account_n against_o the_o other_o secundum_fw-la legem_fw-la mercatoriam_fw-la but_o by_o the_o rule_n of_o the_o common_a law_n if_o two_o man_n be_v joint_o seize_v of_o other_o good_n the_o one_o shall_v not_o call_v the_o other_o to_o account_v for_o the_o same_o 2._o if_o two_o merchant_n have_v a_o joint_a interest_n in_o merchandize_n if_o one_o die_v the_o survivor_n shall_v not_o have_v all_o but_o the_o executor_n of_o the_o party_n decease_v shall_v by_o the_o law-merchant_n call_v the_o survivor_n to_o a_o account_n for_o the_o moiety_n whereas_o by_o the_o rule_n of_o the_o common_a law_n if_o their_o be_fw-mi two_o joint_a tenant_n of_o other_o good_n the_o survivor_n perjus_fw-la accrescendi_fw-la shall_v have_v all_o 3._o in_o a_o action_n of_o debt_n upon_o a_o simple_a contract_n which_o be_v without_o a_o deed_n in_o write_v the_o defendant_n by_o the_o common_a law_n may_v wage_v his_o law_n that_o be_v he_o may_v bar_v the_o plaintiff_n from_o his_o action_n by_o take_v a_o oath_n that_o he_o do_v not_o owe_v the_o debt_n but_o when_o one_o john_n cumpton_n merchant_n bring_v a_o action_n of_o debt_n secundum_fw-la legem_fw-la mercatoriam_fw-la against_o another_o merchant_n upon_o a_o contract_n without_o deed_n and_o the_o defendant_n will_v have_v wage_v his_o law_n he_o be_v not_o permit_v so_o to_o do_v and_o the_o judgement_n be_v give_v for_o the_o plaintiff_n it_o be_v not_o hereby_o intend_v that_o the_o court_n of_o common_a law_n can_v or_o do_v not_o take_v notice_n of_o the_o law-merchant_n in_o merchant_n case_n but_o that_o other_o thing_n likewise_o consider_v it_o may_v be_v think_v reasonable_a if_o they_o so_o desire_v to_o allow_v they_o the_o choice_n of_o that_o court_n where_o the_o law-merchant_n be_v more_o respect_v than_o to_o confine_v they_o to_o other_o court_n where_o another_o law_n be_v more_o predominant_a beside_o there_o may_v be_v danger_n of_o doubt_n thereof_o because_o those_o thing_n be_v not_o approve_v for_o proof_n at_o the_o common_a law_n which_o be_v hold_v sufficient_a in_o the_o admiralty_n among_o the_o merchant_n for_o as_o sir_n john_n davies_n further_o observe_v at_o the_o common_a law_n no_o man_n write_v can_v be_v plead_v against_o he_o as_o his_o act_n and_o deed_n unless_o the_o same_o be_v seal_v and_o deliver_v but_o in_o suit_n between_o merchant_n bill_n of_o lade_n and_o bill_n of_o exchange_n be_v but_o ticquet_n without_o seal_n letter_n of_o advice_n and_o credence_n policy_n of_o assurance_n assignation_n of_o debt_n all_o which_o be_v of_o no_o force_n at_o the_o common_a law_n be_v of_o good_a credit_n and_o force_v by_o the_o law-merchant_n to_o which_o may_v be_v add_v what_o malines_n observe_v that_o the_o bearer_n of_o such_o bill_n by_o the_o course_n among_o merchant_n shall_v be_v admit_v to_o demand_v and_o recover_v the_o contract_n without_o letter_n of_o attorney_n which_o be_v not_o admit_v in_o the_o common_a law_n it_o be_v moreover_o considerable_a that_o the_o law_n of_o the_o sea_n look_v one_o way_n when_o the_o common_a law_n look_v another_o as_o for_o instance_n a_o ship_n be_v freight_v or_o hire_v for_o a_o voyage_n to_o the_o indies_n at_o 20_o l._n per_fw-la month_n by_o charter-party_n it_o appear_v that_o have_v be_v eight_o month_n in_o the_o employment_n of_o the_o merchant_n who_o freight_v she_o before_o she_o make_v any_o port_n with_o her_o lade_n she_o perish_v in_o the_o sea_n in_o this_o case_n by_o the_o common_a law_n as_o it_o have_v be_v aver_v the_o owner_n of_o the_o ship_n ought_v to_o have_v freight_n for_o eight_o month_n but_o by_o the_o law_n of_o the_o sea_n which_o have_v always_o be_v allow_v the_o merchant_n lose_v his_o good_n the_o owner_n lose_v his_o freight_n again_o if_o the_o owner_n lose_v his_o freight_n the_o mariner_n although_o he_o escape_v lose_v his_o wage_n for_o the_o time_n he_o serve_v which_o happy_o will_v not_o be_v think_v so_o if_o he_o sue_v at_o the_o guild-hall_n for_o the_o same_o three_o for_o encouragement_n and_o advantage_n of_o those_o who_o use_v navigation_n and_o trade_n by_o sea_n it_o be_v considerable_a that_o in_o the_o court_n of_o admiralty_n one_o and_o the_o same_o action_n may_v be_v bring_v against_o diverse_a and_o several_a person_n undertake_v the_o same_o business_n as_o when_o many_o join_v in_o subscription_n to_o a_o policy_n of_o assurance_n but_o if_o a_o suit_n be_v bring_v at_o the_o common_a law_n every_o man_n must_v be_v sue_v several_o which_o the_o parliament_n in_o the_o act_n concern_v assurance_n hold_v inconvenient_a and_o in_o the_o like_a manner_n divers_a and_o several_a person_n may_v join_v in_o the_o same_o suit_n as_o mariner_n for_o wage_n at_o a_o small_a charge_n to_o themselves_o with_o little_a prejudice_n to_o the_o master_n or_o owner_n which_o be_v sue_v and_o obtain_v a_o decree_n or_o order_n all_o together_o whereas_o when_o they_o sue_v at_o the_o guild-hall_n every_o man_n sue_v several_o to_o the_o great_a charge_n of_o every_o particular_a and_o to_o the_o excessive_a damage_n of_o the_o master_n or_o owner_n if_o judgement_n be_v give_v against_o they_o beside_o the_o inconvenience_n of_o which_o the_o statute_n of_o the_o 28._o of_o hen._n the_o 8._o cap._n 15._o take_v notice_n that_o if_o mariner_n or_o shipper_n which_o by_o reason_n of_o their_o often_o voyage_n and_o passage_n must_v depart_v without_o long_a tarry_n and_o protract_v of_o time_n be_v enforce_v to_o attend_v the_o ordinary_a term_n of_o the_o common_a law_n four_o the_o court_n of_o admiralty_n for_o the_o conveniency_n and_o dispatch_n of_o merchant_n and_o seaman_n cause_n admit_v of_o proof_n which_o the_o court_n of_o common_a law_n do_v not_o allow_v for_o in_o that_o court_n according_a to_o the_o civil_a law_n the_o plaintiff_n may_v be_v relieve_v by_o the_o defendant_n answer_v upon_o oath_n which_o in_o the_o ordinary_a court_n of_o the_o common_a law_n be_v not_o afford_v again_o whereas_o in_o those_o court_v the_o evidence_n must_v be_v produce_v at_o the_o bar_n before_o the_o jury_n seaman_n and_o mariner_n which_o be_v many_o time_n necessary_a witness_n for_o the_o reason_n before_o express_v can_v be_v present_a without_o great_a prejudice_n to_o themselves_o and_o the_o trade_n of_o the_o kingdom_n but_o in_o the_o admiralty_n court_n they_o may_v be_v produce_v at_o any_o time_n after_o the_o suit_n be_v begin_v and_o their_o examination_n be_v take_v in_o write_v they_o have_v liberty_n to_o follow_v their_o own_o and_o the_o common_a occasion_n moreover_o many_o time_n in_o cause_n concern_v navigation_n and_o trade_n by_o sea_n no_o proof_n can_v be_v make_v but_o by_o witness_n remain_v in_o foreign_a part_n to_o which_o the_o writ_n of_o the_o common_a law_n do_v not_o extend_v but_o those_o witness_n by_o commission_n out_o of_o the_o admiralty_n court_n be_v usual_o swear_v and_o examine_v by_o magistrate_n in_o those_o place_n and_o their_o examination_n so_o take_v be_v allow_v for_o sufficient_a proof_n upon_o return_n divers_a other_o instance_n may_v be_v give_v by_o which_o it_o will_v appear_v that_o the_o court_n of_o admiralty_n can_v give_v redress_n in_o suit_n concern_v navigation_n and_o trade_n with_o more_o conveniency_n than_o the_o court_n of_o common_a law_n but_o these_o consider_v and_o how_o much_o it_o concern_v the_o good_a of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o those_o who_o support_v navigation_n and_o trade_n may_v be_v sufficient_a to_o discover_v which_o court_n may_v be_v best_a justify_v in_o proceed_v in_o cause_n of_o that_o nature_n what_o inconvenience_n may_v follow_v both_o to_o the_o private_a and_o public_a by_o the_o interpose_v of_o the_o court_n of_o common_a law_n and_o by_o obstruction_n make_v unto_o the_o admiralty_n in_o such_o business_n may_v appear_v in_o one_o particular_a that_o be_v concern_v charter-party_n and_o freight_n due_a for_o employment_n of_o ship_v there_o be_v but_o one_o instance_n give_v of_o a_o suit_n bring_v at_o the_o common_a law_n upon_o a_o charter-party_n viz._n the_o 28_o of_o elizabeth_n which_o be_v on_o the_o merchant_n part_n for_o breach_n of_o covenant_n viz._n for_o not_o stay_v in_o a_o port_n of_o discharge_n so_o many_o day_n as_o be_v agree_v upon_o for_o which_o the_o owner_n be_v condemn_v in_o 500_o l._n without_o any_o respect_n to_o the_o loss_n or_o damage_n which_o the_o merchant_n have_v sustain_v and_o if_o it_o be_v consider_v how_o many_o clause_n there_o be_v in_o charter-party_n and_o covenant_n of_o thing_n to_o be_v perform_v for_o which_o the_o owner_n be_v bind_v under_o a_o general_a penalty_n if_o upon_o every_o breach_n advantage_n shall_v be_v take_v in_o extremity_n no_o man_n will_v have_v great_a comfort_n in_o hire_v out_o ship_n to_o the_o sea_n and_o it_o may_v be_v observe_v that_o
to_o be_v perform_v either_o upon_o the_o sea_n or_o beyond_o the_o sea_n yet_o be_v the_o same_o to_o be_v try_v and_o determine_v by_o the_o ordinary_a course_n of_o the_o common-law_n and_o not_o in_o the_o court_n of_o the_o admiralty_n and_o therefore_o when_o that_o court_n have_v encroach_v upon_o the_o common-law_n in_o that_o case_n the_o judge_n of_o the_o admiralty_n and_o party_n sue_v there_o have_v be_v prohibit_v and_o often_o time_n the_o party_n condemn_v in_o great_a and_o grievous_a damage_n by_o the_o law_n of_o the_o realm_n that_o the_o clause_n of_o non_fw-la obstante_fw-la statuto_fw-la 5._o which_o have_v foundation_n in_o his_o majesty_n prerogative_n and_o be_v current_a in_o all_o other_o grant_v yet_o in_o the_o lord_n admiral_n patent_n be_v say_v to_o be_v of_o no_o force_n to_o warrant_v the_o determination_n of_o the_o cause_n commit_v to_o he_o in_o his_o lordship_n patent_n and_o so_o reject_v by_o the_o judge_n of_o the_o common-law_n answer_n without_o all_o question_n the_o statute_n of_o 13_o r._n 2._o cap._n 3.15_o r._n 2._o cap._n 5._o &_o 2_o h._n 4._o cap._n 11._o 11._o be_v statute_n declare_v the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o court_n of_o the_o admiral_n and_o wherein_o all_o the_o subject_n of_o the_o realm_n have_v interest_n can_v be_v dispense_v with_o by_o any_o non_fw-la obstante_fw-la and_o therefore_o not_o worthy_a of_o any_o answer_n but_o by_o colour_n thereof_o the_o court_n of_o the_o admiralty_n have_v contrary_a to_o those_o act_n of_o parliament_n encroach_v upon_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o common-law_n to_o the_o intolerable_a grievance_n of_o the_o subject_n which_o have_v oftentimes_o urge_v they_o to_o complain_v in_o your_o majesty_n court_n of_o ordinary_a justice_n at_o westminster_n for_o their_o relief_n in_o that_o behalf_n 6._o to_o the_o end_n that_o the_o admiral_n jurisdiction_n may_v receive_v all_o manner_n of_o impeachment_n and_o interruption_n the_o river_n beneath_o the_o first_o bridge_n where_o it_o eb_v and_o flow_v and_o the_o port_n and_o creek_n be_v by_o the_o judge_n of_o the_o common_a law_n affirm_v to_o be_v no_o part_n of_o the_o sea_n nor_o within_o the_o admiral_n jurisdiction_n and_o thereupon_o prohibition_n be_v usual_o award_v upon_o action_n depend_v in_o that_o court_n for_o contract_n and_o other_o thing_n do_v in_o those_o place_n notwithstanding_o that_o by_o use_n and_o practice_n time_n out_o of_o mind_n the_o admiral_n court_n have_v have_v jurisdiction_n within_o such_o port_n creek_n and_o river_n the_o like_a answer_n as_o to_o the_o first_o answer_n and_o it_o be_v further_o add_v that_o for_o the_o death_n of_o a_o man_n and_o of_o mayhem_n in_o those_o two_o case_n only_o do_v in_o great_a ship_n be_v and_o hover_v in_o the_o main_a stream_n only_o beneath_o the_o point_n of_o the_o same_o river_n nigh_o to_o the_o sea_n and_o no_o other_o place_n of_o the_o same_o river_n nor_o in_o other_o cause_n but_o in_o those_o two_o only_a the_o admiral_n have_v cognisance_n but_o for_o all_o contract_n plea_n and_o quereles_a make_v or_o do_v upon_o a_o river_n haven_n or_o creek_n within_o any_o county_n of_o this_o realm_n the_o admiral_n without_o question_n have_v not_o any_o jurisdiction_n for_o than_o he_o shall_v hold_v plea_n of_o thing_n do_v within_o the_o body_n of_o the_o county_n which_o be_v tryable_a by_o the_o verdict_n of_o twelve_o man_n and_o mere_o determinable_a by_o the_o common-law_n and_o not_o within_o the_o court_n of_o admiralty_n according_a to_o the_o civil_a law_n for_o that_o be_v to_o change_v and_o alter_v the_o law_n of_o the_o realm_n in_o those_o case_n and_o make_v those_o contract_n plea_n and_o quereles_a tryable_a by_o the_o common-law_n of_o the_o realm_n to_o be_v draw_v ad_fw-la aliud_fw-la examen_fw-la and_o to_o be_v sentence_v by_o the_o judge_n of_o the_o admiralty_n according_a to_o the_o civil_a law_n and_o how_o dangerous_a and_o penal_a it_o be_v for_o they_o to_o deal_v in_o these_o case_n it_o appear_v by_o judicial_a precedent_n of_o former_a age_n see_v the_o answer_n to_o the_o first_o article_n 7._o that_o the_o agreement_n make_v in_o anno_fw-la dom._n 1575._o between_o the_o judge_n of_o the_o king_n bench_n and_o the_o court_n of_o admiralty_n for_o the_o more_o quiet_a and_o certain_a execution_n of_o admiral_n jurisdiction_n be_v not_o observe_v as_o it_o ought_v to_o be_v answer_n the_o suppose_a agreement_n mention_v in_o this_o article_n have_v not_o as_o yet_o be_v deliver_v unto_o we_o but_o have_v hear_v the_o same_o read_v over_o before_o his_o majesty_n out_o of_o a_o paper_n not_o subscribe_v with_o the_o hand_n of_o any_o judge_n we_o answer_v that_o for_o so_o much_o thereof_o as_o differ_v from_o these_o answer_n it_o be_v against_o the_o law_n and_o statute_n of_o this_o realm_n and_o therefore_o the_o judge_n of_o the_o king_n bench_n never_o assent_v thereunto_o as_o be_v pretend_v neither_o do_v the_o phrase_n thereof_o agree_v with_o the_o term_n of_o the_o law_n of_o the_o realm_n 8._o many_o other_o grievance_n there_o be_v which_o in_o discuss_v of_o these_o former_a will_n easy_o appear_v worthy_a also_o of_o reformation_n this_o article_n be_v so_o general_n answer_n as_o no_o particular_a answer_n can_v be_v make_v thereunto_o only_o it_o appear_v by_o that_o which_o have_v be_v say_v that_o the_o lord_n admiral_n his_o officer_n and_o minister_n principal_o by_o colour_n of_o the_o say_v void_a non_fw-la obstante_fw-la and_o for_o want_v of_o learned_a advice_n have_v unjust_o encroach_v upon_o the_o common_a law_n of_o this_o realm_n whereof_o the_o marvel_n be_v the_o less_o for_o that_o the_o lord_n admiral_n his_o lieutenant_n officer_n and_o minister_n have_v without_o all_o colour_n encroach_v and_o intrude_v upon_o a_o right_n and_o prerogative_n due_a to_o the_o crown_n in_o that_o they_o have_v seize_v and_o convert_v to_o their_o own_o use_n good_n and_o chattel_n of_o infinite_a value_n take_v by_o pirate_n at_o sea_n and_o other_o good_n and_o chattel_n which_o in_o no_o sort_n appertain_v unto_o his_o lordship_n by_o his_o letter_n patent_n wherein_o the_o say_v non_fw-la obstante_fw-la be_v contain_v and_o for_o which_o he_o and_o his_o officer_n remain_v accountable_a to_o his_o majesty_n and_o they_o now_o want_v in_o this_o bless_a time_n of_o peace_n cause_n appertain_v to_o their_o natural_a jurisdiction_n they_o now_o encroach_v upon_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o common-law_n lest_o they_o shall_v sit_v idle_a and_o reap_v no_o profit_n and_o if_o a_o great_a number_n of_o prohibition_n as_o they_o affirm_v have_v be_v grant_v since_o the_o great_a benefit_n of_o this_o happy_a peace_n than_o before_o in_o time_n of_o hostility_n it_o move_v from_o their_o own_o encroachment_n upon_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o common_a law_n so_o that_o they_o do_v not_o only_o unjust_o encroach_v but_o complain_v also_o of_o the_o judge_n of_o the_o realm_n for_o do_v of_o justice_n in_o these_o case_n the_o particular_a authority_n promiscuous_o allege_v by_o sr._n edward_n coke_n be_v distinct_o insert_v in_o the_o chapter_n follow_v in_o such_o place_n as_o they_o seem_v to_o concern_v the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o admiralty_n of_o england_n asserted_n that_o in_o all_o place_n where_o navigation_n and_o trade_n by_o sea_n have_v be_v in_o use_n and_o esteem_v 1_o and_o particular_o in_o england_n special_a law_n have_v be_v provide_v for_o regulate_v the_o same_o la_fw-fr mer_n a_o ses_fw-fr loix_fw-fr comme_fw-fr la_fw-fr terre_fw-fr vâ—â—ces_n the_o sea_n say_v godfrey_n a_o learned_a author_n have_v its_o law_n as_o well_o as_o the_o land_n and_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o navigation_n be_v no_o soon_o invent_v and_o man_n have_v experience_n of_o the_o commodity_n proceed_v from_o negotiation_n by_o sea_n but_o they_o establish_v law_n for_o the_o maintain_n and_o regulate_v the_o same_o so_o much_o may_v be_v confirm_v by_o what_o be_v observable_a from_o the_o use_n and_o practice_n first_o of_o those_o nation_n and_o state_n which_o border_n on_o the_o mediterranean_a sea_n and_o second_o of_o those_o which_o confine_v on_o the_o western_a ocean_n and_o the_o sea_n northward_o touch_v the_o first_o among_o the_o grecian_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o â—sle_n of_o rhodes_n have_v be_v most_o eminent_a for_o their_o policy_n in_o the_o affair_n of_o the_o sea_n mamlia_fw-la cicero_n say_v rhodiorum_n usque_fw-la ad_fw-la nostram_fw-la memoriam_fw-la discipliplina_fw-la navalis_fw-la &_o gloria_fw-la remansit_fw-la and_o constantinus_n harmenopulus_n a_o famous_a judge_n at_o thesolonica_fw-la and_o conservatour_n of_o the_o law_n there_o give_v that_o credit_n to_o their_o law_n that_o he_o affirm_v 11._o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d etc._n etc._n all_o business_n concern_v navigation_n and_o all_o cause_n concern_v thing_n do_v at_o sea_n be_v decide_v by_o the_o rhodian_a law_n
there_o be_v no_o precedent_n that_o ever_o any_o man_n sue_v for_o freight_n at_o the_o common_a law_n which_o argue_v much_o difficulty_n in_o that_o way_n as_o probable_o the_o performance_n of_o the_o voyage_n be_v to_o be_v maintain_v by_o such_o proof_n as_o can_v be_v produce_v in_o those_o court_n and_o whereas_o it_o be_v affirm_v that_o infinite_a prohibition_n have_v be_v grant_v in_o cause_n commence_v in_o the_o admiralty_n upon_o charter-party_n it_o must_v follow_v that_o thereby_o be_v occasion_v infinite_a loss_n to_o the_o owner_n of_o the_o ship_n it_o be_v most_o probable_a by_o what_o have_v be_v observe_v that_o the_o cause_n for_o freight_n be_v stop_v in_o the_o admiralty_n there_o be_v no_o mean_n to_o recover_v the_o same_o in_o the_o court_n of_o the_o common_a law_n for_o that_o be_v a_o certain_a rule_n that_o that_o merchant_n which_o decline_v that_o court_n know_v he_o be_v in_o no_o danger_n elsewhere_o and_o it_o fall_v out_o many_o time_n that_o for_o long_a voyage_n great_a sum_n be_v due_a for_o freight_n and_o merchant_n not_o always_o have_v good_a success_n be_v sometime_o put_v to_o their_o shift_n but_o how_o far_o it_o stand_v with_o the_o dignity_n of_o the_o high_a court_n to_o countenance_n or_o in_o truth_n afford_v protection_n to_o such_o shift_n we_o leave_v they_o to_o consider_v but_o no_o man_n can_v conceive_v otherwise_o than_o that_o those_o course_n must_v needs_o more_o weaken_v the_o ship_n of_o the_o kingdom_n than_o divers_a ordinance_n and_o constitution_n intend_v for_o the_o maintenance_n thereof_o can_v possible_o advance_v the_o same_o beside_o the_o decay_n of_o ship_n these_o thing_n conduce_v to_o the_o impoverish_n of_o mariner_n who_o be_v the_o life_n of_o ship_n for_o freight_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o mother_n of_o wage_n and_o the_o owner_n lose_v his_o freight_n the_o mariner_n can_v so_o well_o obtain_v his_o wage_n and_o in_o consequence_n must_v betake_v himself_o to_o some_o other_o course_n of_o life_n the_o like_a inconvenience_n fall_v out_o in_o trade_n and_o commerce_n when_o prohibition_n be_v grant_v for_o contract_n or_o thing_n do_v in_o partibus_fw-la exteris_fw-la &_o transmarinis_fw-la the_o merchant_n if_o he_o can_v avoid_v the_o admiralty_n where_o he_o must_v answer_v upon_o oath_n and_o proof_n may_v be_v make_v by_o commission_n think_v himself_o secure_a from_o any_o danger_n at_o the_o common_a law_n and_o although_o it_o may_v be_v suppose_v that_o remedy_n may_v be_v give_v in_o the_o chancery_n yet_o howsoever_o it_o be_v possible_a it_o be_v not_o usual_a for_o that_o court_n to_o send_v commission_n into_o foreign_a part_n and_o the_o pretence_n be_v for_o the_o right_n of_o jurisdiction_n in_o the_o king_n court_n of_o the_o common_a law_n without_o respect_n to_o the_o chancery_n to_o which_o sir_n ed._n cook_n seem_v to_o be_v no_o great_a friend_n finis_fw-la articuâ—i_fw-la admiralitatis_fw-la the_o process_n and_o proceed_n in_o this_o court_n be_v in_o the_o name_n of_o the_o lord_n admiral_n the_o title_n of_o the_o complaint_n object_n 1._o answer_n object_n 2._o answer_n see_v hereafter_o in_o the_o proof_n by_o judgement_n &_o judicial_a precedent_n object_n 3._o answer_n 8_o eliz._n cap._n 5._o object_n 4._o answer_n object_n 5._o answer_n 13_o r._n 2._o cap_n 3.15_o r._n 2._o cap._n 5._o 2_o h._n 4._o cap._n 11._o object_n 6._o answer_n object_n 7._o answer_n object_n 8._o answer_n assert_v 1_o commene_n sur_fw-fr les_fw-fr cutumes_n the_o normandy_n te_fw-mi dâ—_n vâ—â—ces_n orat._n pro_fw-la lege_fw-la mamlia_fw-la proâ—heioâ—_n l._n 2._o lâ—_n 11._o l._n deprecatio_fw-la d._n de_fw-fr l._n rhod_n d_o dominio_fw-la maris_fw-la l._n 1._o c._n 10._o orbis_n maritâ—â—i_fw-la lib._n 1_o c._n 30._o tract_n de_fw-fr navigate_fw-la et_fw-la mercatura_fw-la dâ—_n sulseudis_fw-la tâ—t_fw-la de_fw-fr officio_fw-la admâ—â—alli_n praefat_fw-la del_o cont._n solato_fw-la de_fw-fr c._n 44._o partid_n 5._o et_fw-la 9_o fontavon_n les_fw-fr edict_n de_fw-fr flance_n tom._n 3._o arâ—â—â—_n 19_o flores_n â—â—ar_o sae_z ad_fw-la â—â—deprecatio_fw-la a_o bridge_n of_o sea_n law_n c._n part._n 1._o c._n ad_fw-la sect._n 3_o c._n 8._o sir_n john_n hayward_n in_o the_o life_n of_o ed._n 6._o ad_fw-la sect._n 3_o c._n 32._o p._n 39_o offic._n 3._o de_fw-fr dom._n maris_n l._n 2._o c._n 28._o ad_fw-la cap._n 32._o de_fw-fr dom._n maris_fw-la p._n 254._o coment_fw-fr on_o liltt_n sect._n 234._o part._n 1._o c._n 17._o assert_v 2_o syntag._n l._n 47._o c._n 37._o petit_fw-fr de_fw-fr legib._n atticis_fw-la in_o verrem_fw-la 7._o decad._n 3._o l._n 3._o l._n 46._o ad_fw-la senatus_n trebes_n l._n lib._n 14._o 1_o ult_n c._n de_fw-fr commercijs_fw-la cap._n 20._o morisonis_fw-la l._n 2._o c._n 27._o sansovinus_n lib._n 17._o chassan_n catal._n p._n 9_o cons_n 26._o freeca_n the_o offic_n admire_v moris_n l._n 2._o c._n 22._o edit_fw-la per_fw-la fontan_n tit._n 2._o c._n 14._o abrigd_v c._n 1_o de_fw-fr dem._n maris_fw-la l._n 2._o c._n 27._o jurisdictiones_fw-la p._n 142_o selden_n l._n 2._o c._n 16._o assert_v 3_o tit._n the_o varlet_n gâ—omat_n verb._n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d jac._n godefred_n comment_fw-fr ad_fw-la 1._o deprecatio_fw-la 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d lib._n 33._o cap._n 24._o partid_n 5._o &_o 9_o tit._n de_fw-fr vareos_n lenthal_n &_o alii_fw-la contr_n d._n will._n russel_n &_o alii_fw-la assert_v 4_o jurisd_v of_o court_n c._n 6._o f._n 127._o de_fw-fr dom._n maris_fw-la l._n 18_o c_o 17._o â—_o &_o 2_o phil._n &_o mar._n jurisd_v of_o court_n p._n 330._o gloss._n â—_o admiral_n jurisd_v of_o court_n p._n 142._o ibid._n 144._o lib._n 2._o c._n 16._o assert_v 5_o note_n upon_o fortâ—â—cue_n b_o 6._o p_o 29._o v._n 557._o lex_fw-la mercat_n p._n 1._o cap._n 21._o p._n 1_o cap._n 24_o d._n lib._n tit_n 2._o c._n lib._n 4._o t._n 33._o d._n vsâ—ris_n cap_n 2._o comment_fw-fr in_o littleton_n sect._n 43._o jurisdict_n of_o court_n p._n 330._o artic._n 49._o de_fw-fr vusuris_n c._n 2._o l._n exigere_fw-la d._n de_fw-fr judiciis_fw-la donatio_fw-la in_o matrimonium_fw-la sect._n 136._o p._n â—_o c._n 24._o assert_v 6_o l._n 39_o d._n de_fw-fr verb._n signif_n de_fw-fr dominio_fw-la maris_fw-la lib._n 2._o cap._n 18._o jurisdict_n of_o court_n p._n 283._o lib._n 2._o de_fw-fr eau_fw-fr &_o forest_n art_n 1._o cap._n 1._o cap._n 32._o p._n 31._o lib._n 2._o c._n â—4_n p._n 188._o assert_v 7_o b._n b._n p._n 3._o &_o p._n 157._o p._n 1._o c._n 13._o p._n 1._o c._n 13._o 8_o carol._n sir_n christopher_n wray_n l._n chief_a justice_n dr._n davy_n lewis_n judge_n of_o the_o admiralty_n admiralty_n request_n answer_n answer_n request_n answer_n answer_n request_n answer_n answer_n request_n answer_n answer_n request_n answer_n stat._n 1._o c._n 2._o assert_v 8_o cook_n 4_o report_n p_o 29.3_o h_n 6_o 14_o â—_o 1â—_n h._n 7.9_o e._n â—_o p._n 28._o &_o p._n 15._o assert_v 9_o comment_fw-fr upon_o magna_fw-la chart._n fol._n 28._o sholes_n syntag_n 47._o â—it_n 37._o petitus_fw-la de_fw-la legibus_fw-la atticis_fw-la l._n 5._o tit_n â—_o c._n de_fw-fr naufragiis_fw-la l._n 5._o &_o ibi_fw-la cujacius_n
three_o touch_v this_o statute_n it_o may_v be_v observe_v what_o sir_n edward_n cook_n deliver_v out_o of_o plowdens_n commentary_n 330._o that_o the_o preamble_n of_o a_o statute_n be_v the_o key_n to_o open_v the_o meaning_n of_o the_o maker_n of_o the_o act_n and_o the_o mischief_n which_o they_o intend_v to_o remedy_n now_o in_o the_o preamble_n of_o the_o statute_n it_o â—s_v suggest_v that_o the_o admiral_n have_v encroacht_v divers_a jurisdiction_n and_o franchise_n belong_v to_o the_o king_n &_o other_o lord_n from_o whence_o it_o may_v be_v conceive_v that_o the_o parliament_n intend_v only_o to_o restrain_v he_o from_o meddle_v in_o his_o court_n with_o such_o thing_n within_o the_o realm_n wherein_o he_o have_v encroacht_v upon_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o king_n and_o other_o lord_n which_o what_o those_o thing_n be_v it_o do_v no_o way_n appear_v but_o it_o can_v be_v imagine_v or_o reasonable_o conceive_v that_o it_o be_v intend_v the_o admiral_n shall_v be_v debar_v from_o proceed_v in_o cause_n of_o navigation_n and_o negotiation_n by_o sea_n which_o never_o do_v belong_v to_o any_o other_o court_n of_o the_o king_n or_o other_o lord_n and_o be_v former_o hold_v proper_a for_o the_o conusance_n of_o the_o admiral_n and_o as_o thing_n be_v then_o state_v can_v not_o be_v hold_v encroachment_n so_o much_o may_v the_o rather_o be_v suppose_v because_o the_o statute_n restrain_v he_o from_o meddle_v with_o thing_n do_v within_o the_o realm_n but_o only_o with_o thing_n do_v upon_o the_o sea_n further_o add_v according_a to_o what_o have_v be_v due_o use_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o noble_a prince_n king_n edward_n grandfather_n to_o the_o king_n which_o be_v king_n edward_n the_o three_o sir_n henry_n spâ—â—man_n write_v admiral_n that_o some_o man_n do_v conceive_v causarum_fw-la nauticarum_fw-la cognitionem_fw-la &_o forum_n rei_fw-la maritimae_fw-la quod_fw-la hodie_fw-la curiam_fw-la admiralitatis_fw-la vocant_fw-la sub_fw-la edwardo_n tertio_fw-la illuxisse_fw-la and_o it_o be_v probable_a that_o in_o that_o king_n time_n who_o do_v many_o other_o glorious_a thing_n for_o the_o good_a of_o this_o nation_n the_o court_n of_o admiralty_n receive_v some_o setlement_n and_o grow_v more_o conspicuous_a than_o it_o be_v before_o but_o the_o constitution_n observe_v by_o mr._n selden_n in_o the_o book_n of_o the_o admiralty_n of_o henry_n the_o first_o 142._o richard_n the_o first_o king_n john_n and_o edward_n the_o first_o do_v manifest_a that_o the_o court_n be_v much_o more_o ancient_a and_o sir_n edward_n cook_n to_o show_v the_o antiquity_n of_o the_o court_n of_o admiralty_n to_o have_v be_v long_o before_o the_o time_n of_o edward_n the_o three_o in_o who_o day_n he_o say_v that_o some_o have_v dream_v that_o it_o have_v begin_v recite_v the_o ancient_a record_n de_fw-fr superioritate_fw-la maris_fw-la 144._o before_o mention_v and_o likewise_o another_o quote_v also_o by_o mr._n seldâ—n_n 16._o wherein_o it_o be_v show_v that_o king_n edw._n the_o three_o in_o the_o 12_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n do_v consult_v with_o all_o his_o judge_n ad_fw-la finem_fw-la quod_fw-la retineatur_fw-la &_o continuetur_fw-la ad_fw-la subditorum_fw-la prosecutionem_fw-la forma_fw-la procedendi_fw-la quondam_a domini_fw-la regis_fw-la etc._n etc._n that_o be_v to_o the_o end_n that_o the_o form_n of_o proceed_n at_o the_o suit_n of_o the_o subject_n begin_v and_o ordain_v by_o his_o grandfather_n king_n edward_n the_o first_o and_o his_o counsel_n for_o retain_v and_o preserve_v the_o ancient_a sovereignty_n of_o the_o sea_n of_o england_n and_o the_o right_n of_o the_o office_n of_o the_o admiralty_n in_o the_o same_o may_v be_v resume_v and_o continue_v touch_v the_o correct_v interpret_n and_o declare_v the_o law_n and_o statute_n late_o ordain_v for_o the_o maintain_n of_o peace_n and_o justice_n among_o the_o people_n of_o all_o nation_n whatsoever_o pass_v through_o the_o english_a sea_n and_o for_o punish_v of_o offence_n and_o for_o give_v of_o satisfaction_n to_o such_o as_o be_v damnify_v which_o law_n and_o statute_n be_v correct_v declare_v interpret_v and_o publish_v by_o king_n richard_n the_o first_o king_n of_o england_n in_o his_o return_n from_o the_o holy_a land_n and_o be_v entitle_v le_fw-fr ley_n oleron_n in_o the_o french_a tongue_n and_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o the_o law_n be_v continue_v all_o that_o king_n time_n in_o regard_n that_o in_o the_o 49_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n the_o select_a seaman_n for_o the_o inquisition_n at_o quinborough_n in_o the_o conclusion_n say_v that_o touch_v some_o business_n propose_v in_o the_o article_n of_o the_o inquisition_n they_o know_v no_o better_o advise_v nor_o remedy_n than_o that_o which_o have_v be_v former_o use_v and_o practise_v after_o the_o manner_n which_o be_v contain_v in_o the_o law_n of_o oleron_n all_o which_o be_v admit_v and_o due_o consider_v it_o may_v be_v presume_v that_o such_o cause_n as_o do_v original_o by_o civil_a law_n belong_v to_o the_o admiralty_n and_o what_o former_a king_n have_v ancient_o ordain_v for_o the_o regulate_v of_o the_o same_o as_o likewise_o such_o as_o be_v agreeable_a to_o the_o matter_n decide_v in_o the_o judgement_n of_o oleron_n and_o what_o be_v contain_v in_o the_o inquisition_n take_v at_o quinborough_n in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n edward_n the_o three_o be_v within_o the_o conusance_n of_o the_o admiralty_n court_n and_o consequent_o the_o same_o be_v permit_v to_o be_v try_v and_o determine_v in_o the_o same_o court_n by_o the_o statute_n of_o the_o 13_o of_o rich._n 2._o touch_v the_o judgement_n judicial_a act_n and_o book-case_n intend_v to_o restrain_v the_o admiral_n of_o england_n in_o exercise_n of_o his_o jurisdiction_n as_o it_o be_v grant_v in_o the_o king_n commission_n it_o may_v be_v answer_v in_o general_a first_o that_o those_o judgement_n judicial_a act_n etc._n etc._n be_v in_o cause_n of_o difference_n in_o respect_n of_o jurisdiction_n betwixt_o the_o court_n of_o common_a law_n and_o the_o admiralty_n court_n and_o it_o be_v incident_a to_o all_o profession_n where_o there_o be_v any_o competition_n or_o emulation_n with_o other_o to_o incline_v to_o that_o which_o be_v most_o to_o their_o advantage_n second_o such_o judgement_n sand_n book-case_n have_v be_v ground_v upon_o the_o common_a understanding_n of_o the_o statute_n without_o any_o notice_n or_o respect_n to_o the_o law_n of_o the_o sea_n or_o the_o condition_n of_o maritime_a cause_n the_o circumstance_n of_o the_o place_n be_v the_o chief_a rule_n by_o which_o they_o have_v be_v frame_v three_o that_o many_o of_o they_o upon_o due_a examination_n may_v be_v find_v not_o so_o conclude_v as_o they_o be_v pretend_v and_o although_o much_o respect_n and_o reverence_n be_v due_a to_o the_o author_n yet_o we_o be_v not_o bind_v to_o believe_v that_o their_o judgement_n be_v infallible_a four_o that_o the_o judicial_a proceed_n as_o prohibition_n be_v the_o result_v of_o the_o former_a authority_n they_o may_v be_v weigh_v according_o last_o touch_v the_o main_a piece_n sir_n edward_n cook_n articuli_fw-la admiralitatis_fw-la carry_v the_o reputation_n of_o the_o resolution_n of_o all_o â—â—e_v judge_n touch_v the_o matter_n therein_o contain_v it_o will_v appear_v that_o they_o very_o much_o differ_v from_o the_o concession_n of_o the_o judge_n of_o the_o king_n bench_n 1575._o and_o from_o the_o resolution_n of_o all_o the_o judge_n the_o 18_o of_o february_n 1632_o subscribe_v unto_o by_o they_o in_o the_o presence_n of_o king_n charles_n and_o twenty_o lord_n of_o his_o counsel_n the_o particular_a authority_n which_o may_v be_v collect_v out_o of_o sr._n edward_n cook_n note_n to_o prove_v that_o the_o admiral_n of_o england_n have_v no_o conusance_n of_o thing_n do_v within_o the_o realm_n but_o only_o of_o thing_n do_v upon_o the_o sea_n be_v as_o follow_v 1_o that_o in_o the_o 2_o rich._n 2._o hibernici_n sunt_fw-la sub_fw-la admirallo_fw-la angliae_fw-la de_fw-la facto_fw-la super_fw-la alto_fw-mi mari._n 2_o that_o the_o 7_o rich._n 2._o in_o a_o action_n of_o trespass_n bring_v for_o a_o ship_n and_o merchandises_n take_v away_o the_o defendant_n plead_v that_o he_o do_v take_v they_o en_fw-fr le_fw-fr haut_fw-fr mer_n ou_fw-fr les_fw-fr norman_n que_fw-fr la_fw-fr enemis_fw-fr la_fw-fr roy_fw-fr and_o it_o be_v allow_v a_o good_a plea_n 3_o that_o fortescue_n who_o live_v in_o the_o time_n of_o hen._n the_o six_o say_v siquae_fw-la super_fw-la altum_fw-la mare_fw-la extra_fw-la corpus_fw-la comitatus_fw-la in_o placito_fw-la coram_fw-la admirallo_fw-la deducantur_fw-la per_fw-la testes_fw-la terminari_fw-la debent_fw-la 4_o that_o dyer_n in_o the_o time_n of_o queen_n mary_n say_v that_o by_o the_o libel_n in_o the_o admiralty_n court_n the_o case_n be_v suppose_v to_o commence_v sur_fw-fr le_fw-fr haut_fw-fr mer_fw-fr &_o intra_fw-la jurisdictionem_fw-la de_fw-fr l'_fw-fr admiralty_n to_o these_o authority_n may_v be_v answer_v in_o general_a first_o that_o
whereas_o some_o of_o they_o speak_v of_o altum_fw-la mare_fw-la the_o statute_n of_o the_o 13_o of_o rich._n 2._o have_v no_o such_o attribute_n but_o mention_n simple_o the_o sea_n 2_o that_o the_o same_o authority_n grant_v that_o the_o admiral_n have_v jurisdiction_n on_o the_o sea_n do_v not_o declare_v much_o less_o conclude_v that_o he_o have_v no_o jurisdiction_n elsewhere_o and_o as_o to_o the_o particular_n 1_o the_o authority_n of_o 2_o rich._n 2._o which_o affirm_v that_o the_o irish_a be_v subject_a to_o the_o admiral_n of_o england_n for_o a_o thing_n do_v on_o the_o sea_n mention_n not_o for_o what_o kind_n of_o thing_n and_o happy_o it_o may_v be_v for_o some_o offence_n against_o the_o crown_n or_o against_o the_o peace_n in_o offer_v violence_n to_o the_o king_n subject_n or_o the_o subject_n of_o his_o ally_n and_o in_o such_o case_n it_o may_v be_v understand_v that_o he_o have_v jurisdiction_n over_o the_o irish_a as_o over_z the_o subject_n of_o england_n and_o other_o nation_n only_o extend_v to_o the_o high_a sea_n but_o it_o can_v from_o thence_o be_v argue_v but_o that_o if_o it_o be_v a_o business_n concern_v navigation_n or_o negotiation_n by_o sea_n he_o may_v also_o have_v have_v jurisdiction_n over_o the_o irish_a as_o well_o as_o over_o other_o person_n not_o only_a supper_n alto_fw-mi mari_fw-fr but_o also_o in_o other_o place_n elsewhere_o 2_o the_o plea_n to_o the_o action_n of_o trespass_n in_o the_o 7_o rich._n the_o 2._o may_v be_v good_a and_o allow_v in_o two_o respect_n first_o in_o regard_n the_o thing_n be_v do_v where_o the_o country_n can_v take_v no_o notice_n and_o therefore_o no_o jury_n by_o twelve_o man_n can_v be_v have_v second_o in_o regard_n the_o ship_n and_o good_n be_v take_v from_o the_o king_n enemy_n against_o who_o no_o trespass_n can_v be_v commit_v because_o that_o to_o offend_v they_o any_o way_n be_v lawful_a and_o in_o that_o respect_n the_o plea_n may_v have_v be_v allow_v although_o the_o ship_n and_o merchandise_n have_v be_v take_v in_o a_o port_n or_o navigable_a river_n 3._o whereas_o fortescue_n say_v that_o thing_n do_v upon_o the_o high_a sea_n prosecute_v before_o the_o admiral_n aught_o to_o be_v determine_v according_a to_o the_o proof_n make_v by_o witness_n and_o no_o more_o sir_n edward_z cook_n affirm_v that_o it_o prove_v by_o express_a word_n that_o the_o admiralty_n be_v confine_v to_o the_o high_a sea_n fortescue_n have_v give_v reason_n for_o trial_n by_o jury_n when_o the_o neighbourhood_n of_o the_o country_n can_v take_v notice_n of_o the_o business_n grant_v that_o for_o thing_n do_v in_o other_o place_n the_o law_n of_o the_o kingdom_n do_v allow_v of_o proof_n by_o witness_n as_o in_o cause_n commence_v before_o the_o admiral_n for_o thing_n do_v on_o the_o high_a sea_n and_o likewise_o before_o the_o constable_n for_o thing_n do_v beyond_o the_o sea_n so_o that_o it_o be_v evident_a he_o do_v no_o more_o express_o confine_v the_o admiral_n jurisdiction_n to_o the_o high_a sea_n than_o he_o do_v the_o constable_n to_o place_n beyond_o the_o sea_n it_o be_v notorious_a that_o his_o jurisdiction_n extend_v to_o deed_n of_o war_n and_o arm_n within_o the_o land_n as_o it_o will_v be_v prove_v that_o the_o admiral_n jurisdiction_n likewise_o to_o matter_n of_o navigation_n and_o negotiation_n by_o sea_n 4_o touch_v the_o authority_n of_o dyer_n that_o by_o libel_n in_o the_o admiralty_n court_n the_o case_n be_v surmise_v to_o commence_v sur_fw-fr la_fw-fr haut_fw-fr mer_fw-fr etc._n etc._n it_o may_v be_v answer_v that_o the_o libel_n in_o the_o admiralty_n sometime_o as_o the_o business_n fall_v out_o declare_v super_fw-la alto_fw-mi mari_fw-fr &_o infra_fw-la jurisdictionem_fw-la curiae_fw-la but_o ordinary_o cause_n be_v lay_v only_o intra_fw-la fluxum_fw-la &_o refluxum_fw-la maris_fw-la &_o jurisdictionem_fw-la curiae_fw-la and_o general_o the_o cause_n be_v no_o otherwise_o describe_v but_o a_o contra_fw-la b._n in_fw-la causa_fw-la civili_fw-la &_o maritima_n 5_o that_o the_o admiral_n of_o england_n may_v hold_v conusance_n of_o contract_n and_o write_n make_v at_o land_n touch_v business_n of_o navigation_n and_o trade_n by_o sea_n by_o a_o ancient_a record_n in_o the_o black_a book_n of_o the_o admiralty_n of_o which_o mr._n selden_n take_v notice_n it_o appear_v 557._o that_o it_o be_v ordain_v by_o king_n edward_n the_o first_o and_o his_o lord_n at_z hastings_z que_fw-fr comment_n diuâ—rs_a signior_n avoient_fw-fr franchese_n etc._n etc._n that_o although_o diâ—ers_v lord_n have_v â—ivers_a franchise_n to_o try_v plea_n in_o port_n yet_o that_o neither_o their_o steward_n nor_o bailiff_n shall_v hold_v any_o plea_n if_o it_o concern_v merchant_n or_o mariner_n as_o well_o for_o matter_n of_o fact_n as_o of_o ship_n obligation_n and_o other_o dâ—edâ—_n which_o although_o it_o extend_v only_o to_o inferior_a lord_n yet_o it_o may_v be_v say_v that_o it_o be_v do_v in_o favour_n of_o the_o admiral_n jurisdiction_n in_o such_o matter_n second_o by_o commission_n from_o time_n to_o time_n grant_v by_o the_o king_n of_o england_n to_o the_o admiral_n power_n be_v give_v ad_fw-la cognoscendum_fw-la etc._n etc._n to_o hold_v the_o conusance_n of_o charter-party_n policy_n of_o assurance_n bill_n of_o bottomry_n bill_n of_o lade_n and_o of_o sale_n of_o ship_n three_o the_o cause_n and_o suit_n arise_v by_o occasion_n of_o business_n contain_v in_o such_o write_n have_v in_o all_o observable_a time_n and_o place_n be_v hold_v to_o be_v maritime_a and_o the_o conusance_n of_o they_o have_v be_v allow_v to_o martim_fw-la court_n as_o it_o have_v be_v before_o full_o show_v and_o it_o may_v be_v further_o consider_v that_o such_o contract_n and_o write_n have_v their_o original_a from_o ancient_a maritime_a law_n &_o be_v both_o in_o name_n and_o nature_n thing_n foreign_a to_o the_o law_n of_o this_o realm_n and_o so_o much_o may_v be_v gather_v from_o the_o order_n which_o wesâ—_n observe_v in_o his_o book_n of_o precedent_n where_o after_o the_o form_n of_o deed_n and_o contract_n proper_a to_o the_o common_a law_n he_o handle_v those_o which_o concern_v merchandize_v and_o trade_n by_o sea_n as_o thing_n of_o a_o distinct_a and_o several_a nature_n touch_v the_o particular_n first_o charter-party_n seem_v to_o have_v be_v derive_v from_o the_o rhodian_a law_n by_o which_o it_o be_v provide_v si_fw-mi quis_fw-la naâ—em_fw-la conduxerit_fw-la instrumenta_fw-la consignata_fw-la sunto_fw-la if_o any_o man_n shall_v hire_v a_o ship_n let_v there_o be_v write_n draw_v and_o seal_v thereupon_o there_o be_v likewise_o mention_v of_o charter-party_n in_o the_o role_n of_o oleron_n and_o in_o the_o french_a late_a ordinance_n make_v for_o the_o reglement_n of_o the_o admiralty_n of_o france_n and_o it_o be_v suppose_v that_o no_o mention_n of_o they_o can_v be_v find_v in_o any_o law_n or_o statute_n of_o this_o realm_n until_o the_o 32_o of_o king_n henry_n the_o 8._o cap._n 14._o where_o the_o conusance_n of_o they_o be_v refer_v to_o the_o admiralty_n as_o it_o shall_v be_v hereafter_o show_v moreover_o malines_n confirm_v that_o ancient_o in_o charter-party_n it_o be_v express_v 21._o that_o the_o content_n thereof_o shall_v be_v understand_v according_a to_o the_o law_n of_o oleron_n and_o at_o this_o time_n there_o be_v clause_n usual_o insert_v into_o they_o enjoin_v that_o the_o merchant_n beside_o the_o payment_n of_o freight_n shall_v make_v allowance_n for_o primage_n average_n and_o pettelodmenage_n thing_n no_o where_o occur_v in_o the_o book_n of_o common_a law_n and_o ancient_o determinable_a by_o the_o law_n of_o oleron_n second_o policy_n of_o assurance_n be_v ground_v upon_o the_o civil_a law_n which_o allow_v a_o action_n for_o the_o undertake_n a_o hazard_n which_o be_v doubtful_a for_o reward_n or_o consideration_n first_o give_v which_o be_v common_o call_v a_o praemio_fw-la they_o be_v of_o late_a civillian_n call_v sponsiones_fw-la mercatoriae_n and_o assecurationes_fw-la 24_o which_o malines_n affirm_v be_v take_v up_o in_o this_o kingdom_n from_o the_o law_n of_o oleron_n practise_v on_o the_o sea_n coast_v of_o france_n but_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o now_o they_o be_v likewise_o in_o use_n in_o venice_n naples_n genua_n ancona_n spain_n and_o portugal_n and_o in_o other_o place_n where_o the_o affair_n of_o the_o sea_n be_v regulate_v by_o the_o civil_a law_n the_o consolato_fw-la and_o law_n of_o oleron_n three_o bill_n of_o bottomry_n when_o a_o owner_n or_o master_n of_o a_o ship_n to_o furnish_v his_o voyage_n take_v up_o money_n upon_o extraordinary_a interest_n to_o be_v pay_v when_o the_o ship_n arrive_v at_o the_o port_n appoint_v and_o thereby_o engage_v his_o ship_n for_o the_o performance_n of_o the_o same_o be_v ground_v on_o the_o ancient_a grecian_a and_o roman_a law_n julius_n pollux_n a_o learned_a expositor_n of_o term_n or_o word_n use_v among_o
forth_o that_o the_o agreement_n make_v in_o anno_fw-la domini_fw-la 1575._o between_o the_o judge_n of_o the_o king_n bench_n and_o the_o court_n of_o admiralty_n for_o the_o more_o quiet_a and_o certain_a execution_n of_o admiral_n jurisdiction_n be_v not_o observe_v to_o which_o sir_n edward_n cook_n answer_v that_o that_o suppose_a agreement_n have_v not_o be_v deliver_v unto_o they_o but_o have_v hear_v the_o same_o read_v before_o his_o majesty_n out_o of_o a_o paper_n not_o subscribe_v with_o the_o hand_n of_o any_o judge_n they_o answer_v that_o for_o so_o much_o thereof_o as_o differ_v from_o their_o present_a answer_n it_o be_v against_o the_o law_n and_o statute_n of_o the_o realm_n and_o therefore_o the_o judge_n of_o the_o king_n bench_n never_o assent_v thereunto_o as_o it_o be_v pretend_v neither_o do_v the_o phrase_n thereof_o agree_v with_o the_o term_n of_o the_o law_n of_o the_o realm_n it_o be_v not_o probable_a that_o dr._n dunn_n then_o judge_v of_o the_o admiralty_n will_v have_v produce_v such_o a_o agreement_n to_o the_o judge_n before_o the_o king_n but_o that_o he_o have_v some_o ground_n for_o the_o same_o which_o be_v suppose_v it_o may_v as_o well_o infer_v that_o those_o concession_n be_v agreeable_a to_o the_o law_n and_o statute_n of_o the_o realm_n because_o those_o judge_n do_v assent_v unto_o they_o as_o that_o they_o do_v not_o assent_v because_o they_o be_v not_o agreeable_a to_o the_o same_o and_o it_o may_v as_o well_o be_v doubt_v whether_o those_o thing_n wherein_o those_o answer_n at_o that_o time_n do_v differ_v from_o the_o resolution_n of_o all_o the_o judge_n in_o the_o 8._o of_o king_n charles_n carol._n be_v agreeable_a to_o the_o law_n and_o statute_n of_o the_o realm_n as_o it_o be_v confident_o affirm_v that_o wherein_o those_o concession_n do_v differ_v from_o those_o answer_n be_v against_o the_o same_o wherein_o the_o phrase_n of_o the_o request_n and_o answer_n be_v not_o agreeable_a to_o the_o term_n of_o the_o common_a law_n be_v not_o so_o much_o considerable_a as_o how_o the_o matter_n therein_o contain_v may_v consist_v both_o with_o law_n and_o equity_n and_o to_o that_o end_n it_o may_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o recite_v they_o as_o they_o be_v extant_a in_o several_a manuscript_n in_o which_o be_v collect_v thing_n of_o those_o time_n remarkable_a both_o concern_v the_o ecclesiastical_a court_n and_o the_o court_n of_o admiralty_n as_o follow_v 12._o of_o may_n 1575._o admiralty_n the_o request_n of_o the_o judge_n of_o the_o admiralty_n to_o the_o lord_n chief_a justice_n of_o her_o majesty_n bench_n and_o his_o colleague_n with_o their_o answer_n to_o the_o same_o that_o after_o judgement_n or_o sentence_n give_v in_o the_o court_n of_o admiralty_n in_o any_o cause_n or_o appeal_v make_v from_o the_o same_o to_o the_o high_a court_n of_o chancery_n request_n it_o may_v please_v they_o to_o forbear_v the_o grant_n of_o any_o writ_n of_o prohibition_n either_o to_o the_o judge_n of_o the_o say_a court_n or_o to_o her_o majesty_n delegate_n at_o the_o suit_n of_o he_o by_o who_o such_o appeal_n shall_v be_v make_v see_v by_o choice_n of_o remedy_n in_o that_o way_n in_o reason_n he_o ought_v to_o be_v content_v therewith_o and_o not_o to_o be_v relieve_v any_o other_o way_n answer_n it_o be_v agree_v by_o the_o lord_n chief_a justice_n and_o his_o colleague_n that_o after_o sentence_n give_v in_o the_o delegate_n no_o prohibition_n shall_v be_v grant_v and_o if_o there_o be_v no_o sentence_n if_o a_o prohibition_n be_v not_o sue_v for_o within_o the_o next_o term_n follow_v sentence_n in_o the_o admiralty_n court_n or_o within_o two_o term_n after_o at_o the_o far_a no_o prohibition_n shall_v pass_v to_o the_o delegate_n that_o prohibition_n hereafter_o be_v not_o grant_v upon_o bare_a suggestion_n or_o surmise_n request_n without_o summary_n examination_n and_o proof_n make_v thereof_o wherein_o it_o may_v be_v lawful_a to_o the_o judge_n of_o the_o admiralty_n and_o the_o party_n defendant_n to_o have_v counsel_n and_o to_o plead_v for_o the_o stay_n thereof_o if_o there_o shall_v appear_v cause_n they_o have_v agree_v that_o the_o judge_n of_o the_o admiralty_n answer_n and_o the_o party_n defendant_n shall_v have_v counsel_n in_o court_n and_o to_o plead_v to_o stay_v if_o there_o may_v appear_v evident_a cause_n that_o the_o judge_n of_o the_o admiralty_n according_a to_o such_o a_o ancient_a order_n request_n as_o have_v be_v take_v by_o king_n edward_n the_o first_o and_o his_o council_n and_o according_a to_o the_o letter_n patent_n of_o the_o lord_n admiral_n for_o the_o time_n be_v and_o allow_v by_o other_o king_n of_o the_o land_n ever_o since_o and_o by_o custom_n time_n out_o of_o memory_n of_o man_n may_v have_v and_o enjoy_v cognition_n of_o all_o contract_n and_o other_o thing_n rise_v as_o well_o beyond_o as_o upon_o the_o sea_n without_o let_v or_o prohibition_n this_o be_v agree_v upon_o by_o the_o say_a lord_n chief_a justice_n answer_n and_o his_o colleague_n that_o the_o say_a judge_n may_v have_v and_o request_n enjoy_v the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o breach_n of_o charter-party_n make_v betwixt_o master_n of_o ship_n and_o merchant_n for_o voyage_n to_o be_v make_v to_o the_o part_n beyond_o the_o sea_n and_o to_o be_v perform_v upon_o and_o beyond_o the_o sea_n according_a as_o it_o have_v be_v accustom_a time_n out_o of_o mind_n and_o according_a to_o the_o goodâ—_n meaning_n of_o the_o statute_n of_o 32._o of_o henry_n 8._o chap._n 14._o though_o the_o same_o charter-party_n be_v make_v within_o the_o realm_n answer_n this_o be_v likewise_o agree_v upon_o for_o thing_n to_o be_v perform_v either_o upon_o or_o beyond_o the_o sea_n though_o the_o charter-party_n be_v make_v upon_o the_o land_n by_o the_o statute_n of_o 32._o hen._n 8._o cap._n 14._o request_n that_o writ_n of_o corpus_fw-la cum_fw-la causa_fw-la be_v not_o direct_v to_o the_o say_a judge_n in_o cause_n of_o the_o nature_n aforesaid_a and_o if_o any_o happen_v to_o be_v direct_v that_o it_o may_v please_v they_o to_o accept_v of_o the_o return_v thereof_o with_o the_o cause_n and_o not_o the_o body_n as_o it_o have_v always_o be_v accustom_v answer_n if_o any_o writ_n of_o this_o nature_n be_v direct_v in_o the_o cause_n before_o specify_v they_o be_v content_a to_o return_v the_o body_n again_o to_o the_o lord_n admiral_n gaol_n upon_o certificate_n of_o the_o cause_n to_o be_v such_o or_o if_o it_o be_v for_o contempt_n or_o disobedience_n to_o the_o court_n in_o any_o such_o cause_n touch_v the_o resolution_n of_o all_o the_o judge_n 8._o caroli_n it_o may_v be_v consider_v that_o in_o the_o presence_n of_o the_o king_n majesty_n and_o twenty_o three_o lord_n and_o other_o of_o his_o majesty_n council_n they_o be_v subscribe_v unto_o by_o all_o the_o judge_n viz._n thomas_n richardson_n robert_n heath_n humphrey_n dawenport_n john_n denham_n richard_n hutton_n william_n jones_n george_n crook_n thomas_n trevor_n james_n weston_n robert_n barkley_n francis_n crawly_n and_o also_o by_o henry_n martin_n judge_n of_o the_o admiralty_n and_o william_n noy_n the_o attorney_n general_a and_o the_o transcript_n thereof_o be_v order_v to_o be_v enter_v in_o the_o register_n of_o the_o council_n cause_n and_o the_o original_a to_o remain_v in_o the_o council_n chest_n 18._o feb._n 1632._o sir_n edward_n cook_n concern_v the_o answer_n and_o resolution_n of_o the_o judge_n to_o those_o thing_n which_o he_o call_v articuli_fw-la cleri_fw-la 3_o jacob_n say_v that_o although_o they_o be_v not_o enact_v by_o the_o authority_n of_o parliament_n as_o the_o statute_n of_o articuli_fw-la cleri_fw-la in_o the_o 9_o of_o edwaâ—â—_n 2._o be_v yet_o be_v resolve_v unanimous_o by_o all_o the_o judge_n of_o england_n and_o the_o baron_n of_o the_o exchequer_n they_o be_v for_o matter_n of_o law_n of_o high_a authority_n next_o unto_o the_o court_n of_o parliament_n and_o it_o may_v be_v think_v that_o these_o resolution_n of_o all_o the_o judge_n touch_v the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o admiralty_n aught_o to_o be_v of_o no_o low_a esteem_n the_o rather_o for_o that_o the_o unanimity_n of_o all_o the_o judge_n to_o the_o former_a must_v be_v take_v upon_o the_o credit_n alone_o of_o sir_n edward_n cook_n but_o as_o to_o the_o latter_a the_o evidence_n thereof_o do_v appear_v by_o the_o joint_a subscription_n of_o all_o before_o name_v which_o be_v likewise_o attest_v by_o sir_n george_n crook_n who_o be_v one_o of_o they_o who_o in_o his_o report_n of_o hillary_n term_v 8_o caroli_n under_o the_o title_n of_o resolution_n upon_o cause_n of_o admiral_n jurisdiction_n write_v that_o it_o be_v agree_v as_o follow_v first_o if_o suit_n shall_v be_v commence_v in_o the_o court_n of_o admiralty_n for_o contract_n or_o other_o thing_n personal_o do_v beyond_o the_o sea_n no_o prohibition_n be_v to_o be_v
award_v second_o if_o suit_n be_v before_o the_o admiral_n for_o freight_n or_o mariner_n wage_n or_o for_o breach_n of_o charter-party_n for_o voyage_n to_o be_v make_v beyond_o the_o sea_n though_o the_o charter-party_n happen_v to_o be_v make_v within_o the_o realm_n so_o as_o the_o penalty_n be_v not_o demand_v a_o prohibition_n be_v not_o to_o be_v grant_v but_o if_o the_o suit_n be_v for_o penalty_n or_o if_o question_n be_v make_v whether_o the_o charter-party_n be_v make_v or_o no_o or_o whether_o the_o plaintiff_n do_v release_v or_o otherwise_o discharge_v the_o same_o within_o the_o realm_n this_o be_v to_o be_v try_v in_o the_o king_n court_n and_o not_o in_o the_o admiralty_n three_o if_o suit_n be_v in_o the_o admiralty_n for_o building_n amend_v save_v or_o necessary_a victual_v of_o a_o ship_n against_o the_o ship_n itself_o and_o not_o against_o any_o party_n by_o name_n but_o such_o as_o for_o his_o interest_n make_v himself_o a_o party_n no_o prohibition_n be_v to_o be_v grant_v though_o this_o be_v do_v within_o the_o realm_n four_o although_o of_o some_o cause_n arise_v upon_o the_o thames_n beneath_o the_o bridge_n and_o divers_a other_o river_n beneath_o the_o first_o bridge_n the_o king_n court_n have_v conusance_n yet_o the_o admiral_n also_o have_v jurisdiction_n there_o in_o the_o point_n especial_o mention_v in_o the_o statute_n of_o 15._o of_o richard_n 2._o and_o also_o by_o exposition_n and_o equity_n thereof_o he_o may_v inquire_v of_o and_o redress_v all_o annoyance_n and_o obstruction_n that_o be_v or_o may_v be_v any_o impediment_n to_o navigation_n and_o passage_n to_o or_o from_o the_o sea_n and_o also_o to_o try_v personal_a contract_n and_o injury_n do_v there_o which_o concern_v navigation_n on_o the_o sea_n and_o no_o prohibition_n be_v to_o be_v grant_v in_o such_o case_n five_o if_o any_o be_v imprison_v and_o upon_o habeas_fw-la corpus_fw-la bring_v it_o be_v certify_v that_o any_o of_o these_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o his_o imprisonment_n the_o party_n shall_v be_v remaund_v subscribe_v the_o 4._o feb._n 1632._o by_o all_o the_o judge_n of_o both_o bench_n sir_n george_n crook_n report_v be_v publish_v by_o sir_n harbotle_n grimston_n be_v approve_v and_o allow_v as_o for_o the_o common_a benefit_n by_o the_o judge_n then_o be_v viz._n by_o john_n glynn_n oliver_n st._n john_n edward_n atkins_n robert_n nicholas_n matthew_n hales_n hugh_n windham_n peter_n warburton_n and_o john_n parker_n it_o may_v be_v presume_v that_o what_o so_o many_o person_n eminent_a both_o for_o their_o place_n and_o also_o for_o their_o knowledge_n of_o the_o law_n and_o statute_n of_o the_o realm_n do_v so_o deliberate_o and_o cautious_o resolve_v upon_o and_o other_o of_o like_a quality_n have_v countenance_v aught_o to_o be_v receive_v and_o respect_v as_o sufficient_a authority_n as_o to_o those_o point_n whereof_o they_o do_v declare_v their_o resolution_n notwithstanding_o the_o confident_a opinion_n of_o any_o other_o either_o private_a or_o singular_a person_n to_o the_o contrary_a and_o that_o the_o king_n majesty_n and_o his_o counsel_n approbation_n be_v add_v thereunto_o shall_v be_v of_o force_n enough_o to_o settle_v all_o doubt_n and_o difference_n concern_v the_o same_o the_o rather_o for_o that_o ancient_o as_o before_o be_v show_v the_o king_n of_o england_n with_o their_o council_n only_o have_v make_v constitution_n concern_v the_o admiralty_n and_o that_o in_o point_n of_o jurisdiction_n and_o it_o be_v apparent_a by_o the_o ancient_a record_n cite_v both_o by_o mr._n selden_n and_o sir_n edward_n cook_n that_o the_o most_o famous_a prince_n king_n edward_z the_o 3._o in_o who_o time_n the_o admiralty_n receive_v its_o chief_a establishment_n in_o the_o 12._o year_n of_o his_o reign_n do_v consult_v and_o advise_v with_o his_o council_n and_o his_o judge_n concern_v the_o same_o and_o it_o may_v seem_v strange_a 2._o that_o whereas_o by_o the_o statute_n of_o the_o 13._o of_o richard_n the_o 2._o who_o act_n be_v insist_v upon_o as_o the_o great_a obstruction_n to_o the_o admiral_n jurisdiction_n the_o king_n council_n alone_o be_v enable_v to_o decide_v what_o belong_v to_o the_o constable_n and_o marshal_n jurisdiction_n the_o king_n himself_o with_o his_o council_n and_o judge_n shall_v not_o have_v as_o much_o power_n to_o determine_v what_o belong_v to_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o his_o admiral_n 8_o that_o the_o court_n and_o judge_n of_o the_o common_a law_n do_v intermeddle_v and_o interrupt_v the_o court_n of_o admiralty_n in_o cause_n proper_o belong_v to_o the_o same_o hitherto_o it_o have_v be_v endeavour_v to_o be_v make_v appear_v that_o the_o proceed_n in_o the_o court_n of_o admiralty_n in_o the_o chief_a point_n in_o difference_n with_o the_o court_n of_o common_a law_n may_v consist_v with_o the_o law_n and_o statute_n of_o the_o realm_n it_o may_v now_o be_v take_v into_o consideration_n how_o far_o the_o proceed_n of_o the_o court_n and_o judge_n of_o the_o common_a law_n in_o intermeddle_v with_o cause_n proper_o belong_v to_o the_o admiralty_n and_o in_o obstruct_v the_o proceed_n of_o that_o court_n may_v be_v justify_v by_o the_o former_a be_v intend_v their_o draw_v of_o such_o cause_n by_o action_n of_o trover_n and_o of_o trespass_n to_o their_o conusance_n by_o the_o late_a their_o disparage_n of_o stipulation_n and_o prescribe_v the_o form_n of_o libel_n in_o such_o cause_n the_o former_a may_v the_o rather_o be_v insist_v upon_o in_o regard_n sir_n edward_n cook_n do_v so_o often_o and_o so_o earnest_o in_o general_n inveigh_v against_o the_o encroach_a of_o the_o court_n of_o admiralty_n upon_o the_o business_n belong_v to_o the_o court_n of_o common_a law_n and_o in_o particular_a where_o he_o charge_v that_o in_o the_o bless_a time_n of_o peace_n those_o who_o belong_v to_o that_o court_n want_v business_n proper_a to_o that_o jurisdiction_n do_v encroach_v upon_o matter_n belong_v to_o the_o king_n court_n lest_o they_o shall_v sit_v idle_a and_o have_v nothing_o to_o do_v the_o like_a practice_n of_o encroach_a being_n far_o more_o unexcusable_a in_o those_o who_o belong_v to_o the_o king_n court_n which_o do_v always_o abound_v with_o business_n sufficient_a for_o the_o same_o concern_v the_o action_n of_o trover_n among_o the_o grievance_n complain_v of_o by_o the_o admiral_n 8_o jacob_n it_o be_v present_v in_o the_o first_o place_n that_o whereas_o the_o conusance_n of_o all_o contract_n and_o other_o thing_n do_v on_o the_o sea_n belong_v to_o the_o admiral_n jurisdiction_n the_o same_o be_v make_v triable_a at_o the_o common_a law_n by_o suppose_v the_o same_o to_o have_v be_v do_v in_o cheapside_n or_o such_o place_n and_o under_o favour_n the_o answer_n thereunto_o be_v neither_o clear_a nor_o direct_v nor_o to_o the_o purpose_n for_o the_o ground_n of_o that_o answer_n be_v lay_v that_o the_o admiral_n have_v no_o conusance_n of_o any_o thing_n do_v within_o any_o county_n it_o be_v say_v that_o it_o be_v not_o material_a whether_o the_o place_n be_v upon_o the_o water_n infra_fw-la fluxum_fw-la aquae_fw-la but_o whether_o it_o be_v upon_o any_o water_n within_o the_o county_n wherefore_o it_o be_v acknowledge_v that_o of_o thing_n do_v upon_o the_o sea_n out_o of_o any_o county_n the_o admiral_n ought_v to_o have_v jurisdiction_n and_o that_o no_o precedent_n can_v be_v show_v that_o any_o prohibition_n have_v be_v grant_v for_o any_o contract_n plea_n or_o quarrel_n for_o any_o maritine_n cause_n do_v upon_o the_o sea_n in_o this_o answer_v it_o be_v confess_v that_o the_o admiral_n ought_v to_o have_v jurisdiction_n of_o thing_n do_v on_o the_o sea_n and_o that_o no_o prohibition_n have_v be_v grant_v for_o any_o such_o cause_n but_o whether_o by_o the_o supposal_n or_o fiction_n of_o a_o ship_n arrive_v in_o cheapside_n the_o court_n of_o common_a law_n do_v hold_v plea_n of_o thing_n do_v on_o the_o sea_n it_o be_v nether_a confess_v nor_o deny_v much_o less_o be_v there_o any_o reason_n give_v for_o the_o same_o where_o it_o be_v say_v it_o be_v not_o material_a whether_o the_o place_n be_v upon_o the_o water_n infra_fw-la fluxum_fw-la &_o refluxum_fw-la aquae_fw-la but_o whether_o it_o be_v upon_o any_o water_n within_o the_o county_n that_o may_v be_v true_a in_o respect_n that_o it_o be_v suppose_v that_o all_o thing_n do_v in_o the_o county_n belong_v to_o the_o conusance_n of_o the_o common_a law_n but_o when_o the_o place_n where_o a_o thing_n be_v do_v belong_v apparent_o to_o anothe_v jurisdiction_n which_o pretend_v as_o well_o to_o the_o right_n of_o the_o place_n as_o to_o the_o right_n of_o the_o cause_n the_o place_n of_o the_o action_n can_v in_o no_o way_n be_v suppress_v and_o another_o suggest_v in_o the_o room_n thereof_o for_o if_o that_o be_v permit_v the_o one_o jurisdiction_n be_v the_o great_a a_o more_o potent_a
but_o which_o be_v whole_o distinct_a from_o the_o same_o in_o the_o first_o case_n he_o confess_v that_o it_o be_v necessary_a to_o allege_v the_o cause_n of_o action_n to_o arise_v within_o the_o new_a create_a jurisdiction_n because_o prima_fw-la fancy_n nay_o de_fw-la jure_fw-la the_o court_n of_o common_a law_n have_v general_a jurisdiction_n of_o those_o thing_n but_o in_o the_o late_a case_n as_o of_o the_o admiralty_n if_o the_o cause_n be_v maritime_a there_o be_v no_o need_n to_o aver_v it_o to_o have_v be_v do_v upon_o the_o sea_n out_o of_o any_o respect_n to_o the_o court_n of_o common_a law_n for_o that_o it_o do_v not_o tend_v to_o the_o diminution_n of_o any_o of_o those_o court_n and_o for_o confirmation_n thereof_o he_o affirm_v that_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o marshalsey_n stand_v partly_o upon_o the_o statute_n articuli_fw-la super_fw-la chartas_n and_o the_o word_n of_o that_o statute_n be_v as_o restrictive_a as_o any_o word_n of_o the_o statute_n touch_v the_o admiralty_n and_o by_o the_o book_n of_o the_o common_a law_n the_o marshal_n can_v hold_v plea_n in_o some_o case_n unless_o both_o party_n be_v of_o the_o king_n household_n nor_o in_o any_o case_n unless_o one_o of_o the_o party_n be_v so_o yet_o it_o be_v resolve_v that_o the_o declaration_n be_v good_a although_o it_o be_v not_o aver_v therein_o that_o any_o of_o the_o party_n be_v of_o the_o household_n and_o therefore_o a_o fortiori_fw-la it_o be_v not_o necessary_a in_o the_o admiralty_n to_o specify_v in_o the_o libel_n the_o thing_n to_o have_v be_v do_v super_fw-la alto_fw-mi mari_fw-fr the_o admiralty_n jurisdiction_n be_v more_o distinct_a from_o the_o common_a law_n than_o that_o of_o the_o court_n of_o marshalsey_n that_o the_o trial_n of_o cause_n concern_v navigation_n and_o trade_n in_o the_o court_n of_o admiralty_n 9_o be_v more_o commodious_a for_o the_o subject_n and_o kingdom_n of_o england_n than_o in_o the_o court_n of_o common_a law_n how_o much_o the_o maintenance_n and_o advancement_n of_o navigation_n and_o trade_n by_o sea_n concern_v the_o kingdom_n and_o subject_n thereof_o sir_n edward_n cook_n deliver_v 28._o who_o say_v that_o trade_n and_o traffic_n be_v the_o livelihood_n of_o a_o merchant_n and_o the_o life_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n wherein_o the_o kingdom_n and_o every_o subject_a have_v interest_n for_o the_o merchant_n be_v the_o good_a bailiff_n of_o the_o realm_n to_o export_v and_o vent_v the_o native_a commodity_n and_o to_o import_n and_o bring_v in_o the_o necessary_a commodity_n for_o the_o defence_n and_o benefit_n of_o the_o realm_n so_o much_o be_v confirm_v by_o several_a act_n of_o parliament_n frame_v by_o common_a consent_n of_o the_o kingdom_n the_o statute_n of_o the_o 32._o of_o henry_n the_o 8._o chap._n 24._o set_v forth_o that_o it_o be_v notorious_o know_v that_o the_o realm_n of_o england_n for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v environ_v with_o the_o sea_n so_o that_o the_o subject_n can_v convey_v and_o transport_v their_o ware_n merchandize_n and_o commodity_n by_o land_n but_o only_o by_o ship_n and_o that_o the_o navy_n and_o multitude_n of_o ship_n of_o the_o realm_n be_v very_o commodious_a and_o necessary_a as_o well_o for_o the_o intercourse_n and_o concourse_n of_o merchant_n convey_v and_o transport_v their_o ware_n and_o merchandize_n and_o a_o great_a defence_n and_o security_n to_o this_o realm_n as_o well_o to_o offend_v and_o defend_v as_o also_o for_o the_o maintenance_n of_o many_o master_n mariner_n and_o seaman_n and_o also_o have_v be_v the_o chief_a maintenance_n and_o supportation_n of_o city_n town_n havens_n and_o creek_n near_o adjoin_v unto_o the_o seacoast_n likewise_o that_o of_o the_o 43._o of_o elizabeth_n chap._n 12._o declare_v that_o it_o have_v always_o be_v the_o policy_n of_o this_o realm_n by_o all_o good_a mean_n to_o comfort_n and_o encourage_v the_o merchant_n thereby_o to_o advance_v the_o general_a wealth_n of_o this_o realm_n the_o king_n custom_n and_o strength_n of_o ship_n etc._n etc._n 37._o it_o have_v be_v former_o observe_v that_o for_o the_o encouragement_n of_o those_o who_o maintain_v trade_n by_o sea_n in_o all_o nation_n and_o state_n there_o have_v be_v special_a judge_n appoint_v to_o hear_v and_o determine_v cause_n concern_v trade_n and_o affair_n of_o the_o sea_n and_o it_o may_v be_v further_o note_v that_o such_o judge_n have_v be_v direct_v to_o proceed_v at_o such_o time_n and_o in_o such_o manner_n as_o may_v best_o consist_v with_o the_o opportunity_n of_o trade_n and_o least_o hinder_v or_o detain_v man_n from_o their_o employment_n â—_o among_o the_o grecian_n as_o at_o athens_n it_o be_v provide_v that_o all_o suit_n betwixt_o seaman_n and_o merchant_n shall_v be_v determine_v in_o those_o vacation_n when_o the_o sea_n be_v bar_v or_o in_o those_o month_n when_o navigation_n be_v restrain_v so_o much_o be_v confirm_v by_o salmatius_n eo_fw-la tempore_fw-la quo_fw-la oritur_fw-la arcturus_n navigationes_fw-la svas_fw-la ut_fw-la plurimum_fw-la desinebant_fw-la mercatores_fw-la domumque_fw-la redibant_fw-la boedromion_n quip_n mensis_fw-la qui_fw-la septembri_n respondet_fw-la quo_fw-la tempore_fw-la ferè_fw-la arcturus_n oritur_fw-la terminus_fw-la erat_fw-la navigationum_fw-la atticarum_fw-la ideo_fw-la ab_fw-la eo_fw-la mense_fw-la munichiâ—nem_fw-la usque_fw-la quo_fw-la mense_fw-la iterum_fw-la se_fw-la mari_fw-fr committebant_fw-la ac_fw-la vela_fw-la dabunt_fw-la mercatores_fw-la athenienses_fw-la in_o urbe_fw-la desidebant_fw-la &_o light_n svas_fw-la disceptabant_fw-la ut_fw-la videre_fw-la est_fw-la apud_fw-la demosthenem_fw-la adversus_fw-la apaturium_fw-la cujacius_n among_o the_o roman_n likewise_o for_o the_o better_a dispatch_n of_o cause_n concern_v sea-business_n the_o judge_n be_v order_v to_o proceed_v levato_fw-la velo_fw-la and_o de_fw-fr plano_fw-la without_o that_o solemnity_n and_o formality_n which_o be_v use_v in_o ordinary_a court_n and_o cause_n so_o in_o italy_n spain_n and_o france_n the_o judge_n proceed_v in_o cause_n concern_v the_o sea_n summary_o and_o in_o a_o more_o compendious_a way_n than_o other_o judge_n use_v and_o the_o like_a as_o sir_n john_n davies_n relate_v have_v seem_v to_o the_o wisdom_n of_o this_o kingdom_n our_o parliament_n say_v he_o have_v not_o only_o make_v extraordinary_a provision_n for_o a_o more_o speedy_a recovery_n of_o debt_n due_a unto_o merchant_n for_o their_o merchandize_n than_o be_v provide_v by_o our_o common_a law_n as_o appear_v by_o the_o statute_n of_o acton_n burnel_n make_v the_o 11._o of_o edward_n 1._o and_o the_o statute_n de_fw-fr mercatoribus_fw-la make_v the_o 13._o of_o edward_n 1._o but_o also_o have_v allow_v a_o court_n of_o proceed_n in_o case_n of_o merchant_n different_a from_o the_o course_n of_o our_o common_a law_n for_o by_o the_o statute_n of_o the_o 27._o of_o edw._n 3._o cap._n 2._o it_o be_v declare_v that_o the_o proceed_n in_o cause_n of_o merchant_n shall_v be_v from_o day_n to_o day_n and_o from_o hour_n to_o hour_n according_a to_o the_o law_n of_o the_o staple_n and_o not_o according_a to_o the_o course_n of_o the_o common_a law_n and_o by_o another_o article_n in_o the_o same_o parliament_n that_o all_o merchant_n come_v to_o the_o staple_n shall_v be_v rule_v by_o law-merchant_n touch_v all_o thing_n come_v to_o the_o staple_n and_o not_o by_o the_o common_a law_n of_o the_o land_n and_o by_o another_o article_n that_o neither_o any_o of_o the_o bench_n nor_o any_o of_o the_o judge_n of_o the_o common_a law_n shall_v have_v any_o jurisdiction_n in_o those_o case_n to_o which_o may_v be_v add_v the_o statute_n of_o 32_o of_o hen._n 8._o chap._n 15._o and_o of_o the_o 43_o of_o elizabeth_n chap._n 12._o which_o direct_v that_o such_o cause_n betwixt_o seaman_n and_o merchant_n shall_v be_v order_v summary_o and_o without_o delay_n and_o as_o in_o discretion_n shall_v seem_v most_o convenient_a all_o which_o be_v and_o may_v be_v observe_v in_o the_o court_n of_o the_o admiralty_n which_o in_o many_o cause_n proceed_v at_o any_o time_n and_o in_o all_o cause_n summary_o and_o according_a to_o equity_n but_o neither_o be_v nor_o can_v be_v observe_v in_o court_n of_o common_a law_n which_o be_v open_v only_o in_o term_n time_n and_o proceed_v in_o a_o ordinary_a and_o strict_a way_n second_o for_o the_o advantage_n of_o those_o who_o use_v navigation_n and_o trade_n by_o sea_n the_o law-merchant_n and_o law_n of_o the_o sea_n admit_v of_o divers_a thing_n not_o agreeable_a to_o the_o common_a law_n of_o the_o realm_n which_o may_v be_v better_o insist_v on_o in_o the_o court_n of_o admiralty_n than_o in_o the_o court_n of_o the_o common_a law_n so_o much_o be_v likewise_o declare_v by_o sir_n john_n davyes_n relate_v several_a instance_n to_o that_o purpose_n 1._o if_o two_o merchant_n say_v he_o be_v joint_a owner_n or_o partner_n of_o merchandize_n which_o they_o have_v acquire_v by_o a_o joint_a contract_n the_o one_o shall_v have_v a_o action_n of_o