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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
cause_n	bear_v	fruit_n	tree_n	1,451	5	8.5127	4	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A05195	A nevv orchard and garden, or, The best way for planting, grafting, and to make any ground good for a rich orchard particularly in the nor[th] and generally for the whole kingdome of England, as in nature, reason, situation and all probabilitie, may and doth appeare : with the country housewifes garden for hearbes of common vse, their vertues, seasons, profits, ornaments, varietie of knots, models for trees, and plots for the best ordering of grounds and walkes : as also the husbandry of bees, with their seuerall vses and annoyances, being the experience of 48 yeares labour ... / by William Lawson ; whereunto is newly added the art of propagating plants, with the tree ordering manner of fruits in their gathering, carring home & preseruation.	Lawson, William, fl. 1618.; Harward, Simon, fl. 1572-1614. Most profitable newe treatise from approued experience of the art of propagating plants.; Markham, Gervase, 1568?-1637.	1631 (1631)	STC 15331.3; ESTC S4739	72,610	138

the inst●uction of them that haue olde trees already formed or rather deformed for Malum non vitatur nisi cognitum The faults therefore of a disordered tree I find to be fiue 1. An vnprofitable bo●l● 2. Water-boughes 3. Fretters 4. Suckers And 5. One principall top A long boale asketh much ●eeding and the more he hath the more he desires and gets as a drunken man drinke or a couetuous man wealth and the lesse remaines for the fruit he puts his boughes into the aire and makes them the fruit and it selfe more dangered with windes for this I know no remedy after that the tree is come to growth once euill neuer good Water boughes or vndergrowth are such boughes as grow low vnder others and are by them ouergrowne ouershadowed dropped on and pinde for want of plenty of sap and by that meanes in time die For the sap presseth vpward and it is like water in her course where it findeth most issue thither it floweth leauing the other lesser sluces dry euen as wealth to wealth and much to more These so long as they beare they beare lesse worse and fewer fruit and waterish The remedy is easie if they be not growne greater then your arme Lop them close and cleane and couer the mid●l of the wound the next Summer when he is dry with a salue made of tallow tarre and a very little pitch good for the couering of any such wound of a great tree vnl●sse it be barke-pild and then sear-cloath of fresh Butter Hony and Waxe presently while the wound is greene applyed is a soueraigne remedy in Summer especially Some bind such wounds with a thumbe rope of Hay mo●st and rub it with dung Fretters are when as by the negligence of the Gardner two or moe parts of the tree or of diuers trees as armes boughes branches or twigs grow so neere and close together that one of them by rubbing doth wound another This fault of all other shewes the want of skill or care at least in the Arborist for here the hurt is apparant and the remedy easie seene to betime galls and wounds incurable but by taking away those members for let them grow and they will be worse and worse so kill themselues with ciuill strife for roomth and danger the whole tree Auoide them betime therefore as a common wealth doth bosome enemies A Sucker is a long proud and disorderly Cyon growing straight vp for pride of sap makes proud long and str●ight growth out of any lower parts of the tree receiuing a great part of the sap and bearing no fruit till it haue tyrannized ouer the whole tree These are like idle and great Dro●es amongst Bees and proud and idle members in a common wealth The remedy of this is as of water-boughes vnlesse he be growne greater then all the rest of the boughs and then your Gardner at your discretion may leaue him for his boale and take away all or the most of the rest If he be little slip him and set him perhaps he will take my fairest Apple-tree was such a Slip. One or two prin●ipall top boughes are as euill in a manner as Suckers they rise of the same cause and receiue the same remedy yet these are more tolerable because these beare fruit yea the best but Suckers of long doe not beare I know not how your tree should be faulty if you reforme all your vices timely and orderly As these rules serue for dressing young trees and sets in the first planting so may they well serue to helpe old trees though not exactly to recouer them CHAP. 12. Of Foyling THere is one thing yet very necessary for make your Orchard both better and more lasting Yea so necessary that without it your Orchard cannot last nor prosper long which is neglected generally both in precepts and in practise viz. manuring with Foile whereby it hapneth that when trees amongst other euils through want of fatnesse to feed them become mossie and in their growth are euill or not thriuing it is either attributed to some wrong cause as age when indeed they are but young or euill standing stand they neuer so well or such like or else the cause is altogether vnknowne and so not amended Can there be deuised any way by nature or art sooner or soundlier to seeke out and take away the heart and strength of earth then by great trees Such great bodies cannot be sustained without great store of sap What liuing body haue you greater then of trees The great Sea monsters whereof one came a land at Teesmouth in Yorkeshire hard by vs 18. yards in length and neere as much in compasse seeme hideous huge strange and monstrous because they be indeed great but especially because they are seldome seene But a tree li●ing come to his growth and age twice that length and of a bulke neuer so great besides his other parts is not admired because he is so commonly seene And I doubt not but if he were well regarded from his kirnell by succeeding ages to his full strength the most of them would double their measure About fifty yeeres agoe I heard by credible and constant report That in Brooham Parke in West more-land neere vnto Penrith there lay a blowne Oake whose trunke was so bigge that two Horse men being the one on the one side and the other on the other side they could not one see another to which if you adde his armes boughs and roots and consider of his bignesse what would he haue been if preserued to the vantage Also I read in the History of the West-Indians out of Peter Martyr that sixteene men taking hands one with another were not able to fathome one of those trees about Now Nature hauing giuen to such a faculty by large and infinite roots● taws and tang●es to draw immediately his sustenance from our common mother the Earth which is like in this point to all other mothers that beare hath also ordained that the tree ouer loden with fruit and wanting sap to feed all she hath brought forth will waine all she cannot feed like a woman bringing forth moe children at once then she hath teats See you not how trees especially by kind being great standing so thicke and close that they cannot get plenty of sap pine away all the grasse weeds lesser shrubs and trees yea and themselues also for want of vigor of sap So that trees growing large sucking the soile whereon they stand continually and amaine and the foyzon of the earth that feeds them decaying for what is there that wastes cotinually that sha●l not haue end must either haue supply of sucker or else leaue thriuing and growing Some grounds will beare Corne while they be new and no longer because their crust is shollow and not very good and lying they s●ind and wash and become barren The ordinary Corne soiles continue not ferti●e with

tree be not annoyance but an helpe to his fellowes for trees as all other things of th●●● m● k●nd should shroud and not hurt one another And assure your selfe that euery touch of trees as well vnder as aboue the earth is hurtfull Therefore this must be a generall rule in this Art● That no tree in an Orchard well ordered nor bough nor Cyon drop vpon or touch his fellowes Let no man thinke this vnpossible but looke in the eleuenth Chapter of dressing of trees If they touch the winde will cause a forcible 〈◊〉 Young twigs are tender if boughes or armes touch 〈◊〉 if they are strong they make great galls No kind of touch therefore in trees can be good Now it is to be considered what distance amongst sets is requisite and that must be gathered from the compasse and roomth that each tree by probability will take and fill And herein I am of a contrary opinion to all them which practise or teach the planting of trees that euer yet I knew read or heard of For the common space betweene tree and tree is ten foot if twenty foot it is thought very much But I suppose twenty yards distance is small enough betw●xt tree and tree or rather too too little For the distance must needs be as far as two trees are well able to ouer spread● and fill so they touch not by one yard at least Now I am assured and I know one Apple-tree set of slip finger-great in the space of 20 yeares which I account a very small part of a trees age as is shewed Chapter 14. hath spred his boughes eleuen or twelue yards compasse that is fiue or sixe yards on e●ery side Hence I gather that in forty or fity yeares which yet is but a small time of his age a tree in good soile well liking by good dressing for that is much auaileable to this purpose will spread double at the least viz. twelue yards on a side which being added to twelue alotted to his felllow make twenty and foure yards a●d so farre distant must euery tree stand from another And looke how farre a tree spreads his boughes aboue so far doth he put his roots vnder the earth or rather further if there be no stop nor let by walls trees rocks barren earth and such like for an huge bulk and strong armes massie boughes many branches and infinite twigs require wide spreading roots The top hath the vast aire to spread his boughs in high and low this way and that way but the roots are kept in the crust of the earth they may not goe downward nor vpward ou● of he earth which is their element no more then the Fish out of the water Camelion out of the Aire nor Salamander out the fire Therefore they must needs spread farre vnder the earth And I dare well say if nature would giue leaue to man by Art to dresse the roots of trees to take away the tawes and tangles that lap and fi●t and grow supe●fluously and disorderly for euery thing sublunary is cursed for mans sake the tops aboue being answerably dressed we should haue trees of wouderfull greatnes and i●finite durance And I perswade my selfe that this might be done sometimes in Winter to trees standing in faire pl●ines and kindly earth with small or no danger at all So that I conclude that twenty foure yards are the least space that Art can allot for trees to stand distant one from another If you aske me what vse shall be made of that waste ground betwixt tree and tree I answer If you please to plant some tree or trees in that middle space you may and as your trees grow contigious gr●a● and thick you may at your pleasure take vp those last trees And this I take to be the chiefe cause why the most trees stand so thicke For men not knowing or not regarding this secret of needfull distance and louing fruit of trees planted to their handes thinke much to pull vpp an● though they pine one another If you or your heires or successors would take vp some great tre●s past setting where they stand too thicke be sure ●ou doe it about Miasummer and leaue no maine roo●● I destina●e this sp●ce of foure and twenty yards for trees of age sta●ure More then thi● yo● h●ue borders to be made for wal●es● with Roses● Berries c. A●d chiefly consider that your Orchard for the first twenty or thirty yeeres will serue you ●or many Gardens for Safron Licoras roots and other herb● for profi● and flowers for pleasure so that no ground need be wasted if the Gardiner be skillfull and diligen● But be sure● you come not neere with such deepe de●uing the roots of your trees who●e compas●e you may partly discerne by the compasse of the tops if your top be well spread And vnder the droppings and shadow of your trees be sure no herbes will like Let this be said for the distance of Trees CHAP. 9. Of the placing of Trees THe placing of trees in an Orchard is well worth the regard For although it must be granted that any of our foresaid trees Chap. 2. will like well in any part of your Orchard being good and well drest earth yet are not ●ll Trees alike worthy of a good place And therefore I wish that your Filbird Plummes Dimsons Bules●● and such like be vtterly remoued from the plaine soile of your Orchard into your fence for there is not such fertility and easefull growth as within and there also they are more sub●ect and an abide the blasts of Aeolus The che●ries and plummes being ripe in the hot time of Summer and th● rest standing ●onger are not so soone shaken as your better fr●i● neither if they suffer losse is your losse so grea● besides that your fences and ditches w●ll de●ou●e ●ome of your fruit growing in or neere your hedges And seeing the continuance of all these except Nu●s is small the care of them ought to be the lesse And make no doubt● but the fences of a large Orchard wi●l containe a suffi●ien●●umber of such kind of Fruit-trees in the wh●le compasse It is not materiall but at your pleasure in the s●d fences you may either intermingle your seuer●l ki●ds of fruit-trees or set euery kind by himself● which order doth very well become your bet●er and greater fruit Let therefore your Appl●s P●●res an● Quinches possesse the soile of you O●chard vnlesse you be especially affected to some of your other kinds and of them let your greatest ●rees of growth stand furthest from Sunne and your Quinches at the S●u●h side or end and your● Apples in th● middle so shall none be any hinderance to his fellowes The Warden-tree and Winter-Peare will challenge the pre●emine●ce for stature Of your Apple-trees you shall finde difference in growth A good Pippin will g●ow large and a Costard-tree stead them on the North side of your other Apples thus being placed the least will

following and foyling and the best requires supply euen for the little body of Corne. How then can we thinke that any ground how good soeuer can sustaine bodies of such greatnesse and such great feeding without great plenty of Sap arising from good earth This is one of the chiefe causes why so many of our Orchards in England are so euill thriuing when they come to growth and our fruit so bad Men are loth to bestow much ground and desire much fruit and will neither set their trees in sufficient compasse nor yet feed them with manure Therefore of necessity Orchards must be foiled The fittest time is when your trees are growne great and haue neere hand spread your earth wanting new earth to sustaine them which if they doe they will seeke abroad for better earth and shun that which is barren if they find better as cattell euill pasturing For nature hath taught euery creature to desire and seeke his owne good and to auoid hurt The best time of the yeere is at the Fall that the Frost may b●●e and make it tender and the Raine wash it i●to the roots The Summer time is perillous if ye digge because the sap 〈◊〉 amaine The best kind of Foile is such as is fat hot and tender Your earth must be but lightly opened that the d●ng may goe in and wash away and but shallow lest you hurt the roots and in the Spring closely and equally made plaine againe for f●are of Suckers I could wish that after my trees haue fully possessed the soile of mine Orchard that euery seuen yeeres at least the soile were bespread with dung halfe a foot thicke at least Puddle water out of the dunghill powred on plentifully will not onely moisten but fatten especially in Iune and Iuly If it be thicke and fat and applied euery yeere your Orchard shall need none other foiling Your ground may lye so low at the Riuer side that the floud standing some daies and nights thereon shall saue you all this labour of foiling CHAP. 13. Of Annoyances A Chiefe helpe to make euery thing good is to auoid the euils thereof you shall neuer attaine to that good of your Orchard you looke for vnlesse you haue a Gardner that can discerne the diseases of your trees and other annoyances of your Orchard and find out the causes thereof and know apply fit remedies for the same For be your ground site plants and trees as you would wish if they be wasted with hurtfull things what haue you gained but your labour for your trauell It is with an Orchard and euery tree as with mans body The best part of physicke for preseruation of health is to foresee and cure diseases All the diseases of an Orchard are of two sorts either internall or externall I call those inward hurts which breed on and in particular trees 1 Galles 2 Canker 3 Mosse 4 Weaknes in setting 5 Barke bound 6 Barke pild 7 Worme 8 Deadly wounds Galles Canker Mosse weaknes though they be diuers diseases yet howsouer Authors thinke otherwise they rise all out of the same cause Galles we haue described with their cause and remedy in the 11. Chapter vnder the name of fretters Canker is the consumption of any part of the tree barke and wood which also in the same place is deceiphered vnder the title of water-boughes Mosse is sensibly seene and knowne of all the cause is pointed out in the same Chapter in the discourse of timber-wood and partly also the remedy but for Mosse adde this that at any time in summer the Spring is best when the cause is remoued with an Harecloth immediatly after a showre of raine rub off your Mosse or with a peece of weed if the Mosse abound formed like a great knife Weaknesse in the setting of your fruit shall you finde there also in the same Chapter and his remedy All these flow from the want of roomth in good soile wrong planting Chap. 7. and euill or no dressing Bark-bound as I thinke riseth of the same cause and the best present remedy the causes being taken away is with your sharpe knife in the Spring length-way to launch his bark throughout on 3. or 4. sides of his boale The disease called the Worme is thus discernd The barke will be hoald in diuers places like gall the wood will die dry and you shall see easily the barke swell It is verily to be thought that therin is bred some worm I haue not yet thorowly sought it out because I was neuer troubled therewithall but onely haue seene such trees in diuers places I thinke it a worme rather because I see this disease in trees bringing fruit of sweet taste and the swelling shewes as much The remedy as I con●ecture is so soone as you perceiue the wound the next Spring cut it out barke and all and apply Cowes p●●le and vineger presently and so twice or thrice a weeke for a moneths space For I well perceiue if you suffer it any time it eates the tree or bough round and so kils Since I first wrote this Treatise I haue changed my mind concerning the disease called the worme because I read in the History of the West-Indians that their trees are not troubled wiih the disease called the worme or canker which ariseth of a raw and euill concocted humor or sap Witnesse Pliny by reason their Country is more ho● then ours whereof I thinke the best remedy is not disallowing the former considering that the worme may breed by such an humor warme standing sound lopping and good dressing Barke-pild you shall find with his remedy in the 11. Chapter Deadly wounds are when a mans Arborist wanting skill cut off armes boughes or branches an inch or as I see sometimes an handfull or halfe a foot or more from the body These so cut cannot couer in any time with sap and therefore they die and dying they perish the heart and so the tree becomes hollow and with such a deadly wound cannot liue long The remedy is if you find him before he be perished cut him close● as in the 11. Chapter if he be hoald cut him close fill his wound tho neuer so deepe with morter well tempered so close at the top his wound with a Seare cloth doubled and nailed on that no aire nor raine approach his wound If he be not very old and detaining he will recouer and the hole being closed his wound within shall not hurt him for many yeeres Hurts on your trees are chiefly Ants Earewigs and Caterpillars Of Ants and Earewigs is said Chap. 10. Let there be no swarme of Pismires neere your tree-root no not in your Orchard turne them ouer in a frost and powre in water and you kill them For Caterpillars the vigilant Fruterer shall soone espy their lodging by their web or the decay of leaues eaten round about them And being seene they are easily

sing p. 37 p. 38 p. 39 ●●aft●ng in the Scutcheon p 39 CHAP. 11. The right dressing of trees p. 40 Timber-wood euill dress 41 The cause of hurts in wood pag. 42 How to dresse Timber p. 43 The profit of dressing p 43.45 Trees will take any form● 44 How to dresse all Fruit-trees p. 44 The best times for proyning p. 47 Faults of euill dressing and the remedies p. 48 Of water-boughes p. 49 Barke-pyld p. 49 56 Instruments for dressing 50 CHAP. 12. Of Foyling p 53 Time fit for Foyling p. 53 CHAP. 13. Of Annoyances p 54 Two euill in an Orchard p. 54 Of galls cankers mosse c. 55 Of w●l●ull annoyances p. 60 CHAP. 14. Of the age of trees p. 60 The parts of a trees age p 61 Of Mans age p. 62 The age of timber-trees 64 To discerne the age of trees p. 65 CHAP. 15 Of gathering and keeping Fruit. p. 65 CHAP. 16. The profit of Orchards p. 67 Of Cydar and Perry p. 67 Of Fruit Waters and Conserue p. 68 CHAP. 17. Of Ornaments p. 68 Of the delights p. 69 The causes of delights p. 70 Of Flowers Borders Mounts c. p. 71 Of Bees p. 72 THE BEST SVRE AND READIEST VVAY to make a good Orchard and Garden CHAPTER 1. Of the Gardner and his Wages WHosoeuer desireth endeauoureth to haue a pleasant and profitable Orchard must if he be able prouide himselfe of a Fruicterer religious honest skilful in that faculty therwithall painfull By religious I meane because many think religion but a fashion or custome to go to Church maintaining cherishing things religious as Schooles of learning Churches Tythes Church-goods rights and aboue all things Gods word the Preachers thereof so much as he is able practising prayers comfortable conference mutuall instruction to edifie almes and other works of Charity and all out of a good conscience Honesty in a Gardner will grace your Garden and all your house and helpe to stay vnbridled Seruingmen giuing offence to none not calling your name into question by dishonest acts nor infecting your family by euill counsell or example For there is no plague so infectious as Popery and knauery he will not purloine your profit nor hinder your pleasures Concerning his skill he must not be a Scolist to make shew or take in hand that which he cannot performe especially in so weighty a thing as an Orchard than the which there can be no humane thing more excellent either for pleasure or profit as shall God willing be proued in the treatise following And what an hinderance shall it be not onely to the owner but to the common good that the vnspeakeble benefit of many hundred yeeres shall be lost by the audacious attempt of an vnskilfull Arborist The Gardner had not need be an idle or lazie Lubber for so your Orchard being a matter of such moment will not prosper There will euer be some thing to doe Weedes are alwaies growing The great mother of all liuing Creatures the Earth is full of seed in her bowels and any stirring glues them heat of Sunne and being laid neere day they grow Mowles worke daily though not alwaies alike Winter herbes at all times will grow except in extreame frost In Winter your young trees and herbes would be lightned of snow and your Allyes cleansed drifts of snow will set Deere Hares and Conyes and other noysome beasts ouer your walles hedges into your Orchard When Summer cloathes your borders with greene and peckled colours your Gardner must dresse his hedges and antike workes watch his Bees and hiue them distill his Roses and other herbes Now begins Summer Fruit to ripe and craue your hand to pull them If he haue a Garden as he must need to keepe you must needs allow him good helpe to end his labours which are endlesse for no one man is sufficient for these things Such a Gardner as will conscionably quietly and patiently trauell in your Orchard God shall crowne the labours of his hands with ioyfulnesse and make the clouds drop fatnesse vpon your trees he will prouoke your loue and earne his wages and fees belonging to his place The house being serued fallen fruite superfluity of herbes and flowers seedes graffes sets and besides other offall that fruit which your bountifull hand shall reward him withall will much augment his wages and the profit of your bees will pay you backe againe I● you be not able nor willing to hire a gardner keepe your profits to your selfe but then you must take all the pains And for that purpose if you want this faculty to instruct you haue I vndertaken these labours and gathered these rules but chiefly respecting my Countries good CHAP. 2. Of the soyle FRuit-trees most common and meetest for our Northerne Countries as Apples Peares Cheries Filberds red and white Plummes Damsons and Bulles for we meddle not with Apricockes nor Peaches nor searcely with Quinces which will not like in our cold parts vnlesse they be helped with some reflex of Sunne or other like meanes nor with bushes bearing berries as Barberies Goose-berries or Grosers Raspe-berries and such like though the Barbery be wholesome and the tree may be made great doe require as all other trees doe a blacke fat mellow cleane and well tempered soyle wherein they may gather plenty of good sap Some thinke the Hasell would haue a chanily rocke and the sallow and eller a waterish marish The soile is made better by deluing and other meanes being well melted and the wildnesse of the earth and weedes for euery thing subiect to man and seruing his vse not well ordered is by nature subiect to the curse is killed by frosts and drought by fallowing and laying on heapes and if it be wild earth with burning If your ground be barren for some are forced to make an Orchard of barren ground make a pit three quarters deepe and two yards wide and round in such places where you would set your trees and fill the same with fat pure and mellow earth one whole foot higher then your Soile and therein set your Plant. For who is able to manure an whole Orchard plot if it be barren But if you determine to manure the whole site this is your way digge a trench halfe a yard deepe all along the lower if there be a lower side of your Orchard plot casting vp all the earth on the inner side and fill the same with good short hot● tender muck and make such another Trench and fill the same as the first and so the third and so through out your ground And by this meanes your plot shall be fertile for your life But be sure you set your trees neither in dung nor barren earth Your ground must be plaine that it may receiue and keepe moysture not onely the raine falling thereon but also water cast vpon it or descending from higher ground by sluices Conduits c. For I

yet want two hundred of their growth before they leaue encreasing which make three hundred then we must needs resolue that this three hundred yeere are but the third part of a Trees life because as all things liuing besides so trees must haue allowed them for their increase one third another third for their stand and a third part of time also for their decay All which time of a Tree amounts to nine hundred yeeres three hundred for increase three hundred for his stand whereof we haue the te●rme stature and three hundred for his decay and yet I thinke for we must coniecture by comparing because no one man liueth to see the full age of trees I am within the compasse of his age supposing alwaies the foresaid meanes of preseruing his life Consider the age of other liuing creatures The Horse and moiled Oxe wrought to an vntimely death yet double the time of their increase A Dog likewise increaseth three stanns three at least and in as many or rather moe decayes Euery liuing thing bestowes the least part of his age in his growth and so must it needs be with trees A man comes not to his full growth and strength by common estimation before thirty yeeres and some slender and cleane bodies not till forty so long also stands his strength so long also must he haue allowed by course of nature to decay Euer supposing that he be well kept with necessaries and from and without straines bruises and all other dominyring diseases I will not say vpon true report that Physicke holds it possible that a cleane body kept by these 3. Doctors Doctor Dyet Doctor Quiet and Doctor Merriman may liue neere a hundred yeeres Neither will I here vrge the long yeeres of Methushalah and those men of that time because you will say Mans dayes are shortned since the floud But what hath shortned them God for mans sinnes but by meanes as want of knowledge euill gouernment ryot gluttony drunkenesse and to be short the encrease of the curse our sinnes increasing in an iron and wicked age Now if a man whose body is nothing in a manner but tender rottennesse whose course of life cannot by any meanes by counsell restraint of Lawes or punishment nor hope of praise profet or eturnall glory be kept within any bounds who is degenerate cleane from his naturall feeding to effeminate nicenesse and cloying his body with excesse of meate drinke sleepe c. and to whom nothing is so pleasant and so much desired as the causes of his owne death as idlenesse lust c. may li●e to that age I see not but a tree of a solide substance not damnified by heate or cold capable of and subiect to any kinde of ordering or dressing that a man shall apply vnto him feeding naturally as from the beginning disburdened of all superfluities eased of and of his owne accord auoiding the causes that may annoy him should double the life of a man more then twice told and yet naturall phylosophy and the vniuersall consent of all Histories tell vs that many other liuing creatures farre exceed man in the length of yeeres As the Hart and the Rauen. Thus reporteth that famous Roterodam out of Hesiodus and many other Historiographers The testimony of Cicero in his booke De Sen●ctute is weighty to this purpose that we must in posteras aetates ferere arbores which can haue none other sence but that our fruit-trees whereof he speakes can endure for many ages What else are trees in comparison with the earth but as haires to the body of a man And it is certaine without poisoning euill and distemperate dyet and vsage or other such forcible cause the haires dure with the body That they be called excrements it is by reason of their superfluous growth for cut them as often as you list and they will still come to their naturall length Not in respect of their substance and nature H●ires endure long and are an ornament and vse also to the body as trees to the earth So that I resolue vpon good reason that fruit-trees well ordered may liue and like a thousand yeeres and beare fruit and the longer the more the greater and the better because his vigour is p●oud and stronger when his yeeres are many You shall see old trees put their buds and blossomes both sooner and more plentifully then yong trees by much And I sensi●ly perceiue my young trees to inlarge their ●rust as they grow greater both for number and greatnesse Young He●fers bring not fo●th Calues so faire neither are they so plentifull to milke as when they become to be old Ki●e No good Houswife will b●e●d of a young but of an old bird-mother It is so in all things naturally therefore in trees And if fruit-trees l●st to this age how many ages is it to be supposed st●ong and huge timber-trees will last whose huge bodies require the yeeres of diuers Methushalaes before they end their dayes whose sap is strong and bitter whose barke is hard and thicke and their substance solid and stiffe all which are defences of health and long life Their strength withstands all forcible winds their sap of that qu●lity is not subiect to wormes and tainting Their barke receiues seldome or neuer by casualty any wound And not onely so but he is free from remoualls which are the death of millions of trees where as the fruit-tree in comparison is little and often blowne downe his sap sweet easily and soone tainted his barke tender and soone wounded and himselfe vsed by man as man vseth himselfe that is either v●skilfully or carelessely It is good for some purposes to regard the age of your fruit trees which you may easily know till they come to accomplish twenty yeeres by his knots Reckon from his roote vp an arme and so to hys top-twig and euery yeeres growth is distinguished from other by a knot except lopping or remouing doe hinder CHAP. 15. Of gathering and keeping Fruit. ALthough it be an easie matter when God shall sen● it together and keepe fruit yet are they certaine things worthy your regard You must gather your fruit when it is ripe and not before else will it wither and be tough and sowre All fruit generally are ripe when they beginne to fall For Trees doe as all other bearers doe when their yong ones are ripe they will waine them The Doue her Pigeons● the Cony her Rabbets and women their children Some fruit tree sometimes getting a taint in the setting with a frost or euill winde will cast his fruit vntimely but not before he leaue giuing them sap or they leaue growing Except from this foresaid rule Cherries Damsons and Bullies The Cherry is ripe when he is sweld wholy red and sweet Damsons and Bulies not before the first frost Apples are knowne to be ripe partly by their colour growing towards a yellow except the Leather-coat and some Peares and Greening Timely Summer

see that they be cut in the end all alike See that the grafts be of one length or not much differing and it is enough that they haue three or foure eylets without the wrench when the Plant is once sawed and lopped of all his small Siens and shootes round about as also implyed of all his branches if it haue many then you must leaue but two at the most before you come to the cleauing of it then put to your little Saw or your knife or other edged toole that is very sharpe cleaue it quite thorow the middest in gentle and soft sort First tying the Stocke very sure that so it may not cleaue further then is need and then put to your Wedges into the cleft vntill such time as you haue set in your grafts and in cleauing of it hold the knife with the one hand and the tree with the other to helpe to keepe it from cleauing too farre Afterwards put in your wedge of Boxe or Brazill or bone at the small end that so you may the better take it out againe when you haue set in your grafts If the Stocke be clouen or the Barke loosed too much from the wood then cleaue it downe lower and set your grafts in and looke that their incision bee fit and very iustly answerable to the cleft and that the two saps first of the Plant and graft be right and euen set one against the other and so handsomely fitted as that there may not be the least appearance of any cut or cleft For if they doe not thus ●●mpe one with another they will neuer take one with another because they cannot worke their seeming matter and as it were cartilaguous glue in conuenient sort or manner to the gluing of their ioynts together You must likewise beware not to make your cleft ouerthwart the pitch but somewhat aside The barke of your Plant being thicker then that of your Graft you must set the graft so much the more outwardly in the cleft that so the two saps may in any case be ioyned and set right the one with the other but the rinde of the Plant must be somewhat more out then that of the grafts on the clouen side To the end that you may not faile of this worke of imping you must principally take heed not to ouer-cleue the Stockes of your Trees But before you widen the cleft of your wedges binde and goe about the Stocke with two or three turnes and that with an Ozier close drawne together vnderneath the same place where you would haue your cleft to end that so your Stocke cleaue not too farre which is a very vsuall cause of the miscarrying of grafts in asmuch as hereby the cleft standeth so wide and open as that it cannot be shut and so not grow together againe but in the meane time spendeth it selfe and breatheth out all his life in that place which is the cause that the Stocke and the Graft are both spilt And this falleth out most often in plum-Plum-trees branches of trees You must be careful so to ioyne the rinds of your grafts and Plants that nothing may continue open to the end that the wind moisture of the clay or raine running vpon the grafted place do not get in when the plant cleueth very straight there is not any danger nor hardnesse in sloping downe the Graft If you leaue it somewhat vneuen or rough in some places so that the saps both of the one and of the other may the better grow and be giued together when your grafts are once well ioyned to your Plants draw out your wedges very softly lest you displace them againe you may leaue there within the cleft some small end of a wedge of greene wood cutting it very close with the head of the Stocke Some cast giue into the cleft some Sugar and some gummed Waxe If the Stocke of the Plant whereupon you intend to graft be not so thicke as your graft you shall graft it after the fashion of a Goates foot make a cleft in the Stocke of the Plant not direct but byas that smooth and euen not rough then apply and make fast thereto the graft withall his Barke on and answering to the barke of the Plant. This being done couer the place with the fat earth and ●oste of the Woods tyed together with a strong band sticke a pole of Wood by it to keepe it stedfast CHAP. 4. Grasting like a Scutcheon IN grafting after the manner of a Scutcheon you shall not vary nor differ much from that of the Flute or Pipe saue only that the Scutcheon-like graft hauing one eyelet as the other hath yet the wood of the tree whereupon the Scutcheon-like graft is grafted hath not any knob or budde as the wood whereupon the graft is grafted after the manner of a pipe In Summer when the trees are well replenished with sap and that their new Siens begin to grow somewhat hard you shall take a shoote at the end of the chiefe branches of some noble and reclaimed tree whereof you would faine haue some fruit and not many of his old store or wood and from thence ruise a good eylet the tayle and all thereof to make your graft But when you choose take the thickest and grossest diuide the tayle in the middest before you doe auy thing else casting away the leafe if it be not a Peare plum-tree for that would haue two or three leaues without remouing any more of the said tayle afterward with the point of a sharpe knife cut off the Barke of the said shoote the patterne of a shield of the length of a nayle In which there is onely one eylet higher then the middest together with the residue of the tayle which you left behinde and for the lifting vp of the said graft in Scutcheon after that you haue cut the barke of the shoote round about without cutting of the wood within you must take it gently with your thumbe and in putting it away you must presse vpon the wood from which you pull it that so you may bring the bud and all away together with the Scutcheon for if you leaue it behinde with the wood then were the Scutcheon nothing worth You shall finde out if the Scutcheon be nothing worth if looking within when it is pulled away from the wood of the same sute you finde it to haue a hole within but more manifestly if the bud doe stay behind in the Wood which ought to haue beene in the Scutcheon Thus your Scutcheon being well raised and taken off hold it a little by the tayle betwixt your lips without wetting of it euen vntil you haue cut the Barke of the tree where you would graft it and looke that it be cut without any wounding of the wood within after the manner of a c●utch but somewhat longer then the Scu●cheon that you haue to set in it and in no place cutting the wood within after you haue made incision you must open

it and make it gape wide on both sides but in all manner of gentle handling and that with little Sizers of bone and separating the wood and the barke a little within euen so much as your Scutcheon is in length and breadth you must take heed that in d●ing hereof you do not hart the bark This done take your Scutcheon by the end and your tayle which you haue left remaining and put into your incision made in your tree lifting vp softly your two sides of the incision with your said Sizers of bone and cause the said Scutcheon to ioyne and lye as close as may be with the wood of the tree being cut as aforesaid in waying a little vpon the end of your rinde so cut and let the vpper part of your Scutcheon lye close vnto the vpper end of your incision or barke of your said tree afterward binde your Scutcheon about with a band of Hempe as thicke as a pen of a q●ill more or lesse according as your tree is small or great taking the same Hempe in the middest to the end that either part of it may performe a like seruice and wreathing and binding of the said Scutcheon into the incision of a tree and it must not be tyed too strait for that would keepe it from taking the ioyning of the one sap to the other being hindred thereby and neither the Scutcheon nor yet the Hempe must be moist or wet and the more iustly to binde them together begin at the back● side of the Tree right ouer against the middest of the incision and from thence come forward to ioyne them before aboue the eylet and tayle of the Scutcheon crossing your band of Hempe so oft as the two ends meet and from thence returning backe againe come about and tye it likewise vnderneath the eylets and thus cast about your band still backward and forward vntill the whole cleft of the incision be couered aboue and below with the said Hempe the eylet onely excepted and his tayle which must not be couered at all his tayle will fall away one part after another and that shortly after the ingrafting if so be the Scutcheon will take Leaue your trees and Scutcheons thus bound for the space of one moneth and the thicker a great deale longer time Afterward looke them ouer and if you perceiue them to grow together vntye them or at the leastwise cut the Hempe behinde them and leaue them vncouered Cut also your branch two or three fingers aboue that so the impe may prosper the better and thus let them remaine till after Winter about the moneth of March and Aprill If you perceiue that your budde of your Scutcheon doe swell and come forward then cut off the tree three fingers or thereabouts aboue the Scutcheon for if it be cut off too neere the Scutcheon at such time as it putteth forth his first blossome it would be a meanes greatly to hinder the flowring of it and cause also that it should not thriue and prosper so well after that one yeere is past and that the shoote beginneth to be strong beginning to put forth the second bud and blossome you must goe forward to cut off in byas-wise the three fingers in the top of the tree which you left there when you cut it in the yeere going before as hath beene said When your shoote shall haue put foorth a great deale of length you must sticke downe there euen hard ioyned thereunto little stakes tying them together very gently and easily aud these shall stay your shootes and prop them vp letting the winde from doing any harme vnto them Thus you may graft white Roses in red and red in white Thus you may graft two or three Scutcheons prouided that they be all of one side for they will not be set equally together in height because then they would bee all staruelings ne●ther would they be directly one ouer another for the lower would stay the rising vp of the sap of the tree and so those aboue should consume in penury and vndergoe the aforesaid inconuenience You must note that the Scutcheon which is gathered from the Sien of a tree whose fruite is sowre must be cut in square forme and not in the plaine fashion of a Scutcheon It is ordinary to graffe the sweet Quince tree bastard Peach-tree Apricock-tree Iuiube-tree sowre Cherry treee sweet Cherry-tree and Chestnut tree after this fashion howbeit they might be grafted in the cleft more easily and more profitably although diuers be of contrary opinion as thus best Take the grafts of sweet Quince tree and bastard Peach-tree of the fairest wood and best fed that you can finde growing vpon the wood of two yeeres old because the wood is not so firme nor solid as the others and you shall graffe them vpon small Plum-tree stocks being of the thicknes of ones thumbe these you shall cut after the fashion of a Goats foot you shall not goe about to make the cleft of any more sides then one being about a foot high from the ground you must open it with your small wedge and being thus grafted it will seeme to you that it is open but of one side afterward you shall wrap it vp with a little Mosse putting thereto some gummed Wax or clay and binde it vp with Oziers to keepe it surer because the stocke is not strong enough it selfe to hold it and you shall furnish it euery manner of way as others are dealt withall this is most profitable The time of grafting All moneths are good to graft in the moneth of October and Nouember onely excepted But commonly graft at that time of the Winter when sap beginneth to arise In a cold Countrey graft later and in a warme Countrey earlier The best time generall is from the first of February vntill the first of May. The grafts must alwaies be gathered in the old of the Moone For grafts choose shootes of a yeere old or at the furthermost two yeeres old If you must carry grafts farre pricke them into a Turnep newly gathered or say earth about the ends If you set stones of Plummes Almonds Nuts or Peaches First let them lye a little in the Sunne and then steepe them in Milke or Water three or foure daye● before you put them into the earth Dry the kernels of Pippins and sow them in the end of Nouember The stone of a Plum-tree must be set a foot deepe in Nouember or February The Date-stone must be set the great end downwards two cubits deepe in the earth in a place enriched with dung The Peach-stone would be set presently after the Fruit is eaten some quantity of the flesh of the Peach remaining about the stone If you will haue it to be excellent graft is afterward vpon an Almond tree The little Sie●s of Cherry-trees grown thicke with haire rots and those also which doe grow vp from the rootes of the great Cherry-trees being remoued doe grow better and sooner then they which

those which will last till it be ●andlemas by themselues those that will last till Shrouetide by themselues and Pippins Apple-Iohns Peare-maines and Winter-Russettings which will last all the yeere by themselues Now if you spy any rotten fruite in your heapes pick them out and with a Trey for the purpose see you turne the heapes ouer and leaue not a tainted Apple in them diuiding the hardest by themselues and the broken skinned by themselues to be first spent and the rotten ones to be cast away and euer as you turne them and picke them vnder-lay them with fresh straw thus shall you keepe them safe for your vse which otherwise would rot suddenly Pippins Iohn Apples Peare maines and such like long lasting fruit need not to be turned till the weeke before Christmas vnlesse they be mixt with other of a riper kind or that the fallings be also with them or much of the first straw left amongst them the next time of turning is at Shroue-tide and after that once a moneth till Whitson-tide and after that once a fortnight and euer in the turning lay your heapes lower and lower and your straw very thinne prouided you doe none of this labour in any great frost except it be in a close Celler At euery thawe all fruit is moyst and then they must not be touched neither in rainy weather for then they will be danke also and therefore at such seasons it is good to set open your windowes and doores that the ayre may haue free passage to dry them as at nine of the clocke in the fore-noone in Winter and at sixe in the fore-noone and at eight at night in Summer onely in March open not your windowes at all All lasting fruite after the middest of May beginne to wither because then they waxe dry and the moisture gone which made them looke plumpe they must needes wither and be smaller and nature decaying they must needes rot And thus much touching the ordering of fruites FINIS LONDON Printed by Nicholas Okes for IOHN HARISON at the golden Vnicorne in Pater-noster-row 1631. Religious Honest. Skilfull Painfull Wages Kinds of trees Soyle Barren earth Plaine Moyst Grasse Naturally plaine Crust of the earth Low and neere a Riuer Psal 1.3 Ez● ●7 8 〈◊〉 39.17 Mr. Markham Winds Chap. 13. Sunne Trees against a wall Orchard as good as a corn-field Compared with a vinyard Compared with a garden What quantity of ground● Want is no hinderance How Landlords by their Te●an●s may mak● flour●shing Orchards in England The vsuall forme is a square A. Al these squares must bee set with trees the Gardens and other ornaments must stand on spaces betwixt the trees in the borders fences B. Trees 20. yards asunder C. Garden Knots D. Kitchen garden E. Bridge F. Conduit G. Staires H. Walkes set with great wood thicke I. Walkes set with great wood round about your Orchard K. The out fence L. The out fence set with stone-fruite M. Mount To force earth for a mount or such like set it round with quicke and lay boughes of trees strangely intermingled tops inward with the cart●● in the midle N. S●ill-house O. Good standing for Bees if you haue an house P. If the riuer run by your doore vnder your mount it will be pleasant Effects of euill fencing Let the fence be your owne Kinds of fences earthen walles Pale and Raile Stone walls Quicke wood and Moates Moates Slip● Bur-knot Vsuall Sets Maine rootes cut Stow sets remoued Generall rule ●ying of trees Generall rule Signes of diseases Chap 13. Suckers good sets A running Plant. Sets bought The best sets Vnremoued how Sets vngrafted best of all Time of remouing Generall rule Remooue soone The manner of setting Set in the crust Moysture good Gra●ts must be fenced Hurts of too neere planting Remedy Generall rule All touches hartfull The best distance of trees The part● of a tree Waste ground in an Orchard Kinds of gra●●ing Graft how A Graft what Eyes Generall rule Time of graffing Gathering graffes Graffes of old ●●ees Where taken Emmits Incising A great stocke Packing thus Inoculating Necessity 〈…〉 sli●g trees Generall rule Profit of trees dressed The end of Trees Trees will take any forme The end of Trees How to dresse a fruit-tree Benefits of good ●ressing Time best for proining Dressing betime Faults of euill drest trees and the remedy The forme altered Dressing of old trees Faults are fiue and their remedies 1 1 Long boale No remedy 2 2 Water boughs Remedy Barke-pild and the remedy Fretters Touching Remedy Suckers Remedy One principall top or bough and remedy Instruments for dressing Necessity effoiling Trees great suckers Great bodies Time fit for foyling Kind of foyle Two kinds of euils in an Orchard Galls Canker Mosse Weaknesse in setting Barke-bound Worme Remedy Barke pild Wounds Remedy Hurts on trees Ants Earewigs Caterpillars and such like wormes Externall euils Remedy Decre c. Birds Remedy Other trees Winds Frosts Weeds Remedy Wormes Moales Remedy Wilfull annoyances Remedy The age o● trees Gathered by reason out of experience Parts of a trees age Mans age The age of timbe● tree● Age of trees disc●rne● Generall Rule Cherries c. Apples When. Dry stalkes Seuerally Ouerladen ●●ees Instruments Bruises Keeping Cydar and Perry Fruit. Waters Conserue D●li●ht the chiefe end o● Orchards An Orchard delightsome An Orchard is Paradise Causes of wearisomnesse Orchard is the remedy All delight in Orchard● This delights all the sences Delighteth old age Causes of delight in an Orchard Flowers Borders and squares Mounts Whence you may shoote a Bucke Dyall Musique Walkes Seates Order of trees Shape of men and beasts Mazes Bowle● Alley Buts Hearbes Conduit Riuer Moats Bees Vine Birds N●●hting●le Robin-red-brest Wren Black-bird Thrush Your owne labour Dry. Hops Plaine Bee-house Hiues Hiuing of Bees Spelkes Catching Clustering Droanes Annoyances Taking of Bees Straining Honey Vessels Cherries Gathering of Cheries To carry Che●rie● Other stone-fruit G●thering of Peares Gathering of Apples To vse the fallings Carriage of fruit Of Wardens Of Medlers Of ●uince● To packe Apples Emptying and laying Apples Difference in Fruit. Transporting fruit by water When not to transport fruit To conuay small store of fruit Roomes for fruite Sorting of Fruit. Times of stirring fruit