o cause_n to_o run_v the_o hazard_n of_o a_o war._n for_o the_o necessary_a defence_n of_o our_o liberty_n our_o wife_n and_o child_n we_o may_v lawful_o make_v war_n say_v gallio_n in_o seneca_n but_o not_o for_o such_o thing_n as_o be_v either_o superfluous_a or_o be_v lose_v 23._o suasoria_fw-la 5._o philostratus_n lib._n 23._o do_v not_o much_o damnify_v we_o this_o and_o somewhat_o more_o do_v apollonius_n say_v to_o the_o king_n of_o babylon_n we_o be_v not_o to_o contend_v with_o the_o roman_n for_o a_o few_o small_a village_n which_o many_o of_o our_o ancestor_n be_v but_o private_a man_n do_v enjoy_v they_o must_v be_v great_a matter_n indeed_o that_o shall_v so_o far_o provoke_v we_o suis_fw-la adu._n apion_n de_fw-fr popul_n suis_fw-la as_o to_o undertake_v a_o war_n especial_o with_o such_o potent_a enemy_n the_o like_a josephus_n testify_v of_o his_o country_n man_n it_o be_v not_o our_o custom_n to_o muster_v up_o our_o force_n or_o to_o make_v war_n to_o enlarge_v our_o dominion_n but_o for_o the_o defence_n of_o our_o law_n all_o other_o loss_n we_o can_v bear_v with_o patience_n but_o be_v debar_v the_o use_n of_o our_o religion_n we_o undertake_v war_n beyond_o our_o strength_n and_o prosecute_v they_o to_o the_o utmost_a of_o danger_n it_o be_v prudent_o advise_v by_o dion_n prusaeensis_n in_o his_o oration_n concern_v war_n and_o peace_n we_o be_v
necessity_n nisi_fw-la malint_fw-la fame_n perire_fw-la unless_o they_o have_v rather_o perish_v by_o famine_n for_o as_o anaxilaus_n in_o xenophon_n apoligize_v for_o his_o surrender_n of_o byzantium_n be_v thereunto_o constrain_v for_o want_n of_o bread_n pugnandum_fw-la est_fw-la hominibus_fw-la in_o homines_fw-la non_fw-la in_o rerum_fw-la naturam_fw-la man_n ought_v to_o fight_v against_o man_n but_o not_o against_o nature_n neither_o do_v man_n commend_v a_o voluntary_a death_n so_o long_o as_o their_o hope_n be_v above_o their_o fear_n that_o sentence_n which_o diodorus_n siculus_n pass_v against_o the_o theban_n which_o live_v in_o the_o time_n of_o alexander_n the_o great_a stand_v yet_o upon_o record_n namely_o that_o they_o be_v the_o author_n of_o their_o own_o ruin_n for_o as_o much_o as_o they_o have_v with_o more_o courage_n than_o prudence_n provoke_v alexander_n to_o their_o own_o destruction_n and_o in_o another_o place_n the_o same_o author_n examine_v the_o ground_n of_o that_o war_n which_o the_o thracian_n undertake_v against_o alexander_n army_n after_o his_o death_n say_v that_o in_o the_o opinion_n of_o the_o wise_a man_n they_o have_v consult_v well_o for_o their_o own_o glory_n but_o not_o so_o well_o for_o their_o own_o profit_n by_o thrust_v themselves_o over-hasty_o into_o so_o dangerous_a a_o enterprise_n be_v no_o way_n urge_v thereunto_o by_o any_o necessity_n but_o especial_o be_v forewarn_v by_o the_o destruction_n of_o the_o theban_n the_o like_a censure_n do_v plutarch_n pass_v upon_o cato_n and_o scipio_n who_o for_o refuse_v to_o submit_v to_o caesar_n after_o his_o victory_n in_o pharsalia_n he_o condemn_v as_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o so_o many_o and_o so_o gallant_a man_n do_v unnecessary_o perish_v in_o africa_n now_o what_o i_o have_v here_o say_v concern_v liberty_n may_v likewise_o be_v say_v concern_v other_o thing_n that_o be_v desiderable_a when_o they_o can_v be_v obtain_v without_o if_o not_o a_o more_o just_a yet_o at_o least_o a_o equal_a expectation_n of_o some_o great_a mischief_n for_o as_o aristides_n say_v to_o preserve_v the_o ship_n with_o the_o loss_n of_o the_o good_n be_v usual_a but_o not_o with_o the_o loss_n of_o the_o passenger_n vii_o war_n seldom_o make_v for_o punishment_n by_o prince_n of_o equal_a power_n this_o also_o be_v chief_o to_o be_v observe_v that_o war_n be_v seldom_o or_o never_o make_v for_o exact_v punishment_n only_o by_o such_o prince_n or_o state_n as_o be_v of_o equal_a power_n for_o as_o the_o civil_a magistrate_n so_o he_o that_o undertake_v to_o punish_v injury_n by_o arm_n must_v always_o be_v presume_v to_o be_v of_o power_n sufficient_a to_o enforce_v it_o neither_o be_v it_o prudence_n only_o or_o the_o love_n we_o bear_v to_o our_o subject_n that_o shall_v dissuade_v we_o from_o a_o doubtful_a war_n but_o sometime_o even_a justice_n that_o i_o mean_v which_o be_v essential_a to_o government_n which_o require_v as_o obedience_n from_o inferior_n so_o protection_n and_o preservation_n from_o superior_n and_o consequent_o as_o some_o divine_n have_v right_o observe_v if_o a_o king_n for_o any_o small_a or_o trife_v cause_n as_o for_o the_o exact_v of_o punishment_n which_o be_v unnecessary_a loss_n in_o what_o case_n a_o prince_n be_v bind_v to_o repair_v his_o subject_n loss_n engage_v his_o subject_n in_o a_o dangerous_a war_n he_o be_v bind_v to_o repair_v the_o loss_n they_o shall_v thereby_o sustain_v for_o although_o to_o his_o enemy_n haply_o he_o do_v no_o wrong_n who_o have_v just_o provoke_v he_o yet_o do_v he_o thereby_o wrong_v to_o his_o subject_n by_o involve_v they_o in_o a_o dangerous_a war_n for_o such_o slight_a cause_n as_o may_v better_a have_v be_v dissemble_v and_o be_v therefore_o bind_v to_o repair_v their_o damage_n in_o which_o sense_n that_o of_o livy_n hold_v true_a justum_fw-la est_fw-la bellum_fw-la quod_fw-la necessarium_fw-la est_fw-la &_o pia_fw-la arma_fw-la quibus_fw-la nulla_fw-la nisi_fw-la in_o armis_fw-la relinquitur_fw-la spes_fw-la that_o war_n be_v just_a that_o be_v necessary_a and_o arm_n be_v there_o necessary_a when_o there_o be_v no_o hope_n of_o safety_n but_o by_o arms._n this_o be_v ovid_n wish_n 1._o ovid._n fast_o 1._o sola_fw-la gerat_fw-la mile_n quibus_fw-la arma_fw-la coerceat_fw-la arma_fw-la may_v then_o the_o soldier_n arm_v be_v when_o he_o repel_v his_o enemy_n viii_o war_n not_o to_o be_v undertake_v but_o in_o a_o case_n of_o necessity_n there_o be_v then_o one_o rare_a cause_n when_o war_n either_o can_v or_o ought_v not_o to_o be_v omit_v as_o namely_o when_o as_o flora_n speak_v jura_n sunt_fw-la armis_fw-la saeviora_fw-la law_n be_v more_o cruel_a than_o war_n itself_o that_o be_v when_o the_o oppression_n of_o tyrant_n be_v more_o greivious_a than_o the_o misery_n of_o war._n he_o say_v seneca_n need_v not_o to_o fear_v the_o misery_n of_o war_n that_o suffer_v the_o like_a if_o not_o great_a live_v in_o peace_n so_o aristides_n when_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o our_o condition_n will_v be_v worse_o in_o sit_v still_o than_o we_o may_v adventure_v upon_o the_o danger_n of_o war._n neither_o be_v that_o opinion_n of_o tacitus_n much_o to_o be_v condemn_v where_o he_o say_v that_o a_o miserable_a peace_n may_v well_o be_v exchange_v for_o a_o doubtful_a war_n that_o be_v as_o the_o same_o author_n say_v when_o if_o we_o conquer_v we_o enjoy_v our_o freedom_n or_o be_v conquer_v our_o condition_n can_v be_v no_o worse_o or_o when_o as_o livy_n speak_v peace_n be_v more_o grievous_a to_o those_o that_o serve_v than_o war_n be_v to_o those_o that_o be_v free_a but_o not_o as_o cicero_n put_v the_o case_n if_o it_o appear_v that_o be_v conquer_a we_o shall_v be_v proscribe_v i._n e._n our_o estate_n shall_v be_v sell_v and_o our_o person_n banish_v but_o be_v conqueror_n we_o change_v only_o our_o oppressor_n but_o be_v not_o ease_v of_o our_o oppression_n ix_o or_o without_o great_a cause_n and_o great_a advantage_n another_o time_n when_o war_n be_v to_o be_v prefer_v before_o peace_n peace_n be_v when_o upon_o a_o rational_a debate_n we_o find_v that_o we_o have_v the_o best_a right_n and_o which_o be_v of_o great_a moment_n power_n sufficient_a to_o defend_v it_o that_o be_v as_o augustus_n in_o suetonius_n sometime_o say_v 24._o say_v sueton._n c._n 24._o when_o there_o be_v more_o hope_n of_o gain_n than_o fear_v of_o loss_n or_o as_o scipio_n africanus_n and_o l._n aemilius_n paulus_n be_v wont_a to_o say_v of_o the_o battle_n 2._o battle_n awl_n gel._n l._n 13._o c._n 3._o val._n max._n l._n 7._o c._n 2._o we_o ought_v not_o to_o run_v the_o hazard_n of_o a_o battle_n but_o upon_o some_o unavoidable_a necessity_n or_o upon_o great_a and_o manifest_a advantage_n wherewith_o accord_n that_o of_o plutarch_n gracchis_n plutarch_n gracchis_n before-recited_n to_o use_v iron_n and_o steel_n without_o very_o great_a necessity_n neither_o become_v a_o good_a physician_n nor_o a_o prudent_a state_n man_n the_o like_a zonara_n record_n of_o marcianus_n king_n when_o they_o may_v lawful_o enjoy_v peace_n ought_v not_o to_o make_v war._n whereunto_o we_o may_v add_v that_o of_o st._n augustine_n pacem_fw-la habere_fw-la voluntatis_fw-la est_fw-la bellum_fw-la autem_fw-la necessitatis_fw-la esse_fw-la debet_fw-la ut_fw-la liberet_fw-la nos_fw-la deus_fw-la à _fw-la necessitate_v &_o conservet_fw-la in_o pace_n peace_n we_o shall_v make_v voluntary_o war_n out_o of_o necessity_n that_o so_o god_n may_v relieve_v we_o in_o our_o necessity_n and_o preserve_v we_o in_o peace_n but_o then_o most_o especial_o may_v we_o make_v war_n when_o we_o have_v good_a cause_n to_o hope_n that_o our_o enemy_n through_o fear_n or_o by_o the_o fame_n of_o our_o victory_n will_v be_v ready_a to_o yield_v without_o any_o or_o very_o little_a danger_n on_o our_o part_n and_o this_o be_v as_o pliny_n call_v it_o the_o most_o glorious_a of_o all_o victory_n x._o the_o misery_n of_o war._n war_n indeed_o be_v as_o plutarch_n speak_v eamilli_n speak_v vit._n eamilli_n a_o very_a savage_a thing_n and_o never_o come_v unaccompanied_a with_o a_o torrent_n of_o mischief_n and_o insolence_n which_o say_v st._n aug._n 7._o aug._n de_fw-fr civet_fw-la dei_fw-la l._n 19_o c._n 7._o shall_v i_o undertake_v to_o describe_v when_o and_o where_o will_v my_o discourse_n end_n but_o they_o may_v say_v a_o wise_a man_n will_v sometime_o make_v war_n as_o if_o when_o he_o consider_v himself_o to_o be_v a_o man_n he_o do_v not_o much_o more_o grieve_v to_o find_v himself_o enforce_v thereunto_o though_o that_o war_n be_v just_a for_o unless_o it_o be_v just_a there_o can_v be_v no_o necessity_n to_o make_v it_o because_o it_o be_v the_o iniquity_n of_o the_o adverse_a part_n that_o thrust_v a_o wise_a man_n into_o a_o just_a and_o necessary_a war_n which_o very_a iniquity_n as_o proceed_v from_o man_n though_o no_o necessity_n of_o a_o war_n shall_v thence_o arise_v be_v
privilege_n be_v but_o private_a law_n which_o be_v not_o to_o be_v maintain_v against_o the_o public_a safety_n which_o be_v the_o high_a law_n and_o this_o she_o assert_n to_o be_v the_o law_n of_o nation_n it_o many_o thing_n to_o this_o purpose_n we_o may_v find_v in_o jo._n meursius_n his_o danish_a history_n l._n 1._o &_o 2._o where_o the_o lubecker_n and_o the_o emperor_n be_v for_o a_o free_a trade_n the_o dane_n against_o it_o the_o carthaginian_n we_o read_v sometime_o take_v the_o roman_n prisoner_n who_o have_v carry_v such_o warlike_a provision_n to_o their_o enemy_n but_o yet_o upon_o demand_n they_o set_v they_o at_o liberty_n but_o demetrius_n be_v possess_v of_o attica_n and_o have_v strict_o begird_v athens_n both_o by_o sea_n and_o land_n take_v a_o ship_n that_o be_v attempt_v to_o relieve_v it_o be_v now_o ready_a to_o yield_v hang_v the_o master_n of_o the_o ship_n together_o with_o the_o pilot_n whereby_o other_o be_v deter_v from_o the_o like_a attempt_n the_o city_n be_v yield_v unto_o he_o as_o plutarch_n relate_v in_o the_o life_n of_o demetrius_n not_o much_o unlike_a unto_o this_o be_v that_o which_o the_o same_o plutarch_n in_o his_o mithridatick_a war_n testify_v of_o pompey_n that_o he_o place_v guard_n upon_o the_o bosphorus_n so_o that_o if_o any_o merchant_n sail_v through_o it_o they_o be_v if_o take_v put_v to_o death_n vi_o whether_o fraud_n in_o war_n be_v lawful_a as_o to_o the_o manner_n of_o prosecute_a war_n it_o be_v general_o grant_v that_o force_n and_o terror_n be_v the_o most_o proper_a way_n the_o question_n be_v whether_o deceit_n be_v lawful_a both_o homer_n and_o pindar_n be_v of_o opinion_n that_o a_o enemy_n may_v be_v annoy_v any_o way_n by_o fraud_n or_o force_n plain_o or_o secret_o clamve_fw-la palamve_fw-la so_o virgil_n force_n or_o deceit_n who_o in_o a_o foe_n dispute_v no_o man_n be_v more_o famous_a for_o wisdom_n than_o solon_n yet_o he_o make_v use_v of_o both_o 15._o lib._n 15._o so_o do_v fabius_n maximus_n and_o be_v high_o commend_v for_o it_o by_o silius_n for_o stratagem_n of_o war_n none_o so_o celebrate_v as_o ulysses_n among_o the_o grecian_n from_o whence_o lucian_n make_v this_o conclusion_n agesilaus_n lucian_n phil._n xenoph._n de_fw-fr cyri_n inst_z lib._n 1._o thucyd._n lib._n 5._o plut._n agesilaus_n that_o deceit_n in_o war_n be_v praiseworthy_a there_o be_v nothing_o so_o profitable_a in_o war_n as_o fraud_n say_v xenophon_n bracidas_n in_o thucydides_n give_v the_o great_a honour_n unto_o he_o that_o overcome_v his_o enemy_n by_o craft_n and_o subtlety_n host_n decipere_fw-la &_o justum_fw-la &_o licitum_fw-la to_o overreach_v a_o enemy_n say_v agesilaus_n in_o plutarch_n be_v both_o just_a and_o lawful_a so_o polybius_n he_o that_o can_v circumvent_v his_o enemy_n by_o wile_n and_o stratagem_n deserve_v more_o honour_n than_o he_o that_o overcome_v he_o by_o plain_a force_n and_o from_o he_o silius_n bring_v in_o corvinus_n speak_v thus_o bellandum_fw-la est_fw-la astu_fw-la levior_fw-la laus_fw-la in_o deuce_n dextra_fw-la it_o be_v fraud_n not_o force_n commend_v a_o captain_n most_o so_o also_o think_v the_o severe_a spartan_n as_o plutarch_n note_v in_o the_o life_n of_o marcellus_n and_o therefore_o they_o offer_v more_o solemn_a sacrifice_n to_o the_o god_n for_o a_o victory_n obtain_v by_o craft_n and_o policy_n than_o for_o that_o which_o be_v gain_v by_o mere_a force_n and_o herein_o it_o be_v that_o the_o same_o plutarch_n commend_v lysander_n because_o he_o use_v more_o craft_n than_o courage_n in_o destroy_v his_o enemy_n with_o who_o he_o compare_v sylla_n of_o who_o this_o character_n be_v give_v that_o he_o piece_v to_o the_o lion_n skin_n the_o fox_n tail_n so_o likewise_o in_o that_o encomium_n which_o he_o give_v of_o philopoemen_n he_o insert_v this_o that_o be_v well_o instruct_v in_o the_o cretensian_a discipline_n he_o do_v expedite_v that_o plain_a and_o generous_a way_n of_o fight_v by_o wile_n and_o stratagem_n thus_o ammianus_n also_o nullo_n discrimine_fw-la virtutis_fw-la ac_fw-la doli_fw-la prosperi_fw-la omnes_fw-la laudari_fw-la debent_fw-la bellorum_fw-la eventus_fw-la without_o any_o distinction_n at_o all_o between_o craft_n or_o courage_n all_o prosperous_a success_n in_o war_n deserve_v commendation_n the_o roman_a lawyer_n account_v all_o fraud_n whereby_o a_o enemy_n be_v weaken_v to_o be_v just_a and_o honest_a and_o if_o a_o man_n can_v by_o any_o mean_n delude_v the_o design_n of_o his_o enemy_n whether_o it_o be_v by_o force_n or_o wit_n he_o be_v to_o be_v encourage_v neither_o among_o divine_n do_v st_n augustine_n differ_v in_o opinion_n from_o these_o historian_n as_o appear_v by_o his_o ten_o question_n on_o joshua_n 10_o sup_v josh_n qu._n 10_o cum_fw-la justum_fw-la bellum_fw-la suscipitur_fw-la vi_fw-la aperta_fw-la pugnet_fw-la quis_fw-la aut_fw-la insidiis_fw-la nihil_fw-la ad_fw-la justitiam_fw-la interest_n in_o case_n the_o war_n be_v just_a say_v he_o it_o matter_n not_o to_o the_o justice_n of_o its_o prosecution_n whether_o it_o be_v by_o force_n or_o policy_n nay_o st._n chrysostome_n seem_v to_o give_v great_a honour_n to_o those_o general_n that_o overcome_v their_o enemy_n by_o subtlety_n than_o to_o those_o who_o conquer_v they_o by_o pure_a valour_n but_o there_o be_v opinion_n that_o seem_v to_o defend_v the_o contrary_a some_o whereof_o we_o shall_v rehearse_v anon_o the_o main_a hinge_n whereupon_o the_o controversy_n hang_v be_v this_o whether_o deceit_n be_v universal_o evil_a for_o theâ—_n it_o will_v follow_v that_o we_o be_v not_o to_o do_v evil_a that_o good_a may_v come_v of_o it_o or_o whether_o deceit_n be_v to_o be_v rank_v among_o such_o thing_n as_o be_v not_o universal_o evil_a in_o their_o own_o nature_n but_o that_o sometime_o it_o may_v so_o happen_v that_o it_o may_v be_v good_n vii_o fraud_n in_o its_o negative_a act_n not_o unlawful_a here_o therefore_o we_o be_v to_o observe_v that_o some_o fraud_n consist_v in_o a_o negative_a act_n and_o some_o in_o a_o positive_a but_o in_o this_o question_n i_o extend_v the_o word_n fraud_n even_o unto_o those_o thing_n which_o consist_v in_o the_o negative_a act_n as_o labeo_n do_v who_o refer_v it_o unto_o that_o fraud_n which_o be_v not_o evil_a when_o a_o man_n by_o dissimulation_n preserve_v that_o which_o be_v either_o his_o own_o or_o another_o man_n 3._o de_fw-fr offic._n 3._o cicero_n doubtless_o be_v very_o short_a in_o his_o expression_n when_o he_o labour_v to_o explode_v simulation_n and_o dissimulation_n out_o of_o the_o world_n for_o see_v that_o we_o be_v not_o bind_v to_o reveal_v unto_o other_o all_o that_o we_o either_o know_v or_o will_v have_v it_o will_v follow_v that_o it_o be_v lawful_a for_o we_o to_o dissemble_v some_o thing_n before_o some_o man_n that_o be_v to_o hide_v from_o they_o somewhat_o of_o what_o we_o know_v 10._o lib._n count_v mendat_fw-la cap._n 10._o or_o of_o what_o we_o desire_v licet_fw-la occultare_fw-la veritatem_fw-la prudenter_fw-la sub_fw-la aliqua_fw-la dissimulatione_fw-la the_o truth_n we_o may_v sometime_o prudent_o conceal_v under_o some_o disguise_n say_v st_n augustine_n which_o we_o may_v do_v without_o be_v just_o charge_v with_o lie_v for_o as_o the_o same_o author_n elsewhere_o speak_v aliud_fw-la est_fw-la mentiri_fw-la aliud_fw-la verum_fw-la occultare_fw-la it_o be_v one_o thing_n to_o lie_v and_o another_o to_o conceal_v the_o truth_n as_o abraham_n when_o he_o affirm_v sarah_n to_o be_v his_o sister_n do_v not_o therein_o deny_v that_o she_o be_v his_o wife_n but_o only_o conceal_v it_o so_o st_n augustine_n veritatem_fw-la voluit_fw-la celari_fw-la 20._o gen._n 20._o non_fw-la mendacium_fw-la dici_fw-la he_o be_v indeed_o willing_a that_o the_o truth_n shall_v lie_v undiscovered_a without_o tell_v a_o lie_n now_o if_o this_o be_v lawful_a in_o other_o sure_o it_o be_v necessary_a and_o unavoidable_a in_o prince_n as_o cicero_n testify_v in_o many_o place_n a_o notable_a example_n whereof_o we_o have_v in_o the_o prophet_n jeremiah_n 38._o jerem._n 38._o where_o the_o prophet_n be_v inquire_v of_o concern_v the_o event_n of_o the_o siege_n do_v at_o the_o king_n request_n prudent_o conceal_v it_o from_o the_o noble_n allege_v some_o other_o cause_n of_o their_o conference_n which_o notwithstanding_o be_v real_o true_a also_o so_o abraham_n tell_v abimelech_n true_a when_o he_o say_v of_o sarah_n that_o she_o be_v his_o sister_n that_o be_v according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o that_o speech_n among_o the_o hebrew_n his_o near_a kinswoman_n dissemble_v for_o that_o time_n that_o she_o be_v his_o wife_n viii_o fraud_n in_o its_o positive_a act_n distinguish_v but_o fraud_n which_o consist_v in_o a_o positive_a act_n if_o in_o thing_n be_v call_v simulation_n if_o in_o word_n a_o lie_n some_o place_n the_o difference_n between_o these_o two_o in_o this_o that_o word_n do_v natural_o signify_v the_o conception_n of_o our_o mind_n but_o thing_n not_o
that_o forbid_v it_o yet_o can_v he_o never_o attain_v unto_o that_o perfection_n of_o holiness_n that_o the_o gospel_n seem_v to_o commend_v unto_o we_o so_o for_o a_o believe_a husband_n to_o put_v away_o his_o unbelieve_a wife_n be_v lawful_a as_o st._n augustine_n affirm_v which_o with_o what_o circumstance_n be_v to_o be_v verify_v it_o be_v not_o to_o our_o purpose_n in_o this_o place_n to_o discuss_v but_o yet_o he_o may_v and_o that_o haply_o more_o laudable_o retain_v she_o wherefore_o he_o add_v both_o be_v equal_o lawful_a according_a to_o the_o rule_n of_o divine_a justice_n for_o neither_o of_o they_o be_v prohibit_v by_o god_n but_o yet_o both_o be_v not_o equal_o expedient_a ulpian_n concern_v he_o that_o have_v sell_v his_o wine_n and_o covenant_v with_o the_o buyer_n that_o if_o he_o fetch_v it_o not_o by_o such_o a_o day_n it_o shall_v be_v lawful_a for_o he_o to_o pour_v it_o out_o say_v that_o although_o he_o may_v do_v it_o yet_o if_o he_o do_v it_o not_o he_o be_v the_o more_o to_o be_v commend_v second_o this_o word_n lawful_a may_v be_v take_v for_o that_o which_o be_v not_o punishable_a by_o humane_a law_n although_o it_o consist_v not_o with_o piety_n or_o the_o rule_n of_o morality_n thus_o in_o many_o country_n fornication_n be_v lawful_a that_o be_v not_o punishable_a among_o the_o lacedaemonian_n and_o egyptian_n theft_n be_v lawful_a and_o in_o quintilian_n we_o read_v that_o there_o be_v some_o thing_n which_o though_o not_o in_o their_o own_o nature_n commendable_a yet_o that_o be_v by_o the_o law_n tolerate_v as_o by_o the_o law_n of_o the_o twelve_o table_n the_o body_n of_o the_o debtor_n may_v the_o divide_a among_o the_o creditor_n all_o which_o though_o in_o themselves_o unfit_a and_o unseemly_a yet_o be_v by_o some_o lawgiver_n permit_v to_o avoid_v great_a inconvenience_n licentia_fw-la plerumque_fw-la est_fw-la tentatio_fw-la disciplinae_fw-la licence_n say_v tertullian_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n but_o the_o touchstone_n of_o discipline_n all_o thing_n say_v s._n paul_n be_v lawful_a but_o all_o thing_n edify_v not_o now_o this_o acception_n of_o the_o word_n lawful_a be_v somewhat_o improper_a as_o cicero_n testify_v in_o his_o tusculan_n 5._o lib._n 5._o where_o speak_v of_o cinna_n who_o have_v be_v four_o time_n consul_n and_o have_v cause_v divers_a of_o the_o chief_a of_o the_o roman_a nobility_n to_o be_v slay_v say_v thus_o shall_v we_o esteem_v this_o man_n happy_a nay_o on_o the_o contrary_a i_o think_v he_o miserable_a not_o because_o he_o commit_v these_o thing_n but_o because_o he_o so_o govern_v the_o commonwealth_n that_o he_o may_v lawful_o commit_v they_o not_o that_o it_o be_v lawful_a for_o any_o man_n to_o sin_n sed_fw-la sermonis_fw-la errore_fw-la labimur_fw-la dum_fw-la id_fw-la licere_fw-la dicimus_fw-la quod_fw-la cuique_fw-la conceditur_fw-la but_o we_o be_v mislead_v through_o the_o common_a error_n of_o speech_n whilst_o we_o pronounce_v that_o lawful_a which_o be_v only_o permit_v injuria_fw-la summum_fw-la jus_o summa_fw-la injuria_fw-la whence_o columella_n conclude_v that_o we_o ought_v not_o to_o prosecute_v our_o revenge_n to_o the_o utmost_a of_o what_o we_o may_v for_o extreme_a severity_n be_v too_o near_o a_o neighbour_n to_o extreme_a cruelty_n yet_o notwithstanding_o though_o this_o acception_n of_o the_o word_n lawful_a be_v not_o so_o proper_a yet_o be_v it_o among_o the_o roman_n very_o frequent_a as_o will_v appear_v by_o the_o same_o cicero_n who_o thus_o bespeak_v the_o judge_n posthumo_fw-la orat._n pro_fw-la rabirio_n posthumo_fw-la quid_fw-la deceat_fw-la vos_fw-la non_fw-la quantum_fw-la liceat_fw-la vobis_fw-la spectare_fw-la debetis_fw-la you_o that_o be_v judge_n ought_v to_o consider_v not_o so_o much_o what_o in_o strictness_n of_o law_n you_o may_v do_v but_o what_o in_o every_o case_n be_v most_o fit_a and_o convenient_a to_o be_v do_v for_o if_o you_o regard_v your_o own_o power_n only_o you_o may_v put_v to_o death_n even_o who_o you_o will_n in_o the_o same_o sense_n as_o it_o be_v usual_o say_v of_o king_n that_o they_o may_v do_v even_o what_o they_o please_v because_o they_o be_v exempt_v from_o the_o lash_n of_o humane_a law_n yet_o be_v that_o advice_n which_o claudian_n give_v unto_o his_o prince_n much_o more_o worthy_o to_o be_v by_o all_o prince_n receive_v nec_fw-la tibi_fw-la quid_fw-la liceat_fw-la sed_fw-la quid_fw-la fecisse_fw-la decebit_fw-la occurrat_fw-la resolve_v to_o do_v not_o what_o you_o may_v but_o what_o become_v you_o musonius_n high_o blame_v those_o prince_n who_o study_v more_o their_o own_o prerogative_n 5._o declam_fw-la lib._n 3._o cap._n 5._o than_o the_o good_a of_o their_o subject_n and_o that_o say_v thus_o and_o thus_o i_o can_v do_v rather_o than_o thus_o and_o thus_o i_o ought_v to_o do_v hence_o it_o be_v that_o we_o find_v these_o two_o word_n licet_fw-la and_o oportet_fw-la it_o be_v lawful_a and_o it_o behoove_v place_v sometime_o in_o opposition_n one_o to_o the_o other_o 30._o lib._n 30._o as_o in_o ammianus_n marcellinus_n sunt_fw-la aliqua_fw-la quae_fw-la fieri_fw-la non_fw-la oportet_fw-la etiam_fw-la si_fw-la licet_fw-la some_o thing_n there_o be_v which_o be_v not_o fit_a to_o be_v do_v though_o lawful_o we_o may_v do_v they_o so_o in_o pliny_n epistle_n thing_n that_o be_v dishonest_a we_o must_v avoid_v not_o as_o they_o be_v unlawful_a but_o as_o they_o be_v shameful_a and_o as_o cicero_n himself_o affirm_v the_o same_o est_fw-la enim_fw-la aliquid_fw-la quod_fw-la non_fw-la oporteat_fw-la etiamsi_fw-la licet_fw-la balbo_n orat._n pro_fw-la balbo_n something_o be_v be_v not_o fit_a to_o be_v do_v though_o lawful_a and_o in_o his_o oration_n for_o the_o defence_n of_o milo_n he_o distinguish_v between_o fas_fw-la and_o licet_fw-la attribute_v to_o the_o former_a that_o which_o be_v agreeable_a to_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o to_o the_o latter_a that_o which_o be_v agreeable_a to_o the_o law_n of_o particular_a country_n so_o quintilian_n the_o father_n in_o one_o of_o his_o declamation_n tell_v we_o 251._o orat._n 251._o that_o it_o be_v one_o thing_n to_o look_v strict_o to_o what_o be_v a_o man_n right_a i._n e._n to_o what_o a_o man_n may_v do_v and_o another_o thing_n to_o respect_n that_o which_o be_v just_a aliud_fw-la est_fw-la spectare_fw-la jura_fw-la aliud_fw-la justitiam_fw-la iii_o in_o war_n the_o effect_n be_v lawful_a general_o that_o be_v not_o punishable_a in_o this_o sense_n therefore_o it_o be_v lawful_a for_o one_o enemy_n to_o hurt_v another_o both_o in_o his_o person_n or_o in_o his_o estate_n it_o be_v lawful_a i_o say_v not_o only_o for_o he_o that_o make_v war_n upon_o a_o just_a ground_n and_o that_o in_o the_o prosecution_n of_o that_o war_n contain_v himself_o within_o those_o bound_n which_o by_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n be_v prescribe_v he_o as_o we_o have_v already_o say_v but_o for_o both_o party_n and_o that_o without_o distinction_n so_o that_o 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concern_v such_o as_o have_v be_v by_o the_o chance_n of_o war_n make_v slave_n but_o as_o concern_v the_o dedition_n of_o such_o who_o be_v not_o banish_v seq_n lib._n 2._o c._n 21._o §._o 3._o &_o seq_n but_o do_v fly_v to_o avoid_v condign_a punishment_n we_o have_v elsewhere_o treat_v xlii_o war_n sometime_o end_v by_o lot_n to_o determine_v a_o war_n by_o lot_n be_v not_o always_o lawful_a but_o then_o only_o when_o we_o have_v a_o absolute_a propriety_n in_o the_o thing_n contend_v for_o for_o city_n be_v to_o be_v defend_v for_o the_o preservation_n of_o the_o life_n good_n chastity_n and_o such_o like_a of_o their_o citizen_n and_o king_n be_v more_o strict_o bind_v to_o defend_v the_o general_a safety_n of_o their_o kingdom_n than_o to_o omit_v those_o mean_n which_o for_o their_o own_o and_o other_o defence_n be_v most_o natural_a but_o yet_o in_o case_n he_o that_o be_v unjust_o invade_v shall_v upon_o due_a examination_n find_v himself_o too_o weak_a to_o â—ake_v any_o 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three_o hundred_o as_o that_o between_o the_o lacedaemonian_n and_o the_o argive_n whereunto_o i_o answer_v that_o if_o we_o look_v no_o far_o than_o unto_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n which_o be_v external_a without_o doubt_n such_o a_o decision_n be_v lawful_a for_o by_o that_o law_n every_o man_n may_v destroy_v his_o enemy_n any_o way_n but_o if_o according_a to_o the_o opinion_n of_o the_o ancient_a grecian_n roman_n and_o other_o nation_n every_o man_n have_v a_o absolute_a power_n over_o his_o own_o life_n then_o sure_o there_o be_v nothing_o therein_o repugnant_a to_o internal_a justice_n but_o this_o opinion_n as_o we_o have_v often_o say_v be_v contrary_a not_o only_o to_o right_a reason_n but_o to_o god_n precept_n for_o to_o kill_v a_o man_n for_o his_o detain_v of_o such_o thing_n as_o we_o may_v well_o spare_v 1._o lib._n 2._o c._n 7._o §._o 12._o &_o lib._n 2._o c._n 19_o §._o 5._o c._n 21._o §._o 1._o be_v as_o we_o have_v already_o prove_v to_o transgress_v the_o rule_n of_o charity_n whereunto_o let_v we_o now_o add_v that_o if_o he_o to_o who_o god_n have_v give_v life_n as_o a_o blessing_n shall_v set_v so_o mean_o by_o it_o as_o to_o cast_v it_o away_o for_o a_o trifle_n he_o sin_n both_o against_o god_n and_o his_o own_o soul_n if_o the_o thing_n contend_v for_o be_v worthy_a of_o a_o war_n as_o if_o it_o be_v undertake_v to_o preserve_v the_o life_n of_o many_o innocent_a person_n as_o charles_n the_o five_o emperor_n pretend_v when_o he_o challenge_v francis_n the_o first_o king_n of_o france_n to_o a_o single_a combat_n in_o this_o case_n we_o ought_v with_o all_o our_o power_n to_o endeavour_v it_o but_o to_o make_v use_n of_o a_o set_a combat_n cajetan_n aq._n 2.2_o c._n 95._o aâ—t_fw-la 8._o &_o ibi_fw-la cajetan_n either_o as_o a_o trial_n of_o the_o goodness_n of_o our_o cause_n or_o as_o a_o instrument_n of_o divine_a judgement_n be_v vain_a and_o abhorrent_n from_o true_a piety_n there_o be_v but_o one_o only_a case_n which_o render_v such_o a_o combat_n just_a and_o innocent_a and_o that_o too_o but_o on_o one_o side_n only_o which_o be_v when_o nothing_o can_v reasonable_o be_v expect_v but_o that_o he_o who_o maintain_v a_o unjust_a cause_n will_v otherwise_o be_v certain_o the_o victor_n and_o will_v prosecute_v his_o victory_n to_o the_o destruction_n of_o a_o multitude_n of_o innocent_n now_o he_o that_o shall_v in_o this_o case_n adventure_v his_o life_n by_o any_o mean_n whereby_o he_o conceive_v any_o probable_a hope_n to_o prevail_v must_v needs_o be_v innocent_a or_o at_o least_o so_o repute_v but_o yet_o we_o can_v deny_v but_o that_o many_o thing_n though_o not_o exact_o do_v yet_o may_v be_v by_o other_o if_o not_o well_o approve_v of_o yet_o permit_v for_o the_o prevention_n of_o great_a mischief_n which_o can_v not_o otherwise_o be_v avoid_v like_o as_o in_o many_o place_n gripe_a usury_n and_o public_a stew_n be_v at_o this_o day_n tolerate_v wherefore_o in_o that_o case_n former_o put_v of_o two_o person_n pretend_v with_o equal_a title_n to_o one_o kingdom_n which_o can_v be_v divide_v if_o they_o shall_v offer_v to_o try_v their_o fortune_n in_o such_o a_o combat_n the_o people_n may_v safe_o permit_v they_o for_o the_o prevention_n of_o a_o more_o general_a calamity_n which_o must_v otherwise_o necessary_o ensue_v the_o like_a may_v be_v say_v where_o such_o a_o combat_n may_v put_v a_o end_n to_o any_o bloody_a war._n thus_o do_v cyrus_n challenge_v the_o king_n of_o assyria_n and_o metius_n in_o dionysius_n halicarnassensis_fw-la thus_o conclude_v that_o see_v that_o the_o contest_v do_v not_o concern_v the_o power_n or_o dignity_n of_o the_o nation_n but_o of_o their_o prince_n only_o it_o be_v but_o reasonable_a that_o they_o only_a who_o be_v concern_v shall_v decide_v the_o quarrel_n by_o arm_n between_o themselves_o thus_o do_v the_o adrianopolitans_n answer_v mahomet_n when_o he_o and_o musa_n zilebe_n contest_v for_o the_o ottoman_a empire_n and_o so_o we_o read_v of_o sundry_a challenge_n make_v by_o several_a pretender_n to_o one_o and_o the_o same_o kingdom_n as_o of_o that_o which_o charles_n the_o five_o send_v to_o francis_n the_o first_o king_n of_o france_n and_o of_o many_o duel_n fight_v in_o such_o case_n as_o that_o of_o heraclius_n the_o emperor_n with_o cosroe_n son_n to_o the_o king_n of_o persia_n xliv_o whether_o the_o fact_n of_o a_o king_n do_v oblige_v the_o people_n where_o also_o we_o must_v note_v that_o they_o that_o cast_v their_o fortune_n upon_o the_o trial_n of_o such_o combat_n may_v haply_o lose_v their_o own_o right_n if_o any_o they_o have_v to_o the_o thing_n contend_v for_o but_o they_o can_v transfer_v any_o right_n to_o another_o unless_o the_o kingdom_n contend_v for_o be_v patrimonial_a and_o therefore_o for_o the_o confirmation_n of_o such_o agreement_n the_o consent_n not_o only_o of_o the_o people_n but_o of_o such_o as_o have_v any_o right_n to_o the_o succession_n if_o there_o be_v any_o then_o bear_v will_v be_v necessary_a and_o so_o it_o be_v the_o consent_n of_o the_o chief_a lord_n in_o those_o estate_n that_o be_v not_o free_a xlv_o who_o be_v to_o be_v adjudge_v the_o conqueror_n it_o be_v likewise_o frequent_o dispute_v where_o such_o combat_n be_v permit_v which_o be_v the_o conquer_a party_n see_v that_o neither_o of_o they_o can_v be_v say_v to_o be_v absolute_o conquer_v unless_o all_o the_o combatant_n on_o one_o side_n be_v either_o kill_v or_o put_v to_o flight_n as_o in_o livy_n 1._o livy_n lib._n 3._o guic._n lib._n 1._o he_o that_o forsake_v his_o ground_n shall_v retreat_v either_o within_o his_o own_o bound_n or_o unto_o place_n of_o strength_n be_v say_v to_o be_v conquer_v among_o those_o three_o famous_a historian_n herodotus_n thucydides_n and_o polybius_n we_o read_v of_o three_o question_n propose_v concern_v victory_n the_o first_o whereof_o concern_v this_o of_o set_a combat_n but_o he_o that_o judicious_o weigh_v it_o shall_v find_v that_o both_o party_n depart_v the_o field_n without_o any_o true_a victory_n 1._o herod_n lib._n 1._o for_o the_o argive_n be_v not_o put_v to_o flight_n by_o othryades_n but_o march_v away_o by_o night_n steadfast_o believe_v and_o as_o confident_o proclaim_v themselves_o conqueror_n to_o their_o own_o countryman_n 1._o thucyd._n lib._n 1._o neither_o be_v the_o corinthian_n rout_v by_o the_o corcyrean_o but_o have_v fight_v it_o out_o gallant_o and_o perceive_v a_o strong_a fleet_n of_o the_o athenian_n near_o they_o without_o endanger_v their_o force_n with_o the_o athenian_n they_o make_v a_o safe_a retreat_n but_o philip_n king_n of_o macedon_n have_v take_v a_o single_a ship_n of_o attalus_n forsake_v by_o her_o mariner_n though_o he_o be_v far_o enough_o from_o destroy_v his_o whole_a fleet_n yet_o thereupon_o as_o