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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
cause_n	bear_v	former_a	great_a	161	4	2.1123	3	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A19052	A brief and most pleasau[n]t epitomye of the whole art of phisiognomie, gathered out of Aristotle, Rasis, Formica, Loxius, Phylemo[n], Palemo[n], Consiliator, Morbeth the Cardinal and others many moe, by that learned chyrurgian Cocles: and englished by Thomas Hyll Londoner; Chyromantie ac physionomie anastasis. English	Cocles, Bartolommeo della Rocca, 1467-1504.; Hill, Thomas, b. ca. 1528.	1556 (1556)	STC 5468; ESTC S113547	41,298	89

person to bee sanguine and luxuriouse as Formica sayth ●tholomye sayeth that he whiche hath the vpper ioyntes of the fyngers grosse and bendyng or turnyng vp suche if they shalbe thē ryche in countinuaunce of tyme after shalbe poore or by some other infortune they shalbe hyndered further he sayeth hauyng the handes croked in length declare hym to dye a violente death These hithert● of the Phisiognomating of the handes for this time suffice here Of the belly backe greate guttes and haunches with the legges to the fet The. xxxv Chapter OUr matter requireth not muche to wryte what eche mā may Judge by the beliye backe and greate guttes althoughe they be principall mēbres of the body by whiche myghte muche be noted and Judged but notwythstandyng what is necessaryly to be spoken of them in breuitie shalbe shewed Fyrste the bellye heary and roughe to the nauell declareth that man to be luxuryouse bolde hardye or stoute prudent of a great vnderstandyng studyouse warye and somtyme hardlye fortunated The bellye leane and thynne declare a hote and cholerycke complexcyon and often tymes also a melancholyke complexcyon As they for the more parte whiche haue fa●te and ●orpulente beliyes and yet very wytty and thys by often experience we fynde trewe He also which is ●a● or well brawned aboute the bellye and that the bellye beare not muche oute is Judged strong after nature He commonly whiche by some accydente as by fastyng or sickenes or by some other accydentall cause hath a leane bellye is Judged vnapte to be taughte tendre and weake And so long as he contineweth 〈◊〉 suche a passion he declyneth to the feminine nature Aristotle in hys secretes to Alexander wryteth that he whiche hath a greate bellye is vndiscreate folyshe and lyght mynded louing and delytyng in veneriouse actes but the belly meane and the brest decently strait or narrowe declare to be a man of a singuler vnderstandyng and wittye of counsell or a good counseler ▪ Aristotle sayeth that the backe bone greate and well brawned and strong declareth that man to be strong and mighte in stomake compared to the masculyne kynde And the backe bone narrowe ●a●te brawned weake to be weake compared to the feminine kynde wherfore Rasys sayeth that the largenes of the backe declareth fortytude arrogancye and vehemencye of ●re The crokednes of the backe declareth the maliciousnesse of condicious and ouerthwartnesse in maners The equalitie of the backe is a good sygne Conciliator sayeth the backe large strong wel brawned bo ▪ ned declare a manlye nature contrarye a femini●e nature And who that is croke backed if it shalbe sa●t in fleashe bearyng vp to a hyll and that any by that be ●arroer as it were to a waste aboute thys man excelleth in vertue hauyng a studyouse desyre in huntyng They saye also that the crokednes of the backe declareth the ouerthwartnes in maners The backe large vnextensed declareth fortitude arro gancie fiercenes or furiouse hastines in angre The thynnes of the backe declareth y t man to be of a waywarde nature Further the backe bone large at the nether ende to the buttockes and safte compassed or brawned wyth fleashe declareth that person to bee effeminate compared to the woman But if the backe bone be long and ende sharpe declareth that man to be libidinouse moderate in manners and fearefull Certain saye that the backe heary leane and muche bearyng vp fro an equalitie of the partes declareth that man to be inuericundiouse maliciouse beastly of an euil vnderstandyng weake not long enduring to labor and slouthfull The backe greate or broade and fatte declareth that man to be diuerse slouthfull of much deceate The backe thynne extensed and leane declareth that man to be weake and of lyghte cause fearefull vayne a brawler and of muche credulitie The backe from the shoulder poyntes downe to the wast or geardel steade shorte and sufficiente large suche persons as Cocles hath very often noted it be swifte and preste in coetyng Certayne of the Philosophers admonishe vs to beware of those persons whiche haue the backe muche bunchyng out for suche especially be geuen to doe mischiefe and harme and most in defamyng backebytyng and enuy The haunches expresse the lyke in maner of the former for if the haunches be fleash and fatte and that the legges downe to the fete be also fleashy declare boldnes and strength He whyche hath bony haunches so that the bones beare oute and well sinewed in such maner that the haunches be great by especialler cause of the bones and sinewes thē of ouer much fleashines declare that man to be strong bold Rasis also sayeth y t when the bones of the haūches shal beare out declare boldnes And thys Rasis meaneth when the haunches bee well brawned and bendyng to the siluester parte whiche is a notyse of fortytude and suche runne quicke and swiftly and be also great iourn●ers as Cocles hath noted it Mthell the Scot sayeth that the haunches wel brawned declare that man to be strong hardy and no lesse proud as appeareth in the stone horse cocke and falcon Also he sayth that hauyng the haūches bony but yet in such wyse y t the bones be not great much fleashy wyth the smaines of the synewes such be weake referred to the feminine kynde To thys Rasys sayeth that when the haunches beare oute throughe muche fleashe declare debi●itye of strength and loosenes of the members The hippe or hucke●l bones tendynge outwarde as Consi●ator sayth declare vri●litie and fortitude excepte effiminate fleashines happen to hynder the same The siendernes or smalnes of them declareth that man to be a louer of women and to be feareful wyth weakenes of the bodye The shankes well sinowed strong brawned or muscled and greate not by reason of the fleashines but rather by reason of the greatnes of the bones and sinewes declare that manne to be strong after iyfe referred to the masculyne kynde The shankes thynne or leane and sufficiently synowed declare that person to be luxuryouse lyght and vnstable in hys mouinges and thys notyse is taken by byrdes hauyng the lyke shankes Whiche because they be light after nature vnstable haue lytle of the terrestrial substaunce or grauity but much of the Aeriall ●yghtnes The shankes leane wythout the sufficiencie of sinewes declare that mā to be feareful as cociliator affirmeth The shākes ouer gret by reasō of ouer much fleashines and as it were indistincte that is with equalitie or all a lyke so that aboute the ancles they be fleashye and fatte as women be be named weake and vnshamefaste as appereth aboue by the signes incensible Whan the grosnes or fleshines shalbe aboute the ancles declare that man to be grosse and folysh of nature as Rasys sayeth And Aristotle wryttyng to Alexander sayth y t the thynnes or leanes of the shākes declareth that man to be Ignoraunte or simple And the greatnes of them declareth that mā to be bolde and strong The shankes all

For there are fewe other nacions but haue in theyr own tounge diuerse treatises therof set furth in print wheras we so farre as I haue seen haue neuer a worde therof And although I knowe that no begynnynges can lacke disprayse yet to set other on wurke therin I haue wyth blynde bayarde aduentured to turne into Inglish that whiche I haue founde in other tounges wrytten by the best learned in that arte as Hermes Aristotle Rasis Formica Locius Philemon Palemon Conciliator and other wishing that al mē at vacant tymes myghte occupye theyr wittes therin And one thyng I warne as I my selfe am warned not to Judge by any one part alone but by all or at the least by many together so shall we be sure not to bee deceiued I meane we shall not bee deceyued to know the trueth of the naturall disposicion and yet we maye fayle of the mans condicions whiche Socrates hymselfe well declared For whan he with hys disciples about hym asked of a Phisiognomer what condicions he perceyued to be in hym Ah Socrates quoth the Phisiognomer thou art a great ●eachour a craftye felow subtyle and geuen to all wyckednes Thys answereso vexed Socrates Scolets who know the contrary to be most true that they rayled at the Phisiognomer and woulde wyth strypes haue recompensed hys paynes had not Socrates stayed them For it is all true that he sayeth quoth Socrates for such I am by nature but I haue as al other mē may haue if they wyl a reasō and grace that ruleth about nature By this it is euident that reasō and grace ma● brydle nature or turne the prouocacions therof vnto goodnes For the cholericke or irefull man maye eyther by grace represse hys lust or els vse it well in correctyng of vices The malicious man maye by gra● asswage hys lust or els turne it agaynst the wycked and so furth of al other natural inclinacions And therfore although a man may perfitly by Phisiognomy declare the natural inclinacions of any man y● may he not perfectly iudge hym except he know wh●ther he haue grace or no. And the lacke of thys consi●raunce hath brought thys science to be thought fals● because grace brydeleth or vseth wel the naturall ●●clinacions of man Thys well remembred the boo● maye be safely read and thou good Reader therby mayst infallibly iudge the state and condicions of any manne For the better knowledge wherof I entende shortly to sette furth palmestrye In the meane ryme I beseche thee to take in good parte thys my rude endeuours A briefe Epitome of the whole art of Phisiognomie touchyng generally al the membres of man Of the signes of healthful and sicke bodyes by the part of the foure compleccions First the signes of the bodye of a hote compleccion The firste Chapter BOdies naturally hote do spedily wel encrease as appereth in yoūg children and waxe fatte muche drye their vaynes apparaunte in their places their breath strong their voyce loude mightie and great mightie in coeatyng and muche desiring or lusting therto They fede digest and beare their meate well hauing aboundauncy or plenty of heare on the head and in such places as it should naturally growe which partly be thicke bristled of hear of the breast whiche commeth by muche heate of the heart as perfectly appeareth in the lion and cocke The signes of the body of a colde compleccyon The. ii Chapter BOdyes naturally cold do slowlye encrease and waxe fat their vaynes appeare greate and manifest their breath smal to be hard or as it were in darke maner their voyce subtile in the hearyng or shrill feble in coeatyng and seldom desiring therto eatyng litell digesting bearyng theyr meate euell whyte of skynne or rosie of coloure their heare deape and long after suffisaunce whether it be blacke or whyte and they be subtil fearyng and trem blyng of a light cause and weake to laboure The signes of the body of a moyst compleccyon The. iii. Chapter BOdyes naturally moyst be softe and lyghte in the fleshe theyr Joyntes hid and of small fortytude whereby they maye endure but a whyle to laboure they feare and tremble in maner at euery matter sleaping euilly oftē moued to coeate or to the lust of the body naked and thinne of heare their eies often watery or distilling y ● heare of their head and in the other places long and thinne hauyng a good or forwarde witte to learne The signes of the bodye of a drye compleccyon The. iiii Chapter BOdies naturally dry be thought rough in the fealing lene in flesh stronge and durable in laboure willingly and conueniently they eate the iointes of theyr membres be manifest and apparaunt the heare of their head in the other natural places great roughe and courled The sygnes of a temperate and healthful body The. v. Chapter TEmperate and healful bodies eate and drincke wel after their conuenience of nature digest and dispose things to thē be sauerye they hunger in conueniente houres they ioy with them that be mery they slepe their ful slepes they think them self lyght of body and go lightly on the ground they sweate sone seldome or neuer snese they waxe meanelye fat coloured in the face hot in the fealyng in them the fiue sences haue conueuiente force after congruency of age bodye and houre The sygnes of a distemperate and vnhealthful body The. vi Chapter DIstemperate and vnhealthful bodyes in all thinges be vnlike to bodies temperate and healthefull wherefore they eat euilly or very litle they passe not to drinke they dygest and dispole or beare their meat euilly thynges to thē be not sauery they hungre not in congruente houres they geue not them selues fully to be chearful and mery in ●eioising at them that laugh and be meary but be alway as it were sad and continue sadde they sleape their slepes euilly they iudge and thinke them selues heau● and go heauily on the grounde they seldome sweate or sweate nothinge at all they gape or often snese streachynge their armes oute and abrode pale in the face or ouer hyghe or muche coloured their v. sences be weake they maye not longe susteyne or endure labour they soone forget matters spiring much their nostrylles alway ful of fi●th theyr body therow out as it were fat their fleshe blowen ly●e the nose and their handes fyngers and eies sweatie and distil lyng The signes of a good nature and memorye The. vii Chapter HE is of a singuler memory vnderstandyng and wel fathoned in nature which hath moyst and softe fleash meane betwene roughnes and lenitie meane of stature hauing a ruddie counten aunce suffused with whitnes hauyng also agē til and frendlie loke whose heare of the head is plain thorowout hauing eies meanly bigge and declynyng to a roundenes the head meanly great with an equalitie the necke well fashioned and the shoulders declining downwardes or shoulders ready to declyne not fleashlier aboute hys shankes and knees hauyng a meane voyce betwene great and shrill

and rounde and that it may licke the nose therwith declareth that parsone to followe the nature of the Oxe as Cocles noted the same by a neyghboure of hys Of the sygnyfycacion of the voyce The. xxii Chapter HEre Aristotle dothe Physiognomate by the voice affirming a doble knowledge after the doble diposition of the voyce for sayeth he the voyce maye be heauye and dyscensed or hyghe that is greate to a basse orgayne pype and suche a voyce saieth he declareth that manne to bee stronge or yf it maye bee small and lowe that is not greate but softe whiche declareth suche a parsone to be ferfull And the causes of these sygnifycationes be taken by the complextion or qualitie of the harte and lunges in the hotnes and coldnes of them For these membres when they be hote cause or make large and sounding pippes and much breth by the largenes of those fynewes Wherefore muche breathe in suche large and great sounding pypes make a great and grosse or base voyce like to a large and greate or base or gane pype blowen whiche soundeth verie bigge and baselie econtratio When these membres bee colde they make those synewes or vayne pypes small and narrowe and litle breathe by the whiche is caused a highe and shryll voyce as the lyke appereth in small organe pypes whiche blowē make a shryll sounde and the lyke knowledge of thys is in men and litle women the mē for theyr hotnes and women for theyr coldnes and this wel appereth by Auerois where he wryteth de signis temperantie pulmonis sayinge that the fortitude of the voyce dothe ensewe lyke the largenes of the vaines and the largenes declareth the hotnes of the complexcion or qualitie of the lunges and the causeis that the fortytude of the voyce declareth necessarilye hotenes but the colde complexion declareth straytnes of the wayes that is of the vaynes and debilitie of the voyce The Phylosopher in an other distinctyon sayth also that they which speake greate bee Iniurious compared to the asse And they which sore call be foolish in a basse maner and ende smalle bee iracundyōus and to be pleased compared to the Oxe and to the cōlines of the voyce And they that speake small safte fayntlye or weryedlie speake fearfullye and compared to women and to the decentnes of the voyce they whiche call in a bigge or basse voyce not parplexed be compared to bandagges and to the comlines therof They that call saftlie without anie tension or reaching out be gentle compared to the shepe They which call small and fearcilie be Iracundious compared to the go●tes These hetherto bee after the minde iudgement of Aristotle and the same lyke affirmeth Albertus and Conciliat●r Hieronimus de Manfredis a bononiane but yet Cocles writeth of the same in a more ample maner and with other wordes as after shal appeare bringing in a cōtrary reason to these afore First Cocles sayeth that he which hath a great hyghe and sounding voyce declareth to be bolde eloquente and a warrioure The voyce meane in subtilnes and grosnes declareth such a parsone to be sapiente for seinge true and iuste for the contrary cause he which speaketh or talketh faste especiallye hauyng a small or shryll voyce declareth suche a parsone to be obstinate or malaparte a foole importunate and a lyare The voyce also greate to be iracundious and of an euyll nature The voyce swete or fawningly as I maye nameit is enuyous suspicious The pleasantnes or bewtyfulnes of the voice declareth folishnes cochebraynes and stoutnes The swiftnes of talke declareth a hote complextione and the same affermeth Albertus Loxius Palemon Phylemon and Conciliator vnder those wordes Ageyne the voyce greate to bee iracundious peruerce and of an euyll nature and the reason is for the vntemperate caliditie He that speaketh hastely hauīg a shril voice declareth to be frowarde obstinate or malaparte a foole importunate a lyar irefull and alway euil condicioned The voice alper lyke the crane to bee enuious teteyning rancoure and secrete hatred in the harte and aboundinge in melancholike humores He that speaketh hys wordes cuttedlye not with a longe breathe declareth a vilenes or infection of nature through the coldnes of the harte and perauenture wyth moystnes applicated And he also whych hathe a heauy voyce is seruaunt to his proper belly the reason is because the voyce heauye procedeth of the debylitie of the vertue which can not breathe oute plentifulnes of aire to moue the muscles of the breaste by which proceadith slouggyshnes so that the wit cannot be applyed in study nor laboure with the body or vse bodilie laboure They that speake bigge inflexible by the commotion of the breste be manlye vnapte to bee taught or to lerne and hardy compared to the lyons They which haue a slowe and basse voice be peasable and ioyous or merie and certaine of these parsones be iuste and affable manered And they which speake and sounde theyr wordes thorough the nosethrelles be babblers lyars malycious and enuious and of them there be whyche ioye in euyll and suche follow the nature of the Ducke as Cocles by experience founde trewe These fewe examples gentle reader of the sygnyficacions of the voice for thys tyme suffice here which I shall desyre thee to accept in good parte bearyng with my grossenes in the traunslation of them suche as they bee And in so dooynge I haue my hartes desyre Of the breath The. xiii Chapter MUche breathe and wynde argueth aboundancye of spyrite and the contrarye is after two maners as the tone by smalnes or lacke of the lunges and the other by the straytnes of the breast and therfore a beaste muche breathyng is of muche fortytude and myghte by reasone of the caliditie resoluyng the moysture and especiallye the dewe moysture ordinate breathe betwene great and small beyng a meane declareth quietnes of the harte and to bee a man well to be pleased and to breathe loude withoute cause and to make huge and longe syghes wytnesseth a moste melancholike qualytie to be and when the breath is cut betwene beynge ordinate and at the laste with the straytnes or parplexity of the mynde commeth oute troubled with syghyng declareth that parsone to bee encombred and detented with thought and vexacion of the mynde and to some to be immixte with euill especiallie yf the head quauer or shake muche withall And loke when with bewaylinge or syghing he bryngeth or casteth the eyes crokedly or wrythingly he then soroweth for that cometh into mynde searching or deuisīg with himself the maner howe that he maye best handle and doo the same He that breatheth with a certayne noyse in the delayinge or stoppinge of the nosethrelles declareth crueltie brutish furiousnes and violence or hastines which delaying also is referred to the passiō in whiche the troubled spirite and thycke resteth as though it were accidental caused by running or laboryng then they be violent or hasty and iracundious when

the breth shalbe short and thycke and by a much cutting of stopped betwene is Judged fearefull and weake And he whych with the syghing countenance is berest wyth a certayne godlines and inspyratione such a parsone is named to be taken and wrapped in furious loue Aristotle in his secre●ces to Alexander sayeth that when thou shalt see a parlone muche and often beholde the and when thou regardest hym feareth and of this blusheth or is a shamed and especyally yf agaynste hys wyll he sygheth and the teares appere standynge in hys eyes thys parsone sayeth he loueth and feareth thee And if it bee contrarye he shalbe enuyous contem●ne the. The breath loude cut betwene with the syghing lyke declareth sorrow and sadnes for thynges loste Certayne of the worthye Physitians affirme that the breathe passynge oute colde by the mouthe and nosethrelles declarethe deathe at hande or shortelye after The Phylosopher Ptholomie also sayeth that he whiche wepeth for nothynge or for lyghte cause shalbe alwaye poore and neadye Of laughter The. xxiiii chapter A Foole much and often laugheth and they also which haue the mylte greate econuerso The bellowes of the mouth that lightly laugheth declareth that man to be simple vayne vnstable soone crediting of a grosse wytte and fedinge wyllynge to sarue but not secret The bellowse or hollowe of the cheke that seldom laugheth and soone hath done declareth that man to be stable a niggarde or sparer warye or wittye of a parfyt vnderstandinge secret faythful gloryous The hollowe of the cheke hardly moued to laugh declareth that man to bee sapiente much or very selfe wylled warie ingenious patiente a niggarde studious of his arte iracundious and a surmyser The hallowe of the cheke or bellowse that lightlye laugheth and in laughing often cougheth or ga●eth or wryeth the heade declareth that manne to be varyable or diuerse enuious soon creditinge ▪ and cōuertible to good or euill The hollow of the cheke or bellowse that wryeth in the laughing with derision of an other declareth that man to be arrogante false or deceatfull harde to be moued Iracundious a lyare and sumwhat geuen to be an vtterer of secrettes or a betrayer He which sufficiently laugheth is benign beloued with all men endamaged or greued lyghtlye and passeth very lytle of or for any and he is of an apparant comlynes compared to sanguine parsones or to Jouiall If they sufficiently laughe it declareth iocundi●●c and a good complextion in that manne and they muche ioye in coeating especially when the lyes loke chearefull and merely But yet to much laughter as Aristotle to Alexander wry●teth remoueth reueren●y and causeth olde age suerly with them is no assured felow shyp to be had because there is no stability nor secretenes in them worthie the ▪ trustinge to although they ●e saruisable after certayne He which laugheth loude or with a certayne noise is inucrieu●d●ous and Conciliator sayeth that he which in laughing cougheth ▪ or susteyneth difficultnes of breath is iudged inuericundious and a tirant and this Cocles found most true in a certaine prince Whose bellouse of the mouth often smyleth or co uertly laugheth declareth an euil mind and peruerse cogitacion and a lyare and suche vniuersally be malicious and dyssemblers and there is no trust in thē or to be geuen to them especiallye when it is conioyned wyth the accydentes of the mynde and yf theyr eye liddes folde to a cloude they be sleares of menne theues and robbers by the hyghe waye or pirates as Cocles manye ▪ tymes noted it To smyle or laughe couertlye to hymselfe in speaking or talkinge declareth foolyshnes in such a persone as Cocles noted the same in a certayne countriman of hys and suche sayeth he abounde in the melancholicke qualitie Of the chynne The. xxv chapter THe chynne large and greate with much 〈◊〉 declareth that man to be peaseable of a mean capacitie and grosse witte ▪ faythful secret and lyghtly conuertible to good or euyll The chynne sharpe and congruentlye full wyth fleshe declareth that man to be of a good vnderstandynge of a hyghe harte or arrogaunt and suffycyent laudable of fedyng The chynne as it were double by a certayne vale or hollowe dentinge in declareth that man to be peasable of a grosse wytte vayne soone creaditing congruently saruisable to one and a very surmyser and secrete of hys doynges The chyn sharpe and subtyll or thynne in fleshe declareth that man to be bolde a warryer or fyghter Ireful disdainful fearful at tymes weake and somwhat content to sarue The chynne recuruate wyth a vale or hollowe in the ioyninge or knyttyng of the Jawes and in fleshe leane as it were sharpe declareth that man to be most wycked or vngracious symple bolde proude or hautie a threatner enuyous warie in expenses deceatefull soone angrye Iracundious a betrayer or traytoure a thefe and a surmyser Note that Physiognomie and ●awmestrye doe more declare by experience ▪ then reasone but yet saieth Cocles somwhat may be iudged in the pryncypaller membres whiche gyue or expresse the magnytude and smalnes of matter fro the begynnynge of generacion The chinne longe declareth aboundauncie of matter and by reason of the caliditie it is ouer muche lengthened out yea they be Iracundyous aspere cruell as Dalemon and Constantyne affyrme The chynne small and shorte declareth that man to be full of naughtynes and vices and one whose company is vtterlye to be eschewed being a man most enuious and vncurtyous and this manne Palemon applieth to the venemous serpent The chin rounde declareth that parsone to be effeminate ▪ conditioned lyke the woman as Pythagoras wryteth And yf there be aboundauncie of flesh vndre the chynne reachynge to the throte declareth that man to bee moste luxurious especiallye yf ether hole be founde in the the chekes The chynne verye longe descendynge declareth that manne to bee full of wyles and deceates And if in the myddle deuision of the chynne it be not much de●e ●●at ●t is a tokē of venereousnes and that with mē suche shal winne grace and fauour as Cocles manye tymes noted the same in theym whiche haunted hatlottes The chynne curuate that the ●y●●●s be as it were in a va●ye declareth rudenes of wyt ▪ and to be moste wycked manered or condicioned vnfaythfull and of thes there be whiche b● the●es as certayne saye vnles olde age cause thys for the losse of teathe Aristotle also sayeth that they become lesse balde th●● other ▪ which haue the chynne deuided as it were in two partes Of the nature of the bearde The. xxvi chapter THe bearde in the masculyne groweth after fourten yeares by little and litle fro Daye to daye and then after spryng the thyghes fast and note that suche heare soryngeth of the superfluitie of meate proceding thorow the fumosities which superascende vnto the partes of the chekes or Jawes as a fume passing oute of the holes or chi●kes of an ouen or fornace vntyl the wayes or passages be