Selected quad for the lemma: cause_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
cause_n	bear_v	fruit_n	tree_n	1,451	5	8.5127	4	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A74931	The country-mans recreation, or The art of [brace] planting, graffing, and gardening, [brace] in three books. The first declaring divers waies of planting, and graffing, and the best times of the year, with divers commodities and secrets herein, how to set or plant with the root, and without the root; to sow or set pepins or curnels, with the ordering thereof, also to cleanse your grafts and cions, to help barren and sick trees, to kill worms and vermin, and to preserve and keep fruit; how to plant and proin your vines, and to gather and presse your grape; to cleanse and mosse your trees, to make your cider and perry, with many other secret practises which shall appear in the table following. The second treateth of the hop-garden, with necessary instructions for the making and maintenance thereof, ... with some directions for tabaco. Whereunto is added, The expert gardener, containing divers necessary and rare secrets belonging to that art, ... hereunto is likewise added the Art of angling.	Barker, Thomas, fl. 1651.; Barker, Thomas, fl. 1651.	1654 (1654)	Thomason E806_16; ESTC R207486	120,559	229

them foure or five foot compasse about the root of the Tree and let them so lie uncovered until the latter end of Winter And if ye doe then mingle about each tree of good fat earth or dung to heat and comfort the earth withall it shall be good With what Dung ye ought to dung your Trees ANd principally unto Mossie trees dung them with Hogs dung mingled with other earth of the same ground and let the dung of Oxen be next about the roots and ye shall also abate the Mosse of the Trees with a great knife of wood or such like so that ye hurt not the barke thereof When ye ought to uncover your Trees in Summer IN the time of Summer when the earth is scantly halfe moist it shall be good to dig at the foot of the Trees all about on the root such as have not been uncovered in the Winter before and to mingle it with good fat earth and so fill it againe and they shall doe well When ye ought to cut and proine your Trees ANd if there be in your Trees certain branches of superfluous wood that ye will cut off tary til the time of the entring in of the Sap that is when they begin to bud as in March and April Then cut off as ye shall see cause all such superfluous Branches hard by the Tree that thereby the other Branches may prosper the better for then they shall sooner close their sap upon the cut places than in the winter which should not doe so well to cut them as some doe teach which have no experience But forasmuch as in this time the Trees be entring into the sap as is aforesaid Take heed therefore then in cutting off your great Branches hastily that through their great weight they doe not cleave or separate the bark from the Tree in any part thereof How to cut your great Branches and when ANd for the better remedy first you shall cut the same great Branches halfe a foot from the tree and after to saw the rest cleane hard by the body of the tree then with a broad Chizel cut all clean and smooth upon that place then cover it with Oxe dung Ye may also cut them well in winter so that ye leave the trunke or branch som●what longer so as ye may dresse and cut them again in March and April as is before mentioned How ye ought to leave the great Branches cut OTher things here are to be shewed of certain graffs and old trees onely which in cutting the great branches truncheon-wise doe renue again as W●lnuts Mulberry-trees Plum-trees Cherry-trees with others the bough● whereof ye must disbranch even after Alhallontide or so soon as their leaves be fallen off and likewise before they begin to enter into the Sap. Of Trees having great Branches THe said great Branches when ye shall disbranch them ye shall so cut them off in such Truncheons to lengthen the Trees that the one may be longer than the other that when the Cions be grown good and long thereon ye may graffe on them again as ye shall see cause according as every arm shall require Of barrennesse of Trees the time of cutting all Branches and uncovering the Roots SOmetimes a man hath certain old Trees which be almost spent as of the pear-Pear-trees and plum-Plum-trees and other great Trees the which bear scant of fruit but when as ye shall see some Branches well charged therewith then ye ought to cut off the other ill Branches and Boughs to the end that those that remain may have the more S●p to nourish their fruit and also to uncover their root after Alhallontide and to cleave the greatest roots thereof a foot from the trunk and put into the said clefts a thin slate of hard stone there let it remain to the end that the humour of the Tree may enter out thereby and at the end of Winter ye shall cover him again with as good fat earth as ye can get and let the stone alone Trees which ye must help or pluck up by the Roots ALL sorts of Trees which spring Cions from the Roots as Plum-trees all kind of Cherry-tres and small Nut-trees ye must help in plucking their Cions from their roots in Winter as soon as conveniently ye can after the leaf is fallen For they do greatly pluck down and weaken the said trees in drawing to them the substance of the earth What doth make a good Nut. BUt chiefly to plant these Cions the best way is to let them grow and be nourished two or three years from the root and then to transplant them and set them in the Winter as is aforesaid the Cions which be taken from the foot of the Hasell-trees make good Nuts and to be of much strength and vertue when they are not suffered to grow too long from the Root or foot aforesaid Trees eaten with beasts must be graffed again WHen certain graffes being well in Sap of three or four years or thereabouts be broken or greatly endammaged with beasts which have broken thereof it shall little profit to leave those Graffes so but it were better to cut them and to graffe them higher or lower than they were before For the Graffes shall take as well upon the new as old Cion being graffed as on the wild stock but it shall not so soon close as upon the wild stock-head How your wild Stocks ought not hastily to be removed IN the beginning when you have graffed your graffes on the wild Stock do not then hastily pluck up those Cions or wild stocks so graffed untill ye shall see the graffes put forth a new shoot the which remaining still ye may graffe thereon again so that your Graffes in hasty removing may chance to dye When ye cut off the naughty Cions from the Wood. WHen your graffes on the Stocks shall put forth of new wood or a new shoot as of two or three foot long and if they put forth also of other small superfluous Cion● about the said members or branches that ye would nourish cut off all such ill Cions hard by the head in the same year they are graffed in but not so long as the wood is in Sappe till the Winter after How sometimes to cut the principal Members ALso it is good to cut some of the principall Members or Branches in the first yeare if they have too many and then again within two or three years after when they shall be well sprung up and the graffs well closed on the head of the stock ye may trim and dresse them again in taking away the superfluous branches if any there remain for it is sufficient enough to nourish a young tree to leave him one principall Member on the head so that it may be one of those that hath been graffed on the tree before yea and the tree shall be fairer and better in the end than if he had two or three branches or precidence at the foot But if the tree have been

Cherry-tree Many Apricot trees of one PLant an Apricot in the midst of other Plum-trees round about it at a convenient distance then in an apt season bore through your plum-trees and let into every one of them one or two of the branches of your Apricot tree through those holes taking away the Bark on both sides of your branches which you let in joyning Sap to Sap and lute the holes up with tempered loam and when they are well knit the next year cut off the branch from the Apricot-tree and so you have gotten many Apricot trees out of one Take away in time all the head of your plum-tree and all other branches maintaining onely that which is gotten from the Apricot But some commend rather the letting in of a branch of one tree into the other workmanlike for the more certain kind of graffing To graffe an Apple which shall be half sweet and half sower TO graffe that your Apples shall be the one half sweet and the other half sower ye shall take two Cions the one sweet and the other sower some do put the one Cion through the other and so graffe them between the Bark and the Tree and some again do pare both the Cions finely and so sets them joyning into the stock inclosing Sap to Sap on both the outsides of the graffes unto the outsides of the stock and so sets them into the head as the other and they shall bring fruit the one half sweet and the other half sower To graffe a Rose on the Holly FOR to graffe the Rose that his leaves shall keep all the year green Some do take and cleave the Holly and so graffe in a white or red Rose bud and then put clay and mosse to him and let him grow and some put the Rose bud into a sli● of the Bark and so put Clay and Mosse and bind him featly therein and let him grow and he shall carry his leaf all the year Of keeping of Plummes OF Plums there be many sorts as Damsons which be all black which be counted the best All manner of other Plums a man may keep well a year if they be gathered ripe and then dryed and put into Vessels of glasse if ye cannot dry them well in the Sun ye shall dry them on hurdels of Oziers made like Lattice Windows in a hot Oven after Bread is drawn forth and so reserve them If a Plum-tree like not open his roots and pour in all about the dregs of Wine mixt with Water and so cover him well again or powr on them stale Urine or stale pisse of old men mixt with two parts of water and so cover him as before Of altering of Pears and stony fruit IF a Pear tast hard or gravelly about the core like small stones ye shall uncover his roots in the Winter or afore the Spring and take out all the earth thereof and pick out all the stones as clean from the earth as ye can about his root then sift that earth or else take of other good fat earth without stones and fill all his roots again therewith and he shall bring a soft and gentle Pear to eat but you must see well to the watering of him often The making of Syder and Perry OF Apples and Pears men do make Cyder and Perry and because the use thereof in most places is known I will here let passe to speak any further thereof but in the pressing your Cyder I will counsell you to keep cl●an your vessels and the place whereas your fruit doth lye and specially after it is bruised or broken for then they draw filthy air unto them and if it be nigh the Cyder shall be infected therewith and also bear the taste after the infection thereof therefore tun it as soon as you can into clean and sweet vessels as into vessels of white wine or of Sack or of Claret and such like for these shall keep your Cyder the better and stronger a long time after ye may hang a small bag of linnen by a threed down into the lower part of your Vessel with Powder of Cioves Mace Cinamon and Ginger and such like which will make your Cyder to have a pleasant t●ste To help frozen Apples OF Apples that be frozen in the cold and extream Wintyr The remedy to have the Ice out of them is this Ye shall lay them first in cold water a while and then lay them before the fire or other heat and they shall come to themselves again To make Apples fall from the Tree IF ye put of fiery coles under an Apple-tree and then cast of the powder of Brimstone therein and the fume thereof ascend up and touch any Apple that is wet that Apple shall fall incontinent To water Trees in Summer if they wax dry about the root WHereas Apple-trees be set in dry ground and not dead in the Ground in Summer if they want moisture ye may take of Wheat-straw or other and every evening or as ye see cause cast thereon water all about and it will keep the Trees moist from time to time To cherish Apple-Trees IF ye use to throw in Winter all about your apple-trees on the roots thereof the Urine of old men or stale pisse long kept they shall bring fruit much better which is good for the Vine also or if ye sprinckle or anoint your Apple-tree roots with the Gall of a Bull they will bear the better To make an Apple grow in a Glasse TO make an Apple grow within a Glasse take a Glasse what fashion ye list and put your Apple therein when he is but small and bind him fast to the Glasse and the Glasse also to the Tree and let him grow thus ye may have Apples of divers proportions according to the fashion of your Glasse Thus ye make of Cucumbers Gourds or Pomecitrons the like fashion THese three branches and Figure of graffing in the shield in Summer is the first branch sheweth how the Bark is taken off the middle place sheweth how it is set too and the last branch sheweth how to bind him on in saving the oylet or eye from bruising To graffe many sorts of Apples on one Tree YE may graffe on one Apple-tree at once many kind of Apples as on every branch a contrary fruit as is afore declared and of Pears the like but see as nigh as you can that all your Cions be of like springing for else the one will grow and overshadow the other To colour Apples TO have coloured Apples with what colour ye shall think good ye shall bore a hole slope with an Auger in the biggest part of the body of the Tree unto the middest thereof or thereabouts and then look what colour ye will have them of First ye shall take water and mingle your colour therewith then stop it up again with a short pin made of the same wood or Tree then wax it round about ye may mingle with the said colour what spice ye list to make

the roots with good new earth and bind tast those broken boughs or Members both above and beneath and so let them remaine unto another yeare until they may close and put forth new Cions When a Member or Bough is broken how to proine them WHereas ye shal see under or above superfluous boughs ye may cut or proin off as ye shall see cause all such boughs hard by the tree at a due time in the winter following But leave all the principall branches and whereas any are broken let them be cut off beneath or els by the ground and cast them away thus must you doe yearly or as ye shall see cause if ye will keep your Trees well and faire How one ought to enlarge the hole about the Tree roots IN proyning your Trees if there be many roots ye must enlarge them in the hole and so to wreath them as it is aforesaid and to use them without breaking then cover them again with good fat earth which ye shall mingle in the said hole and it shall be best to be digged all over a little before and see that no branch or root be left uncovered and when you have thus dressed your Trees if any root shall put forth or spring hereafter out of the said holes in growing ye may so proin them as ye shall see cause in letting them so remain two or three years after unto such time as the said Graffes be sprung up and well branched How to set small Staves by to strengthen your Cions TO avoid danger ye shall set or strick small staves about your Cions for fear of breaking and then after three or foure years when they be well branch●d ye may then set or plant them in good earth at the beginning of Winter but see that ye cut off all their small branches hard by the stock then ye may plant them where ye think good so as they may remain In taking up Trees note YE may well leave the maister root in the hole when ye digge him up if the removed place be good for him cut off the master roots by the stub but pare not off ●ll the small roots and so plant him and he shall profit more thus then others with all their maister roots When as Trees be great they must be disbranched or boughes cut off before they be set again or else they will hardly prosper If the Trees be great having great branches or boughes when ye shall digge them up ye must disbranch them afore ye set them again for when Trees shall be thus proined they shall bring great Cions from their Roots which shall be frank and good to replant or set in other places and shall have also good branches and roots so that after it shall not need to graffe them any more but shall continue one after another to be free and good How to couch the Roots when they are not proyned IN setting your Trees again if ye will dresse the roots of such as ye have proined or cut off the branches before ye shall leave all such small roots which grow on the great root ye shall so place those roots in replanting again not deep in the earth so that they may soon grow and put forth Cions which being well used ye may have fruit so good as the other afore-mentioned being of three or foure years growth as before is declared What Trees to proyne THis way of proyning is more harder for the great Chery called Healmier then for the Plum-tree Also it is very requisite and meet for those Cions or Trees which be graft on the wilde sowre Cherry-tree to be proined also for divers and sundry causes Why the sowre Cherry dureth not so long as the Healmier or great Cherry THe wild and sower Cherry of his own nature will not so long time indure as the great Healme Cherry neither can have sufficient sappe to nourish the Graffes as the great Healme Chery is graft therefore when ye have proined the branches beneath and the roots also so that ye leave roots sufficient to nourish the Tree then set him If ye cut not off the under rootes the Tree will profit more easier and also lighter to be known when they put forth Cions from the root of the same the which ye may take hereafter To graffe one great Cherry upon another YE must have respect unto the Healme Cherry which is graft on the wild Gomire which is another kind of great Cherry and whether you do proin them or not it is not materiall for they dure a long time But ye must see to take away the Cions that do grow from the root of the wild Gomire or wild Plum-tree because they are of nature wild and do draw the sappe from the said Tree Of deep Setting or shallow TO set your Stocks or Trees somwhat deeper on the high grounds then in the Vallies because the sunne in summer shall not dry the root and in the low ground more shallow because the water in Winter shall not drown or annoy the Roots Some do mark the stock in taking it up and to set him again the same way because he will not alter his nature so likewise the Graffes in Graffing CHAP. IV. This Chapter doth shew how to set other Trees which come of wilde Cions pricked in the earth without roots and also of proining the meaner Cions Trees take root prickt of Branches THere be certain which take root being pricked of Branches proined of other Trees which be the Mulberry the Fig-Tree the Quince-Tree the Service-Tree the Pomgranad-Tree the Apple-Tree the Damson-Tree and divers sorts of other Plum-Trees as the Plum-Tree of Paradice c. How one ought to set them FOr to set these sorts of Trees ye must cut off the Cions twigs or boughes betwixt Alhallontide and Christmas not lightly after Ye shall chose them which be as great as a little staff or more and looke whereas you can find them fair smooth and straight and full of sap withall growing of young trees as of the age of three or four yeares growth or thereabouts and look that ye take them so from the tree with a broad Chizel that ye break not or loose any part of the bark thereof more than half a foot beneath neither of one side or other then proine or cut off the branches and prick them one foot deepe in the earth well digged and ordered before How to binde them that be weak THose Plants which be slender ye must proin or cut off the branches then bind them to some stake or such like to be set in good earth and well mingled with good dung and also to be well and deeply digged and to be set in a moist place or els to be well watered in Summer How one ought to digge the Earth to set them in ANd when that ye would set them in the earth ye must first prepare to digge it and dung it well throughout a 〈…〉 ●eep in the earth And then

set two ranks upon the sides of your great allies in gardens which be ten or twelve foot broad it shall be then best to give them more space the one from the other in each rank as about xxv foot also ye must not set your Trees right one against another but entermedling or between every space as they may best grow at large that if need be ye mae plant other small Trees between but see that ye set them not to thick If ye list to set or plant all your Trees of one bignesse as of young Trees like rods being Peare-trees or Apple-trees they must be set a good distance one from another as of twenty or thirty foot in square as to say one rank to another But to plant or set of smaller Trees as Plum-trees and Apple-trees of the like bignesse it shall be sufficient for them fourteene or fifteene foot space in quarters But if ye will plant or set two ranks in your Allies in gardens ye must devise for to proportion it after the largenesse of your said Allies For to plant eager or lower Cherrie-trees this space shall be sufficient enough the one from the other that is of x or xii foot and therefore if you make of great or large Allyes in your Garden as of x foot wide or thereabouts they shall come well to passe and shall be sufficient to plant your Trees of nine or ten foote space and for the other lesser sorts of Trees as of Quince-trees Fig-trees Nut-trees and such like which be not commonly planted but in one rank together Ordering your Trees WHen that ye plant or set ranks or every kind of trees together ye shall set or plant the smallest towards the Sun and the greatest in the shade that they may not annoy or hurt the small nor the small the great Also whensoever ye will plant or set Pear-trees and Plum-trees in any place the one with another better it were to set the Plum-trees next the Sun for the Peares will dure better in the shade Also ye must understand when you set or plant any ranks of Trees together ye must have more space betwixt your ranks and Trees than when you set but one rank that they may have roome sufficient on every side Ye shall also scarcely set or plant Peare-trees or Apple-trees or other great Trees upon dead or mossie barren ground unstirred for they increase thereon to no purpose But other lesser Trees very well may grow as Plum-trees and such like now when all the aforesaid things above be considered ye shall make your holes according to the space that shall be required of every tree ye shall plant or set and also the place fit for the same so much as ye may convenient ye shall make your holes large enough for ye must suppose the tree you doe set hath not the half of his roots he shall have hereafter therefore ye must help him and give of good fat earth or dung all about the roots when as ye plant him And if any of the same roots be too long and bruised or hurt ye shall cut them clean off aslope wise so that the upper side of each root so cut may be longest in setting and for the small roots which come forth all about thereof ye may not cut them off as the great roots How ye ought to enlarge the holes for the Trees when you plant them FOr when ye set the Trees in the holes ye must then enlarge the roots in placing them and see that they take all downwards without turning any roots the ends upward and you must not plant or set them too deep in the earth but as ye shall see cause It shall be sufficient for them to be planted or set half a foot or thereabouts in the earth so that the earth be above all the roots half a foot or more if the place be not very burning and stony Of Dung and good Earth for your Plants and Trees ANd as ye would replant or set you must have of good fat earth or dung well mingled with a part of the same earth out of which you took your plant with all the upper crusts of the earth as thick as you can have it the said earth which ye shall put about the roots must not be put too nigh the roots least the dung being laid too nigh the roots should be put into a heat but let it be well mingled with the other earth and well tempered in the holes and the smallest and slenderest Cions that turnes up among those roots ye may plant very well If you have wormes amongst the earth of your roots IF there be wormes in the fat Earth or Dung that ye put about your roots ye must also well mingle it with the dung of Oxen or Kine or slak'd Sope-ashes about the root which will destroy those worms which would have destroyed the Roots To dig well the Earth about the Trese Rootes ALso ye must dig well the earth principally all round over the roots and oftner if they be dry than if they be wet ye must not plant or set Trees when it raineth nor the earth to be very moist about the roots The Trees that be planted or set in Vallies commonly prosper well by drought and when it raineth they that be on the Hills are better by watering with drops than others and if the ground be moist by nature you must plant or set your trees not so deep therein The nature of Places ON high and dry places ye must plant and set your Trees a little deeper than in the Vallies and ye must not fill the holes in high places so full as the other to the end that the rain may better moisten them Of good Earth VNderstand also that of good earth commonly cometh good fruit but in certain places if they might be suffered to grow they would season the tree the better otherwise they shall not come to proof or have a good tast With what ye ought to bind your Trees VVHensoever your Trees shall be replanted or set ye must knock by the root a stake and bind your trees thereto for feare of the wind and when they doe spring ye shall dresse them and bind them with bands that will not break you may make them of strong soft hearbs as Bulrush or such like or of old linnen clouts if the other be not strong enough or else ye may bind them with Oziars or such like least you hurt or fret your Trees CHAP. VII Of medicining and keeping the Trees when they are planted The first counsel is when your Trees be but Plants in dry weather they must be watered THe young trees that be newly planted must sometimes in Summer be watered when the time waxeth dry at the least the first year after they be planted or set But as for the greater Trees which are both well taken and rooted a good time ye must dig them all over the Roots after Alhallontide and uncover

graffed with many great Cions then you must leave him more largely according as ye shall see cause or need to recover the clefts on the head of the said graffe or ●●ocke How to guide and governe the said Trees WHen your trees doe begin to spring ye must order and see to them well for the space of three or four yeares or more until they be well and strongly growne in helping them above in cutting the small twigs and superfluous wood until they be so high without branches as a man or more if it may be and then see to them well in placing the the principall branches if need be with forks or wands pricked right and well about them at the foot and to proin them so that one branch approach not too nigh the other nor yet the one fret the other when as they doe enlarge and grow and ye must also cut off certaine branches from them where they are too thick A kind of sicknesse in Trees LIkewise when certain trees are sick of the Gall which is a kind of sicknesse that doth eat the bark therefore you must cut it and take out all the same infection with a little Chizel or such like thing This must be done at the end of Winter then put Oxe dung or Hogs dung upon the infected place and bind it fast thereon with Clouts and wrap it with Oziars and so let it remaine a long time until it have recovered again Trees which have wormes in the Barke OF trees which have wormes within their Barkes you shall know them when as you shall see a swelling or rising therein therefore you must cut or cleave the said barke unto the wood that the humour may distil out thereat and with a little hook you must pluck or draw out the said wormes with all the rotten wood you can see then shall you put upon the said place a plaister made of Oxe dung or Hogs dung mingled and beaten with Sage and a little unflaked Lime then let it be well boyled together and wrap it on a cloth and bind it fast and close thereon so long as it will hold The Lees of Wine shed or poured upon the roots of trees which be somewhat sick through the coldnesse of the earth which Lees do them much good Snayles Ants and Wormes do marre the Trees ALso ye must take heed of all manner of young trees and especially of those graffes which are endammged and hurt in the Summer time by Wormes and Flies those are the Snayles the Pismires or Ants the field Snaile which doth hurt also all other sorts of Trees that be great chiefly in the time the Cuckoe doth sing and betwixt April and Midsummer while they be tender There be little beasts called Sowes which have many Legs and some of them be gray some black and some of them have a long sharpe snowt which be very noysome and great hurters of young Graffes and other young trees also for they cut them off in eating the tender top of the young Cions the length of a mans finger How you ought to take the said Wormes FOr to take them well ye must take heed and watch in the heat of the day your young trees and where you shall see any put your hand softly underneath without shaking the tree for they will suddenly fall ere one thinketh to take them therefore so soone as you can that they flye not away nor fall take them quickly on the Cion with your other hand To keep Ants from young trees FOr to keep the young trees from Snailes and Ants it shall be good to take Ashes and to mix unslak't Lime beaten in powder therewith then lay it about the root of the tree and when it raineth they will be beat downe into the ashes and die but you must renue your ashes after every rain from time to time also to keep them moist ye must put certain small Vessels full of water at the foot of your said trees and also the lees of wine to spread on the ground thereabouts For the best destroying of the small Snailes on the trees ye must take good heed in the Spring time before the trees be leaved then if ye shall see as it were small warts knobs or branches on the Trees the same will be Snayles Provide to take them away fair and softly before they be full closed and take heed that ye hurt not the wood or bark of the said Tree as little as ye can then burne those Branches on the Earth and tread them under your feet and then if any doe remain or renew look in the heat of the day and if ye can see any which will commonly be on the clefs or forks of the Branches and also upon the Branches lying like toftes or Troops together then wrap your hands all over with old clothes and bind leaves beneath them and above them and with your two hands rub them down therein and immediately fire it if you doe not quickly with diligence they will fall and if they fall on the earth ye will hardly kill them but they will renew again these kind of wormes are noisome flies which be very strange therefore take heed that they doe not cast a certaine rednesse on your face and body for whereas they be many of them they be dangerous it is st●ange to tell of these kind of Wormes if ye come under or among the Trees where many be they will cast your face and hands your covered body as your neck breast and armes full of small spots some red some black some bluish which will tingle and trouble you like so many nettles sometimes for a day or a day and a night after they be most on Plum-trees and Apple-trees nigh unto moist places and ill ayres yet neverthelesse by the grace of God there is no danger that I understand to be taken by them that if it be in the evening or in the morning when it raineth they will remain about the graffing place of the Tree therefore it will be hard to find them because they are so small Moreover if such branches doe remaine in the upper part of the boughs all under then with a wispe on a Poles end set fire on all and burne them A Note in Spring time of Fumigations HEre is to be understood and noted that in the spring time onely when trees begin to put forth leaves and blossoms ye must then alwayes take heed unto them to defend them from the F●ost if there be any with Fumigations or smokes made on the windy sides of your Orchards or under your trees with Straw Hay dry Chaffe dry Oxe-dung Saw-dust dryed in an Oven Tanners Oze dryed likewise Galbanum old shoes Thatch of houses haire and such like one of these to be mixt with another all these be good against the Frost in Spring time and especially good against the East-wind which breedeth as some say the Caterpiller worme To defend from the Caterpiller ANd some doe

hard wood softly then if the sides of your clefts be ragged pare them on both sides with the point of a sharp knife within and above then set in your graffes close on the outsides and also above but let your stock be as little while open as ye can and when your graffs be well set in pluck out your wedge and if your stocks do pinch your graffs much then ye must put in a wedge of the same wood to help your graffs then lay a thick bark or peel over the cleft from the one graff to the other to keep out the clay and rain and clay them two fingers thick round about the clefts then lay on mosse but wool is better next your clay or temper your clay with wool or hair for it will abide closer and stronger on the stock head some take wool next the clay and wrap it all over with linnen cloths for the wool being once moist will keep the clay so a long time Others take woollen clouts that have been laid in the juyce of Worm-wood or such like bitter thing to keep creeping worms from coming under to the graffs If ye graff or plant in the Winter put your clay uppermost for Summer your Mosse For in Winter the Mosse is warme and your clay will not cleave In Summer your clay is cold and your Mosse keeps him from cleaving or chapping To bind them take Willow peels cloven B●yars Oziars and such like To gather your graffe on the East part of the Tree is counted best if ye gather them below on the under-boughs they will grow flaggie and spreading abroad If ye take them in the top of the Tree they will grow upright Yet some doe gather their Cions or graffes on the sides of the Trees and so graffe them againe on the like sides of the stocks which by some men is not counted so good for fruit It is not good to graff a great stocke for they will be long ere they cover the head thereof Of Worms in Trees or Fruit IF ye have any Trees eaten with worms or bring wormy fruit wash his body and great branches with two parts of Cow-pisse and one of Vinegar and if you can get no Vinegar with Cow-pisse alone tempered with common Ashes This must be done before the Spring in the Spring or Summer Anniseeds sown about the Trees roots drive away worms and the fruit will be the sweeter The setting of Stones and ordering of them AS for Almond Trees Peach trees Cherry-trees Plum-trees or other plant or set them thus Lay first the stones in water three dayes and four nights until they sinke therein then take them betwixt your finger and your thumb with the small end upward and so set them two fingers deep in good earth and when ye have so done ye shall rake them all over and so cover them and when they begin to gr●w or spring keep them from weeds and ●hey will prosper the better specially in the first yeare And within two or three year after ye shall set or remove them where you list if ye remove them after that ye must proin off all his twigs as ye see cause nigh the stock This ye may doe with all kind of Trees chiefly such as have the great Sap as the Mulberry or Fig-trees or such like his twigs as ye shall see cause nigh the stock this ye may doe of all kind of Trees but especially those which have the great Sap as the Mulberry or Fig-trees or such like Togather Gumme of any Tree IF ye list to have the Gum of an Almond tree ye shall stick a great naile into the Tree a good way and so let him rest and the Gumme of the Tree shall issue out thereat thus doe men gather Gumme of all sorts of Trees yea the common Gumme that men doe use and occupy To set a whole Apple ALso some say that if ye set a whole Apple four fingers in the earth all the P●pins or Curnels in the same Apple will grow up together in one whole stock or Cion and all those Apples shall be much fairer and greater than others but ye must take heed how you set those Apples which doe come in Leap-year for in Leap-year as some doe say the Curnels or Pepins are turned contrary for if ye would so set as commonly a man doth ye shall set them contrary Of setting the Almond ALmonds doe come forth and grow commonly well if they be set without the shell or husk in good earth or in rotten Hogs dung If ye lay Almonds one day in Vinegar then shall they as some say be very good to plant or lay him in milk or water until he doe sinke it shall be the better to set or any other Nut. Of Pepins watered THe Pepins and Curnels of those Trees which have a thick or rough bark if ye lay them three dayes in water or else untill they sink therein they shall be the better than set them or sow them as is before mentioned and then remove them when they be well rooted or of three or four years growth and they shall have a thin bark To plant or set Vines IF ye plant or set Vines in the first or second year they will bring no fruit but in the third year they will bear if they be well kept ye shall cut them in January and set them soon after they be cut from the Vine and ye shall set two together the one with the old wood and the other without and so let them grow plucking away all weeds from about them when ye shall remove them in the second and third year being well rooted ye shall set them well a foot deep in good fat earth with good dung as of one foot deep or thereabouts and keep them clean from weeds for then they will prosper the better and in Summer when the Grape is knit then ye shall break off his top or branch at one or two joints after the Grape and so the Grape shall be the greater and in the Winter when ye cut them ye shall not leave past two or three leaders on each branch on some branch but one leader which must be cut betwixt two joynts ye shall leave the yong Vine to be the leader Also ye shall leave thereof three or four joynts at all times if a young Cion do come forth of the old branch or side thereof if ye do cut him ye shall cut him hard by the old branch and if ye will have him to bring the Grape next year ye shall leave two or three joynts thereof for the yong Cion alwayes bringeth the Grape ye may at all times so that the Grape be once taken and knit ever as the superfluous Cions do grow break them at a joynt or hard by the old branch and the Grape will be the greater thus ye may order your Vine all the Summer long without any hurt To set or plant the Cherry CHerry-trees and all trees

roots then fill it with other good earth and he shall bear fruit even as the boring of a hole in the master root and striking in a pin and so fill him again it shall help him to bear as before is declared To keep your fruit ALL fruit may be the better kept if ye lay them in dry places in dry Straw or Hay but Hay ripeth too sore or in a Barly mow not touching one the other or in Chaffe or in vessels of Juniper and Cipresse wood ye may so keep them well in dry Salt or Hony and upon boards whereas fire is nigh all the Winter also hanging nigh fire in the Winter in Nets of Yarn The Mulberry-tree THe Mulberry-Tree is planted or set by the Fig-tree his fruit is first sower and then sweet he liketh neither Dew nor Rain for they hurt him he is well pleased with foul earth and dung his branches will wax dry within every six years then must ye cut them off as for other Trees they ought to be proined every year as yeshall see cause and they will be the better and to plant them from the midst of February to the midst of March is best Of Mosse of the Tree OF the Mosse on your Trees ye must not let it too long be uncleansed ye must rub it off with a grate of wood or arough Hair or such like in Winter when they be moist or wet for then it will off the sooner for Mosse doth take away the strength and substance of the fruit and makes the Trees barren at length when you see your Trees begin to wax Mossie ye ●ust in the Winter uncover their roots and put them under good earth this shall help them and keep them long without Mosse for the earth not stirred about the root is one cause of Mossinesse and also the barrennesse of the ground whereon he standeth and your Mosse doth succour in Winter flies and other Vermin and so doth therein hide them in Summer which is occasion of eating the blossomes and tender Cions thereof To keep nuts long FOr to keep nuts long ye shall dry them and cover them in dry Sand and put them in a dry Bladder or in a Fatte made of Walnut-tree and put of dry Ivie-berries therein and they shall be much sweeter To keep Nuts green a year and also fr●sh ye shall put them into a pot with Honey and they shall continue fresh a year and the said Hony will be gentle and good for many Medicines To keep Walnuts fresh and green in the time of straining of Verjuice ye shall take of the Pommis and put thereof in the bottom of a Barrell then lay your Walnuts all over with Pommis over them and so Walnuts again and then of the Pommis as ye shall see cause to fi●l your Uessell Then stop it close as ye do a Barrell and set him in your Sellar or other place and it shall keep your Nuts fresh and green a year Some use to fill an earthen pot with small Nuts and put to them dry Sand and cover them with a Lidde of earth or stone and then they clay it setting the mouth of the Pot down-ward two foot within the earth in their Garden or other place and so they will keep very moist and sweet untill new come To cut the Peach-tree THe Peach-trree is of this nature if he be cut as some say green it will wither and dry Therefore if ye cut any small branch cut it hard by the body the withered twigs ever as they wither must be cut off hard by the great branch or body thereof for then they prosper the better If a Peach-tree do not like ye shall put to his roots the Lees of Wine mingled with water and also wash his roots therewi●h and likewise the branches then cover him again with good earth mingled with his own Leaves for those he liketh best Ye may graffe Peach upon Peach upon Hasel or Ash or upon Cherry-tree or ye may graffe the Almond upon the Peach-tree And to have great Peaches ye must take Cowes milk and put good earth thereto then all to strike the body of the Tree therewith both upward and downward or else open the root all bare three dayes and three nights then take Goats milk and wash all the roots therewith and then cover them again this must be done when they begin to blossome and so shall he bring great Peaches To colour Peach-stones TO colour Peach-stones that all the fruit therof shall have the like colour here after that is ye shall lay or set Peach-stones in the earth seven dayes or more untill ye shall set the stones begin to open then take the stones and the curnells softly forth thereof and what colour ye will colour the curnell therewith and put them into the shell again then bind it fast together and set it in the earth with the small end upward and so let him grow and all the Peaches which shall come of the same fruit graffed or ungraffed will be of the same colour The Peach-tree ought to be planted in Autumn before the cold do come for he cannot abide the cold If Peach-tree be troubled with Worms ALso if any Peach-tree be troubl●d with worms ye shall take two parts of Cow-pisse with one part of Vineger then shall ye sprinkle the tree all over therewith and wash his roots and branches also and it will kill the worms this may ye do unto all other Trees which be troubled with Worms To have the Peach without stones FOr to make the Peach grow without stones ye shall take a Peach-tree newly planted then set a Willow hard by which ye shall bore a hole through then put the Peach-tree through the said hole and so close him on both sides thereof Sap to Sap and let him so grow one year then the next year ye shall cut off the Peach-stock and let the Willow feed him and cut off the upper part of the Willow also three fingers high and the next Winter saw him off nigh the Peach so that the Willow shall feed but the Peach onely and this way ye have Peaches without stones Another way for the same YE shall take the Graffes of Peaches and graffe them upon the Willow-stock and so shall your Peaches be likewise without stones If Trees do not prosper IF ye see that your Trees do not wax nor prosper take and open the roots in the beginning of January or afore and in the biggest root thereof make an hole with an Auger to the pith or more then strike therein a pin of Oke and so stop it again and let it be well waxt all about the pin then cover him again with good earth and he shall do well some do use to cleave the root How to graffe Apples to last on the tree till Alhallontide HOw ye may have many sorts of Apples upon your Trees untill Alhallontide that is ye shall graffe your Apples upon the Mulberry-tree and upon the

when your roots be sprung half a yard long or more then by every Plant or Hop in your Hills set up a Pole of xiii or xiv foot long or thereabouts as cause shall require Some do use to set but four Poles in every Hill which is thought sufficient and when ye shall set them s●e that ye set them so fast that great Winds do not cast them down How to proyn the hop-Hop-tree Observe when the Hop doth blossome and knit in the top which shall be perceived to be the Hop then take and cut up all the rest growing thereabouts not having Hop thereon hard by the earth that all those which carry the Hop might be the better nourished thus do in Summer as ye shall see them increase and grow untill the time of gathering To gather the Hop AT such time before Michaelmasse as ye shall see your Hop wax brown or somewhat yellow then he is best to be gathered in a dry day in cutting your Hop by the ground then pluck up your Pole therewish for shaking off your Hop so carry them into some dry house when ye have so pluckt them lay them on boarded ●ofts or on hurdl●s of cloaths that the wind may dry them and the air but not in the Sun for the same will take away the strength thereof nor with fire that will do the same and ye must daily tosse and turn them till they be dry to try them when they are dry hold them in your hand a space and if they cleave together when ye open your hand they are not then dry but if they shatter asunder in opening your hand ye may be sure they are dry enough If not let them remain and use them as is before said Ye shall understand the drynesse of them is to preserve them long to last but if need be ye may occupy them well undryed with lesse portion to sow What Poles are best YE shall prepare your ●oles of such Wood as is light and stiffe and which will not bow with every Wind the best and meetest time to get them is in Winter when the Sap is gone down and as soon as ye have taken off your Hop lay your Poles in sundry places untill the next Spring whereby they may endure the longer How to order and dresse your Hills AFfter the first year is past your Hop being increased to more plenty of roots in your Hills ye shall after Michael●masse every year open your Hills and cast down the tops unto the roots uncovering them and cut away all the superfluous roots some do pluck away all the roots that spread abroad about the Hills then opens the Hills and puts good new earth unto them and so cover them again which shall keep them from the Frost and also make the Ground fat so shall ye let them remain unto the Spring of the year in February or March then again if ye shall see any superfluous roots ye may take them away and cut them up and your Hop shall be the better then again cast up the earth about your Hills and cleansing them from all weeds and other roots which will take away their strength if the herbs remain so let them rest till your Poles may be set therein Of Ground best for your Hop THe Hop delighteth and loveth a good and reasonable sat ground not very cold nor yet too moist for I have seen them prove well in Flanders in dry sandy fields the Hop-hills being of good fat earth ye may as some say for great need make your Hop grow and bear on any kind of Rocky ground so that your hills be great and fat earth but the lower ground commonly proveth best so that it stand well and hot in the Sun A note of the rest abovesaid YE shall mark and understand all this order abovesaid is to have many Hops and good with a few roots and Plants placed in a small plot of ground Ye shall understand that wild Hops which grow in the hedges is as good to occupie as the other to set or Plant in any other places but look that ye take not the barren Hop to Plant some Hop will be barren for want of good earth and lack of good dressing which ye shall perceive as I have told you in the Summer before that when they should bear they will be barren which is for want of good fat earth or an unkind year or lack of weeding and good ordering Therefore such as are minded to bestow labour on the Ground may have as good Hop growing in this Countrey as in other Countreys but if ye will not go to that cost to make Hop-yards ye may with a light charge have Hops grow in your Hedge-rows to serve as well as the other and shall be as good for the quantity as the other in all respects ye may for lack of ground plant Hop roots in hedge-rows when you do quick-set set up poles by them when time shall require in the Spring and bestow every Winter after the gathering your Hop on every hill head a shovel-full of Dung to comfort the earth for then they will bear the more plenty of Hops the next year following To conclude you that have Grounds may well practise in all things afore mentioned and specially to have Hops in this ordering for your selves and others also ye shall give encouragement for others to follow hereafter I have heard by credible persons which have known a hundred Hills which is a small plat of ground to bear three hundred pounds of Hops so that the commodity is much and the gains great and one pound of our Hops dryed and ordered will go as far as two po●nd ●f the best Hops that cometh from beyond the Seas Thus much I thought meet and necessary to write of the ordering and planting of the Hop How to pack your Hops WHen your Hops be well tossed and turned on boarded floores and well dryed as I afore have shewed ye may put them into great Sacks according to the quantity of your Hops and let them be trodden down hard together which will keep their strength Ionger and so ye may reserve them and take at you● pleasure some do use which have b●t small store to tread them into dry Fattes and so serve them for their use which is counted the better way and the lesse portion doth serve and will longer keep their vertue and strength Wishing long life and prosperous Health To all furtherers of this Common-Wealth FINIS A PERFECT PLATFORM OF A HOP-GARDEN And necessary Instructions for the making and maintenance thereof with Notes and Rules for reformation of all abuses commonly practised therein very necessary and expedient for all men which in any wise have to do with Hops PROVERBS 11. Who so laboureth after goodnesse findeth his desire LONDON Printed by T. Mabb for William Shears and are to be sold at the Signe of the Bible in St. Pauls Church-Yard near the little North door 1653. A PERFECT PLATFORM