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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A57355	The arts of empire and mysteries of state discabineted in political and polemical aphorisms, grounded on authority and experience, and illustrated with the choicest examples and historical observations / by the ever-renowned knight, Sir Walter Raleigh ; published by John Milton, Esq.; Cabinet-council	Raleigh, Walter, Sir, 1552?-1618.; Milton, John, 1608-1674.	1692 (1692)	Wing R155; ESTC R20812	78,456	250

Perswasion and consequently easily transported by Seditious Leaders Men are naturally disposed to fear those things which threaten Danger and Terror yet unless these Perils by some new Accident be daily revived that Fear by little and little vanisheth and Security recovereth the place Whoso findeth himself contemned or not respected becometh Discontent which Humor in generous Minds breedeth oftentimes Adventerous Imaginations whereof Audacious Attempts have followed chiefly in Persons of Authority and Reputation for he that hopeth no Good feareth no Evil Yet true it is that dangerous Enterprises the more they be thought upon the less Hope they give of good Success for which reason Conspiracies not suddenly executed are for the most part revealed or abandoned All People do naturally imitate the Manners of their Prince and observing his Proceedings resolve to Hate or Love him But if they happen once to Hate the Prince then his Doings Good or Evil are afterwards not Good but if at the beginning he gained the Love of the People then every bad Action is reputed a Vertue as though he could not be induced to do amiss without good Cause or Reason Greatly are Princes deceived if in the Election of Ministers they more respect their own particular Affection than the Sufficiency of the Person elected A Prince having conquered any new Dominion is thereby rather incumbered than strengthened unless the same be after well governed and seldom is it seen that a Principality by ill means gotten hath been long enjoyed As to the Perfection of the whole Body soundness of Head only sufficeth not unless the other Members also do their Office even so it is not enough that a Prince be Faultless but it behoveth also that the Magistrates and Ministers should perform their Duty Great Princes rarely resist their Appetites as for the most part private Men can for they being always honored and obeyed do seldom with Patience indure the want of any thing reasonable as being perswaded that what they desire is Just and that their Commandment hath power to remove all Difficulties All Men are naturally good when no respect of Profit or Pleasure draws them to become Evil. But this Worlds Corruption and our Frailty is such as easily and often for our particular Interest we incline to the worst which was the cause that wise Law-makers found out Reward and Punishment the one to incite Men to Good the other to fear them from being Evil. A Tyrant indeavoreth to maintain his Estate by three means First He practiseth to hold all Subjects in extreme Awe and to be basely minded to the end they should want Courage to take Arms against him Secondly He kindleth Diffidence and Discord among the Great Men thereby to remove occasion of Conspiracy and Combination Lastly He holdeth them Disarmed and Idle so as they neither know nor can attempt any thing against him To govern is nothing else but to hold Subjects in Love and Obedience for in respect of the end they ought not and in regard of the other they cannot attempt any thing contrary to the Governor's Will and their Duty The Laws and Ordinances of a Common-weale made at the beginning thereof when Men were good do often prove unprofitable when they are become evil and therefore new Laws are made according to the Accidents which happen The Discontent and Disorder of People is ever occasioned by the Inequality of their Goods because the Poorer sort would be made equal to the Rich but the Offence that grows among great Men is the desire of Honor for they being equal do endeavor to aspire to equal Authority A Prince that desireth by means of his Ambassador to deceive any other Prince must first abuse his own Ambassador to the end he should do and speak with more Earnestness being indeed perswaded that the Intent and Meaning of his Master is Simple which happily would not were he privy that his Prince's Meaning were to Dissemble This course is also commonly holden by those that by Imployment of a third Person would perswade any thing Feigned or False For the Performance of Conditions of Treaty of Peace or League of Amity the Promises Vows and Oaths of Princes are of great Effect and because Fidelity in a Man is not ever certain and time doth daily offer Occasions of Variation there is no Assurance so Secure and Good as to stand so prepared as the Enemy may want able means how to offend To resolve in Matters Doubtful or answer Requests which we are not willing to grant the least offensive way is not to use direct Denial but by delays prolong the time and so in effect afford good Expectation The old Proverb saith Magistratus virum ostendit which is no less true than Ancient for Men in such Fortune are occasioned not only to make proof of their Sufficiency but also to discover their Affections and the more their Greatness is the less respect they have to contain those Passions which are natural Albeit great Troubles and continual Adversity seem Insupportable yet is there nothing more Dangerous than overmuch Prosperity and being pressed by new Appetites they disturb their own Security In speaking of Occurrents doubtful it is always Wisdom to feign Ignorance or at least alledge that we believe them not for most commonly they are utterly untrue or far other than vulgarly is believed The Actions of Men are commonly liked or disallowed according to the bad or good Success attributing that to Council which sometimes is due to Fortune The Multitude of Men were wont to be more pleased with sudden than slow Resolutions and many times account those Enterprises Generous which are rashly and inconsiderately attempted Great Difference there is between Subjects Desperate and others which are only Discontented for the one desire nothing but present Alteration which they endeavor with all Hazard the other wish for Innovation inciting any Motion or Practice because their Intent is to attend time and that occasion may present it self A Benefit bestowed on him who thinketh himself greatly injured doth not suffice to raze the same out of his Memory chiefly if the Benefit be given at such time as no mere Motion but Necessity may seem the occasion thereof That Peace ought to be desired which removed Suspition which assureth us from Peril which bringeth Quiet certain and acquitteth us of Expences but when it worketh contrary Effects it may be called a dangerous War covered with the name of Deceitful Trust not unlike a perilous Poyson ministred in lieu of a wholsome Medicine The Effect of things and not External show or seeming ought to be regarded yet it is credible what great Grace is gained by courteous Speech and Affability the reason whereof is as I suppose that every Man believeth he doth merit more than indeed he is worthy and consequently holdeth himself injured whensoever he findeth Men not to afford him like Estimation Men ought in any wise to refrain to do or say any thing which may offend for

THE Arts of Empire AND Mysteries of State Discabineted IN Political and Polemical Aphorisms grounded on Authority and Experience AND Illustrated with the Choicest Examples and Historical Observations By the Ever-renowned Knight Sir WALTER RALEIGH Published By JOHN MILTON Esq Quis Martem tunica tectum Adamantina digne scripserit LONDON Printed by G. Croom for Joseph Watts at the Angel in St. Paul's Church-yard 1692. TO THE READER HAving had the Manuscript of this Treatise Written by Sir Walter Raleigh many Years in my Hands and finding it lately by chance among other Books and Papers upon reading thereof I thought it a kind of Injury to withhold longer the Work of so Eminent an Author from the Publick it being both answerable in Stile to other Works of his already Extant as far as the Subject would permit and given me for a true Copy by a Learned Man at his Death who had Collected several such Pieces John Milton THE Principal Contents CHAP. 1. THE Definition and Division of Publick Weales and Sovereign States according to their several Species or Kinds Page 1 Chap. 2. Of Sovereign or Monarchick Government with its Essential Marks and Specifical Differences P. 3 Chap. 3. Of Monarchies Seignioril exemplified in the Turkish and West-Indian Empire P. 6 Chap. 4. Of Monarchies Royal with the Means to maintain them P. 8 Chap. 5. Of Monarchies Tyrannical P. 11 Chap. 6. Of New-found Monarchies and Principalities with the Means to perpetuate them P. 12 Chap. 7. Of Councils and Counsellors in general P. 17 Chap. 8. Of Councils in some particular Monarchies Aristocraties and Democraties P. 18 Chap. 9. Of Officers and Commissioners with their respective Distinctions P. 21 Chap. 10. Of Magistrates their Qualifications and Elections P. 22 Chap. 11. Observations intrinsically concerning every Publick State in Points of Justice Treasure and War P. 24 Chap. 12. Extrinsick observations shewing how to deal with Neighbor Princes and Provinces respectively how to prevent their Designs and decypher their Intendments P. 30 Chap. 13. Observations confirmed by Authorities of Princes and Principalities Charactering an Excellent Prince or Governor P. 35 Chap. 14. Of the Princes intimate Counsellors and Ministers of State with their several Requisites P. 41 Chap. 15. The Art of Ruling or Mystery of Regiment P. 48 Chap. 16. Of Princely Authority wherein it consists and how far to be extended and delegated P. 51 Chap. 17. Of Power and Force and how to be raised and maintained P. 53 Chap. 18. Of Conspiracy and Treason with the Causes and ways of Prevention or Discovery P. 55 Chap. 19. Of Publick Hate and Contempt with the Occasions and Means to redress and avoid it P. 58 Chap. 20. Of Diffidence and Dissimulation in the Management of State Affairs P. 67 Chap. 21. Of War Defensive and Invasive with Instructions touching Laws of Arms Soldiers and Military Discipline P. 70 Chap. 22. Of Generals and Commanders and their requisite Abilities in Martial Enterprises and Expeditions P. 83 Chap. 23. Of Councils in War and Directions Tactick and Stratagematick with Advice how to make an honorable Peace P. 87 Chap. 24. Of Civil War with the Causes and Remedies thereof P. 97 Chap. 25. A Collection of Political Observations confirmed by Reason and Experience advertising Princes Statesmen and Private Persons how to demean themselves in all Fortunes and Events P. 107 Chap. 26. Maxims of State or Prudential Grounds and Polemical Precepts concerning all Estates and Forms of Policy in times of Peace or War c. confirmed by Select Narrations and Historical Parallels P. 184 ADVERTISEMENT THE Excellent Woman described by her True Characters and their Opposites Printed for J. Watts THE ARTS of EMPIRE AND Mysteries of State CHAP. I. The Definition and Division of Publick Weales and Sovereign States according to their several Species or Kinds A Common-wealth is a certain Sovereign Government of many Families with those things that are common among them All Common-wealths are either Monarchies or All Common-wealths are either Aristocraties or All Common-wealths are either Democraties or A Monarchy is that State where the Sovereignty resteth in the Person of one only Prince An Aristocraty is where some small part of the People have in them as a Body corporate the Sovereignty and Supreme Power of the whole State A Democraty is where all the People have Power and Authority Sovereign So doth it appear that the place and Person where the Sovereignty resteth doth cause the State to be either a Monarchy an Aristocraty or Popular Government CHAP. II. Of Sovereign or Monarchick Government with its Essential Marks and Specifical Differences SOvereignty is an absolute and perpetual Power in every publick State and he is properly and only a Sovereign that acknowledgeth no Superior or Equal nor holdeth of any other Prince Person or Power but God and his own Sword The first Mark of Sovereignty is absolute Power and Authority to command all Subjects in general and every of them in particular without consent of any other Person or Persons either greater or inferior to himself The second Mark of Majesty is Authority to make War and conclude Peace at his pleasure The third is Power to bestow all Honors and chief Offices at his pleasure The Fourth Mark of Sovereignty is Appellation The Fifth Mark and last is power to pardon all Subjects by rigor of Law or otherwise condemned in Life Lands Goods or Honors These Powers are not to be imparted to any Officer Deputy or other Magistrate but in the Prince's absence and for some urgent occasion Monarchies are of three sorts Signioril Royal and Tyrannical The Diversity of Monarchies doth not proceed from the Nature of the State but the diverse proceedings of those Princes that govern for great difference there may be between the nature of the Commonwealth and the Government thereof That Prince that giveth the Magistracies Honors and Offices without respect of Nobility Riches or Vertue may be said to govern popularly And that Monarchy may be said to be governed Aristocratically when the Monarch imparteth the principal Honors and Offices to the Noble and Rich Men only The same difference there is to be found in States Aristocratical and Popular for the one and the other may be both Signioril or Tyrannical A Monarch Signioril is he who by force of Arms and just War is made Owner of Mens Bodies and Goods and governeth them as a Master of a Family governeth base Servants and Slaves A Monarch Royal is he whose Subjects are obedient unto his Laws and the Monarch himself obeyeth the Laws of God and Nature suffering every Subject to enjoy Liberty natural with Property in Lands and Goods governing as a Father governeth his Children A Monarch Tyrannical is he who without regard to the Law of God or Nature commandeth Free-men as Slaves and useth their Lands and Goods as his own CHAP. III. Of Monarchy Signioril Exemplified in the Turkish and West-Indian Empire ALL People subject to Princes are governed as Free-men by

to the other his Greatness cannot long continue for albeit a matter of no difficulty it is to perswade a People yet to make them constant is a work well near impossible Example Theseus Cyrus Romulus The second sort of new Princes are such as be aspired by Favor or Corruption or by the Vertue or Greatness of Fortune or Friends A Prince by any or all these means advanced and desirous to hold his Estate must indeavor by his own Vertue to maintain himself without depending upon any other which may be done by this means First To assure all Enemies from offending Secondly To win the Love and Friendship of so many Neighbors as possibly he may Thirdly To compass all Designs tending to his Honor or Profit and bring them to pass either by Fraud or Force Fourthly To make himself honored and followed of Captains and Soldiers Fifthly To oppress all those that would or can offend Sixthly To be obsequious and liberal to Friends magnanimous and terrible to Foes Seventhly To cass all old and unfaithful Bands and entertain new Eighthly To hold such Amity with Kings and Princes as they ought reasonably to favor him or else they would offend easily they cannot Example Giovannio Torrigiani Caesar Borgi The third and last means whereby private Persons do aspire to Principalities is not Force and Violence but meer good Will and Favor of Men. The cause or occasion thereof is only Vertue or Fortune or at least a certain Fortunate Craft and Wittiness because he aspireth either by Favor of the People or by Favor of the Nobility for these contrary Humors are in all Common-wealths to be found And the reason thereof is that the great Men do ever endeavor to oppress the People and the People do labor not to be oppressed by them Of these divers Appetites one of these three Effects do proceed viz. Principality Liberty or Licentious Life Principality may come either by love of the Multitude or of the great Men for when any of these Factions do find it self oppressed then do they soon consent to make one a Prince hoping by his Vertue and Valor to be defended Example Francesco Sforza Alessandro de Medici A Prince in this sort aspired to maintain his Estate must first consider well by which of these Factions aforesaid he is advanced for if by Favor of great Men he be aspired then must he meet with many Difficulties for having about him divers Persons of great Quality and such as were but lately his Equals hardly shall he command them in such sort as it behoveth But if the Prince be advanced by the People few or none shall hardly disobey him So it appeareth that a Prince made by the Multitude is much more secure than he whom the Nobility preferreth for common People do not desire to enjoy more than their own and to be defended from Oppression but great Men do study not only to hold their own but also to command and insult upon Inferiors Note that all Monarchies are Principalities But all Principalities are not Monarchies CHAP. VII Of Councils and Counsellors in general A Senate or Council is a certain lawful Assembly of Counsellors to give advice to him or them that have in the Commonweale Power Sovereign A Counsellor is called in the Latine Senator which Word signifieth in effect an old Man The Grecians and Romans also most commonly composed their Councils of ancient and expert Persons for if they or the greater part of them had been Young Men then might the Council have more properly been called a Juvenate than a Senate The chief and most necessary Note required in a Counsellor is to have no dependence of any other Prince or Commonweale either Oath Homage Natural Obligation Pention or Reward In this Point the Venetians have been ever most precise and for that reason do not admit any Cardinal or other Clergy-man to be either of or at their Councils therefore when the Venetian Senate is Assembled the Usher being ready to shut the Door cryeth aloud Fuora Preti Depart Priest Note also that in every State of what Quality soever a Secret or Cabinet-Council is mainly necessary CHAP. VIII Of Councils in some particular Monarchies Aristocraties and Democraties THE King of Spain for the Government of his Dominions hath Seven Councils viz. the Council of the Indies the Council of Spain the Council of Italy and the Low Countries the Council of War the Council of Orders the Council of Inquisition and the Council Royal. In France are Three Councils viz. the Council Privy the Council of Judges which they call Presidents et Conceliers de Parlament and the great Council which they call Assemblies du troys Estates Of Councils in Aristocraties In Venice beside the Senate and great Council are Four Councils viz. the Sages of the Sea the Sages of the Land the Council of Tenn the Three Presidents of Quarantia and the Senate All which Councils do amount to One hundred and twenty Persons with the Magistrates The Great Council of Ragusa consisteth of Sixty Persons and hath another Privy Council of Twelve Of Councils in Democraties Genoua hath Three Councils the Great Council of Two hundred the Senate which consisteth of Sixty and the Privy Council which hath Twenty six Counsellors So it doth appear that in all Commonwealths be they Monarchies Aristocracies or Popular States The Council-Privy is most necessary and often used Also this difference is to be noted between the Councils in Monarchies and the Councils in Aristocracies and States Popular that is to say that all Deliberations fit to be published are in a Monarchy consulted and resolved upon in the Council Privy and after ratified by Common Council But in Optimacies or Popular Government the Custom is contrary Here also is to be noted that albeit the Use and Authority of every Senate a Privy Council is most needful yet hath it no Authority to command but in the name of those in whom the Sovereignty resteth For if Counsellors had power to command absolutely then should they be Sovereigns and consequently all Execution at their Pleasure which may not be without detracting from Majesty which is a thing so Sovereign and Sacred as no Citizen or Subject of what quality soever may touch or approach thereunto CHAP. IX Of Officers and Commissioners with their respective Distinctions AN Officer is a Person publick that hath Charge ordinary and limited by Law A Commissioner is also a Person publick but his Charge is extraordinary and limited by Commission Officers are of two sorts and so be Commissioners the one hath power to command and are called Magistrates the other hath Authority to execute so the one and the other are Persons publick yet are not all publick Persons either Officers or Commissioners Commissioners are ordained to govern in Provinces in War in Justice in disposing the Treasure or some other Function concerning the State but all Commissions do spring and proceed from the Sovereign Magistrates and Commissioners And here is

perditiffimo non agri aut faenus sed sola instrumenta vitiorum manebunt Tac. Now to consider how Destiny might be eschewed were in vain For such a Remedy no Wit or Wisdom can devise being the Decree of God no doubt it is inevitable Ita fato placuit nullius rei eodem semper loco stare fortunam Sen. There is nothing exempt from the peril of Mutation the Earth Heavens and whole World is thereunto Subject Certis eunt cuncta temporibus nasci debent crescere extingui Sen. Touching the second Causes of Civil War some Remedies may be used because it proceedeth of Faction Sedition or Tyranny I call Faction a certain Association of divers Persons combined to the Offence of others It proceedeth often of private or publick Displeasure and more often of Ambition Nemo eorum qui in Rep. versantur quos vincat sed a quibus vincatur aspicis Sen. 1. Factions are of two sorts for either they consist of many or of few Persons both be dangerous but the former more apt to take Arms and that Party which proveth weakest prayeth Arms of Foreign Forces 2. The other Faction wherein are fewer partakers be commonly great Personages or Men of more Importance than ordinary People and that proveth most Perilous and Bloody Nobilium factiones trahunt ad se in partes universum etiam populum Arist. Albeit some wise Men have held Opinion that Factions are necessary yet cannot that conceipt be reasonably maintained unless it be upon Confines and in such places where Conspiracy is feared which Cato in his private Family used Semper contentiunculas aliquas aut dissensum inter servos callide serebat suspectum habens nimiam concordiam orum metuensque Plut. Factions against the Nobility are sometimes suppressed by forbidding Colors or unknown Bagdes to be worn also to inhibit Names or Watch-words of Mutinies is necessary which was Mecaenas Counsel to Augustus and Aristotle thinketh it fit that Laws should be made against the Factions of Noblemen Nobilium contentiones partes etiam legibus oportet prohibere conari Arist. Another Cause of Civil War we call Sedition which is a sudden Commotion or Assembly of Common People against their Prince or his Magistrates the Original of which Disorders may proceed of divers Causes but chiefly of Oppression Imminentium periculocum remedium ipsa pericula arbitrari Arist. Again Fear may be the occasion of Sedition as well in him that hath done Injury as in him that looketh to be injured and is desirous to prevent it before it cometh It may proceed also of over great Mildness in Government Non miseriis licentia sed licentia tantum concitum turbarum lascivire magis plebem quam saevire Livi. Sedition many times ariseth of Poverty or of the Artificers whose Arts are grown out of Use and Consequently no means whereof they can live Semper in civitate quibus opes nullae sunt bonis invidem vetera odere nova expetunt odio rerum suarum mutari omnia student Sab. Lastly Sedition cometh of Tyranny Insolency or Mutinous Disposition of certain Captains Cavaliers or Ring-leaders of the People for albeit the Multitude is apt to Innovation yet doth it stand firm until some first Mover taketh the matter in hand Multitudo omnis sicut mare per se immobilis Livi. Of these Movers some are Ambitious who wanting other means to Aspire hope by practice of Sedition to compass their Designs or else they are Unthrifts who having consumed their own seek by Violence to possess themselves of other Mens Or else they are vain and light Persons that without Cause or Reason attempt Innovation themselves know not for what Non tam praemiis periculorum quam ipsis periculis loeti pro certis olim partis nova ambiguae ancipitia maelunt Thus having told the Causes of Sedition I wish the Remedies were prepared Omne malum nascens facile opprimitur inveteratum fit plerumque robustius Cic. The first way to suppress Sedition is Eloquence and excellent Perswasion which oft-tentimes worketh great Effects among the Multitude chiefly when it proceedeth from some Reverend and grave Person for his Wisdom and Integrity of Life honored For the Prince himself is not to take Office in hand unless necessity so inforce Integra autorit as principis majoribus remediis servetur Tac. If Perswasion cannot prevail then Force must compel But before such violent Proceedings Use Art and Cunning either to appease the People or at least to disunite them and rather if the Prince do offer fair and promise plausibly Verba apud populum plurimum valent Tac. It is lawful also in such Cases for Princes to use Subtilty and the same not prevailing to wash away the Stain thereof with Clemency For when Arms laid down and every one yielded general Punishment were needless Omnium culpa fuit paucorum sit poena Tac. The last Cause of Sedition we named Tyranny which is a certain violent Government exceediug the Laws of God and Nature The difference between Kings and Tyrants is this the one imployeth Arms in defence of Peace the other useth them to terrifie those of whom his Cruelty hath deserved Hate Auferre trucidare rapere falsis nominibus imperium at que ubi solitudinem fecerint pacem appellant Tac. The quality of Tyrants is to esteem Promoters more then good Ministers because those Men are the Scourge of infinite others They are also Protectors of impious Persons and stand in daily doubt of Noble and Virtuous Men. Nobilitas opes amissi gestique honores procrimine Et ob virtutes certissimum exitium Tac. Tyrants do also endeavor to suppress the knowledge of Letters and Civil Life to the end all Arts should be exiled and Barbarism introduced Pellunt sapientiae professores omnes bonas artes in exilium agant Tac. These and such like be the Conditions of Tyrants who for the most part are deposed and slain for as Kings live long and deliver their Dominions to their Children and Posterity So Tyrants being feared and hated of all Men cannot continue in their Estate Adgenerum Cereris sine ceede vulnere pauci Descendunt reges sicca morte Tyranni Juvin The Remedies of these Mischiefs which proceed from the Violence of such a Prince are Persecution or Patience Many generous Spirits have used the first perswading themselves rather to dye than endure the sight of a Tyrant Also the Grecians did think it a Service acceptable to Murther the Person of such an impious Prince Graeci homines deorum honores tribuebant iis qui Tyrannos necaverunt Cic. Nevertheless in Christian Consideration the other Course is to be taken Let Patience therefore incounter this mischief for seeing all Kings as well the bad as the good be sent by God they must be indured Res est gravis occidere regalem stirpem Homer Persecution is not only perilous but for the most part infortunate For therefore present Revenge is taken by that Prince