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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A85713	The sage senator delineated: or, A discourse of the qualifications, endowments, parts, external and internal, office, duty and dignity of a perfect politician. With a discourse of kingdoms, republiques, & states-popular. As also, of kings and princes: to which is annexed, the new models of modern policy. / By J.G. Gent.; De optimo senatore. English	Goślicki, Wawrzyniec, 1530-1607.; Grimefield, John,; J. G., Gent.	1660 (1660)	Wing G2027; Thomason E1766_1; ESTC R10030	85,759	226

brave Admiral at Sea Cleon could manure lands and possessions Cicero was a famous Orator Pompeius a valiant General Cato a grave Senator and Scipio admirable both in peace and war So were several others that might be instanced for every man according to the Proverb is a Roscius in his own Profession Now when so many well-qualified Heroes are bound up together in Council what a Constellation of Vertues will shine and appear there And what firm Edicts and good Laws will there be enacted by them for the publick benefit and good of the Kingdom which he is obliged to for he is called Rex à Regendo but some will have it à recte agendo And it is clear that one man cannot be so clear sighted as to perceive all which proves that verse of Homer to be true rendred into Latine thus Bini conveniunt melius rem perspicit alter Nor doth this any waies diminish his power and authority for though many convene yet he is still the head of them all and hath a negative voice nor can any Act be pass'd without his Royal assent or approbation It is taken pro confesso that there is much care and vigilancy required in a Monarch for he must not seek so much after his own profit as the publike good and commodity of his People he must observe the Laws preserve the Rights and Liberty of his Subjects and maintain the authority and reputation of his Senate For Kings were first of all instituted for the aid and assistance of the vertuous against those that are vicious to them absolute power is transmitted to the end that they may revenge injuries and be just Judges in all causes and legal proceedings A good King ought to be as vigilant over those whom Providence hath allotted him Supreme as a Shepherd is of his Flock Homer calls King Agamemnon the shepherd of the People and Plato in imitation of him the Shepherd and Conserver of Mankind Besides he should govern his People not as Masters do their Servants but as Parents do their Children with Paternal care not with rigid severity or cruelty And as it is customary with indulgent Parents sometimes to rebuke their Children sometimes to admonish and encourage them and sometimes also to correct and punish them so should a Prince behave himself toward his Subjects manifesting himself sometimes severe when moved thereunto and at other times gentle affable and courteous both for the preservation of his people and the safety of the Kingdom defending and enlarging the bonum commune with no less care than a Father provides for the sustentation of his Children This makes the difference between Kings and Tyrants the one is studious for the publike good the other for his own private profit The end of the Tyrants endeavour is voluptuousness but the Kings study is honour Riches are the mark at which a Tyrant levels but Vertue is the true Meta of the King Tyrants desire the assistance of strangers but Kings are guarded by their own loyal Subjects Alphonsus King of Arragon being demanded what Subjects of his he most tenderly affected answered I love them better that love me than those that fear me And not without reason did he thus express himself for fear is usually accompanied with hatred A King is as secure by the love good will and loyalty of his Subjects as by the defence of Arms and his Senators will stand him in more stead upon any occasion than a Tyrants Souldiers Trajanus that great Emperour of the World did alwaies call the Senate his Father for as the Father usually foretels the Son what may prove beneficial and what injurious to him so the Senate counsels the King and instructs him how to conserve his Kingdom and by what Laws and Ordinances it must be governed This is the only way to keep the King from Tyranny and the Subject from Rebellion Now tyranny in the one with rebellion in the other will soon verifie that Dystich of the Satyrist Adgenerum Cereris sine caede vulnere pauci Descendunt Reges sicca morte Tyranni A good King knows how to irretiate and allure the hearts of the People to him by love and clemency sooner than by violence and compulsion And good people know their duty and obedience and if the King through the sins of the people be any way misguided they will bite their nails and not scratch their heads they know it is a crime inexplable to quarrel with Majesty the only way to live happy in a Kingdom is this first to give God and then Caesar his due But when Kings grow tyrannical then there is little or no allegiance from the Subject but what they are compelled to whereas that is far more to be esteemed that flows naturally and voluntarily from the people and this usually stirs them up to sedition and so consequently to their utter ruine and destruction and the downfal both of Kingdom and King and the reason is because Tyrants use certain sleights and State-tricks to deprive the Subject of liberty First by clearing the Country of all good and wise men either by banishment imprisonment or death because the vertue of good men reproves them for their vice and renders them odious whenas all they aim at is only to enslave the Nation to the intent that they may prosecute their own lust and pleasure without obstruction Such counsel as this Periander poysoned Thrafibulus with who by his infernal Rhetorick endeavoured to perswade him to cut off the highest spikes of corn meaning thereby that he should cause the cream of the Athenian Nobility to be executed The like subtilty did Sextus Tarquinius the Son of Lucius follow who being suborned by his Father pretended to be banished and fled fraudulently to the Gabii where having scrap'd as much acquaintance as he judged convenient sent privily to his Father to know his will and pleasure and what farther was to be done in the business for his satisfaction who conducted the Messenger into the garden where walking together he with a wand in his hand strook off all the heads of the Poppies before him which being by the Nuncio reported to his Son who had hellish wit enough to understand such damnable mysteries soon put the chief of the Nobility to death and by force and injustice usurped the Government of the Commonwealth and deprived the Subjects of their liberty Another knack they have to prejudice their Subjects by inhibiting their meetings conventions and conferences to prevent their study of honest discipline Nay farther they often sow discord among the people to the end that filled with hate and private displeasure they may be stirred up to civil war and sedition who being thereby much impoverished and the war ceasing are compelled to pay for their pardon and being after this manner fleeced both waies of their money and reduced to poverty become base minded and altogether unfit to defend their Lives Laws or Liberties These and many more that might

THE Sage Senator DELINEATED OR A DISCOURSE OF The Qualifications Endowments Parts external and internal Office Duty and Dignity OF A PERFECT POLITICIAN WITH A Discourse of KINGDOMS Republiques States-Popular As Also Of KINGS and PRINCES To which is annexed The New Models of Modern Policy By J. G. Gent. London Printed by Ja Cottrel for Sa●… Speed at the signe of the Printing-Press in St. Paul's Church-yard 1660. To the Reader THere are few or none I presume even among the Vulgar but understand that Republique or Kingdom to be most happy that lives most peaceably Yet what doth most conduce to the Welfare and Felicity of King and People hath been long debated by the Ancient as well as Modern Philosophers and Politicians Some are of opinion that good Laws work and frame the people to a civil life others think it lies in the power of good Education some imagine that it proceeds from the Influence and Operation of the Stars upon sublunary Bodies and others from the Endeavors and Examples of good Kings To the last we subscribe for the peace and tranquillity of a Nation proceeds primarily from the splendor of Princely ●●●…rtues which are so glorious and attractive that they do not onely incite the Subject to gaze on them but with an extasied admiration to adore and affect them so that they are stimulated to an imitation as far as in them lies and when Prince and People mutually labour in the pursuit of Vertue pro viribus as we say according to the utmost extent of their ability how can there chuse but be a result of Unanimity Peace and Concord To perfect this 't is requisite that a Senate be elected which is a certain number of grave wise discreet Persons that may help their Soveraign to pull in or slacken the reins of Government according as 't is judg'd convenient by the Nobility of whose Persons and the Prudence of whose Consultations married to the Judgement of the King the quiet and glory of the People is infinitely promoted and preserved To which intent and purpose we have here deciphered A SAGE SENATOR with all qualifications tending to his Perfection his Office Duty Honour Preferment and Repute among the Ancients as well as those of latter Ages first asserting and then proving their necessity and the benefit that accrews to a Kingdom or Republike from their grave and serious Debates in Counsel and their industrious management of political Affairs By such Union between King and Council Prince and People the whole Nation will undoubtedly flourish with a perpetual Verdure as if an immortal peace were entail'd upon them and their posterity for ever Laws will have their full force and efficacie as well for the punishment of Malefactors as the Reward of honourable deserving Persons Justice will run in its proper current and not be diverted to sinister and base ends by lucre or self-interest two Hammers that are able to knock a Kingdom in pieces Learning will be advanced and the Learned promoted according to their merit and desert without this no Kingdom can stand take away the Pen and the Pike will be unnecessary 'T was the Saying of a potent Monarch That He received more benefit from his dead then living Counsellours intimating thereby that his Library did afford him better Counsel then his Senate Learning and Senators like Hippocrates his Twins are inseparable they cannot dwell asunder especially in such a one as is here described And though I am sufficiently sensible that a discourse of those Qualities that are required in a Perfect Politician is not onely a work of great Importance but attended by a Troop of opposing Difficulties Yet I have endeavored to display the Ancient Government of the most famous Kingdoms Republiques and States Popular according to the Statutes Laws and Customs of the most potent as well as prudent Monarchs And my hope is though my imbecility can lay no claim to merit that my earnest desire to promote the publick good will plead my excuse and I am confident there is no person that is unprejudiced if commonly courteous but will accept of my humble Devoirs which is the very highth of the Authors Desires who at this present hath no more to say but bid thee Reader Farewel J. G. The Table The First BOOK Chap. 1. OF Senators in General their Original and Necessity pag. 1 Chap. 2. Of the diversity of Man's nature in general and of the Parentage and Education of a Senator in particular p. 13 Chap. 3. The knowledge of Arts and Sciences required in Senators and particularly that of Philosophy p. 32 Chap. 4. Of Eloquence Clemency Piety and other Vertues necessary to the accomplishment of a Senator p. 47 Chap. 5. Of Justice and her concomitants which our Senator ought to be adorned with p. 78 Chap. 6. Of Fortitude and her Concomitants as Magnanimity Constancy Patience Confidence c. p. 113 Chap. 7. Of Travel the Age Gravity and Election of our Senator pag. 136 The Second BOOK Chap. 1. OF Kings and their Prerogative pag. 157 Chap. 2. Of the division of Commonweals and Kingdoms pag. 170 Chap. 3. Wherein is contained the various Forms of the most renowned and famous Commonweals and Kingdoms in the World pag. 186 Chap. 4. The New-fangled Model of Modern Policy being of three sorts a Protectordom a Committeedom and a Rumpdom and first of the Protectordom pag. 198 Chap. 5. Of a Committeedom pag. 206 Chap. 6. Of a Rumpdom pag. 211 THE Sage Senator BOOK I. CHAP. I. Of Senators in General their Original and Necessity HE that sweateth in the pursuit of those studies that conduce to private recreation as well as publike emolument personates and represents a grave wise man and merits the general applause of all persons For Omne tulit punctum qui miscuit util● dulci And if I may be a competent Judge there is no Science accompanied with more delight to the Student or benefit to the Commonwealth into which he is incorporated than that of Government wherefore being sufficiently convinced that all the transactions of a well-regulated State are managed by solid reason mature deliberation and sound judgement not by wavering opinion uncertain fate or fantastique fortune I have made the original of Senators their duty dignity internal and external qualifications the Theme on which I intend to expatiate in general in this first Book But more particularly in this Chapter of the original cause of their institution or creation For the performance of that task which I have voluntarily imposed upon my self I have dived into the depth of civil knowledge and pried into the Arcana of Philosophy collecting whatsoever hath been related penned or experimentally known heretofore either by Academick Learning Parliaments in Commonweals Policy in Government or History But to begin Man the perfection of the Creation was not made a Citizen or Inhabitant of this World only but Lord Paramount over all Creatures that have a being within the compass of the terrestrial

through want of circumspection war threatens a Nation the people are captivated the Country run over and ruinated Towns sack'd Houses burnt fields wasted Temples profaned yet use they no circumspection counsel and medicine either to cure or cool their fury or rage But the grave Counsellor studies by what means to continue the common safety and welfare of a Country or Kingdom He provideth that the rage of a barbarous enemy may be beaten back or restrained by Fortresses Pallizadoes and Garrisons that Castles and Bulwarks may be erected the places of defence fortified and all breaches stopt up all which thus ordered check the fury of an insulting enemy and annihilate his barbarous design and intention to bring all to destruction Now there being a convention of well-trained Citizens armed and ready to oppose the Commonwealth is thereby fortified and the Lacedemonians call stout men the walls of Sparta disdaining the force of forrein enemies and preventing their offering violence As for his Speech he must be compendious curt and grave in all his Orations that he pens or Speeches that he makes as Horace adviseth him In verbis etiam tenuis cautusque serendis For a rash inconsiderate speech is not so soon called back as pronounced and the unadvised utterance thereof may prejudice the Commonwealth and afford the Orator matter of repentance And the reason is this because in an extempore speech we pour out and divulge many things that are to be concealed Nor must our Senator be overswayed by Passion for passion is like false position in Verse nine faults at least Now it is the noblest piece of wisdom under the heavens for a man to monarchize over himself so as to subjugate and conquer his affections according to that known verse Fortior est qui se quam qui fortissima vincit Moenia It is a greater piece of valour for a man to subdue and curb his hair-brain'd passion than to conquer the stoutest enemy Besides when he is put upon a parley with the enemy a treaty with Embassadors or a conference with neighbouring Princes he must be very circumspect for their endeavour is to discover secrets by conjecture and fish out the design intended by circumstances and signs Wherefore he must have a constant fixed resolution and a composed countenance for the changing of the countenance motion of the eyes and variety of gesture are the bewrayers of mens minds as Gondamore well observed and indeed facies est index rerum One may soon read a mans mind in his face and by the calculation of his looks guess at his intentions And as he must not be too credulous no more must he be altogether incredulous unless the reputation of the matter or person compel him to it Since it is very unseemly and beneath the gravity of a judicious Senator to maintain a controversie against an apparent truth Neither would we confine him to an absolute silence or padlock his mouth so as to debar him of that excellent gift of speech for thereby he may be thought stupid or effeminate since the one is imputed to ignorance and the other to a kind of maidenly modesty or misbecoming bashfulness Therefore he must use a mean between both yet so that he be a greater hearer than speaker Nature bestowed on man a pair of ears and but one single tongue Yet notwithstanding all this it must needs be judged as great a piece of discretion to know when to be silent as well as how where to whom and in what place to speak Next Sagacity and craftiness is requisite for War was never more politickly managed Armies more securely governed nor the plots and machinations of subtile enemies more wisely undermined or overthrown than by the vertue of caution which he that wants can no way be termed a Captain General Now Sagacity is a sharp and pleasant conceit and as it is the property of a wise man to consult well so it is the part of an apprehensive spirit ingeniously to understand and pass a solid sentence or judgement of what another speaketh And as he must be quick of apprehension so it is likewise necessary that he be crafty and subtill in searching and prying into the thoughts of Subjects to the end he may understand what they desire what they expect or hope for and what their inclination binds them most unto By which means he will not only keep the Subject close to his lawful obedience but also by knowing their intended conspiracies prevent the evil thereof For sometimes debauched Subjects aime at the destruction of sober solid persons induced thereunto or rather seduced by hate malice or insolency sometimes because they find themselves inferiour to others in riches dignity or authority and sometimes because they imagine themselves to be inconsiderable and of little or no esteem in the Kingdom Republick or State wherein Providence hath allotted them their being and residence And so by these means create war and cause sedition and reduce the State to an apparent hazard In suppressing these commotions and cogitations of wicked men he must be close and reserved not dealing openly or by direct opposition but rather by soft perswasion kind admonition earnest entreaty or favourable chastisement reduce them to a better temper and furnish them with more honest principles But if he deal with a refractory stubborn people he must menace them with authority and terrifie them with severity that so he may divert them from such execrable enterprises perpetually meditating on the conservation of the Commonwealth which is consummated by his endeavour for the felicity of Subjects and his extirpation of sedition and discord with their efficient causes Aristotle saith that a man may speak doubtfully upon any occasion twice and be excused but if he trip the third time he is permitted to speak no more in that cause Nor must he be tedious or prolix for a long-winded Oration cram'd with cart-rope speeches longer than the memory of man can fathom doth but talk them into dulness and sooner stupifie their minds than quicken their attentions And he must likewise suit his discourse to the capacity of his Auditory for he prodigals a Mine of Excellency saith one of our Learned Gentlemen that wasts a terse Oration to an ignorant assembly where Mercury himself were he Orator would lose his labour Therefore as his speech must not be over-long a fault that Caesar sometimes found Cato guilty of and reproved him for no more must it be obscured with aenigmatical sentences or intricate words which puzzle the Auditors rather than profit them and by labouring in the explication of the terms make them forget the subject and matter of the discourse Now it importeth not much whether his speech be penn'd or rehearsed yet the reasons written are more solid and penn'd with more diligence if the matter require a long Oration His voice should be manly promising of gravity not effeminacy clear and audible not so low as cannot well be heard nor so loud

unto it in the breast creating it a companion and helper to the head which Plato calls Vim irascendi or affectuum sedem The third resembling a rude multitude witless froward and full of sensual desires harbours beneath the heart far remote from the other In these parts of the soul as in a Mirrour or Looking-glass we may spy out three sorts of Commonweals The highest supplies the place of King as destined and appointed to exercise authority over all The second though in place inferiour yet in quality is of no less regard being well obeyed for where Reason swaies without the aid and assistance of the affections all actions are weak and impotent Just so a Senate wanting the assistance of Reason which deports her self partly as Captain partly as a Souldier in all actions and consultations becomes timorous and effeminate Aristotle hath therefore made a division of the power of Reason making one part absolute and standing upon its own Guard and the other as it were depending and subservient like a Son that obeyeth the Father Which Titus Livius hath significantly expressed in setting forth the errour of Minutius in his unadvised fight against Hannibal which Fabius reprehends in these or the like words Souldiers saith he I have often heard that he that of himself can rightly judge deserves the greatest commendation next unto him are they that know how to subscribe to the good advice of others But he that can neither counsel nor follow the counsel of others is but an inch on this side a Natural and of a very shallow capacity The third part of man's mind resembles a Popular Government wherein the multitude hath authority to hear all causes and determine or decide all controversies though many contests arise from hence to the prejudice both of the Country and Inhabitants Aristotle writes also that the Image or representation of Republicks may be found out in private families for the authority of the Father over his Children may be compared to Principality because Children are the Parents charge he alone must provide for them all and their faults are chastised rather than severely punished by him so ought a good King to demean himself toward his good Subjects Therefore Jupiter the God of Gods and Men is by Homer styled Father The Husbands authority over the Wife may be compared to Optimacie for the Husband ought to rule his Wife according to Justice and command nothing but what may endure the test of the Laws of God and man The State Popular is assimilated to brotherly Society for they ought to live in equality differing only in the degrees of Age And as the Father that useth rigour and cruelty towards his Children is judged a Tyrant and no Father so that King that by the oppression of the Subject endeavours to encrease his private interest contemning all Laws and living dishonourably puts off his Kingship and is called Tyrant A Husband and Wife living in discord either through negligence or obstinacy rejecting the care of their Children and domestick affairs do thereby abuse their authority and become unworthy the name of natural Parents so Optimacie abused deserves not that title In like manner Brethren disagreeing neglecting their mutual profit addicting themselves to sloath and lasciviousness are not to be accounted Brethren no more is a Popular State so to be esteemed if of such a temper Thus it is apparent that through the default and inconsiderateness of Superiors true Commonweals are converted into false and contrary Governments Policy which by the Graecians is called {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} and by Plato and Aristotle Respublica popularis may be referred to all sorts of Republicks because that word is universal and includes all civil Government Plato adds another kind of Government that is a King subject to his Laws making Monarchy of two sorts and consequently two Kings the one bound and confined the other free and not restrained to any Law this is his opinion of Monarchy though not ours But now let us discourse of the best sort of Republicks though it be a very hard task to the accomplishment of which intended work it is requisite that a man understand the best kind and order of life for otherwise a perfect Commonwealth cannot be conceived but what sort of life merits the reputation of the best as yet latet in obscuro among the major part of Philosophers The Epicures Stoicks and Peripateticks are of different opinions concerning this subject and have divided the world by the variety of their Sects and whimsies But our intent is to concur with the Peripateticks because their Schools have been the greatest Nurseries of good Governours The Stoicks that did ever wed themselves to an austere life ground their felicity upon Vertue only which we disapprove not so that they consent that external goods which both Nature and Fortune have made for the use of man to the end he may thereby be the better accommodated be joyned thereunto as necessary additaments otherwise he cannot be perfect and seeing that man's felicity is numbred among things that are perfect and that thing is only perfect that wants nothing surely whosoever desires to be happy must necessarily be fully furnished so that his felicity may be absolute and no way deficient Riches are very necessary the liberal person stands in need of money to perform the actions of Liberality and the just man must therewith reward and make satisfaction The Warriour wants it for according to the Poet {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} Argentis pugna telis ac omnia vinces Now the Epicure he placeth his summum bonum in sensual delights and pleasures which is more becoming a beast than a man Whereas Aristotle makes a joynt agreement of Vertue and other additional ornaments or external helps most necessary for a well-regulated person Philosophers affirm that there are three sorts of life The first consisteth in Action The second in Contemplation And the third in Pleasure That which resteth in Action if not accompanied with wisdom and vertue proveth unprofitable and is subject to many vices and imperfections That which is employed in Contemplation not being accompanied with Action is vain and ineffectual For as he that boldly looks upon the Sun when in the Meridian of his lustre is made blind with his vehement heat and tralucent splendor so the mind of man continually occupied with the speculation of sublime mysteries becomes stupid heavy and languishing He therefore that desires the name of vertuous must lead a civil as well as a philosophical an active as well as a contemplative life the mixture of which two makes man happy and fortunate But he that delights only in sensuality absolutely forgetting that he was ever qualified with the gift of reason may be said to represent man as to his outward complexion or blush but he wants the true and proper nature of man Hence ariseth the diversity of mankind for some are born free noble wise

and fit for government others servile boorish witless destined to servitude and bondage Plato hath it that God in Man's Creation had so ordered that in the generation of those that are apt to govern he hath mixed gold of them that are appointed as assistant to Governours silver And the nature of Plough-men and Artizans is compounded with Brass and Iron which similitude Aristotle applies to the manners and capacities of men For although every man doth naturally desire that his children should resemble him yet it often happens that silver is the issue of gold and some metal of a more inferiour allay the issue of silver It is therefore very requisite that Princes pry into the nature of their Children that they may understand their disposition and they that are like Iron may be converted into gold or that proving impossible the government may be allotted to others for it hath been oraculously prophesied that those Countries that are governed by Brass and Iron should perish and come to confusion But now as to Optimacie it consists in a certain number of vertuous Citizens or at least should because they govern the Republick according to the Rules and Edicts of the Law whereas in popular States all things are contrarily managed for Liberty being the end thereof the State is ruled according to will and popular fury without the consideration of vertue or reason In such Cities men are called good because they are profitable or beneficial to the Commonwealth not for their being endowed with honesty which consists in the action of vertue so that vertue there is measured by publike profit not honesty for Popular Justice called Jus populare is where honour is conferred upon persons not according to the vertue of him that receiveth but the number of those that give it who think those things to be most equitable that are so according to the Vogue of the multitude not as Justice instructs us and that to be honourable which hath the repute of popular fame or approbation of the Multitude And though it must necessarily be granted that there is corruption in all Republicks yet is it frequently known in Popular States and that more than in any other kind of Government for if any man well-principled chance to have his residence or abode in any such State and he out of natural reason only disgust the Plebeian insolency and by admonition reprehension and correction strives to reduce the Citizens or Inhabitants to a more vertuous and religious course of life he is instantly branded with the name of an enemy to the State and arrested by the Law of Ostracisme and many times it falls out that he comes to execution Many famous Citizens of the popular States of Greece were hereby afflicted as Aristides Thucydides Socrates Themistocles and Damon and at Rome Camillus and Scipio had the same measure dealt them Aristides deserves a monument that may endure to perpetuity for his singular vertue and wisdom who for his integrity of life and conversation was sirnamed Justus And at that time when the Law of Ostracisme was in force among the Athenians a rude boorish beef-brain'd fellow with a scrole of paper in his hand chanced to meet him who with much importunacy would have forced him to write his name therein Aristides being astonished at his earnest and strange request asked him Whether any man could ever say he had injured any person No replied the fellow all the reason that prompts me to my demand is only this I stomach your Sirname Justus It is reported by Cicero that the Ephesi at the banishment of their Prince Hermodorus pronounced this Sentence Let us not excel one another and if any do contrary to what is herein specified or mentioned he shall no longer reside among us but must procure some other dwelling place Strange Customs of Popular States Plato as we have already instanced saith That no State can be long liv'd that is governed by Iron or Brass that is by phanatick or infatuated persons who being altogether unfit for Government seem to be born to disturb rather than obey For they after some petty or imaginary success at war growing insolent and tympanous have alwaies some flattering Tutors and colloguing popular Captains to extol their Vertues ready at hand who immediately upon this allured or rather caught with the golden bait of glory reject the authority of their wise governours rebelling against their Superiours and so usurping their lawful power take it into their hands and manage it according to their own corrupt wills and depraved judgements which is the cause that such States soon expire and that oftentimes in their very infancy for through the diversity of minds and opinions among them they become void of counsel and after a continued series if it last any considerable time of insolency contention and faction they become submissive either to a few or else to some single person Thus did the Athenians who having obtained the victory in a memorable Sea-fight against the Medes bladder'd up with pride from their success herein it caused sedition and tumultuation in that State notwithstanding the contrary endeavours of the more sober to prevent it Nay the original of States Popular sometimes ariseth from rebellion attempted against the Royal Party as it frequently happened at Rome and at other times it falls out when the people through tyranny are exasperated and made desperate by the rigour of their Princes or Governours for then by force of arms against their King they begin to mould a new-fashioned Government among themselves which the Swisses not many years since have done As to Oligarchy or Tyranny we shall not extend our discourse but pass them by because we judge such kind of Government to be altogether unjust insupportable and quite contrary to a vertuous and civill life Now as to the discovery of the most notable and imitable Commonweals and Kingdoms in the habitable World that shall be the subject of our ensuing Chapter CHAP. III. Wherein is contained the various Forms of the most memorable and famous Commonweals and Kingdoms in the World THe excellency and pre-eminency of every Nation or Republick may easily be understood by the Government and Laws therein practised and exercised for those are judged the best that direct the course of their life according to justice and equity and not the peculiar w●imsies of their own natural fancy and constantly persevere therein without so much as the appearance of change or variation it is an apparent and clear argument of female frailty far derogating from the dignity of Man to be so fickle and inconstant as to seek after variety but to be fix'd and grounded is an argument of a noble resolution And first as for the Commonwealth of Plato we shall pass that by because it is usually said that such a Government as his neither is hath been nor shall be hereafter The Athenian Republick was first made as followeth That People being dispersed and haunting the woods