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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A11048	The courtiers academie comprehending seuen seuerall dayes discourses: wherein be discussed, seuen noble and important arguments, worthy by all gentlemen to be perused. 1 Of beautie. 2 Of humane loue. 3 Of honour. 4 Of combate and single fight. 5 Of nobilitie. 6 Of riches. 7 Of precedence of letters or armes originally written in Italian by Count Haniball Romei, a gentleman of Ferrara, and translated into English by I.K.; Discorsi. English	Romei, Annibale, conte, 16th cent.; Keper, John, b. 1546 or 7, attributed name.; I. K.	1598 (1598)	STC 21311; ESTC S116155	207,844	304

which may manifestly appeare vnto you seeing a man brings nobilitie from his mothers womb but so can he not bring with him either the Empire or Popedome ech of these degrees being disposed by election and not by succession but a man may be borne a Marques a Duke or a King speaking of such principalities and kingdomes as come by succession And though Emperours goe before Kings and the Pope not only before Kings but also before the Emperour himselfe of this nobilitie is not the cause but their dignitie the which noteth in those subiects so great excellencie of vertue as is woorthy of all supereminencie Howe can it be replied Gualinguo but if the Emperour and Pope haue prerogatiue to distribute the greatest titles of nobilitie considering they may make Counties Marquesses Dukes and Kings that they should not be noble yea and most noble themselues And Varano I proued vnto you by liuely reasons that no Prince how mighty soeuer can giue nobilitie although he may adorne and amplifie it with titles enfeosments and honors which be the rewards not so much of nobilitie as vertue but if I shoulde graunt you that the Emperour or Pope might make an other man noble yet coulde you not conclude for this that they were to be recounted in the number of those noble for the Sunne also is of power to produce heate in these inferiour bodies yet the Sunne if wee will giue credite to the Philosopher is not hote himselfe Very wel said Gual I now vnderstand you your meaning is that the Emperor and be noble virtually but not formally to vse these scholastical termes which hath no other signification but that they in one sort more excellent the those noble themselues possesse nobilitie as they that haue the authoritie to create augment Nobilitie and for this I rest satisfied although I desire yet to vnderstand somewhat further whether in euerie one of these orders of nobilitie there bee degrees of more and lesse or if all those that are of the selfe same degree and order be equally noble so that amongst them no precedence occurreth In that those noble of the selfesame order answered Varano when they meete togither cannot set all vpō one seat nor be comprehended in one place circuite being necessarie that one must needes sit on the right hand another on the left one aboue and another vnderneath so is it requisite for the giuing of due place to euerie one that some circumstances of better and worse bee considered which circumstance and difference for all this shall not bee specificall nor change the nature or substance of the thing but rather be vniuersall and general to all the orders of Nobilitie And surely it is verie conuenient that amongst priuate gentlemen there be no account at al made of this difference or precedence for besides the decency for yong men to giue place to the elders it is further liberal education and noble courtesie for one Gentleman to honour another labouring euer to assigne him the superiour place but amongst great princes there is speciall returning made of it and often times question is mooued touching preeminence And what is the difference sayde Gualinguo In my iudgement answered Varano the differences are of two sorts which in al orders of Nobilitie be worthie to be equally counterpeased and whereunto in al reason preeminence is to be giuen one is antiquity of bloud that is the number of worthie predecessors the other is that Nobility which is termed the foure discentes that is of those who discend from foure generations not onely of men but also of women noble and this kind of nobilitie is so highly esteemed in Spaine as that the Catholike King giueth the Knighthoode or order of Saint Iames to none but such noble as besides the demerite of their owne proper vertue proue also this lineal discention Gualinguo replied no more and signior Hercules now weary of discoursing thinking he had sufficiently satisfied the Queenes commaundement would haue giuen place to some other recreation and contentment but the Queene beckened to Signior Antonio Barisano called the Greeke to come before her who being ariued that day stoode by in a corner of the roome to heare this argument and smiling commanded him that hee also should moue some doubt and oppugne Signior Hercules This man is an honorable Cittizen of Scio who after the Turkes occupying of that Iland not being able to endure the hard seruitude of these Barbarians came into Italie and knowne in Ferrara for one learned hee was intertained by his highnes with a stipend and had the publike reading of the greeke tongue committed vnto him and further being of pleasant and iocund conuersatiō as one that taketh great delight in facet iestes being audatious to vtter his opinion in any argument hee is therefore most acceptable to all the nobilitie of the cittie but especially to women hauing therfore done dutie to the Queene he spake after this sort It were easie for me most famous Queene it hauing beene very doubtfull to contradict whatsoeuer hath beene deliuered by signior Hercules but because it wanteth not much of supper time I will only alleadge how I cannot tollerate that women being most imperfect creatures should haue any part in nobilitie as he rather like a sicophant and slatterer then a sincere approouer of truth without any shame at all hath affirmed he to himselfe knowing very wel that he speaketh both against reason and common vse which acknowledge nobilitie from no other but the man and that deseruedly for the female if the philosopher be worthy of credit is no other then an imperfect male framed through the error of nature who intendeth euer to fashion male a woman compared to a man hath the like proportion as there is betwixt sence and reason and to argue somewhat more effectually it is a thing certaine by the same philosopher affirmed that in generatiō of mā male giueth forme and female matter this conclusion also in al vniuersities is receiued that al deformitie and imperfection in any thing generate proceedeth from matter as on the contrary all good properties depend on forme neither for any other respect are incorporeal substances excellenter than those corporeal but that these with matter are conioynd the other from it altogether separate which being true how can it be affirmed that a woman who by administring matter is the cause of al imperfectiō shuld giue to a man the least shadow of nobilitie That a woman hath no part in nobility that she wholy dependeth on the man the lawes and records of Roman Emperors do confirme and amongst other there is a text in Vlpine where we reade that husbandes bring their wiues excellent dignitie as also their fathers doe the like while they com to be maried with men of common sort besides this there is a record of Antony that the women born of Consolar or Pretorian fathers may retaine the gentilitie of their stocke being maried to

confirme their speeches by swearing by the faith of a Gentleman this making mee doubtful and sometimes absolutely to beleeue that to call a Gentleman dooth not properly signifie noble but rather and honest man and of gentle customes And Varauo Touching your first demand I am of opinion that this word Gentle was deriued from the Latine as also the greater part of those termes which in our vulgar tong wee commonly vse For gentle among the Latins signifieth as much as of the selfesame familie and in like maner they were called gentle who had the selfesame name as we reade in Cicero who speaking of Tullius Hostilius calleth him gentle and writeth in his Topickes that they be gentle who amongst themselues are of one name and haue their originall from free men whose predecessors haue neuer indured seruitude Whereuppon wee may gather that this woorde gentle agreeth with no other but with persons of noble families And therefore I iudge that this worde which in olde time signified thus much that this man was noble together with him of such a familie and these men were noble with those of another familie enlarging now somewhat his signification generally noteth vnto vs that one noble is somwhat more and as amongst them they were called gentle who descended of noble familie so now those noble are called Gentlemen so that wee may conclude the name of gentleman to be proper to him noble and that to one ignoble it can no wayes be applied To the second demand notwithstanding Dant Petrarch and Boccace haue indifferently vsed these two terms Noble and Gentle yet do I make some difference betwixt them and holde opinion that the name of gentleman hath a farre more restrained signification than this word noble and that a gentleman is he who by the Philosopher is called Geneos as much as to say gouernours in whom appeares not only the vertue of kinde but also that of his proper selfe for though as I saide the name gentle is proper to him noble yet without vertue he shal euer be an vnworthy possessor thereof and therefore I thus conclude that the man noble without vertue and he vertuous without nobilitie can neuer properly be termed a gentleman Then as your conclusion standeth with reason said Strozza so doe I coniecture that the number of true Gentlemen is very small whereas on the contrary the multitude of them is infinite who vsurpe this title being not onely men noble vitious and the ignoble vertuous but also whosoeuer by meane of wealth can liue idlely although hee bee most ignoble and vitious professeth himselfe a gentleman so that if any man should obiect vnto him Thou arte not a Gentleman presently as if hee had receiued some notable iniurie he would make answer with the lye neither would he refuse combate vpon this quarel as being perswaded that hee fought in a iust cause Your opinion sayd Varano is conformable to that the Philosopher sayeth which is that all men in wordes vsurpe vertue and nobilitie but of such as be truely noble and good there is not twentie in any one place to be found This demaund of Count Palla pleased al the knights and gentlemen very well and the answere thereunto of Varano was highly commended When Caualiere Gualing You hitherto Signior Hercules haue so plentifully and particularly discoursed of nobilitie as from this day forward we may thinke that there remaineth not any thing further which vpon this argument can bee produced yet for al this shall I not bee fully satisfied if you set not downe some distinct insormation of the degrees of Nobilitie for that is no true nor sufficient cause of ones beeing more noble than another in that the antiquitie and number of his predecessors is the greater as in the beginning it appeereth you would haue inferred for being so it would follow that a priuate gentleman whose bloud were more auntient than that of a King or Duke should then either king or duke be more noble the which as an inconuenience to some wold neuer be yeelded you I desire you therfore touching this point to runne ouer the degrees of nobilitie Varano made answer It appeareth to be a subiect proper vnto the Ciuilians for a parte of iustice being conuersant in in distributing punishments rewards and honours it is requisite that the Ciuilians vnderstand distinctly and discusse of degrees of nobilitie to the end that with geometrical and equall proportion they may conferre their dignities titles and preeminences whereof Nobilitie seemeth principally worthie Notwithstanding to giue you satisfaction building vppon my foundations I diuide nobility into fiue degrees or orders The first ascending is them noble who hauing taken original of riches indifferent vertue neuer encreased nor diminished are called priuate Gentlemen The second is of those who are honored further with noble enfeofments as also with iurisdiction and title of Counts The third haue equall iurisdiction with title somewhat more eminent and are called Marquesses The fourth is the dignitie of Dukes the fift and highest is that of Kings These degrees haue amongst themselues like proportion of nobilitie as in them of vertue there is supposed Seeing honours prerogatiues are imparted to nobilitie correspondent to the vertue which in their kind is presumed to bee the first degree therefore grounded on indifferent vertue is iuferior to all the rest and the last wherein vertue heroycall is supposed being that of kings called for the same reason by Homer shepheards of people is most superiour the other three bee part inferiour part superiour seeing the second more noble then the first must giue place to the third fourth and fift the third superiour to the first and second shall giue preeminence to the fourth and fift the fourth before the other three inferiors shall yeede preeminence to the fift If I conceiue you rightly added Gualinguo you would say that priuate Gentlemen must giue place to Countes Counts to Marquesses Marquesses to Dukes Dukes to Kings and this standeth with reason Although in Germany it may bee through abuse Countes goe before Marquesses as also in the kingdome of Naples Princes before dukes To this title of Prince said Varano I haue ascribed no particular degree of nobilitie considering it is an attribution to al great Lords that distinguisheth not one potētate from another but the prince from his subiects if it be particularly ascribed it agreeth as seemes to the eldest sons of kings and Dukes I beleeue also said Gualinguo that not without some special reason you haue omitted the principallest degree of Nobilitie whereunto all those noble and most noble doe willingly giue place and that is the degrees of the Emperour and Pope The Emperour as Emperour and the hie priest as Pope cannot concurre answered Varano with the definition of nobilitie nor make any order of nobilitie and I say as Emperor or Pope For there is no impediment but that one chosen Emperour or Pope may come of royal and most noble stocke

facultie cannot likewise be aumbred amongst the morall vertues For the Philosopher discussing of that particular vertue called Iustice saieth that it is conuersant about iustice distributrue and commutatiue that is in placing rewarde and punishments and reducing contractes and permutations to equallitie And this vertue beeing well considered in her foundation is not proper to Lawyers but vnto Law-giuers For the Lawyer or Cruilian is about three things conuersant To interprete the written lawes To aunsweare according to Lawe And to iudge aunswerable to the Lawes or according vnto those customes which by inueteration are of like force and vigour as the Lawes Out of this wee may drawe a conclusion conformable to the Philosopher that the written Lawe is a silent Lawe And the Lawyer is no other but the liuely or speaking Law and so consequently that the vertue of Iustice dependeth not on him but on the Lawgiuer and Law The Philosopher affirmeth that there be three conditions or qualities of men some distrusting authoritie yeeld onely to reason Others not Very capable of reason easily rest satisfied in authoritie And a third sort who incapable of reason do likewise contemne the authoritie of the wise and as these last of all other be the worst and the second giue proof but of a dul conceit so the first note a most eminent and pregnant wit and such are the Philosophers speculatiue who seeke after trueth and not authoritie And the Captains in war be those who despising other mens authoritie are gouerned only by reasō among the second sort lawyers are recounted whose doctrine is wholy grounded vpon authoritie therfore they were wont to say that one is not worthy to be heard that speaketh without authority and out of this a maxime may be gathered that Lawyers of themselues know nothing but that their knowledge dependeth vppon other mens opinions so that many times when they woulde answere or determine wythout hauing any eye to the force of reason where there is no written Lawe they fall a reciting their opinions who haue scribled a number of Booke cases and for the most part tie themselues thereunto as to a most certaine and infallible rule And the confusion of these Doctourshippes is so great who haue written rather for gayne and oftentation then through any zeale of iustice as that often amongst themselues they pleade not what is most reasonable and iust but what is most vsuall and common a thing surely worthy of diuision and also compassion as though the opinion of ten ignorant were more to be esteemed then the sentēce of foure wise mē whether these sort of learned most renowmed Lady shoulde precede warriours who with notified valour adorne their countries with a thousand Troupes administer argument to writets to immortalize themselues and consecrate vnto memorie martiall proceedings and magnanimous attempts it is easie to iudge By that which hath beene spoken it is clearely manifest that Signior Cati setteth foorth lawes with the person of the Lawgiuers vnto whome they bring princes and men heroycall it shall not bee greatly inconuenient that armed men giue place seeing these determine and command the wars as also determine the place of Generals in an armie and not Ciuilians as hee constantly affirmeth except peraduenture hee meane that it is all one to commaunde ouer Souldiours as ouer executions or the minister of iustice this being a proper office of ciuilians This truth may be conceiued by the description the philosopher maketh of his excellent wel ordained commonwealth wherin he diuideth the Citizens into foure orders that is Warriours Senators iudges priestes and describing their offices he calleth not the souldiers by this brutish terrne of dogs but maintainers defenders and ministers of iust warres and to the Senator hee allotieth administration and gouernment of things publike And these men it concerneth to determine of warre or peace to these souldiours giue place for in such a degree they are to be reputed as Lords princes And to Iudges who are no other then ciuilians or lawyers belongeth the office of determining and deciding controuersie The priests who are the ancientest reduced as it wer to their last most perfect end he assigneth the care of things holy And wee must obserue that althogh to frame a city of it self sufficient there be many cōditions of men required notwithstanding to fashion a commonwealth the philosophers minde is that these foure orders should suffice and hee altogether excludes those mechanical degrees which practise sordide base professions as those who of vertue are incapable the rather being instrumentes then parte of a cittie If therfore authoritie grounded on effectuall reason bee worthy of credit it cannot bee true that ciuilians in a cittie are as Rhethoritians neither that their office is to command ouer Warriors although their authoritie stretcheth to command ouer sergeantes and executioners for they sit to iudge and determine controuersies not to gouern publike affaires yet is this no impediment but that a Lawier may haue place in the Senate be in the number of Rhethoritians when he shal not only vnderstād that which Vlpian teacheth but shal further possesse a part of those singular vertues wherewith Signior Cati is adorned and al these most excellent Ciuilians out of doubt most worthy councellors of our thrise illustrous Prince Seeing vnto these the name of Lawgiuers rather agreeth then ciuilians or Lawyers Signior Cati further inferreth that of lawes lawyers the benefit is much more vniuersall then that of armes and souldiers seeing Lawes assist the whole world and armes benefit but one citie or a Prince alone and that the benefit of the lawes is euer without other detriment but armes cannot pleasure without others offence we haue sufficiently declared that armes vniuersally are beneficial if they be moued vndertaken with iustice that God him self by his owne mouth commandeth warres as also that iust victorie is no lesse profitable to the vanquished thā victors For they vanquished are by it reduced to a better life for if armes were wicked because of offending others the like should the lawes bee which cannot bee executed without bloud The lawes commaund that menquellers bee slaine quarrellers and wounders to bee recompenced with the like measure that theeues adulterers sacrilegious and finally all malefactors be bitterly punished notwithstanding because this is done through zeale of iustice and that the good may inioy peace those laws are good as also the Lawyers if with iustice they execute them but if they bee vniust they doo more hurte then wicked souldiours for souldiers preserue their friends and by all euill meanes offende their enemies whereas couetous and auaricious Lawyers by giuing hope of safetie to their friendes haue no other drift or intention but to gnaw them euen to the bones And to speake truth of all sortes of men the vniust Lawyer is most pernitious I could alleadge most illustrons Ladie many other reasons to manifest that Lawyers though they bee woorthie of honour yet are they not therefore to be preferred before souldiers but because I see my ship now approaching neere her port passing ouer to custome common vse I affirme thus much that Dukes Kings and Emperours themselues are called Knights but neuer Doctors and armed in Iusts Turneyes and also in the middest of the fielde in Battaile they shewe themselues amongst warriours but in assemblies and Courts of Ciuilians Lawyers or other learned they neuer present themselues for disputation sake and this for no other cause but in that the exercise of armes is proper to great and mightie men and more honourable then that of Letters Do we not further see that in solemnities and ceremonies where precedence is specially regarded that great Captaines and men of warre go nearer the person of the king or Emperor then Secretaries Chancellors or Councellors although they bee great Doctors and maruailous learned men this beeing a manifest signe that of the same Kings or Emperours Armes are farre more highly esteemed then Letters and Souldiers then Doctours But if nothing els sufficed the iudgement of women euer infallible might serue for certaine proofe that warriours are more to bee esteemed then Doctours we seeing that the greater parte of women are rather carried away with the loue of knights then men learned neither can the ioy be imagined which they feele in their hearts when they see their louers appeare in Iusts or Turneyes armed with their embleames and fanours by them giuen and for their sakes to arme themselues breake launces and runne theyr gallant steedes and Coursers So that greeue it you not Signior Cati to rest content in common sentēce approbation and to leaue vnto vs warriours the highest degree of honor seeing wee haue both obtained and preserued it not with writings or vaine words but with true valor labour and bloud putting your selfe in mind of Milciades answere who deruaunded which was worthiest of greater estimation Homer the great learned man or Achilles the noble warriour so much more sayde he is Achilles to be valued aboue Homer as is the Conquerour more then hee who with sound of trumpet publisheth his victorie Here Signior Giulio Caesare stayed and Signior Cati minding to replie whome preualent reasons failed not for defence of Lawyers the Queene with her finger imposed filence and commanded the noble Ladie Countesse that shee should pronounce her sentence who after a little meditation censured in this manner We hauing heard and well considered the reasons both of one and other partie do determine that Ciuill honour which is the reward of excellent and heroycall actions ought more specially to be yeelded to men of martiall profession and that veneration proper to things diuine befitteth the wise and learned but reforming better this our definitiue sentence lette vs enact that watriours be esteemed honorable and doctours reuerend This deepe iudicial sentence of the Lady countesse was by al the standers by admired And with this issuing out of the Barge and mounted in sumptuous Coaches the Ladies and Knights hauing accompanied the Duke and Ladie Duchesse to the Pallace they all departed to their seuerall houses FINIS

the same maner as Phydias was said to be wise and excellent which was only in the art of Grauing he spoke well In like maner he is deceiued if he beleeue that the man valorous accompanied with vices may of himselfe bee founder of Nobilitie and I say of himselfe in that by accident he is not forbidden such an one leauing riches power to his posterity by meane of which they may with honor exercise vertue and liberal Arts. Your opinion said Brancaccio is conformable to my humour and grounded vpon preualent reasons For if by nobilitie wee suppose an inclination vnto vertue in him noble it beeing likely that from the better better still springs if he first had beene wicked both supposition and proposition would be false For from one not good another good should take his originall but according to my obseruation this worde valor seemeth properly to be vsurped in those vses appertaining to warre so that when we say he is valorous or of valour presently we vnderstand it in Armes Arte Military answered Varano as it hath euer beene of all others the most noble and honorable so those who make profession of bearing armes notwithstanding for the most parte they be menquellers and most wicked vsurpe not onely the name and title of valorous but also of honest men as though it were all one to be valiant with armes in hand and be an honest man but as it is false that one wicked by being valorous may be good so is it as falfe that he may be termed a man of valor Signior Guilio Caesare confirmd this saying the Count Scandiano doubted after this maner You signior Hercules amongest the principall properties of Nobilitie haue placed not onely renowne of auncesters but also of Country as though the property of anciēt famous bloud were not sufficient notwithstanding one were borne in a small village to illustrate and make noble a progenie but if we turne ouer ancient and moderne Recordes we shall finde most noble and famous families to haue taken their originall in base and humble place and to discourse somewhat further the same heauen couereth all things and heateth them the selfe sunne illuminateth and to man of al other creatures most excellent there is not limited one earthly habitation only as to the other but through diuine fauor the whole worlde hee being in his life time an inhabiter of the whole earth and being worthy after death to be a citizen of heauen wherefore good Diogenes demaunded of what countrey he was a citizen of the world answered he minding to inferre that not a mans country but vertue administreth honor and glorie and that a man ought to boast not of his country but only of vertue the which of it selfe is sufficient to illustrate the obscurest countrey whatsoeuer as Anacharsis the Scithian Philosopher expresseth very wel who to a foolish Athenian that obiected vnto him the basenesse of his countrey answered My base country I by vertue ennoble and thou thy country noble obscurest by vice And we reade that the vertue of Homer mooued emulation amongst seauen of the principall citties of Graecia each of them vaunting that hee was borne their originall citizen doing this for no other cause but to make themselues famous with the renowne of this mannes vertue by which it is manifest that the vertuous man giueth and receiueth not honour from his countrey As I beleeue therefore the definition of nobilitie woulde be much more perfect if it wanted this clause notwithstanding I expect that you lay open my errour And Varano As Nature and GOD haue made manne Lorde of the earth and cittizen of the worlde so hath he not in the globe of the whole earth one place more then another appropriate for his birth and habitation in that as experience teacheth he might liue and inhabite in all places notwithstanding by fortune hee hath his birth more in one then in another and the place where hee is borne and nourished wee call his country and natiue soyle A man therefore by nature is a cittizen of the world and by fortune of the land and prouince where he was borne neither can it bee denied also that citties and places of a land are greatly different as also I will not heere moue consideration of diuersitie of climates which as appereth also in vnreasonable creatures ordinarily make wonderfull difference in the stature and complexion of the body affections of minde as the Philosopher affirmeth speaking of the nature of the people of Asia and Greece but diuersity of lawes manners and customes are such as what in one cittie seemeth vniust and impious in another is admitted as honest and iust which being true wee must of necessitie confesse that one borne and nourished in a cittie built and augmented by men heroycall grounded by excellent lawes where prudence sapience and all other liberall artes are practised is reputed much more vertuous then another borne and brought vp in a countrie where barbarous laws vnciuill customes and no other artes be professed and practised but those mechanicall and base with which reason moued the Philosopher saide that Barbarians neuer were nor could bee called perfectly noble Country therefore importeth so greatly as without the glory of it no perfect nobilitie can bee framed I say perfect because he may also bee called noble who is descended of ancient and vertuous parentage although in meane and humble place You haue so well resolued my doubt saide Scandiano as that I cannot but replie and confesse that honor of country is necessarie to perfect nobilitie Signior Varano must needs satisfie me also saide Guirino for it will not sinke into my head that Nobilitie is an extern all good or of fortune especially hee hauing assirmed that nobility is euer ioyned with vertue the which vertue as it is neither of Fortune nor by Fortune the Philosopher so teaching so can it not be an eternall good For vertue being an habite and perfection of our minde it cannot but be numbred amongst those goods which in vs be intrinsecate loose therefore my doubt and this your manifest contradiction And Varano Signior Guirino propoundeth an excellent probleme whether nobility bee in the number of those goods internall or that it be externall and of Fortune and to shew the dexterity of his singular wit as though he conceiued not the truth hee concludeth by our own position that nobility is not a good externall nor of Fortune we hauing affirmed that in it vertue as also other poynts precious and honourable were contained To which we easily make answere if wee shal but consider what before I haue said for it is true that nobility may be placed amongst those goods of Fortune as that which happneth beyond the intention of Nature and is by the Philosopher numbred among those goods which are not in our selues for although it haue originall from vertue yet dependeth it not of the onely vertue of him that possesseth it but rather of