instant might inferre THe brest bone called also Sternon in the neither part therof hath a Cartilage of a trianguler forme although sometimes foure square and in others clouen in two Some therfore haue called it a litle sword others the shieldlyke Cartilage others Mucronatum that is to say sharpe pointed or edged the Arabians Malum Granatum the Grecians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 But what soeuer name it meriteth yet nature made it not to that end as it is commonly iudged that is to say for a defence propugnacle to y mouth of the Tlentricle which farre distant froÌ„ this lyeth in the left side But more rightly they might iudge that it gardeth the hart defendeth Septum transuersum whose tendon is knit thereto Wherfore it hapneth that a wounde in this place is daungerous and deadly for bicause nature placed there this Cartilage as a shield vnto it Whiche groweth so fast vnto the lower part of the brest bone that without great force it may not be plucked away Wherfore they are worthy derisioÌ„ that suppose it to slyppe froÌ„ the seate sometyme IN the head of thé shoulder blade or scaple bone is an hollow or coÌ„caued place whereto is annexed a Cartilage for the augmentation therof for in that part els the compasse of the shoulder blade could not haue suffred so déepe a hollow as might haue bene sufficient to the receiuyng of the head of the shoulder Nature therfore for the augmentation therof deuised a Cartilage wherewith to contriue a déeper profunditie which also so artificially is wrought as that the same ioynt by the mobilitie of this Cartilage is made more agile casie and actiue and by the altitude and depth of the same cauitie at no tyme is easely displaced Which when it hapneth is not without great diligence repayred THe like Cartilage we finde in the cauitie of the hippe which admitteth the long and rounde head of the thighe bone But that is not made there any thyng moueable but onely to that end prepared that the borders of the same coÌ„cauitie might more highly be augmented and so the profunditie be made greater bicause the huckle bone els might not be so déepely excaued as should séeme sufficient to admit the longitude of the head of the thighe FUrther more from the lower heades of the thigh to the vpper regioÌ„ of the legge are two Cartilages like halfe circles the one on the inside the other on the out side I can easely compare their figure to the fashion of a sickle thicker on the out side and thinner on the inside and inwardly endyng at that tubercle which in the middle vpper face or end of the legge riseth where they are ioyned together And they are made to encrease the cauities there in the toppe of the legge exculped wherein more fitly are inserted the lower heades of the thighe neither that the mouing of the ioynt should be hindred TO come vnto the wrest of the hand neare to the poynted Processe extended from the extreme head of the cubite whiche Galen in vayne beleued to be knit to the fourth bone of the wrest is a Cartilage put which fulfilleth the same place beyng otherwise voyde and empty preuentyng likewise lest that part of the hand whilest it is bowed to that sive should strike vpon that sharpe Processe to the great greuaunce and hurt therof MOreouer betwenethe bones of Pubis cleaueth strongly a notable Cartilage whiche in the superiour part is broad and thicke but goyng downewardes decayeth by litle and litle endyng at a sharpe in that place committyng together those bones like most hard and cleauyng glew so fast in déede holdyng them together as that more rightly growyng then ioynyng together they may be termed And for that cause in the former treatise we haue reproued the opinions of such as are not ashamed to affirme these bones to open in the tyme of child bearyng whilest with a knife without great labour as oft hath bene assayed they vtterly refuse to be separated ALso there are Cartilages bestowed on euery ioint whether the 〈◊〉 therof be obscure or manifest For in the ioyntes it behoued the bones to be cucrusted with such Cartilages as be light and slippery sor the easie prouekyng of motion and that by mutuall construction they be not worne Wherfore you finde alway added vnto them a certaine moyst matter wherewith as with a certaine fatnes the ioyntes are continually noynted ANd this I hold fully sufficient for the declaratioÌ„ of Cartilages through out the body Notwithstanding it is best determined in this place to speake somewhat of the nayles before I make an end Whiche although it be truly sayd that their substaunce is meane betwixt bones and Cartilages being neither so hard as bones nor so soft as Cartilages from which in colour also they differ much yet we haue ioyned them vnto the treatise of Cartilages as more appropriate to the nature of them They of right defend the most soft partes the endes of the fingers lâ—…st they be lightly hurt by euery outward occasioÌ„ Wherfore their hardnes establisheth firmely the endes of the fingers and to the apprehendyng of harder thynges are approued most necessary so made to bow and giue place but not to breake Likewise nature sayth Galen was circumspect that in makyng them hard they should neither lose the vtilitie for which they were made nor they them selues suffer any thyng easely accordyng to her custome in makyng in ech creature euery prominent particle of such substaunce as that neither for softnes they may be crushed nor yet for drines broken Likewise for securitie sake the nayles are of rounde figure For of all other figures the rounde offreth lest aduauntage whereby to be hurt bicause it hath no corner standyng forth of power to be broken But bicause by stretchyng and euery other action of the nayles their extremities must néedes be worne to their growyng was annexed perpetuitie although the whole body els be driuen to the defect of grouthe But how Sayth Fuchsius they grow not as other meÌ„bers together both in breadth length and thickenes but onely in length the new sayeth Galen cuer driuyng forwardes and thrustyng out the old So that euer in place of that whiche in the extremities of the nayles is dayly worne new commeth forward and supplieth the rowme Realdus Collumbus proueth the originall begynnyng of the nayles to come srom the skinne and the tendons extending the Muscles of the fingers although vnder the nayles the tendons are caryed to the extremities of the fingers for heare they are afterwardes dilated as shall séeme likely to ech sounde iudgement sithens vnder the nayles lurketh such exquisite sense ¶ An end of the Hystory of Cartilages ⧠Of the History of Man the third Booke of Ligamentes HAd not the ioyntes of the bones and Cartilages by
hurtfull But if one of them be Luxated and remoued from his fellow the case then is most pernitious and the reason is that is one Vertebre be disordered it so wresteth therewith the Spinall marey as that it vrgeth it to bowe into a sharpe corner whereby it is compelled either to breake or be brused the lest of whiche is pernitious in déede and deadly forasmuch as the nature of this marey is endewed with the nature of the brayne Whereas contrariwise many Vertebres being luxated or forced out of course forceth it not so straitly but into a more blunt bowyng and Semicircled corner which although it inciteth great distraction yet not so easely of necessity endureth death Wherefore I say to preuent and forestall all perils and daungerous euentes so much as might be for the necessarie and healthfull procrastination of lyfe the backe was construct and made of so many and so short bones to be made frée if it might be from such like Luxation as also that the bodyes of the Vertebres so effectually made might as I sayd before not swiftely but easely neither sodenly but softely be moued euery way for in déede they are mouable and that aptly to euery side Galen sayth euery thyng that is vpholden or borne by an other ought to be lesser and therfore lighter then that which vpholdeth and beareth which is the cause that euermore the vppermost Vertebres are lesser then the neithermost Wherfore Os SacruÌ„ the seate of all the rest likewise excéedeth them all in quantitie Hetherto how the Vertebres are a safe dèfense for the Spinall marey which yet beyond all that is sayd we note to haue Processes not onely to euery such partes as outwardly occupy the middle regioÌ„ of the backe which order is a principall propugnacle to the same marey therfore the Grecians do terme it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Romains Spina but also other Processes which froÌ„ the sides of them are produced for the cause of more ready and greater safetie which nature moreouer excellently willed to serue for the fixed insertion and due implantation of Muscles And as the lower bones are the greater so likewise the Processes of the higher in degrâ—… are the shortest and contrariwise the greatnes of the Vertebres and Processes beneth are wonderfull safegardes to Vena concaua and Arteria magna in their region resident But before I start from this generall description to talke of their particular proportions and partes I estéeme it not impropper to note briefly vnto you the v. partes wherinto the backe is deuided whereby you may clearely accompt the number of the Vertebres both propper and impropper These are the v. the Necke the Brest the Loynes Os Sacrum and Coccix .. In the Necke first are vij in the Brest xij to the Loynes appertaine 5. to Os Sacrum vj. the last 4. are of Coccix so that by coÌ„putation of all the rehearsed together they amount to the number of xxxiij But vnderstand that only xxiij of them are propper Vertebres by whose vertues the body is turned diuers wayes and their ende is as I sayd before at Os Sacrum And those that are appertinent or depend vpon Os SacruÌ„ are rather for the similitude and likenes of Vertebres numbred amoÌ„gest them then for any office or vse that they reteyne like Vertebres for those in déede are right called Vertebres that with one kynde of Articulation are together coÌ„pounded which is called Arthrodia where as the other therfore not propper are vnited per Symphysim as most clearely we will endeuer henceforth to handle FIrst of all we will as order requireth begyn at the Necke which is called in Gréeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Which was stretched and elongated froÌ„ the body for the cause of Aspera Arteria as Galen proueth saying further that the Necke alway perisheth with the Lunges wherfore euery fish that wanteth the Lunges is also destitute of a Necke and contrariwise such as haue Lunges haue also a Necke and both haue inspiration and expiration by the rough Arterie Hitherto also efflation which is the immediate matter of voyce is the action of the same Arterie without the which voyce could not be made and the vpper end of which beyng of the Latins called Laringa or Larynx is the chief and most principall fourmer of voyce Wherfore it hauyng such affinitie with the Lunges and seruyng to so notable vse it is euident that the Necke was fourmed for the cause thereof and goyng further he sayth also playnly that such creatures as want their Neckes are domme and mute And Aristotle sayth euery creature that waÌ„teth Lunges wanteth a Necke Then sith reason leadeth vs that the head is distaunsed from the body so much in man for the cause of Aspera Arteria and voyce and that the erection of the same Necke could not be made firme and stedfast without the supportable ground and frameworke of Bones neither mouable had the same bene of such solid continuitie as should haue resisted the meane of motion which nature therfore coustrued of sundrie Vertebres you shall hearâ—… what space is to be vnderstanded by the name of Necke and what bones appertaine to the construction therof The Necke is all the part stretched forth betwene the Head and Shoulders that is from the foundation of the Scull to the toppe of the Brest which in that space conteineth the number of vij Vertebres or turning Ioyntes eche one diuers and different from another that is the first from the second and those agayne differyng from all that folow but the iiij that are from the second vnto the the seuenth are aboue all the rest most likely figured and the seuenth it selfe distinct from all other as shall appeare But first is to be noted that the Necke was not onely ordained to the end to beare and susteine the Head but most especially to be auayleable to the diuerse actions mouynges therof which kyndes are not all propper nor all common but some motions propperly appertayning to the Head and others common which are obtayned by the mouynges of the Necke wherfore Collumbus sayth we iudge the propper mouyng of the Necke to be common to the Head forasmuch as the Necke cannot moue without the styrring of the Head. Galen assigneth to the Head two peculiar motions one is by the mouyng of the Head forwardes and backward and the other by turnyng it round to the sides which may be done the Necke remayning quyet or not labouryng but when the Head is greatly moued downward or vpward or vehemeÌ„tly inclined to the shoulders such caÌ„not be the propper motions of the Head seing that they are done by that labour of the whole Necke or otherwise caÌ„not be Wherfore the propper motioÌ„s of the Head are brought to passe by that meanes of
of diuers members and partes had also this figure of the head Wherfore it séemeth Galen rightly iudged of this fourth shape and figure of the head whence reason is farre absent not séemyng to know such monstrous kyndes of shapes but is delited best in the most naturall and the further of from that the more distant also from her perfection But to our purpose and that whiche is more requisite The Bones of the Head are neither altogether Solid nor yet wholly fungie rare or like the Pumish stone for that were to light frayle subiect to manifold iniuries and the other ouer heauy and to much more then nature would oppressiue Neither would the substauÌ„ce of such be any thing so transpirable as were in that case expedient For the head is as a certaine coueryng put aboue a vessell that boyleth vnderneth it so the brayne within it is enuironed closse as a hotehouse But so as if it should not haue passage out after a certaine transpiratiue manner since to the brayne many vapors and excrementes are continually ascendent no man could endure without great discrasie of health and incoÌ„modious lyfe Wherfore prouident nature willyng that as the brayne had oft occasion so it should neuer want the meane of recrementall purgyng And for that cause was the head not made of one whole and continuall bone but of diuers for the procreation of Sutures or Seames which nature for the behoofe of the brayne decréed so coÌ„modious And this reason coÌ„pelleth vs to subscribe vnto Though to the great reproch of Cornelius Celsus who affirmeth or rather dreameth that the head altogether wanting Sutures is most safe the fewer Sutures that it hath the more coÌ„modious also to the health therof for surely he hath nothing that maketh of his side to induce this opinion except he deceiued himselfe by to much regardyng outward causes But besides that Hipocrates Lib. de homine hath testified agaynst Celsus in these wordes Saniores capitis sunt qui plures Suturas habent and that Galen in sundry places commendeth the construction of the head made with Sutures I thinke it good also to declare vnto you the AssertioÌ„s of Realdus Collumbus in this respect a man in matters Anathomicall not meanly experienced Who once hauyng brought vnto him a certaine young man whom death by continuall tormentes of the head remedilesse and in spite of Phisickes ayde had seased on found by Dissection that through out his head scarse the tract of one Suture could be obsorued but rather as the head had bene of one Solid entier Bone so that in the end by the due obseruation of the Dissected parts of that man the whole multitude that were with him as it were with him one mouth gaue seÌ„tence that his continuall cruciable payne and capitall dolour was engendred of no other cause but the streite composition of the Bones of the head through which no passage could be procured whereby those grosse and vaporous sumosities which otherwise by the seamy Commissures would transpirately euaporate being in such retentiue sorte included and findyng no passage to regurgitate the superfluities were not onely the originall causes of his perpetuall dolour and animall vexation but also in fine inferred death And this not once but often tymes he ratified by experience both in men and women as one in this poynt greatly desirous to be satisfied Wherfore it is marueilous that so great a man and learned as Celsus could so much as thinke that which he hath in this poynt playnly published whereas he onely respectyng externe dauÌ„gers we can proue that the inner ought more to be feared that is to say the fuliginous recrements inwardly ascendyng without any transpiratiue vent to procure more eminent and irrecuperable perils then outward percussions except such as were the skull all one bone would finish the lyfe So that we must néedes deny his whole reason that is to say both that the brayne is more safe by the inseparable coagmentation of the Bones or healthfull by their Soliditie For therfore the head beyng thus of bonye substaunce whiche by the violence of some stroke might be fractured or conâ—…used it behoueth to be rather construed of diuers bones to the end that when one part by some such outward iniury is broken the other parts notwithstaÌ„dyng might wholly be reserued since in the head one stroke caÌ„ not reach very far beyond the endes or borders of the part percussed which would otherwise no doubt fall forth were the head of one sole bone constituted As for familiar example strike a vessell made of earth or stone so that it be of comparable thicknes and you shall commonly see that by breakyng one place you shall commit the rest also to péeces Therfore not iniuriously or vaynly is the healthfull head distinct with Sutures or seames for of them to transmit the fumous recrementes of the brayne this is not the onely benefit but their apt construction also is the cause that outward percussions makyng breach in one part to do the like in another are aptly prohibited except the stroke as I sayd be excéedyng greuous But besides all this I hope when I haue reuealed vnto you a thyrd commoditie appertainyng to the Sutures you will metely be satisfied aswell as I. For vnto them is Appendant the Membran of the brayne called Crassa Meninx or Duramater which as shal be sayd hereafter more largely beyng effused by Fiberlike tyeng through the same seames doth engendre on the outside of the scalpe an other Membran which inuolutioÌ„ is ordained for the Extrinsecall Obduction of the capitall Bones and this coueryng is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 But some perhaps will here obieâ—… and say that they haue found in aged persons the skull destitute of Sutures yet they liuyng were not vexed with paynes of the head I answere that likewise in men or women that haue liued many yeares neither will the Appendances of their Bones be separated though in persoÌ„s sufficiently young they be most manifest but maruaile not at that since extreme youth or extreme age in Anathomicall affaires are not to be obserued or at lest to excite any controuersie in Arguments For certaine partes of infantes till after a competent space of tyme are by the tendernesse likest to Cartilages yet no man is so senselesse to deny there beyng bones But let vs draw nearer to the matter By appellation of this name Head vnderstand you the vpper part and toppe of the body created for the cause of the eyes and brayne whose propper figâ—…re should be round and long after the similitude of a long Sphere on both sides depressed beyng by the name distinguished from either of the iawes that is sometyme called the Skull some tyme the Scalpe construed worthely of diuers bones and those both within and without hauyng a smoth crust and hard face but in
the vpper region of the holes of the eyes and meteth with the viij bone of the head But this note that I will tell you which Galen as farre as I haue read neuer made mention of Aboue the toppe of the nose where the same is committed to Os frontis this bone of the forehead holloweth it selfe on ech side both where it maketh the vpper region of the eyes as also prominently constituteth the browes and séemeth as if it were lined with a thinne scale betwene which and the outer Solid side of Os frontis these cauities runne after the maner of this figure to the conteinyng of ayre as Vesalius and Collumbus haue imagined Wherby it appeareth in this place to be by reason of such celles most thicke but yet in the space aboue and betwene them it is most Solid thicke firme as also more infirme thinne and weake where it is committed to the Sagittall Suture vpper bones of the head because there it is in infantes MeÌ„braneous as before is spoken of that portion of Sinciput that bordereth vpon the Coronall Suture After this follow the bones of the temples which in their vpper part that is towardes the Sagittall Suture are equally circumscribed with scalie Agglutinations But behynd with the partes or additions of the Suture Labdoidis and with the vj. Seame which seuereth their lower partes from Sphenoidis and seuereth their Anterior part from the vpper iawe and on Os frontis bordered These bones whosoeuer sayth the contrary as Galen that accompted them iij. square are notwithstandyng most propperly to be termed Circular or Round coÌ„passed for so they shew most in the Superior part Onely their fourme is obscured by many Processes The first of which are the Mamillar Processes dependent like vnto the broken browes of bankes hangyng downe but beare their names for representyng the fashion of Tetes in a Cowes vdder called therfore of the Grecians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which processes serue not onely to the insertioÌ„ of Muscles but that in them also might be conteined most excellently a large cauitie to the Organ of hearyng excéedyng necessary Wherfore you shall euer finde it voyde and empty runnyng in with diuers caues and priuy corners Moreouer not farre froÌ„ this brusteth forth from the fouÌ„dations of these two bones two other processes notable which are not onely very small but also long and hard endewed with many names for the diuers kyndes of shapes whereto they are likened As 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 after the Image of a needle others for the similitude of a writyng Tables peÌ„ne haue named it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or for the likenes of a Cockes spurre whiche in my opinion is of all rest nearest vnto the marke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 although Styloides most of all is vsed And these stiliforme or spurrelike processes are prominent next vnder Mammillares stretchyng obliquely forwardes poyntyng as it were to the Anterior reslectioÌ„ of the neither iawe where it is called the Chinne The thyrd Processe of the temporall bone maketh a portion of Os iugale wyndyng out crookedly froÌ„ the neither part of Temporale where it maketh somewhat a slender reslection the more aptly to mete with the iugall bone And more then these Vesalâ—…s neuer remembred But Realdus Collumbus a famous man to be remembred who in these matters Anathomicall by his exploratiue indagation séemeth to haue sifted a mite and clouen a heare hath not so let slippe or wiâ—…cked at the fourth processe which beginnyng nâ—…re vnto the roote of the stiliformed swelleth out long into the inner part of the head in the which is made that noble Laberinthe resonant to the reflectyng ayre of euery noyse which we will hereafter with more requisite prolixitie decyffre But to make the thyrd processe recited better knowne and more manifest to your intellection you shall note that when it riseth from the Anterior part of the Organ of hearyng it stretcheth not directly along by the sides of the temporall bone but crooketh vp toward the iugall bone in Circular sorte not vnlike the arche of a Bridge vnder which subentreth the hollow of the temples and to the begynnyng of which processe is the bone of the neither iawe Coarticulated For vnder the rising of the processe nere to that auditorie passage is a cauitie deepely incrased with a Cartilage wherunto is inserted that longer processe of the neither iawe And thus much of the processes from the temporall bones prominent Which bones are towardes their foundatioÌ„ and lower partes anfractuous rough and stony like compared therfore to rough and stony bankes wherby they obtaine of the Gréekes this name 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for the same cause Contrariwise aboue and in their vpper partes light and most thinne especially in such places as the temporall Muscles are spread but together with their thinnes nature hath graunted them to be sufficieÌ„t hard so that â—…ithout great perill of lyfe they may not be broken The vij bone of the head sheweth diuers fourmes and fashions wherfore the GreciaÌ„s thought good to call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is to say Os Cuneiforme or Cuneale since that betwene the bones of the head and vpper iawe it is intruded like a wedge The barbarous sort call it Basillare because it substrateth the brayne no otherwise then a ground or foundation thereto For in the middest of the foundation or ground of the brayne it sitteth compassed about withthe vj. Suture which comprehendeth in it this whole bone beside the fore part where it endeth at the viij Seame But in the same seate it is thicke conteinyng within it a hollow caue which is all one with the cauitie of Os frontis in which we haue sayd the ayre drawne by the nostrels to be retayned vntil it slyde from thence into this hollow place the mater of which helpeth the brayne in forgyng animall spirites if Collumbus his opinion newly inueÌ„ted in that respect be any thing credible as will more at large hereafter when we come to the animall History appeare This denne or hollow caue is large and commonly vacant in all persons though in some perhappes you shall sée it replete with a certaine Spongie kynde of substaunce The couer therof is a hard and thicke scale which Galen likeneth to a searse as though it were full of holes to strayne the moyst matter of the brayne which Collumbus vtterly denyeth But this note that he sayth in the middest of the inner part of the skull this bone hath a certaine propper Cell or corner in which for the purpose is a Glandule aptly sited to receiue the same humiditie which thence afterward maketh recourse vnto the Palate and nostrels the wayes of which one haue sufficieÌ„t scope into the other as shal
temporall Muscle but not alone nor without the coÌ„pany of the fourth coniugation entryng the same hole downe to the tunicle of the Palate and superiour part of the toung for the cause of tastyng Nere to this perforation or described hole at the roote of the temporall Bone which is eminent inwardly like a beame or poste the better to conteine within it the noble laberinthe of hearyng as before now we haue largely touched an other greater hole appeareth as it were broken rough vnequal tendyng downwardes giuyng issue sufficient for the Exiture of the thyrd coniugations portioÌ„ whereby also no more stoppage is offred to a brauÌ„ch of Uena iugularis that nourisheth the Anteriour partes But departyng a litle aside somewhat more towardes the temporall bone a very small Hole approcheth to the sight which for the litlenes therof is many tymes I meane in some Scalpes not found Wherfore to speake therof in such as you shall happen to finde it note that nature committeth thereto the safe conduict of slender twigges of Veynes Arteries to be distributed among the partes of the thicke Membran of the brayne But beyng denyde of this passage in some with no lesse labour they take their way through the large and vnequall hole before described From which large hole not farre an other hole not very conspicuous in the inner part of the scull appeareth and is noted by a round cauitie and long endyng at the aboue named hole plainly appearyng vnder the Interiour roote of the stilifourmed Processe and obliquely euident or shewyng his way towardes the Anteriour partes which ought to be the progresse of the slepy Arterie whereto nature made and prepared such passage In the same temporall bone a place is perforated séemyng long in the toppe or outer part penetratyng the laberinthe with a blynd and difficult conduict finished at leÌ„gth in the extreme region of the eare beyng called the blynd hole in consideration of the obscure passage herein maketh entraunce the fift payre of Sinewes of the brayne as the immediate Organ to induce the faculty of hearing Under which hole betwene the temporall bone the hinder part of the head is a large and vnequall hole through which is deduced the vj. payre of Sinewes which stretchyng downe to the bowels make in the meane space the recurrent Nerues not meanely profitable to y fourmyng of speach as we haue not forgotten in our Historie of Nerues No lesse seruiceable seemeth this hole to y Iugular Veyne suffryng the ascense therof for the nourishment of the brayne the which Veine also fasteneth to Dura mater beyng caryed forth with a double windyng and finally falleth into the Posteriour part the bone manifestly giuyng place to it that is to say conteinyngh profound cauitie towardes the Labdall Suture crooked after this maner 〈◊〉 In the bone of the hinder part of the head nere to the hole of all other within the scull the greatest we finde one not very large where through the vij coniugation séeketh way chalenged partly of the toung partly of Larynx and partly of the temporall Muscles Now we come to the greatest hole in all the head which beyng in the same bone as is the last recited at least wise among the holes of the inside of the head it appeareth as is sayd but to compare it to them on the outer side of the scull is to be estéemed scantly so ample and large as the roundell of the eye is sited in the middest because it hath no mate And it is ordained of nature for the descension of the spinall marey from the brayne Betwéene Os frontis and the middest of the viij bone of the head named Ithmoides is a cauitie rather theÌ„ a hole where the thyrd Cell or VeÌ„tricle of the hard Membran of the brayne is firmely setled Neuerthelesse besides this in the same Ithmoides nere Os frontis are two litle long holes or riftes rather finishyng and fullfillyng the endes of the Organs of smellyng But these not all for in Ithmoide are yet many other little perforated places chinkes as it were the small siftyng holes of a searse ordained aptly of nature for the purposes which we haue not in their propper places pretermitted To speake of Os frontis in the region of the browes we finde two holes on ech side one through the which a portion of the thyrd coniugaton of Nerues is sent vnto the Muscles of the forehead and eye lides In the forhead morcouer aboue the toppe of the nose where the scull disioyneth in such sort as it séemeth to be efformed of two scales outwardly and inwardly are conteined two notable cauities mentioned somewhat before in the circumscriptioÌ„s of the bones of the head which Celles I haue there noted to represent this proportion They haue entrauÌ„ce into the nostrels and containe nothyng but a Membran except it be sometyme superfluous filthe and ayry sometyme as it is supposed But surely they seeme altogether vnknowâ—… of the auncient Anathomistes in so farre as in all my tyme I haue read the vse of them in retayning ayre is other where to be declared The bone of the cheeke vnder the region of the neither eye liddes hath a rouÌ„d hole which begynuyng at the inner and inferiour part of the roundell of the eye with a long and déepe chinke endeth towardes the region of the first tooth of the grinders through which is transmitted a portion of the thyrd coniugation of Sinewes delated to the Muscles of the nose and those that constitute the lippe There is a large issue in the lower part of the greater angle of the eye forged betwene the second and thyrd bone of the vpper iawe and here hapneth the descense of moyste matter vnto the nostrels before lodged in the inner angle of the eye where a certaine Glandule for the purpose is prest to receiue the same In this place is engendred the lachryniall Fistule called also Aegilops But coÌ„trariwise in the exteriour and lesser angle of the eye is a large rift and long partly perforatyng the bone of the temples and partly of the vpper iawe Hereto is fixed the temporall Muscle which therfore to the eye hath no small affinitie No maruaile therfore if the â—…ye in dolour labouryng this Muscle sometyme be affected also In the face first we note the two holes or roundels of eyes which for asmuch as they are sufficiently knowne of all men to be vnto the eyes most propper habitacles I néede not long detract the tyme. But somewhat lower and betwene them both are the two holes sited of the nose which haue recourse vnto the iawes and to the endes of the Palate It is knowne and easely conceiued by meÌ„tion made therof before amoÌ„g the bones of the head that the Iugall bone made by the reachyng ouer and metyng of two Processes like the arche of a
with the left Muscle is so conioyned as that they séeme there but one beyng also more sleshy then any where els Likewise the higher that those Muscles ascend by so much the more thinne and sclender they become yet are not the eye browes drawne vpward by the meanes of these onely but also by the helpe of ij Muscles which hereafter we will describe beyng not well knowne as I suppose of any other Anathomist saue Collumbus Also there are ij dilatyng the nose And although Galen others haue maâ—… mention of the ij Muscles that serue to dilate the nose yet haue they confusedly mingled them together with the Muscles of the vpper lippe Besides these Vesalius describeth ij that serue to shut the nose and that he imagineth them 〈◊〉 lye in the inner part of the noâ—…rels vnder the tunicle that compasseth them within Which to be so Collumbus by no meanes may acknowledge for how sayth he may that be séene which can no where be found THe ij Muscles therfore that dilate the nostrels spryng from the aforesayd seame so that the rising of them is sharpe and fleshy mixt with the end of the Muscles of the forehead and downewardes stretchyng or made broader and caried aloft on the Bones of the nose to end at the piâ—…es or wynges of the nostrels It is almost made iij. square wherof 〈◊〉 sides are long but the thyrd short These draw vpward the said wings of the nostrels haue straight Fibres therfore they dilate but those which other Anathomistes haue described are a portion of those Muscles which are placed in the vpper lippe As by by shal be sayd The nose is shut by the muscles assistauÌ„t to the vpper lippe therfore not of any proper muscles addicted to no other vse Which the more manifest to make you vnderstaÌ„d note the wheÌ„soeuer we are willing to draw any thing vnto our nostrels or vnto vs by the nostrels we are constrained immediatly to pull draw together the vpper lippe THere are besides others almost foure squared Muscles sited in the necke which beare their office to the lippes seruyng to draw them obliquely downward and of these Galen was the first inuentor The substaunce of them is a carneous or fleshy Membran begon about the region of cannell bones and posteriour part of the necke so as that their Fibres obliquely ascend and there at length do méete and touch whereas the superiour with the inferiour lippe is ioyned Wherefore since that these broad Muscles are seruiceable vnto the face yea although their chief situation be in the necke yet are they to be numbred among the Muscles of the face beyng much coherent with the chinne And therefore to the openyng of the mouth séeme much assistaunt THe nuÌ„ber of the Muscles seruyng to the lippes are iiij that is ij in the vpper and as many in the neither The originall of the superiour Muscles is foure maner of wayes rising from the extreme Suture of the iugall bone as also from the same that distinguisheth the first bone of the vpper iawe from the thyrd the other ij are brought from the bone of the chéeke and all go obliquely towardes the lippe among whiche there is one that cleaueth to the wyng of the nostrels for that cause they would haue it the Muscle that should dilate the nose But Collumbus calleth it a portion of the Muscles aforesayd mouyng the lippe Notwithstandyng sayth the same authour because I will not séeme sâ—…bburne in my one opinion for that I haue alway abhorred if any man please to separate this estéeme it to be in the place of a peculiar Muscle it shal be lawfull vnto him for me which beyng graunted then there shal be iiij Muscles of the nose whiche all shall serue to dilate the same The other ij constitutyng the neither lippe do spryng from that part of the chinne where is a certaine conspicuous asperitie or roughnes in the bone But now the Fibres of these foure Muscles are diuers myxed and enfolded within them selues and therefore as Galen rightly hath noted show diuers sortes of mouâ—…nges beyng for the most part mingled with the skinne VNto the sayd Muscles come other ij of the chéekes sited betwene both the iawes both springyng from the gummes and also endyng in the gummes Therfore where it pleaseth you it is lawfull to appoint the beginnyng that is to say whether aboue or beneath it forceth not They be sufficient sclender and in the maner of a circle intersected with diuers Fibres and therfore endewed with diuers giftes for like handes they serue to thrust the meate hether and thether not vnprofitable in tyme of speach when we will either puffe vp the chéekes or blow forth the breath A further vtilitie of these Muscles is dayly proued of theÌ„ that with trumpets and shalmes do dayly exercise their blast THere are ij Muscles yet hether to be reuoked and brought to light which negligence before my authors tyme hath passed They are to be seene in the posteriour part of the head rising aboue the Mammillar Processes at the Labdal Suture They are informe triangled or iij. square and endyng in the fleshy Membran which also admitteth the Muscles of the forehead Neither are their vses and vtilities in drawyng the forehead and skinne of the head toward the hinder partes to be neglected as I suppose it doth in euery man And Collumbus besides Iohannes Anthonius Platus his master whose skinne of the head he reporteth euery where and euidently to moue sayth likewise that in him selfe beyng bald it is most porspicuous BUt to come vnto the eyes the Muscles of the eye liddes are vj. in number that is to say iij. on either side Wherof ij are situated without the compasse of the eyes whiche most certaynly may be supposed to be the onely cause why all Anathomistes before ColluÌ„bus were so deceaued in supposing those sited within the compasse of the eyes to serve not to the eye liddes but the eyes The first therfore are râ—…d coÌ„passing hauyng also circled Fibres They spryng in the great corner of the eye in the coÌ„mon â—…uture both to the head vpper iawe Their beginnyng is sharpe but are dilated vpward toward the forhead in which place they are mixed together with the Muscles of the forehead Afterward stretchyng toward the eare the nearer they come to the lesser corner of the eye the more they are amplified and downewardes reflected about the roundell of the eye that at length neare to there beginnyng they might finish with a sharpe end And these are made strongly to shut and bynde together the eye liddes whose force we dayly proue when we winke to preuent any outward iniurie The second are ij streight Muscles broad and fleshie in the superiour region of the eyes beginnyng within the roundell at the visible Nerue like
describeth therein two circles which are thus the middest beyng MeÌ„braneous the outer partes which coÌ„passe that same more fleshy And as it is the nearer to the ribbes the more fleshy so the nearer to the centrée of middest so much the more meÌ„braneous In which wordes he meaneth not any dirision therein but onely speaketh of the middest and outward partes as the one more Membraneous the other more retainyng of a fleshy nature Moreouer this Muscle of the brest ministreth both to expiration and inspiration that is puttyng forth the breth and receiuyng it in Who in vsing this his propper naturall function withdraweth him selfe towardes the Vertebres and asendyng draweth to him the extreme partes of the brest and byndeth togeâ—…her all the inferiour part all which effect it worketh whilest we expire or breath forth But when we receiue in the breth it taketh a cleane contrary labour in hand for then beyng relaxed and saggyng downward it suffereth the inferiour partes of the brest to be dilated And this is the notable vtilitie of Diaphragma as the same Author reporteth to haue beholden in quicke dissections Whereby very fitly meséemeth it may be supposed that whilest in retaynyng the breth it declineth downewardes the holdyng or straying then of the breth receiued compresseth it hard vpon the subiect partes very forcibly therewithall compellyng the expulsiue facultie as when we draw together the bellye to the expulsing of excrementes we cannot sitly accomplishe the same onely by straying the lower partes but by enlargyng the brest and compressyng the midreif together with forcibly retayning of breth By whiche meanes Diaphragma thrusteth vpon the lower partes to the end that in straynyng the nether bellye by the assistaunce of the strong Muscles of Abdomen none of the intrels might séeke to haue scope or recourse vpwardes but altogether consentiuely forcyng one an other downward to make a most strong and certaine exclusion of the supersâ—…uous dregges of the thyrd digestion To the better confirmation of this my coniecture Fernel Ambian hath these wordes The midrief called also an ouerthwarte diuisioÌ„ and a girdle to the body besides that it is the first instrument of inspiratioÌ„ it helpeth also very well to the vnloadyng of the belly and driuing out dregges This Muscle is clothed both aboue and beneath as with a garment aboue with Pleura and beneth with Peritonaeum It springeth from the Vertebres Others estéeme the sinewy part to be the begynning therof Notwithstanding Collumbus ascribeth the begynnyng thereof vnto the ij litle long partes thereof which Vesalius calleth Ligamentes which litle bodies come from the side of the body of the xij Vertebre of the brest and from the vpper ioyntes of the loynes and from thence afterwardes doth the sinewy part take his beginning which is ioyned to the Cartilage called Gladialis or commonly Mucronata Which in the History of Cartilages is fully described beyng begotten as a propugnacle to this aforesayd Muscle but not to the mouth of the Uentricle as the commen crew of Phisitions do suppose And to this part also the hart lyeth Finally the midrief is fleshy on both sides and is implanted at length to the Caâ—…tilages of the false ribbes embracyng the last Uesalius hath affirmed the perforation of this noble member to be made thrée 〈◊〉 And it is certain that it yeldeth way to the transiture and course of other néedefull partes for the communion of the vitall with the naturall and the naturall with the vitall members Yet it is but twise pearsed or bored through as once by the hollow Ueyne which forthwith marcheth into the brest and the second tyme by the stomache or necke of the Uentricle called also Aesophagus wherewith likewise do descend two Nerues from the vj. payre of sinewes of the brayne But the iourney of the great Arterie perforateth not this Muscle for asmuch as whilest it amplecteth the Vertebres it embraceth it also but therefore maketh no hole To this end therfore Fuchsius sayth that the way of the great Arterie deserueth not the name of a hole but rather a halfe circle carued out of the compassing part of the midrief that is when it embraceth the inner side of the Spondiles there lying the way of the same great Arterie called in Gréeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and not the same hole where through Aesophagus passeth For flat agaynst that lyeth the testimony of veritie had it bene the sentence of Socrates him selfe as it was of Hipocrates and Galen though no man can say they were men of no Diuine vnderstandyng Thus Septum transuersum is accompted amoÌ„g the Muscles of the brest wherby is shewed how much and of what efficacy it is in respiration But so much as is sayd in that behalfe tendeth to the sence of naturall respiration For whatsoeuer is vehement or violent the same is contrary therto For if so the qualitie of the heate of the hart do encrease or occasion serue that for the spéech or other lyke larger breathyng is required then els could well suffice nature by by the first second thyrd fourth and fift together with the interiour muscles called Intercostales on both sides do labour with Septum transueâ—… sum But if further by bodely causes or sodaine occasion great and larger respiration be required as for example to the vse of hollowyng crying blowynges of trumpets shalmes or other vehement efflations then the exteriour Intercostales are prouoked to moue which be motions not naturall For naturall respiration is that which is brought to passe without the helpe of the Intercostall Muscles and that is it whiche this worthy member sufficiently bringeth to passe and whatsoeuer is more the same hath more helpe and is naturall but rather we may terme them necessary for seruyng at néedefull tymes As to be playne this is not naturall but a very necessary kynde of respiratioÌ„ when a man by earnest study ormuse vnto him selfe vpon any earnest or waighty matter by tossyng and turmoyling of his wittes with continuall inward cogitation of the hart accenseth and heateth more the spirit then naturall respiration is able to temper then he at a sodaine maketh a vehement inspiration and after as large efflation which with indifferent intermission proueth profitable to coole the kindlyng heate of the hart a more vehement then that is proued in trumpettors pypers hunters and such lyke exercises And therfore necessary though not accompted of Galen naturall Whiche argueth that nature hath created our bodyes so carefully that whatsoeuer is either naturall or necessary it is not wantyng Wherfore these Muscles Intercostales litle vsed in naturall breathyng yet not to be wanted in extreme efflations prouoked by néedefull causes such as are rehearsed It is not obscurely proued by this afore goyng that the noblenes and worthy nature of this Muscle may euill be spared in mans body both for the naturall vse
retainyng of the breth beyng depressed they so constraine and presse the intrels together as out of a straite place into a larger which is lower they thrust and expell the dregges wholly resistyng their returne agayne into the Uenticle And as touchyng generation of voyce great efflation restrainte of breth and propulsation of the byrth in women nature receiueth by them a large benefite BUt here perhaps some onely Englishmen will obiect that I leaue out the principall properties of these Muscles in that they retaine such worthy faculties as to attract retaine and expulse In déede I confesse that our meaner sort of Chirurgians who are not able to dispence with the Latine Author haue learned to many such phantasticall imaginations of sundry Englishe workes which heretofore haue bene Imprinted whose authors whence they drew their labours for the most part are not comparable to the founders of this buildyng and albeit their good willes were commendable â—…et this much must I needes say if all of them had sweat more in the workes of Gal. in his administration of Anathomy vse of partes their workes had not at this day remained so repreheÌ„sible although Galen we sée himselfe was in Anathomie now and theÌ„ deceiued But I much maruaile whence they tooke this fonde opinioÌ„ that the strayght Muscles made the attractiue power in the body the transuerse the retentiue sacultie and the oblique an expulsiue operation Which singulare offices euery of these should orderly baire vnto the body without any other cause of their creation And namely Gemini after he had thus fallen vpon him selfe immediatly is about to alledge Galen for his purpose otherwise whoÌ„ if he had followed in this poynt he should haue missed to commit this so great an errour Or else Auicen who in this poynt is agreable with Galen as appeareth in his Chapiter of the Muscles of the belly Wherfore I aunswere that for as much as no worthy writer would baire me out therein except Mundinus whose workes are generally arested with errour I willingly by thy patience genlte reader do abstaine from such an infamous kynde of description And if thou desirest somewhat to reason with me shouldest say why is it not likely that the straite Muscles lyâ—…g after the reâ—…tude of the body should make the power attractiue wherby the concoction made in the stomacke and put forth into the intrelles is drawne downward till it be dreined by the mesericall veynes of all y best iuyce and afterward the refuse gathered to the lower partes by beyng still drawne downeward till nature be ready to eiect them So likewise the transuerse do retayne and hold backe till nature haue done to them her kynde and office of digestion and that to euery part be geuen his dutie Agayne that the oblique haue expulsiue propertie which is to put forth and expell such thynges as nature commaundeth and prouoketh to be done I aunswere vnto thée briefly that as the Uentricle hath oblique Fibres to retaine so also transuerse Fibres to expulse the digested matter which beyng Chilus thinne and flowyng sayth Collumbus runneth easely into the spaces and emptie partes of the intrels which is by the transuerse Fibres comprehended as with handes In the meane time nature is not idle but lest it should escape by the subtlenes therof and slippernes of the intrels beside the office of Vena Chilis fetcheth it in by the notable texture of Mensenterium so that finally all the good iuyce is drawne from the drosse the ponderous waight wherof cannot stay in the slippery substauÌ„ce of the intrels though the straight Muscles of the belly had not bene As touching the retentiue faâ—…ultie whereby ech thyng should be kept till nature were otherwise willing answere me to what end the oblique Fibres both in the Uentricle and intrelles serue as also so many turnes and wyndynges of the intrelles How the expulsiue facultie is made I haue already froÌ„ Galen Vesalius and Fuchsius largely described or in a word it is mightely brought to passe by the constraynte of all the Muscles of Abdomen Diaphragma also depressed And this is inough that the Muscles of Abdomen in falsifiyng their natures be not robbed of their due 〈◊〉 But before I go forewardes with any other partes I thought good to say thus much out of Collumbus as touchyng the inuention of moe Muscles then viij vnto Abdomen There are some Anathomistes of my tyme who beyng desirous them selues to inuent some thyng do constitutex Muscles to Abdomen but certainly they are deceiued For they would haue the fleshy begynnyng of the strayght Muscles to be a distinct Muscle which by no meanes can be for if they should be Muscles as they say some office must néedes be applyed vnto them As that they are assistauÌ„t to the erection of the yard which they can not do because they cleaue not to it but are fastned to Os pubis aboue Agayne if the yard were by them to be draweÌ„ vpward so must likewise the â—…ape of women be sence in women they are séene no otherwise then in men Neither hath 〈◊〉 voluntary mouyng they therfore haue inferred that by them the strayght Muscles are ayded which beareth truth no otherwise then the rest For so strong are the strayte Muscles of Abdomen that they nâ—…de no helpe and in that they will haue their Muscles to compresse the bledder is all one thyng for the bleddar by all the viij Muscles is compressed which onely they would attribute vnto the offices of these But there followeth an other no lesse absurditie in that these fleshy begynnyngs which they call distinct Muscles are not found in all men therfore belike such persons should wat their vtilities for which they would haue the sayd Muscles be begotten Which is a playne ouerthrow of all their vayne inueÌ„tionâ—… therfore sayth he in conclusion it is a vayne saying that they hold of the x. Muscles of Abdomen and may in no wise be defended But hetherto sufficient IT followeth to speake of the testicles and yard Euery of the testicles retainyng one Muscle long and slender situated in the Membran called in Gréeke Dartos Their begynning is aboue Os pubis where the hole is apparauÌ„t through whiche the Seminarie vessels descend enwrapped with the same Membran yet do they scant imitate the true forme of Muscles but are certaine strayght fleshy Fibres put in the same Membran Dartos The auncient writers haue called these Muscles Cremasteras as it were Suspensores or hangers vp made as it séemeth that the testicles should hang by them and not sodainly slippe downe By the helpe of these Muscles the testicles of man are by litle and litle obscurly drawne vp least by ouer slacke or lose hangyng downe the Seminarie vesselles should be ouerloded But the foresayd vse of these Muscles are most notable proued in
the first bone of the litle finger whereby the same finger is able to moue from the rest The seueÌ„th beginneth at the wrest and is placed in the vpper part this Muscle is all fleshy and endeth at the second bone of the thombe The eight commeth forth neare vnto the seuenth is fleshy and placed toward the hollow in the hand and with a small Tendon is inserted to the second bone of the thombe The ninth is vnder the seuenth from the same Ligament of the wrest all fleshy and ended at the first ioynt of the thombe These thrée Muscles make that fleshy part of the thombe which Palmesters do terme the hill of Mars and they draw the thombe towardes their begynnyng that is do extend the same and lead it from the rest Thrée other follow whiche go out of the bones of Postbrachiale that support the forefinger middle finger and ring finger their situation is oblique or rather transuerse vnder the lyne of lyfe as the Palmesters terme it they end in the second ioynte of the thombe albeit their begynnyng is halfe circle lyke these thrée notwithstandyng could Collumbus be content to accompt one Muscle hauyng a broad begynnyng a sharpe end and enterweauynges of diuers Fibres sauyng that he would not séeme to much to dissent from Uesalius to shâ—…e if he may the cauelyng tauntes of straungers The vse of them is to bowe the thombe towardes the ball of the hand The seuenth Muscle of the thombe commeth from the Postbrachiall Bone that bayreth the forfinger occupying the space betwene tho forfinger and thombe so that the situation therof is ouerthwart is inserted to the bone of the thombe beyng thereby authorised to plucke the thombe towardes the same finger and lay it aloft thereon Besides these there be yet other viij Muscles springyng from the Postbrachiall bones inserted to the first ioyntes of the iiij fingers Of these ij beyng allotted to euery finger exceptyng the thombe in which none of them is settled These viâ—… Muscles are thus endued with offices that ij of them by mouyng together do bowe straight the first ioynte wherin they be implanted But when one styrreth onely theÌ„ obliquely they make their motion in bowing these ioynts And now here with myne authour how mans members moue I am come to the gole ⧠An end of the Historie of Muscles ¶ The backe part of the Muscles ¶ Of the Hihory of Man the fift booke describyng the instrumentes seruyng to nourishment which is brought to effect by meate drinke that is Of the nutritiue and naturall partes WHen as the whole masse of man for the insited heate therein must néedes haue runne in perpetuall ruine and vastation vnlesse other lyke substaunce continually in steade of that which wasteth was restored the almighty creator not onely vnto man and liuyng creatures but also vnto the very Plantes them selues hath giuen a certaine power to require that alway which is wantyng and requisite for them For neither to eate drinke or vse respiration we learne of any body at any tyme but immediatly euen from the begynnyng we haue in vs that worketh all these without any instructer To this that Diuine Hipocrates hath this elegant saying Nature her selfe hath not by reason found the instinct to euery her actions for neither is she of any taught neither hath she learned to worke those thynges which are conuenient but by meat what soeuer of dryer substaunce and by drinke what so of moâ—…er wasteth we restore And so alway to the old estate we mainteine and reduce them both No otherwise then as the commoderation of aerye and fiery substaunce we hold by respiration and pulsation of the Arteries NOw wheÌ„ that that floweth to euery part ought to be of such nature as the particle it selfe and none of all those whiche are eaten and drunken are wholly such it was necessarie vnto Nature first that those thynges were conco-cted and chaunged and so much as may be assimulated and made like to nourish and restore the body and after to expell those recrementes whose generatioÌ„ of necessitie followeth such mutations For this cause â—…hiefly sayth Galen Nature instituted thrée kyndes of instrumentes seruyng to nutrition As some for the first reason to conceiue and labour the nourishment as also to destribute the same vnto the whole body Others for the second cause to be the receptacles of excrementes The other particles for a thyrd reason seruyng to the transmittyng of these excretions vntymely exiture prohibityng and in tyme dew readely expellyng Of the first number are the Uentricle which receiueth the nourishment and the Liuer whiche maketh the greatest mutation of the nourishment passyng through hym and the Ueynes which deriue the same confected nourishment into the whole body Of the second reason are the intrels which receiue the dryer excrement as the Uessicle of Choler that whiche is thinner and lighter the Splene that which is more earthy and thicke the reynes and bleddar the watrish part Of the thyrd the Muscles for they are vnto egestion seruiceable All whiche thynges in their places shal be described and how they serue vnto nutrition we will declare begynnyng first somewhat further of with the partes of Abdomen as of them in dissection the Anathomist maketh first demonstration THe outmost skinne therfore which is in Gréeke called Epidermis in Latin Cuticula is the vppermost thinne skinne which onely most outwardly of all others enwrappeth the body beyng very thinne and of it selfe altogether insensible growyng swiftely soone lost and soone repayred agayne The insensibilitie therof is vnto the body very requisite the outward partes beyng thereby fréed from the â—…olour of ech light action which otherwise we must néedes haue endured not onely in applying our handes to the holdyng of any thyng and passing with our féete continually to goe but euen in wearyng also our garmentes vpon vs no lesse then if our Bones were likewise of sensible substance we should neither be able to go much lesse frequent such violent actions in the vse of our lyfe as dayly we do Agayne as Nature to so good end created it of insensible substaunce so likewise she framed it most thinne to the end the members sense should not thereby more then was conuenient to the aforesayd end and purpose be dulled Wher fore we may endure to handle rubbe or styrre our members to or with any thyng which hath not either the sharpnes or force to excoriate the same outer skinne which if it had bene thicker it séemeth certain our sense must néedes haue bene the duller Besides an other commoditie no lesse néedfull it oweth vnto the body For Nature hath endewed the same with an infinite number of pores or holes to expell by them such superfluites as Nature hath already driuen to the outer partes and infrication these manifestly
it hath one peculiar to it selfe and to the Nerues therewith descendyng prepared After all this at the begynnyng of the ix Vertebre of the brest the stomach by the interuenture of MembraÌ„s produced from the Ligamentes of the Spondils is to the bodies of the Vertebres committed and possesseth from those MembraÌ„s a thyrd coate as it were of his second an inuoluere mingled with no Fibres at all But that neare to the fift Vertebre of the brest the stomach sheweth it selfe rather on the right then on the left side of the Arterie the Arterie it selfe is the cause not as a tyran occupying the middle seat of the backe but whilest it taketh his begynnyng from the left Uentricle of the hart and by the rest of his way is subiected vnder Vena caua towardes the left side of necessitie in greater part to the left side bendyng and therfore somewhat giuyng place to the stomach admitteth the same a fellow or companion of the seate of the Vertebres so that the stomach might be lesse obliquate or crooked and obteyne also firmer seate then in the left side might be found Furthermore the stomach doth not perforate the right side of Septum transuersum neither is stretched straight into the UeÌ„tricle from the right side of the backe but beyng caried aboue the Arterie and obliquate or crooked with an obtuse or blunt corner séeketh the left side lest the stomach in going to the UeÌ„tricle should haue bene compelled to perforate the liuer which occupyeth all the right side of the inferiour region of Septum but fréely findeth out that part in Septum whereas lesse of liuer beyng yeldeth easie passage thereto Such is the thinner portion of the whole liuer stretched to the left side of Septum as that in the posteriour region therof where the stomach goeth through Septum it hath a cauitie like a halfe circle engrawen for the stomach whose Anteriour part it ampleâ—…eth ther to in proportion agréeing But it sufficed not nature to giue vnto the stomach so obliquate those sayd Fibres for the spéedy passage of meates but also to the end his concauitie might alway be with moysture annoynted she hath placed Glandules both in the iawes stomach and Larinx Which perpetually left those organs should be dryed prepareth them humor and spettle The Latins terme them Tonsillae Also in the middle space of the stomach where the same is subiect to Aspera Arteria in that place as it is deuided into two trunkes to the lunges two others are put not onely before the stomach but also cleauyng to the sides and posteriour part therof playnly aunswerable to those wherewith nature hath compassed the begynnyng of the necke of the bleddar in men For euen as these do irrigate and moysten the way of 〈◊〉 and seede so the Glandules fastened to the stomach humeâ—… his amplitude and lest by drines the meate should with difficultie fall into the Uentricle do imbrue washe it with a certaine spettelly humor The stomach immediately as it hath penetrated Septum in the left side of his sinewy part is made coÌ„tinuall with the body of the Uentricle which touchyng a great part in the left side of Septum vseth the whole region or space betwene the liuer and splene But in the right side the UeÌ„tricle no where toucheth SeptuÌ„ but all the right side whole superiour part therof is hiddeÌ„ of the liuer being somuch therfore distauÌ„t from the midrief as the thicknes therof commeth to on that side THe figure therof is round somewhat therewith long from the right stretchyng to the left side assimulated of ColluÌ„bus to a gourd long round fashioned round because all round thynges are more capable and lesse subiect to iniuries but long because so both the place wherein it is conteined and also the two Orifices therof one whereby it receiueth meat the other whereby the same confected is thrust downe vnto the intrels do require In the left side also it is much more ample and round a litle puttyng forth toward the inferiour partes and thence forthwith turnyng to the right side is by litle litle gathered together to a strete in the vpper part descendeth but in the nether asceÌ„deth so that in the right side it becommeth much more slender then in the left Also in the superiour part therof which pertaineth froÌ„ one Orifice to an other it is more strete and narrow as in the inferiour larger and broader In the Anteriour part it is equally euery where Gibbous and no where defourmed In the posteriour region it sheweth after a certaine maner two Gibbous partes one on the left side and the same greater and longer put forth an other on the left side lesse and more depressed And those bounched partes make a certaine cauitie or impression after the longitude of the body to the posteriour seat of the Uentricle impressed For in what place the Uentricle respecteth the Vertebres of the backe and the descendent trunkes of the hollow Ueyne great Arterie to them stretched that it might fit it selfe euery where to the place thereto assigned the posteriour region therof is inwardly as into his owne amplitude somewhat impressed although the Uentricle beyng drawne from the body and blowne vp sheweth not the same TWo Orifices hath the Uentricle one whereby the meate and drinke is receiued which consisteth in the highest seate of the left part of the Uentricle because the stomach there fitly perforatyng Septum might first grow vnto the Uentricle and be made one common body therewith The auncient Gréekes do call this 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 but we after the Latins name it the vpper mouth of the Uentricle And although it be in the left side notwithstandyng it commeth nearer to the middle seate therof then to the left side Wherfore Galen sayth it is sited vnder Mucronata Cartilago as vnder a certaine propugnacle and defence The other Orifice of the Uentricle transmitteth the meates chaunged into the intrels Whence the Grecians call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Latins Ianitor but commoÌ„ly the nether Orifice or mouth of the Uentricle This Orifice is in the right side and constituteth the begynnyng of the intrels Hence it hapneth that the first intrell called Duodenum many haue named the begynnyng Moreouer the Orifices of the Uentricle not onely in situation do vary but besides the nethermost is more strete then the vppermost because sometyme are swallowed hard great and vnbroken lumpes for whose ingresse it behoued the way of the UeÌ„tricle to be large and ample But beneath contrariwise since nothyng passeth that is raw hard great are not turned into iuyce it is streter although neither so strete as that it onely traÌ„smitteth the thicke iuyce since not a fewe that without hurt or damage do oft tymes auoyde great swallowed bones But in diuers creatures Galen affirmeth a
sharpnes the vertue therof to the immediate or spâ—…dy propulsation of that therein conteyned But then me thinke if it should but flow vnto the side of this from the aboundaunce of that which Duodenum hath the chief effect therof should be more sene in Duodenum then in this that is Ieiunum should neuer be found so empty as it whereas alway this beareth the name of emptines aboue any other And Realdus Collumbus writeth playnly in telling wherfore it is called Ieiunum or as wâ—… may terme it the hungry gutte which happeneth sayth he because the iuyce coÌ„myng hither is as yet thinne and flowyng Furthermore for the cause of the way of the vessicle of choler which endeth at the begynnyng of this same gutte without any mention of commyng to Duodenum Also Iho. Fernelius sayth it auoydeth speedely froÌ„ it by the sharpenes of choler that floweth into it So that it may reasonably be gathered if choler worke his most speciall effect in this that then his principall prospect is thereunto This gutte Ieiunum is situated iust in the middest of the bellye beyng thâ—…re next vnto the centre of Mesenterium to the end that the armes or braunches of Venaporta and the great Arterie might with a shorter iourney be poured out vpon it But that Rhazes Mundinus Alexander Benedictus and such others that supposed this intrell to be no more turned or folded then the last of all called Rectum were greatly ouertaken with errour there is no man that knoweth not Ieiunum hath his veynes and Arteries in copious sort from those whiche are reached forth to Mesenterium from Venaporta and from the roote of the Arterie that froÌ„ the great Arterie taketh his beginnyng aboue the Arteries of the reynes For few braunches are diffused among the smaller guttes from the arme of the Arterie which begynneth from the great Arâ—…eries after the goyng forth of the seminall Arteries Neither are the vessels as in Duodenum led after the length of Ieiunum vnder it but as out of the centre of Mesenterium from beneath stretch vp ward and straight forward into it beyng thereunto with sundry sortes of braunchyngs like the roote oftrées especially into the hollow part therof implanted openyng their mouthes into the inside of the gutte Sinewes likewise obtaineth this hungry intrell deriued from the braunches of the vâ—… payre of the brayne which are extended to the rootes of the ribbes For from them two braunches on eche side are sent to Mesenterium and thence agayne into many partes broken and deliuered to the intrels The thyrd intestine succéedyng Ieiunum is called Ileon of some Tenue or Gracile but most commonly Ileon for the many foldes thereof or Vesalius and Collumbus do testifie It occupyeth the middest of the bellye as Ieiunum for the same â—…uses endeth at the beginnyng of the great gutte But where Ileon begynneth it is no playne matter to expresse For froÌ„ the begynnyng of Ieiunum downe vnto the end of Ileon is found no manifest matter wherby to distinguish the end of the one and begynnyng of the other For sayth Collumbus they both be of one substaunce and colour And no otherwise he can search the difference betwene them then that the meseraicall veynes are more plentyfull and great in Ieiunum then in Ileon These three intrels hitherto spoken of are the small guttes the other three that follow the great that is to say Caecum Colon and Rectum The fourth gutte therfore beyng the first of the great is called by the auncient professours of Anathomic Caecum that is the blynd gutte because it is endewed with one onely mouth Hence it commeth that Auicen and some other later professours haue named it Orbus or Monoculus And they are farre deceiued which not yeldyng to the auncient Gréekes doe deuise two holes or Orifices therein when as these two Orifices which they imagine are not in the sayd gutte called Caecum but in the extuberant begynnyng of Colon. For this in his left side hath ij Orifices wherof the one higher is continuall with the small gutte but the other lower is called the begynnyng of Caecum Wherfore this Caecum in maÌ„ is shorter then all other intrels and much more narrow and strete then the narrowest part of all the other intrels and like a 〈◊〉 worme wound in foldes rather then a gutte so that it séemeth scarse wortâ—…y to be accompted in the place of an Appendance of the guttes much lesse therfore in the number of the thicke intrels And Iulius Pollux in his second booke accompteth it rather and more rightly an Appendaunce then a gutte Farre wyde therfore they do stray which affiâ—…me this blynd gutte to be as a certaine large and thicke belly méete for the receipt of excrementes and for that cause giue it the name of a sacke But from the vsed authoritie of Galen beyng ignoraunt that him selfe was deluded by Apes In dogges also this blynd gutte is much more ample and large then in men but in squirrelles and dorme mise it is answerable to the amplitude of their ventricle and in dissection founde swelled out with dregges And for that cause in such creatures rightly it may purchase the name of a sacke but in man other-wise in whom that small portion of intrell and Appendaunce not annexed to Mesenterium but in it selfe folded and cleauyng by the benefite of Fibres is Caecum Intestinum because that in order situation and fourme though not in largenes it agrée with the blynd gutte of the aforesayd creatures and hath one Orifice whence as is sayd it first tooke the name of Caecum But Vesalius opinion is suspected by Collumbus in that he is thought to haue giuen the name of Caecum to this gutte for the Appendaunce sake whereas he supposeth rather the elders to haue vnderstood by the name of Caecum Intestinum what soeuer is stretched froÌ„ the insertion of the small guttes vnto Colon. The which space sayth he in Oxen swine dorme mise and squirels is very notable Of this sayth Fernelius the dregges and refuse in the belly haue their first kynde and name For from the iuyces whilest they are caried through the small guttes is sucked and chosen all the most pure and vtile substaunce the remnaunt are superfluous dregges by which name they are first nominated when as they come to this Caecum Intestinum The fift portion is called Colon a torquendo that is to say of writhyng for that most mighty paynes do consist therein when as by flegme or grosse spirite it is obstruct and stopped In the right side of Ilion at the lower part of the right kidney as a certaine great gloke swelling out is that large and round beginnyng of Colon which from thence by litle and litle straight stretcheth vpward to the liuer where beyng strewed somewhat vnder
vpper iawe and nether cherished neither is there wherfore to expect the description of any other peculiar braunch of a veyne to serue vnto the téeth onely CAua Vena or the hollow veyne after it hath gone forth vnder Diaphragma from the liuer his propper fountaine it cleaueth to the body of the Vertebres on the right side and after the goyng forth therof a litle beneath the liuer putteth forth a. small veyne to nourish the partes adiacent and is diuersly deuided Afterwardes the same trunke goyng downwardes putteth forth ij veynes called Emulgentes which are ended in the veynes But beware thou estéeme not these to be alwayes onely two since sometyme you shall finde them deuided into iij 〈◊〉 foure somewhiles fiue albeit not commonly so noted of other writers Galen principally and also diuers other Anathomistes haue vsed heretofore loÌ„g discourse of wordes as touchyng the puttyng forth of the Emulgent veynes auouchyng the right veyne to be higher exalted then the rest and for what cause though in déede in vayne For since truth is contrary vnto them somuch as that they would by pollicie inuent the reason of that which is not so both the proposition and argumentes of force must fall together like him that whilest he more endeuoureth to decke the toppe and sight side of his house then hath care to set firme his foundation his time and coste both perish together Wherfore Collumbus saith the reasons of Galen are more ingenious then true as touching the body of man froÌ„ which no part of these my labours by my wil shall swarue whose veynes Emulgentes thus we will describe FRom y left side of Vena caua vnder the veÌ„tricle sheddeth out a large veyne sufficient long called Emulgens which is caried aboue the body of the turnyng ioyntes and the Arterie Aorta flowyng to the middest of the left reyne which is in man somewhat higher theÌ„ the right and that for the litlenes of the splene which not resistyng romthe to it as doth the liuers greatnes on the other side to the right kidney leaueth it in the higher state the right beyng compelled to stand lower But after it is come vnto the reynes by the aforesayd meanes it entreth the body therof there beyng amplified and cut into braunches which throughout the substaunce of the reynes are distributed Neuerthelesse Collumbus would not haue vs thinke of these to be made the searse whereof Galen estéemed so much and that through it the Urine is streined and it beyng dilated bloud to be pissed Here in déede nature sayth he might haue bene able to place Membrans as to the Miseraâ—…ul veines and to the endes of the vreters but because this séemed more commodious vnto it there are certaine eminences begotteÌ„ of the same substauÌ„ce of the reynes which entring into the same braunches resist that the bloud which together with the serous matter is deduced to the reynes should naturally slippe forth agayne This notwithstandyng beyng noted since it is notable when nature endeuoreth to thrust downe any stone that commonly is done with such force as that it sendeth out great store of bloud together with the brine The vse of these Emulgent veynes is to purgethe bloud of serbuâ—… substaunce and to the reynes to yeld due nourishment From this veyne springeth a bessell called Vreter that is Vrinarius it springeth invery déede from the body of the same reyne there it taketh Urine and bringeth it to the bleddar In the right side the same Emulgent veyne is sited lower then the left and shorter farre for betwirt the hollow veyne and the right kidney is fâ—…ial diâ—…aued yet is it set to in the same order as the left THere springeth from the left Emulgent a veyne called Seminalis or a séede veyne whiche obliquely vnder Peritonaeum descendyng and caryed aboue Os Pubis is reposed in the testicle as more apertly among the generatiue partes is discussed But this marke by the way that this springyng of the Seminarie veyne is not from the Emulgent to carie the serous humour to the left testicle wherby the feast of Venus might with greater pleasure be celebrated as many of the auncieÌ„t Anathomistes heretofore haue deuised For say they nature therfore determined the begynnyng of one of these Seminall veynes to be so farre of to the end that in the acte of coiture the tricklyng downe of the humour so long a scope should onely be to purchase the greater delectation in that present tyme. But the true cause sayth Realdus Collumbus is the litlenes of the sayd veyne which if it should haue sprong out from the body of the hollow voyne as the right doth because it should then haue gone ouer the great arterie it should euer haue bene in daunger in euery great dilatation which the same Arterie must néedes make to be brokeÌ„ Which incoÌ„moditie to preuent prudeÌ„t nature deuised a néedeful meane willing therfore that from the left Emulgent veyne and not from the body of the hollow veyne the left Seminall passage should take his begynnyng Contrariwise the right Seminall veyne floweth out from the fountaine of the hollow veyne the space of ij or iij. fingers bredth vnder the right Emulgent which first descendeth obliquely then is caried vnder Peritonaeum after aboue Os pubis but lastly endeth in thé testicle And this is the race of the Seminall veynes in men with a more likely coniecture then among the aâ—…cientes was knowne or imagined who would by their assertion proue as it séemeth to me that the longer the Seminall veynes were the greater delite had the body in the act of generation Which if it be so then proue they also that mon hath more pleasure in the vse of venerie then the woman whose Seminall veynes hauyng the like beginnyng and endes yet but halfe towardes the length of those in man for that her testicles are sited within the body neuer commyng to the toppe of Os sacrum But it is marueilous vnder the right Seminall veyne to the fourth Vertebre of y loynes to be no veyne sent vnto the superiour partes but onely to the inferiour partes For from the liuer downe to this place betwene the Vertebres where the Nerues go fourth the hollow veyne profereth portioÌ„s which both nourish the Spinall marey and the body of the Vertebres NEuerthelesse immediately as Vena caua is come vnto the fourth Vertebre of the loynes 〈◊〉 is deuided into ij notable armes whiche obliquely beyng caryed aboue Os Ilium and Pubis make their iourney downewardes the one to the right the other to the left legge From the which diuision first spryng veynes sufficient great which downwardes abroad but first towardes the fundament disperse them selues For where the same diuision cleaueth to Os sacrum he traÌ„smitreth his armes through the holes thereinto the Spinall marey to the same Os sacrum and to the Muscles sited in the loynes
in dead and liuing bodies doth testifie it selfe THe hart within this inuolucre closed beyng the fountaine of vitall heate and perfector of vitall spirites after they are laboured in the lunges as before is touched is also the originall roote of all Arteries but not of Nerues neither Ueynes as fondly some haue fabled THe figure of the hart is not much vnlike the pine nutte but somewhat depressed that is to say hauyng a broader foundation but endyng by litle and litle at a poynt somewhat sharper then the pine nutte is much more long then thicke All the exteriour face therof from the foundation or seate to the extreme part of the poynt is very euen and smooth growyng to no part at all Notwithstandyng the braunches of the coronall Ueyne runnyng from the seate to the poynt of the hart with the fellowshyp of their Arteries which swellyng with bloud do cause a litle inequalitie but not much because the greatest portioÌ„ of their bodyes is impressed within the substaunce of the hart so likewise doth the fat wherewith mans hart aboundeth enduce some inequalitie but the foundation of the hart for the goyng forth of the vessels is euery where vnequall For to the right side therof the right auricle together with Vena caua the arteriall veyne is committed But it hath on the left side the left auricle and besides the veniall arterie the begynnyng of the great arterie Of which more at large hereafter THe hart although it was of sapient nature situated in the brest yet not in the middest of the body for the centre is onely occupyed of the nauell nor in the middest of the brest as Aristotle supposed and the common people at this day do thinke For onely the seate of the hart which since it is the originall of the vessels is supposed the most noble part exactly obtaineth the middest of the right and left side of the brest both beholdyng the anteriour posteriour partes For so farre it is distaunt from the brest bone as it is in space from the bodyes of the Vertebres Of the longitude of the brest which is constituted of xij ribbes it respecteth the body of the fift Vertebâ—…e But in the anteriour region of the brest which is ended by the longitude of the brest Bone it obtaineth truly the middest beyng so much remoued from the Cannell bone as distaunt from that part of the brest bone whereto the midreif is inserted And thus in his seate this noble part is safely situated beyng much remoued froÌ„ the iniuries which outwardly might happen From which part the rest of the body of the hart by litle and litle is so reached forth towardes the anteriour partes and into the left side as that the posteriour part of his point bendeth more to the brest and forwardes then the centre or â—…ddest of the fouÌ„dation and the right part of the poynt beyng more to the left side theÌ„ the middest of the same seate excéedeth the middest of the brest bone into the left side and the centre or pricke of the poynt respecteth the Cartilages of the vj. or vij ribbes on the lest side where they are bound vnto the brest bone Furthermore it lyeth so apt for the embracing of the lobes of the lungâ—…s as most readely the vessels might from the one to the other be conuayed THe chief substaunce of the hart doth consist of flesh not altogether so red as the flesh of the Muscles but in hardnes thicknes interwearyng of Fibres much varyeng from it For the flesh of the hart is much harder and thicker to beare out iniuries farre more able for so it was expedient consideryng his motion and finally with diuers kyndes of most stroÌ„g Fibres endewed whereas the flesh of Museles is not so firme but contented with foure Fibres that is for the most part one kynde and those more strewyngly set accordyng to their required actioÌ„ as in the history of Muscles whence the errour of those is detected who soeuer they are that affirme the hart to be of Musculous substaunce THrée sortes therfore of Fibres are coÌ„teined in the flesh of the hart that is to say straight oblique and transuerse The straight we call those which from the foundation are caried to the poynt of the hart Those transuerse which in crosse or compassing wise goe about the hart and those oblique that choose their course more slopewise then the others The flesh of the hart auayleth to the principall functions therof which especially consist in the makyng of vitall spirite or in makyng perfect the same after the labour of the lunges as Collumbus assureth vs. The Fibres serue to an other function for by them the hart whilest the creature liueth is dilated and contrahed and somewhiles resteth betwene contractioÌ„ and dilation Moreouer they serue to the mouyng of the hart which is naturall and nothyng subiect to our will as thus the straight for attraction the trásuerse for expulsion and the oblique for retention And these motioÌ„s of the hart are called Diastole and Sistole and Diastole when the hart in his dilatation receiueth in of spirite like as Sistole is when the hart by constriction putteth forth the same THe seate of the hart is compassed round about which the Ueyne called Coronalis that so the hart might be nourished by his bloud to the which Ueyne also is ioyned in felowship the arterie called Coronalis which is yet to describe and which sometyme are ij to the end that by meanes and helpe therof the substauÌ„ce of vitall heat might be quickned Wherefore sayth Collumbus some man may doubt yea by the premisses frame a sufficient argument to proue that the vitall spirites are not begotteÌ„ in the hart but in the lunges Albeit he referreth the case to the more sapient Philosophers to discufse And so it shal be sufficient here truly to describe the partes of the body how they are to what vse created least I meddle ouer farre in such misteries To the seate moreouer of the hart is offred a litle Nerue procéedyng from the left sinew of the vâ—… payre from the brayne whereas it constituteth the left recurrent Nerue For this pearsing through the seate of the hart his inuolucre and reached forth to the left side and posteriour part of the arteriall Ueyne créepeth very obscurely into the foundation of the hart and that onely for the féelyng of annoyaunces THe coate that groweth closse vnto the substauÌ„ce of the hart is altogether aunswerable to that Membran whiche fo firmely groweth to the bellyes of the Muscles I meane that most thinne Membran which from the substaunce of the Muscles may not be plucked Upon which coate in maÌ„ chiefly groweth plenty of hard fat but that most commoÌ„ly about the seate of the hart though sometyme it be effused euen downe to
discoursed among the spirituall members but likewise to the rootes of the ribbes agayne sendyng an other litle Nerue to the right side of the lunges the rest discendeth beyng fastned to Aesophagus downe to the vpper Orifice of the ventricle THe left recurrent Nerue departyng from the place where it begynneth yeldeth litle braunches vnto the same Muscles that the right did and descendeth likewise in the same sort and in the region of the left Canell bone sendeth brauÌ„ches to the pannicle Pleura to the rootes of the ribbes and to the left side of the lunges Then further discendeth till it almost touch the greater braunche of the Arterie Aorta In which place it sendeth forth a Nerue which vnder this Arterie is restâ—…ed and after turneth it selfe agayne vpwardes towardes his originall and fountaine cleauyng as by the right is sayd to Aspera arteria thence forth entryng in betwene the Bone that is not named and that which representeth a shield in the inner part of Larinx and so entreth into the organ of voyce These are the noble Nerues which sayth Galen are endewed with the vertue of fourmyng the speach and are besides therfore called Vocales nerui Whose offices and vses are to much neglected to litle amongest other thyngs knowen for although few in comparison of the rest suppose in them to be conteined the propper power of vocall vertue yet to their great admiration if they willyngly dissect a liuyng dogge they shall proue it playne and very truth for by diuidyng one of them you shall finde him maimed of his voyce but hurt them both in that order and he shal be domme for euer after To this I must néedes subscribe for often haue I of purpose proued it beyng so playne and a part to all that behold it as that no doubtfull question can grow therof Notwithstandyng that some will scarse beleue their owne eyes Galen was the first that inuented these reuersiue nerues albeit he could not satisfie him selfe in the reason wherefore nature did not conuert the left recurrent nerue to the left Axillaris Arteria when as from the left recurrent sinewe an other litle 〈◊〉 spryngeth which followyng the rootes of the great Arterie is distributed through the coate of the hart but pearseth not the substaunce thereof for the litlenes of it And this is sayth Collumbus the true cause why nature reflected the left reuâ—…ue nerue vnder the great Arterie and not vnder the Arterie of the armehole on that side as the right reuersiue nerue is sayd to haue done on the other side Whereat I sayd Galen stode much amased neither could sufficiently satisfie him selfe in the reason therof as appeareth in his vij booke De vsu partium But by this it séemeth that nature aswell as to create these notable partes had care to place them from all easie annoyances as appeareth by this nerue lately recited which is otherwise reflected then the right recurrent least it beyng so very 〈◊〉 in the mouynges of the hart so continually should happen in the tyme of breathyng to be broken What portion that remaineth of this recurrent nerue descendeth along Aesâ—…gus downe to the vpper Orifice of the Uentricle But assoone as the right 〈◊〉 nerue and the leâ—… are come to the same vpper Orifice of the Uentricle they are straight way deuided into many litle Nerues like nettes and thus do imbrace the vpper Orifice aforesayd Which are the cause in griefes paynes of the mouth of the ventricle that the hart it selfe is thought to ake And this disease is called Cardiacus dolor Then agayne the right from this part departyng stretcheth forth to the Membran that inuolueth the liuer and an other part also to the vessicle of choler an other to the left kidney and to the vpper part of OmeÌ„tum Besides all the brauÌ„ches that it committes to Mesenterium After the same maner the left recurrent nerue is braunched to the splene to the neither part of Omentum to the left reyne and to the bladder And in men thus end the recurrent nerues But in women after all these places they passe further vnto the wombe or matrice NOw to describe the vij payre or coniugation of sinewes whose rising is more toward the hinder part of the head but from the brayne not from Cerebellum as Galen would with many small rootes whereto is dedicated a proper hole sited after an oblique maner in the aforesayd part or Occiput through which assoone as this hath made egresse it sheweth it selfe first towardes the Anteriour partes and into many Nerues delated to the Muscles of the toung Hioides and Larinx is deuided Of which the greater runneth vnder the nether iawe and so vnder the toung to the extreme end thereof to make it partaker of sense and mouyng vniuersally But the fourth payre as we haue sayd before is it that bringes the sense of tastyng to the toung and the toung therfore is sayd amongest other giftes to haue the discreÌ„tion of tastyng These vij payre or coniugation of Nerues are all that are remeÌ„bred either of the auncient or later Anathomistes as touchyng the sinewes coniugated froÌ„ the brayne yet Vesalius séemed to smell an other sayth Collumbus but whether it were for that he would not go aside from auncient authorities or otherwise it is not knowne he coÌ„cluded at length that it was in his iudgement the roote of the fift coniugation But Collumbus doubteth not that vnder the seate or foundation of the brayne towardes the fore partes goeth an viij payre which through a proper hole in the bone Sphenoides passeth to the temporall Muscles to the Muscle lurkyng in the mouth called therfore of Galen Latitans and to the thyrd Muscle also of the nether iawe called Masseteres the originall of this beyng distant froÌ„ the fift payre of sinewes sufficient inough BEsides all which we haue hitherto yet sayd in declaryng the originall and distribution of the vij payre of sinewes procéedyng from the brayne and besides also the viij and last spoken of you shall heare the opinion of Realdus who by his often search and diligence doubteth not to proue a ix payre or coniugation of nerues which no man before his tyme euer write or inuented And this is sayth he a slender payre begynnyng at those two foldes or two together Processes of the brayne called Nates Penes Testes These beyng thinne and small walke towardes the face and passe also to the secoÌ„d payre and are scattered into the thyrd Muscle of the eye liddes fitly also braunchyng out to the fift Muscle of the eye In déede as he doubteth lest some or most will not admit his late inuention of these two last payre of Nerues but holdyng them selues more stedfast to the fame of authorities will rather accompt them as the rootes of others so he professeth not to contende therein neither will we pretermit any tyme in
4. Pâ—…i I b. 7. cap. 2. Hipp. â—…ib dâ—… 〈◊〉 Aquis et 〈◊〉 Lib. â—…ast cap. 15. Iac. Sil. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Sec. 1â—… Prâ—…b Hipp. Loc. 〈◊〉 Loc. cit â—…ig de Meâ—…n ob Iac. Sâ—…l Loc. cit Plat. Dial. 3. de Repub. Li. de caus 〈◊〉 Aph. 28. 29. 30. Lib. 2. â—…ib de coacis prae not Iac. Sil. Loc. ciâ—… Col. Lib. 〈◊〉 Lib. de Var. Corp. â—…ec 〈◊〉 Botall â—…ib de catâ—…o Lâ—…c ciâ—… De Moâ—…bo 〈◊〉 Fuchs li. 1. ca. â—… Ex Vesal The reason why the Anatomy of bones occupieth the first place The â—…octrine of this History is most obscure vnlesse the bones be first learned Lib. de ossib cap. 1. We must study to know conserue that whiche is according to Nature The Bones the fouÌ„dation of the body Cap. 1. Epith. Generall diuision of the partes What are the Similar partes What are the InstrumeÌ„tall parts Fuchs li. 1. ca. 5. The nature and substaÌ„ce of bones All the bones except the teeth are insensible Col. li. 1. ca. 1. The cause why y bones are insensible The Nerue is the immediate organ of sense Note that thoroughout the History of Man we cite nature for God. The reason where fore nature 〈◊〉 not the bones sensible Some affirme the bones sensible although to their great shame The 〈◊〉 of such druieth theÌ„ to an hoâ—…ible adsurditie as will néedes make the bones to séele The experieÌ„ce of 〈◊〉 coÌ„â—…uteth this error nothyng more Periosteos The sensâ—…bility of 〈◊〉 not 〈◊〉 was the cause of their error Pâ—…tiousteos abraced no sence is discerned The 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 â—…ce of the bones The second difference of Bones from there magnitude The third differeÌ„ce of bones taâ—…en of their vse Some great Bones haue no manifest hollownes as the bones committed to os sâ—…crum os sacrum it selfâ—… and the Scapple bones Some bones are smal but notably â—…xcaued as of the angers â—…b 1. de vs pâ—…iuÌ„ The Sesaminae the bones of that nose Ossiâ—…les of heâ—…ryng are 〈◊〉 ly Porie or Solid Col. cap. lib. praedict The Brachiall tooth to the Processe eminent froÌ„ Vina in the wrest of the hand The vse of the holes and Porositie of Bones How those that haue no holes without are noâ—…rished What an Appendance 〈◊〉 In yong persons the AppendaÌ„ce 〈◊〉 eaâ—…ly discerned but not 〈◊〉 old A playne show The substaunce of the â—…ppendance is soâ—…ter then of the Bones A proofe for wheÌ„ we eate meat we will often plucke of the Appendâ—…ces of â—…ones châ—…we them Why 〈◊〉 â—…re not worâ—…e of by coÌ„â—…nual mo â—…o 〈◊〉 â—…f that ioynts Col li. c. 1 2. The vse of AppeÌ„dances far otherwise then any before Col. euer 〈◊〉 uented How the Bones are vnited thaâ—… haue no Appendances Ligamentes noâ—… onely spryng fâ—…oÌ„ places nâ—…re the ioyntes but also where 〈◊〉 no ioynte Muscles often spryng â—…ut of Ligaâ—…tall Cartilages The Ligamental Cartilages do aâ—… last end in 〈◊〉 among the Muscles 〈◊〉 vs part li 9. Gal. supposed the Appendances seâ—…ued to hold in the marey A playne confutation Ligaments serue to the byndyng to gether of bones and to the constitutioÌ„ of tendans There are but few places beside the â—…ppeÌ„dances fitre for the production of Ligamentes What a processe called of the Greekes Apophilis 〈◊〉 The first differeÌ„ce betwene the processe and appendance The second difference Some 〈◊〉 haue processes The thyrd difference Howe processesmay haue appendances The processes Trochanteres doâ—… seme appendaces Col. loc cit The fourth difference It is scarce possible to find a bone whereon appeareth no processe What bones wat appendances How the processes differ among them selues The processes cal led Styloides The processe called Corona The processe called Anchiroides A processe with a depressed Processe loÌ„g and prominent A processe with a round head What is ment by a necke in the description of Bones Why in processes a head is made Concauâ—…ties are 〈◊〉 answerable to the heades of the processes What is the 〈◊〉 What Glene is in the cauities of Bones Some cauities in Bones are enlarged by a 〈◊〉 cartilage What maketh the 〈◊〉 of the thighe more difficulte Processes 〈◊〉 in number also The first 〈◊〉 of the processes The secoÌ„d vtilitie The third 〈◊〉 Gal. 〈◊〉 2. vs part What is to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of Basis in the description of Bones If these 〈◊〉 be not learned the 〈◊〉 of bones is obscure The reader 〈◊〉 be perfect in the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 w their termes before hee wade further in this History Col. li. 〈◊〉 ca. 3. Why mans body was not made 〈◊〉 one bone 〈◊〉 continuall The 〈◊〉 of the head are made for the cause of transpiration What is a ioynt What Hip. vnderstode by the name of a ioynte â—…b de art fract Col. ca. 4 li. 1. Examples of manifest mouyng Examples of obscure mouyng What is Diarthroâ—… What is Synarthrosis Enarthrosis is not the same vnder Diaâ—…throsis as vnder Synarthroâ—… Examples of Eâ—…throsis vnder Diarthrosis These haue most 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Examples of Eâ—…throsis vnder Synâ—…throsis These haue obscure motion What is Arthrodia In Arthrodia one mouyng differeth from another accordyng to the more or lesse obsâ—…re Examples of Arthrodâ—… vnder Dyarthrosis Note The ribbes doâ—… enlarge and also draw together Examples â—…f Arthrodâ—… vnder Synarthrosis What mouyng is propper to the bones of Poâ—…chralis What is Gynglymos ExaÌ„ples of Ginglymus vnder Diarthrosis Examples of Ginglymos vnder Synarthrosis That is no meaâ—… for Caterpilers What Symphysis is The differences of Symphysis A ridiculous excuse for ridiculous iudgemeÌ„ts Colâ—… li. 1. cap. 4. Who will say the bones of the nose do moue after the motions of the nosterls or winges of the nose The seames of the skull are hardly with a chisell diuided None of Symphisis differeÌ„ces haue any motion What is Sutura The CoÌ„missures like the nayles The manner of closing assimulated to the teeth of two sawes put together is most in vse Threâ—… seameâ—… in the head in very aged persoÌ„s 〈◊〉 apparaâ—… The seame called 〈◊〉 in the fore parte of the head The seame called 〈◊〉 in the hindee part of the head The seame called 〈◊〉 or Sagittalis along the toppe of the head When the 〈◊〉 bones of the temples are vnited by a Suture the same Suture is â—…ot deepe Those 〈◊〉 bones are for the most part rather vâ—…ted by â—…mo-nia then cutura What is Harmonia Old writers haue coÌ„prehended Harmonia vnder the name of Sutura Broad bones do knit agayne in foâ—…e that participateth both with Harmonia 〈◊〉 â—…aÌ„ples of Harmonia What is Gomphâ—…sis ExaÌ„ple of Gomphosis The calloâ—…tie of the Gowines set ueth some men in â—…ead of teeth That Bones are ioyned together by the meanes of fleshe Ligament Cartilage coÌ„â—…-ry to 〈◊〉 What is Synâ—…drosis What is Synneyrosis Old writers compreheded the Ligamâ—…t vnder the name of Nerue What is Syndesâ—…osis What is 〈◊〉 ExaÌ„ples of 〈◊〉 ExaÌ„ples of 〈◊〉 Examples of the Ligament spriâ—…gyng out of the head of a bone The
Cap. 17. A thing common to all the Vertebres the first of the necke euely excepted That the Spâ—… from the second to the last of the 〈◊〉 tendeth downward The vncet 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the 〈◊〉 deserueth not to giue any â—…han reproche The number of the 〈◊〉 of the â—…oyness Os 〈◊〉 Os Coccix Wherfore Os 〈◊〉 is of some called Platy Now contrary to 〈◊〉 is the imaginatioÌ„ of the ignoraunt The cause why they went about to inuent to 〈◊〉 it taâ—…e so that onely 〈◊〉 appeateth the ground of thiâ—… 〈◊〉 â—…oc Predict The â—…logie of Os sacrum Lib. 1. Cap. 20. Now Sacâ—…m 〈◊〉 this sense is interpreted great Homer Virgill Gal. 〈◊〉 de Off. Cap. 〈◊〉 Galen described the Os sacrum of beastes Col. Fuchsi vesal. Os sacrum in man consisteth of v. or vj. bones In young yeares Os. sacrum may be deuided Wher the traces of Commissures are obserued in Os sacrum Why Os sacrum hath no Cartilages How Os sacrum is accomâ—… amongest the number or the Vertebres Why they are not trew Vertebres The vses of Os sacrum Why Os sacrum should be one Why it is situated in the 〈◊〉 of the body Os sacrum conteâ—…neth Spinal marey and therfore hath holes for y transmission of Neures The Spinall marâ—…y passyng thorough O. â—…rum tâ—…steth of a sâ—…wye nature The nerues from Os sacrum to the haunches and some Muscles of the thinges How the holes of Os sacrum are made The lower that lesser are the holes The holes on both sydes Oâ—… sacâ—…um â—…esser with out and greateâ—… within The figure of Oâ—… sâ—…m To what vse is the hollownes thereof or the bending of Oâ—… 〈◊〉 â—…ward Where Oâ—… 〈◊〉 is 〈◊〉 to 〈◊〉 and how That Oâ—… Sacrum and Ilium cannot 〈◊〉 The last portion of the back called Cocciâ—… How the 4. bones of Coâ—…cix depend vppon Sacâ—…um Why it is called Cocâ—…x Why it is called Coccix The discription of the first bone of Coccix The descriptioÌ„ of the last iij. bones of Coccix Coccix sometyme showeth hys 〈◊〉 Whilest Coccix is bowed the woman is panged The Processes of the first bone of Coccix Coccix conteineth not of the spinall marey The substauÌ„ce of Coccix The coloure of the bones of Cocâ—… The bones of 〈◊〉 are in children as soft as gristells It is much doubted that 〈◊〉 neuer dissâ—… the bodye of man. A backe very straâ—…ge from that whiche is descâ—…ibed I doe not defend Galen in this knowing that he hath erred much in that Dettebres but to giue the signe how vnâ—…ertem their number is in most bodies The. brest is the mansion of the harte Cap. xxiij lib. 1. The construction of the brest consisteth of three thinges Nature in that construction of the brest very wise and proâ—…ident Why the brest was not made all of bone Why that brest was not made of muscles without bones Now vtile is the right constructioÌ„ of the brest If the brest had bene made without bones what discommoditic had hapned The lunges 〈◊〉 the fourâ—…e 〈◊〉 the brest Lib. 1. Cap. 23. Lib. 1. Cap. 19. That the brest hath more streÌ„gth from the 〈◊〉 then from the brest bone Almost all the ribbes are double knit to the Dertebres The number of the ribbes The ribbes are not alway 24. That the man hath as many ribbes as the woman The reason why the ribbes are 〈◊〉 some moe in others fewer The number of the ribbes is answerable to the number of the Deâ—…tebres of the brest The diuision of the ribbes Which be that trew ribbes Why they are called true ribbes 〈◊〉 the ij last 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Processes of the ribbes in the Posteriour part The cauities in the sydes of the Vertebres An other Processe in the ribbe The vse of this other Processe Whereto this other Processe is tied What ribbes want the second Articulation What thing is common to all the ribbes The Appendaunces of the ribbes How much space the ribbehath of bonye substance Where the Cartilaginous substaunce is produced 〈◊〉 the ribbe The vse of the Cartilages betwixt the ribbes and brest bone Of the substaunce of the ribbes The extremities of the ribbes The middle part Towardes the brest the ribbes are broader To know y right from the lefte ribbes The ribbes of a Lyon are not flat but rounde The Cartilages of y trew ribbes are hardec theÌ„ of the false Why the 〈◊〉 of y trew ribbes are harder The harder are bound to the harder partes contrariwise The Cartilages of y trew ribbes in old persones doe participate with the nature of bones In length the difference The Cartilage of the last ribbe is shortest Wherein the last cartilage differeth from the first The first Cartilage and ribbe is broadest Why the ribbes haue such longe Cartilages The seruice of the Cartilages in inspiration and expiration The spaces of the ribbes The tying together of the Cartilages How the Cartilages of the true ribbeâ—… are knit to the brest bone Euery maÌ„ knâ—â—eth the faâ—…hion of the ribbes To what vse the brest was mâ—â—e compaâ—â—â—â— The cause why the vppermost and nâ—â—thermost ribbes are shorther the middle sort longer The vppermost ribbes are more crooked What kynde of ones are the middlemost The fiâ—…st ribbe is shortest and broadest of all others Pleura clotheth the ribbes on the in side Why the inside of the ribbes is not roughe A Ueyne Arterie and Nerue what cauâ—â—ie in the ribbes receuâ—â—â—h them The cauities of the ribbes compared together For the disease Empiema how inscission must be made What hurt may ensue by making inscission vndâ—â—â—… ribbe The ribbes on the outsyâ—â— rough and why The 〈◊〉 y longâ—â—â— of the 〈◊〉 The iusertion of y vj. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the brest 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 pectus the brest bone 〈◊〉 is rather the region of the brest Of how many bones Sternon consistech in other creatures 〈◊〉 in 〈◊〉 The brest bone in 〈◊〉 of what parts it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cap. 19. The descriptioÌ„ of the first bone The descriptioÌ„ of the second bone The third bone wherfore it is 〈◊〉 to the brest 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 where Of the substaunce of Sternon How the brest bones are bound together Col. lib. 1. Cap. 20. The brest bones are 〈◊〉 together by Simphisis The brest bones moue after the motion of the ribbes The 〈◊〉 yeeldyng to the descense of the rough artetye The cauities admitting the heades of that 〈◊〉 bones The toppe of the brest bone tonghe to what ende At the lower end of the brest bone groweth the 〈◊〉 Cartilage The figure of this Cartilage The names of it Why this Cartilage canot 〈◊〉 the mouth of the stomache The mouth of the 〈◊〉 is nearer the backe The vses of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A woud in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 inferreth death Of the bone in y hart Oportunitie findeth that some tyme which want of good occasion long tyme before did darken I purpose not to proue that which shall be found in all ages but that in the last age I suppose it trew for the