Selected quad for the lemma: cause_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
cause_n	authority_n	king_n	kingdom_n	1,417	5	5.6187	4	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A81938	Geographia universalis: the present state of the whole world giving an account of the several religions, customs, and riches of each people; the strength and government of each polity and state; the curious and most remarkable things in every region; with other particulars necessary to the understanding history and the interests of princes. Written originally by the Sieur Duval, Geographer in Ordinary to the French King; and made English, and enlarged by Ferrand Spence.	Duval, P. (Pierre), 1619-1682.; Spence, Ferrand.	1685 (1685)	Wing D2919A; ESTC R229216	199,644	399

resolution_n of_o its_o citizen_n to_o maintain_v the_o authority_n of_o their_o king_n against_o the_o suede_n without_o be_v prevail_v with_o to_o accept_v the_o neutrality_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o preservation_n of_o the_o whole_a realm_n under_o king_n gasimir_n lithuania_n be_v the_o great_a province_n of_o those_o which_o compose_v the_o state_n of_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n it_o have_v the_o title_n of_o the_o great_a duchy_n wherein_o there_o be_v still_o at_o this_o day_n as_o many_o chief_a officer_n as_o in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n and_o of_o three_o general_a diet_n of_o the_o state_n one_o be_v to_o be_v hold_v in_o lithuania_n this_o country_n be_v so_o full_a of_o marsh_n and_o of_o boggs_n that_o there_o be_v no_o travel_v there_o but_o in_o winter_n and_o that_o by_o mean_n of_o the_o ice_n vilna_n its_o capital_a city_n contain_v so_o many_o sort_n of_o religion_n that_o there_o be_v not_o a_o city_n in_o the_o world_n where_o god_n be_v praise_v in_o more_o several_a manner_n there_o be_v reckon_v three_o sabbath_n that_o of_o we_o that_o of_o the_o turk_n which_o be_v friday_n that_o of_o the_o jew_n which_o be_v saturday_n samogitia_n be_v a_o country_n where_o the_o inhabitant_n live_v very_o poor_o polachia_n communicate_v its_o name_n to_o the_o polander_n who_o call_v themselves_o polaques_n as_o be_v descend_v from_o lechus_n their_o first_o prince_n lesser_a russia_n have_v several_a other_o name_n it_o be_v call_v black_a by_o reason_n of_o its_o wood_n red_a by_o reason_n of_o the_o colour_n of_o its_o earth_n southern_a by_o reason_n of_o its_o situation_n towards_o the_o south_n leopold_n which_o put_v a_o stop_n to_o the_o progress_v of_o the_o turk_n be_v the_o principal_a city_n thereof_o samoski_n the_o strong_a volhinia_n have_v for_o its_o capital_a kiou_n a_o ancient_a city_n upon_o the_o boristhenes_n where_o the_o cossaques_n have_v have_v often_o their_o retreat_n it_o be_v now_o in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o muscovite_n who_o make_v a_o scruple_n of_o restore_v it_o to_o the_o polander_n podolia_n have_v gaminiec_fw-la a_o fortress_n which_o former_o resist_v the_o army_n of_o the_o turk_n of_o the_o lesser_a tartar_n of_o the_o transilvanian_o of_o the_o walachian_o and_o which_o at_o length_n submit_v to_o the_o army_n of_o the_o grand_a signior_n in_o the_o year_n 1672._o ducal_z prussia_n wherein_o stand_v konigsberg_n belong_v to_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n who_o now_o possess_v its_o sovereignty_n and_o independant_o on_o poland_n this_o city_n be_v so_o much_o the_o great_a in_o that_o it_o contain_v two_o other_o in_o one_o and_o the_o same_o compass_n of_o wall_n pilau_n and_o memel_fw-la be_v two_o maritime_a fortress_n the_o most_o important_a of_o this_o state_n there_o it_o be_v the_o elector_n cause_v frigate_n four_o year_n ago_o to_o be_v fit_v out_o which_o have_v very_o much_o incommode_v the_o commerce_n of_o the_o subject_n of_o spain_n gourland_n be_v a_o duchy_n who_o duke_n of_o the_o house_n of_o ketler_n do_v homage_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n his_o residence_n be_v at_o mitaw_n of_o muscovy_n this_o be_v the_o vast_a country_n of_o all_o europe_n style_v former_o sarmatia_n now_o muscovy_n it_o be_v call_v great_a and_o white_a russia_n from_o the_o name_n of_o the_o ancient_a roxolan_n people_n and_o upon_o the_o account_n of_o its_o great_a extent_n and_o of_o the_o snow_n which_o so_o cover_v the_o ground_n near_o two_o three_o of_o the_o year_n that_o to_o travel_v there_o at_o that_o time_n one_o will_v have_v occasion_n to_o veil_v one_o eye_n with_o black_a crape_n so_o as_o former_o xenophon_n make_v his_o soldier_n do_v in_o the_o retreat_n of_o the_o ten_o thousand_o greek_n the_o soil_n of_o muscovy_n be_v cold_a humid_a full_a of_o wood_n and_o bog_n which_o make_v it_o little_o inhabit_v what_o make_v it_o believe_v that_o it_o be_v better_a populate_v than_o it_o real_o be_v be_v that_o the_o country_n people_n by_o express_a order_n go_v to_o the_o avenue_n of_o the_o city_n through_o which_o the_o ambassador_n of_o foreign_a prince_n pass_v the_o cold_a there_o do_v often_o hinder_v the_o corn_n from_o come_v to_o its_o perfection_n it_o be_v there_o sometime_o so_o violent_a that_o the_o earth_n be_v whole_o open_v by_o it_o the_o inhabitant_n find_v it_o no_o extraordinary_a matter_n to_o see_v their_o nose_n ear_n and_o foot_n freeze_v they_o only_o sow_v in_o they_o part_n in_o the_o month_n of_o june_n the_o heat_n of_o july_n and_o of_o august_n do_v visible_o forward_o the_o harvest_n the_o muscovite_n do_v not_o willing_o afford_v the_o entrance_n of_o their_o country_n to_o other_o nation_n they_o care_v not_o to_o know_v any_o other_o tongue_n than_o their_o own_o they_o only_o have_v their_o child_n teach_v to_o write_v and_o read_v that_o be_v sufficient_a to_o be_v a_o doctor_n they_o take_v for_o their_o surname_n the_o proper_a name_n of_o their_o father_n they_o write_v upon_o roll_n of_o paper_n cut_v into_o welt_n and_o glue_v together_o to_o the_o length_n of_o twenty_o or_o five_o and_o twenty_o yard_n they_o reckon_v the_o first_o day_n of_o the_o month_n of_o september_n for_o the_o first_o of_o the_o year_n they_o wear_v long_a garment_n and_o put_v their_o girdle_n below_o their_o belly_n their_o collation_n be_v perform_v with_o the_o bread_n of_o spice_n of_o brandy_n and_o of_o honey_n the_o peasant_n have_v recourse_n to_o somewhat_o a_o extraordinary_a mean_n for_o the_o secure_n themselves_o from_o the_o quarter_a of_o soldier_n they_o provoke_v and_o set_v upon_o they_o their_o bee_n the_o office_n of_o executioner_n be_v not_o dishonourable_a among_o the_o muscovite_n odd_a ●ir_a army_n be_v offten_o of_o a_o hundred_o and_o two_o hundred_o thousand_o men._n they_o be_v divide_v into_o five_o body_n as_o we_o be_v into_o three_o boris_n foederowit_v great_a duke_n of_o muscovy_n towards_o the_o beginning_n of_o this_o age_n see_v himself_o in_o the_o head_n of_o a_o army_n of_o three_o hundred_o thousand_o men._n alexis_n michaelowit_v after_o the_o defeat_n of_o stepan_n radzin_n have_v no_o less_o considerable_a army_n when_o the_o desiign_n be_v to_o hinder_v the_o progress_n of_o the_o turk_n the_o infantry_n be_v there_o in_o more_o esteem_n than_o the_o cavalry_n it_o sustain_v well_o a_o siege_n and_o suffer_v patient_o all_o imaginable_a hardship_n rather_o than_o yield_v which_o it_o do_v in_o our_o time_n in_o the_o castle_n of_o vilna_n and_o in_o the_o fortress_n of_o noteburg_n as_o for_o besiege_v of_o a_o town_n the_o muscovite_n understand_v nothing_o at_o all_o of_o that_o art_n which_o they_o have_v make_v evident_a before_o smolensko_n in_o 1633._o before_o riga_n in_o the_o year_n 1656._o before_o azac_n in_o the_o year_n 1673._o their_o fort_n be_v common_o of_o wood_n and_o of_o earth_n upon_o the_o sinuosity_n of_o river_n or_o else_o in_o lake_n the_o great_a strength_n of_o the_o state_n consist_v in_o foreign_a troop_n and_o good_a pay_n and_o pension_n be_v give_v to_o the_o officer_n when_o they_o have_v occasion_n for_o they_o the_o prince_n have_v the_o title_n of_o the_o great_a duke_n say_v he_o be_v descend_v from_o augustus_n style_v himself_o grand_a tzaar_n or_o gzar_n that_o be_v to_o say_v gaesar_n and_o emperor_n the_o habiliment_n he_o be_v bind_v to_o wear_v make_v he_o appear_v like_o a_o prelate_n when_o the_o minister_n of_o foreign_a prince_n be_v to_o treat_v with_o his_o ambassador_n they_o have_v all_o the_o pain_n imaginable_a to_o agree_v upon_o his_o title_n by_o reason_n of_o his_o extraordinary_a pretension_n in_o the_o year_n 1654._o for_o the_o make_v war_n in_o poland_n and_o for_o support_v the_o rebel_n gosaques_n thener_n at_o duke_n take_v for_o pretext_n that_o some_o polisheek●ords_n ●ords_z have_v not_o give_v he_o his_o due_a title_n and_o that_o they_o have_v cause_v to_o be_v print_v in_o poland_n book_n to_o his_o disadvantage_n one_o of_o the_o two_o present_a zar_n predecessor_n be_v so_o cruel_a as_o to_o cause_v a_o italian_a ambassador_n hat_n to_o be_v nail_v to_o his_o head_n for_o that_o he_o have_v put_v it_o on_o in_o his_o presence_n his_o government_n be_v despotic_a the_o muscovite_n call_v themselves_o slave_n and_o he_o call_v they_o out_o of_o conrempt_v by_o a_o diminutive_a name_n little_a john_n little_a peter_n his_o will_n alone_o be_v the_o rule_n of_o his_o subject_n who_o hold_v themselves_o certain_a that_o the_o will_n of_o god_n and_o of_o the_o grand_a duke_n be_v immutable_a the_o zarr_n treasure_n be_v say_v to_o be_v great_a he_o shut_v up_o the_o most_o he_o can_v of_o gold_n and_o silver_n in_o his_o fortress_n of_o bioliczero_n and_o vologde_v and_o only_o make_v his_o present_n and_o his_o payment_n in_o skin_n and_o fish_n or_o in_o give_v

ship_n which_o be_v bind_v from_o sue_v to_o aden_n unload_v there_o for_o the_o avoid_v the_o dangerous_a passage_n of_o the_o straight_a of_o bebel-mandel_a persia_n persia_n bear_v the_o name_n of_o one_o of_o its_o ancient_a province_n that_o be_v now_o call_v fars_n it_o be_v one_o of_o the_o most_o considerable_a kingdom_n of_o asia_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o riches_n of_o its_o principal_a town_n and_o the_o union_n of_o its_o force_n it_o be_v more_o fertile_a and_o populous_a than_o turkey_n its_o inhabitant_n the_o most_o civil_a and_o the_o best_a polish_a of_o all_o the_o mahometan_n there_o be_v more_o politickness_n and_o more_o refine_a wit_n than_o in_o turkey_n they_o love_v good_a order_n and_o justice_n and_o favour_n stranger_n its_o river_n which_o have_v this_o particular_a of_o have_v neither_o pike_n nor_o eel_n be_v not_o navigable_a they_o common_o go_v under_o the_o name_n either_o of_o their_o city_n or_o their_o colour_n they_o furnish_v the_o conveniency_n for_o the_o make_n of_o channel_n for_o the_o water_v the_o land_n they_o become_v small_a the_o near_o they_o come_v to_o the_o sea_n and_o sometime_o be_v entire_o dry_v up_o by_o the_o diversion_n that_o be_v make_v of_o they_o the_o neighbourhood_n of_o the_o sea_n of_o bassera_fw-fr and_o that_o of_o the_o caspian_a be_v more_o fertile_a and_o more_o temperate_a than_o the_o inland_a country_n which_o have_v desert_n and_o mountain_n where_o it_o seldom_o rain_v for_o which_o cause_n the_o fruit-tree_n receive_v no_o water_n but_o at_o the_o foot_n and_o root_n this_o kingdom_n be_v one_o of_o the_o most_o ancient_a monarchy_n of_o the_o world_n the_o assyrian_n mede_n persian_n and_o parthian_n have_v begin_v their_o empire_n here_o the_o policy_n of_o this_o kingdom_n be_v in_o great_a esteem_n the_o government_n easy_a supportable_a to_o the_o persian_n and_o to_o stranger_n there_o be_v no_o talk_n of_o robber_n the_o right_n of_o hospitality_n be_v so_o regular_o observe_v that_o the_o king_n will_v have_v all_o foreigner_n to_o be_v repute_v as_o his_o guest_n the_o name_n of_o scha_n be_v bestow_v on_o the_o king_n of_o persia_n the_o vulgar_a attribute_n to_o they_o that_o of_o sophi_n which_o be_v a_o proper_a name_n they_o be_v former_o call_v great_a king_n and_o king_n of_o king_n principal_o when_o they_o have_v vanquish_v the_o grecian_n the_o name_n of_o sultan_n which_o in_o turkey_n signify_v king_n in_o persia_n only_o signify_v the_o governor_n of_o a_o town_n the_o persian_n have_v always_o have_v their_o sovereign_n in_o great_a estimation_n still_o at_o this_o day_n they_o think_v to_o confirm_v a_o thing_n much_o more_o strong_o by_o the_o name_n of_o their_o king_n than_o by_o that_o of_o god_n perhaps_o after_o the_o mode_n of_o those_o of_o achem_n in_o the_o isle_n of_o sumatra_n who_o say_v that_o god_n be_v afar_o off_o and_o the_o king_n near_o at_o hand_n the_o riches_n of_o the_o ancient_a persian_a king_n have_v be_v immense_a as_o may_v be_v see_v by_o the_o treasure_n which_o alexander_n the_o great_a find_v in_o the_o coffer_n of_o darius_n scha-sefi_a one_o of_o the_o late_a monarch_n have_v for_o common_a service_n 7200_o mark_n in_o vessel_n of_o gold_n herbert_n say_v that_o in_o his_o time_n there_o have_v be_v see_v in_o asharat_n for_o the_o service_n of_o scha-abbas_n vessel_n of_o gold_n and_o other_o to_o the_o value_n of_o 260_o million_o of_o liver_n the_o persian_n be_v well_o proportion_v have_v little_a experience_n in_o the_o art_n of_o navigation_n though_o they_o be_v near_o the_o sea_n when_o the_o portugal_n will_v have_v drive_v they_o from_o ormus_n they_o have_v recourse_n to_o the_o ship_n of_o the_o english_a their_o woman_n be_v in_o great_a esteem_n through_o all_o asia_n for_o their_o beauty_n their_o horse_n for_o their_o agility_n their_o camel_n for_o strength_n in_o the_o country_n they_o have_v a_o say_n bread_n of_o yesde-kast_a wine_n of_o schiras_n woman_n of_o yesde_v their_o religion_n be_v mahometan_a of_o the_o sect_n of_o hali_n the_o king_n allow_v that_o the_o carmelites_n the_o augustins_n the_o capuchin_n the_o jesuit_n have_v their_o house_n and_o church_n in_o this_o capital_a city_n ispahan_n where_o the_o superior_n of_o those_o house_n perform_v the_o function_n of_o ambassador_n for_o christian_a prince_n of_o the_o roman_a communion_n the_o persian_a tongue_n be_v so_o sweet_a and_o soft_a that_o it_o be_v in_o little_a use_n but_o among_o the_o woman_n and_o poet_n the_o king_n and_o person_n of_o condition_n common_o make_v use_v of_o the_o turkish_a language_n persia_n be_v as_o a_o go-between_a to_o the_o turk_n and_o european_n for_o the_o commerce_n of_o the_o indies_n it_o furnish_v the_o fine_a silk-stuff_n and_o the_o best_a tapestry_n that_o be_v see_v clothes_n of_o gold_n bezoar_n manna_n rhubarb_n rose-water_n turquoise_n which_o be_v take_v at_o the_o mountain_n of_o phirouskou_n four_o league_n from_o meschet_fw-mi a_o city_n renown_v for_o the_o pilgrimage_n of_o the_o mahometan_n of_o persia_n the_o silk_n of_o chorasan_n be_v very_o fine_a that_o of_o kilan_n somewhat_o courser_n there_o be_v field_n of_o salt_n some_o mine_n of_o copper_n iron_n and_o steel_n in_o chorasan_n of_o lead_n in_o kirman_n gold_n and_o silver_n be_v import_v from_o abroad_o as_o well_o as_o wood._n the_o great_a trade_n be_v drive_v to_o bagdad_n for_o turkey_n to_o gombru_n for_o the_o indies_n the_o king_n of_o persia_n do_v allow_v of_o commerce_n upon_o their_o coast_n but_o suffer_v not_o any_o fortress_n to_o be_v make_v there_o the_o mogul_n the_o emperor_n of_o china_n and_o other_o eastern_a king_n take_v the_o same_o course_n in_o their_o dominion_n they_o have_v powerful_a neighbour_n of_o the_o turk_n and_o the_o mogul_n the_o strength_n of_o their_o state_n consist_v principal_o in_o its_o situation_n there_o be_v high_a mountain_n and_o great_a desert_n in_o its_o neighbourhood_n ishmael_n sophi_n have_v three_o hundred_o thousand_o man_n in_o arm_n against_o selim_n emperor_n of_o the_o turk_n the_o ancient_a king_n have_v sometime_o army_n of_o seven_o or_o eight_o hundred_o thousand_o men._n the_o usual_a army_n nowadays_o be_v of_o fifty_o or_o sixty_o thousand_o horse_n beside_o thirty_o thousand_o that_o be_v keep_v upon_o the_o frontier_n this_o number_n will_v be_v much_o great_a if_o we_o reckon_v all_o those_o who_o go_v to_o the_o army_n the_o persian_n wear_v the_o red_a turban_n wherefore_o they_o be_v call_v keselbas_n the_o tartar_n of_o giagatay_n wear_v it_o green_a that_o of_o the_o turk_n be_v white_a and_o that_o of_o the_o grecian_n blow_v their_o soldier_n be_v of_o four_o sort_n fuzelier_n slave_n keselbas_n life-guard-man_n all_o trooper_n there_o be_v a_o great_a antipathy_n between_o the_o persian_n and_o turk_n those_o who_o observe_v that_o antipathy_n among_o the_o nation_n of_o the_o world_n say_v that_o it_o be_v between_o the_o chinese_n and_o japonese_n betwixt_o the_o armenian_n and_o nestorian_n between_o the_o arabian_n and_o abyssins_n between_o the_o french_a and_o spaniard_n betwixt_o the_o italian_n and_o greek_n between_o the_o german_n and_o polander_n between_o the_o dane_n and_o swede_n between_o the_o muscovite_n and_o tartar_n between_o the_o english_a and_o scotch_a between_o the_o irish_a and_o welsh_a betwixt_o the_o huron_n and_o iroquin_n nation_n of_o canada_n here_o follow_v the_o enumeration_n of_o the_o province_n of_o persia_n according_a to_o the_o most_o receive_a relation_n arak_fw-mi fars_n chusistan_n adherbeitzan_n iran_n or_o karabach_n schirwan_n kilan_n teberestan_n or_o mesanderan_n chorasan_n sablestan_n sirestan_a kirman_n tzisire_n and_o diarbeck_n these_o two_o last_o be_v between_o the_o euphrates_n and_o tigris_n and_o belong_v to_o the_o turk_n the_o governor_n be_v call_v chans_n or_o can_n sometime_o sultan_n the_o city_n of_o ispaham_n the_o abode_n of_o the_o king_n of_o persia_n be_v one_o of_o the_o great_a of_o all_o asia_n compose_v of_o four_o city_n it_o be_v likewise_o one_o of_o the_o fine_a if_o we_o consider_v its_o stately_a palace_n delicious_a garden_n spacious_a marketplace_n rich_a bazar_n exchange_n or_o public_a place_n which_o make_v the_o inhabitant_n call_v it_o the_o half_a of_o the_o world_n the_o arabian_n who_o have_v no_o p_o in_o their_o alphabet_n call_v it_o isfaham_n there_o be_v a_o remarkable_a tower_n upon_o the_o king_n stable_n all_o build_v with_o goat_n head_n and_o other_o wild_a animal_n which_o be_v take_v in_o one_o royal_a match_n of_o hunt_v caswin_n or_o casbin_n be_v esteem_v the_o ancient_a ecbatana_n where_o the_o king_n of_o media_n dwell_v where_o parmenio_n be_v kill_v and_o ephestion_n die_v who_o funeral_n cost_v above_o twelve_o thousand_o talent_n that_o be_v twelve_o thousand_o time_n six_o hundred_o crown_n schiras_n be_v near_o the_o ruin_n of_o the_o ancient_a persepolis_n which_o be_v

schismatic_n in_o black_a russia_n who_o first_o of_o all_o acknowledge_v he_o of_o kiou_n and_o then_o the_o greek_a patriarch_n of_o constantinople_n there_o be_v in_o this_o state_n several_a other_o sect_n here_o gentleman_n be_v equal_a the_o distinction_n and_o precedence_n proceed_v only_o from_o the_o public_a office_n they_o stand_v possess_v of_o they_o serve_v at_o their_o own_o cost_n in_o time_n of_o war_n but_o do_v not_o stay_v long_o in_o the_o campagne_n their_o infantry_n be_v common_o compose_v of_o foreigner_n the_o garment_n of_o the_o polander_n be_v long_o have_v their_o beard_n shave_v off_o their_o chin_n only_o one_o tough_a of_o hair_n upon_o their_o head_n upon_o the_o occasion_n of_o casimir_n the_o first_o one_o of_o their_o king_n who_o they_o take_v out_o of_o a_o cloister_n he_o be_v in_o in_o france_n to_o place_v he_o upon_o their_o throne_n they_o be_v almost_o all_o handsome_a well_o shape_v well_o proportion_v know_v for_o the_o most_o part_n the_o latin_a tongue_n the_o use_n of_o spice_n be_v very_o common_a and_o with_o they_o in_o great_a request_n they_o misuse_v their_o peasant_n in_o consequence_n of_o the_o absolute_a power_n they_o have_v over_o they_o which_o certain_o do_v occasion_v the_o revolt_n of_o the_o cossaques_n and_o afterward_o all_o the_o disorder_n of_o the_o kingdom_n their_o cavalary_n be_v so_o considerable_a that_o if_o they_o be_v well_o unite_v they_o may_v bring_v into_o the_o field_n a_o hundred_o thousand_o horse_n the_o confidence_n they_o have_v therein_o and_o the_o fear_n of_o render_v a_o king_n or_o citizen_n too_o powerful_a have_v incline_v they_o in_o all_o time_n to_o neglect_v their_o fortress_n their_o usual_a arm_n be_v their_o scimitar_n the_o sword_n the_o battle_n axe_n carabine_n and_o arrow_n the_o cossaques_n have_v ever_o form_v a_o militia_n and_o not_o a_o particular_a nation_n at_o the_o first_o they_o be_v volunteer_n make_v incursion_n upon_o the_o turk_n and_o the_o lesser_a tartar_n these_o last_o call_v they_o by_o the_o name_n of_o roux_n because_o their_o country_n make_v a_o part_n of_o russia_n king_n battori_n reduce_v they_o into_o a_o body_n and_o join_v thereto_o two_o thousand_o horse_n to_o who_o he_o appoint_v the_o four_o part_n of_o the_o revenue_n of_o his_o demesne_n for_o which_o reason_n they_o be_v call_v quartian_n they_o have_v power_n of_o choose_v and_o of_o depose_v their_o general_n who_o take_v a_o oath_n of_o fidelity_n to_o their_o king_n their_o number_n be_v first_o of_o all_o six_o thousand_o afterward_o forty_o thoufull_a sand_n and_o now_o since_o twenty_o thousand_o their_o abode_n be_v in_o the_o low_a part_n of_o volhinia_n and_o of_o podolia_n which_o be_v call_v ukrain_n that_o be_v to_o say_v frontier_n this_o country_n be_v by_o much_o the_o most_o fertile_a and_o the_o best_a inhabit_v of_o all_o poland_n so_o many_o fortify_v burough_n have_v be_v there_o make_v since_o the_o begin_n of_o this_o age_n and_o so_o full_a be_v it_o of_o inhabitant_n that_o in_o the_o late_a war_n there_o be_v reckon_v at_o the_o same_o time_n two_o hundred_o thousand_o cossaques_n beside_o a_o hundred_o and_o fourscore_o thousand_o tartar_n and_o as_o many_o polander_n in_o arms._n there_o be_v cossaques_n who_o have_v their_o retreat_n in_o some_o isle_n of_o the_o boristhenes_n which_o be_v not_o navigable_a by_o reason_n of_o the_o cataract_n or_o fall_n which_o they_o call_v porowis_n their_o custom_n be_v former_o to_o put_v to_o sea_n with_o several_a light_a ship_n and_o to_o go_v plunder_v the_o coast_n of_o the_o grand_a signior_n upon_o the_o black_a sea_n since_o they_o confederate_v with_o the_o lesser_a tartar_n and_o have_v likewise_o court_v the_o protection_n of_o the_o muscovite_n and_o that_o of_o the_o grand_a signior_n who_o give_v they_o in_o his_o name_n a_o prince_n for_o the_o ukrain_n insomuch_o that_o we_o may_v say_v that_o the_o felony_n of_o the_o cossaques_n the_o irruption_n of_o the_o suede_n under_o carolus_n gustavus_n the_o tumult_n and_o irresoluon_n of_o the_o muscovite_n the_o continual_a harassing_n of_o the_o lesser_a tartar_n the_o invasion_n of_o ragotski_n prince_n of_o transilvania_n the_o defection_n of_o several_a province_n the_o insurrection_n of_o the_o whole_a army_n of_o poland_n and_o lithuania_n the_o different_a faction_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o the_o cabal_n of_o the_o neighbour_a nation_n to_o have_v a_o king_n elect_v have_v give_v a_o rude_a shock_n to_o this_o crown_n and_o this_o be_v what_o real_o move_v the_o grand_a signior_n to_o make_v war_n upon_o this_o realm_n after_o the_o take_n of_o candia_n poland_n have_v ten_o great_a part_n four_o towards_o the_o west_n upon_o the_o vistula_n poland_n mazovia_n gujavia_n royal_a prussia_n six_o towards_o the_o east_n on_o the_o west_n of_o the_o boristhenes_n lithuania_n samogitia_n polachia_n lesser_n russia_n volhinia_n podolia_n these_o province_n have_v be_v acquire_v for_o the_o most_o part_n either_o by_o arm_n or_o allyance_n they_o be_v divide_v into_o palatinate_n the_o palatinate_v into_o chastelleny_n the_o chastelleny_v into_o capitany_n the_o government_n of_o the_o place_n be_v call_v starostye_n beside_o these_o province_n there_o be_v a_o part_n of_o muscovy_n which_o have_v be_v yield_v to_o poland_n in_o the_o year_n 1634._o after_o that_o king_n ladislaus_n the_o four_o be_v yet_o but_o prince_n have_v the_o year_n forego_v glorious_o relieve_v the_o city_n of_o smolensko_n and_o reduce_v to_o extremity_n a_o army_n of_o a_o hundred_o thousand_o muscovite_n who_o be_v all_o constrain_v to_o ask_v his_o pardon_n as_o their_o prince_n to_o save_v their_o life_n this_o treaty_n which_o be_v call_v of_o viasma_n acquire_v to_o poland_n smolensko_n novogrodeck_n sovierski_n gzernihou_n and_o other_o place_n and_o by_o that_o same_o treaty_n the_o king_n of_o poland_n renounce_v his_o pretension_n upon_o muscovy_n the_o truce_n of_o 13_o year_n conclude_v on_o the_o 14_o of_o february_n in_o the_o year_n 1667._o leave_v the_o grand_a duke_n of_o muscovy_n in_o possession_n of_o smolensko_n until_o a_o certain_a term_n as_o well_o as_o in_o part_n of_o the_o ukrain_n on_o the_o east_n of_o the_o boristhenes_n and_o procure_v the_o restoration_n of_o dunembourg_n polosk_n and_o vitepski_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n poland_n the_o most_o populous_a of_o all_o the_o province_n be_v divide_v into_o high_a and_o low_a in_o the_o former_a be_v cracow_n where_o the_o coronation_n of_o the_o king_n and_o queen_n be_v perform_v and_o where_o be_v a_o great_a number_n of_o german_n italian_n and_o jew_n of_o cracow_n be_v the_o popish_a bishop_n st._n stanislaus_n who_o be_v kill_v by_o order_n of_o king_n bogislaus_n upon_o the_o confine_n of_o silesia_n stand_v the_o city_n of_o czentochow_n with_o the_o cloister_n of_o our_o lady_n of_o clermount_v a_o place_n extraordinary_a strong_a which_o the_o suede_n do_v twice_o besiege_v in_o vain_a in_o the_o year_n 1655_o and_o 1656._o low_a poland_n though_o much_o small_a than_o the_o high_a be_v call_v great_a because_o it_o make_v part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n rather_o than_o the_o other_o it_o be_v city_n of_o gnesne_n be_v ancient_a the_o abode_n of_o the_o first_o prince_n it_o be_v so_o call_v upon_o the_o account_n of_o a_o eagle_n nest_n that_o be_v there_o find_v when_o it_o be_v build_v and_o which_o give_v occasion_n to_o the_o arm_n of_o poland_n which_o be_v gules_a a_o eagle-argent_a crown_v beak_v and_o arm_v or_o bind_v under_o the_o wing_n with_o a_o ribbon_n of_o the_o same_o the_o province_n of_o mazovia_n alone_o have_v full_a thirty_o thousand_o gentleman_n narsan_n be_v the_o capital_a thereof_o and_o of_o all_o the_o kingdom_n too_o with_o a_o castle_n the_o king_n usual_a abode_n gujavia_n have_v the_o city_n of_o uladislau_n where_o the_o house_n be_v build_v of_o brick_n which_o be_v somewhat_o extraordinary_a in_o poland_n it_o have_v also_o the_o lake_n of_o goblo_n from_o whence_o issue_v the_o rat_n that_o eat_v king_n popiel_n prussia_n which_o be_v of_o two_o sort_n regal_a and_o ducal_z have_v a_o great_a number_n of_o city_n which_o be_v build_v by_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o teutonique_a order_n its_o lake_n and_o sea_n coast_n furnish_v abundance_n of_o amber_n nariembourg_n be_v strong_a toren_n the_o birthplace_n of_o the_o copernicus_n drive_v a_o great_a trade_n with_o a_o fine_a bridge_n of_o wood_n over_o the_o vistule_n dantzick_n one_o of_o the_o four_o capital_a hanse-town_n drive_v all_o the_o trade_n of_o poland_n and_o have_v not_o its_o like_a upon_o all_o the_o baltic_a sea_n it_o be_v free_a and_o have_v right_a of_o send_v to_o the_o state_n of_o the_o kingdom_n the_o king_n of_o poland_n have_v there_o some_o right_n the_o city_n of_o elbiens_n dispute_v with_o it_o the_o precedence_n in_o the_o state_n of_o prussia_n the_o generous_a