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cause_n	authority_n	king_n	kingdom_n	1,417	5	5.6187	4	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A64345	An account of Poland containing a geographical description of the country, the manners of the inhabitants, and the wars they have been engag'd in, the constitution of that government, particularly the manner of electing and crowning their king, his power and prerogatives : with a brief history of the Tartars / by Monsieur Hauteville ... ; to which is added, a chronology of the Polish kings, the abdication of King John Casimir, and the rise and progress of Socinianisme ; likewise a relation of the chief passages during the last interregnum ; and the election and coronation of the new King Frederic Augustus ; the whole comprehending whatsoever is curious and worthy of remark in the former and present state of Poland.; Relation historique de la Pologne. English	Tende, Gaspard de, 1618-1697.	1698 (1698)	Wing T678; ESTC R20715	178,491	319

is a Twisting of the Hair in such a manner that 't is impossible to unravel it These Twisted Locks cannot be compar'd to any thing more fitly than to those long and nasty Ropes of Hair upon some Spaniels The Polanders give this Account of the Original of this Distemper They say That the Tartars having made a Furious Irruption into Poland in the Year 1279 and having killed a great Number of People they Poyson'd their Hearts and threw 'em into the Waters which Infected those who drunk 'em with this Loathsome Disease the True Cause whereof is still a Secret to Physitians Strangers generally believe that the Plica is the effect of Slovenliness and not of any Distemper and they are confirm'd in this Opinion because they are never troubled with it even tho they live a long time in the Countrey for if their Hair begins to Twist when they fall Sick they cause it immediately to be Cut off which the Polanders dare not do for fear of losing their Sight which they imagin is an unavoidable consequence of Cutting off the Hair in this Distemper Yet I have known some whose Hair was actually Cut off without any dangerous Accident But the People are so perswaded that the Plica is a Distemper that there are some Old Women who pretend to bring it out upon Children that are troubled with Languishing Diseases by mixing and twisting their Hair and making their Mothers believe that the Children are only Sick because the Plica cannot break forth CHAP. XXIV Of the Religion of the Polanders THE Polanders Received the Faith of Christ in the Reign of Mieceslaus in the Year 964. and have ever since remain'd in Subjection to the See of Rome except some who in the last Age Embrac'd the Doctrins of Luther and Calvin At present the Polanders are generally Roman Catholicks except in Russia where there are still a considerable number of Persons who observe the Rites of the Greek Church and in Prussia where there are many Lutherans as at Dantzick Elbing Thorn and Mariemburg There were also some Socinian formerly but King John Casimir Expell'd 'em out of the Kingdom in 1658 and oblig'd 'em to sell their Estates in Three years In the Reign of Sigismund Augustus Nicholas Radziwill was the first who turned Calvinist and Protected those of that Perswasion in his House at Vilna where they Sung the Psalms Translated into the Vulgar Tongue But that Branch of the House of Radziwill is now wholly Extinct the last having left only one Daughter who was Marry'd to the Elector of Brandenburg's Second Son The Ecclesiasticks in General are very much Respected in Poland but the Monks or Regular Clergy are more esteemed than the rest and well entertain'd every where They Read Homilies in the Churches and carry the Sacrament privately to Sick Persons and even sometimes Bury the Dead without asking the Consent either of the Bishop or Curat The Mendicant Friars who go about Begging Alms enter boldly to the very Closets without Knocking at the Door The Monks in Poland are generally Rich but they are neither Regular nor Modest for they usually Drink in Cellars which are the Taverns of that Country and sometimes to that Excess that they are not able to walk in the Streets without fearing either to be Censur'd by their Superiors or to give any occasion of Scandal to the People The Fasts that are observ'd by the Monks and by all the Polanders in General consist only in Abstaining from Milk Eggs and boiled Fish at Night for they may eat dry'd Fish for their Collation and provided they Fast at that time they imagine that they may Eat and Drink all the Day long They Abstain from Butter Eggs and Milk on Friday and Saturday for they believe there is no difference betwixt Milk and Flesh As for the Secular Clergy there are some of them who have not only Two Canonships but Two Parsonages but there are none of them who take care to perform the Duties of their Function The Curates make the Monks Instruct their Parishioners and leave the other Duties of their Offices to be perform'd by Vicars The Canons are never present at the Offices and give a poor Scholar Two pence a day to say their hours for them in the Quire And the Bishops themselves are so careless of their Episcopal Functions that they dare not Correct the Inferior Clergy The Polanders seem very Devout and bestow considerable Gifts upon their Churches but they are neither Liberal to the Poor nor careful of their Sick Servants They Pray aloud in the Church and at the Elevation of the Sacrament at Mass they Beat themselves and knock their Heads against the Pavement or against the Bench on which they sit with so much Violence that on such occasions there is always a great Noise in the Church The Women commonly use their Prayer-Books with a Chaplet of Beads drawn thro' the middle of ' em In Winter all the Ladies of Quality and even some Men cause a Furr'd Bag to be brought to Church in which they put their Feet for the Weather is extreamly Cold especially for the Women who have Fine thin Shooes they wear also a little Furr'd Mantle upon their shoulders The Churches of Poland are very Fine and well-adorn'd The Jesuits of Leopold have a Chasuble cover'd so thick with Pearls and so heavy that they cannot use it when they say Mass 't is valu'd at above 100000 Livres They Sing somewhat in the Polish Tongue every where especially in the Parishes at High-Mass The Rosary is also daily repeated in the same Language in all the Churches of the Dominicans where the Women are seated on one side and the Men on the other the Men alone Singing the Ave Maria and the Women alone the Sancta Maria. There are Monks of all Orders in Poland except Carthusians and Minimes CHAP. XXV Of the Administration of Justice THERE are two sorts of Jurisdiction in Poland Ecclesiastical and Civil The former is in the hands of the Bishops who execute it by their Officials from whose Judgment there lies an Appeal to the Archbishop of Gnesna the Primate of the Kingdom And besides the Authority of the Pope's Nuncio is so great that he may Judge all Ecclesiastic Causes by Appeal The Civil Jurisdiction is in the hands of several sorts of Judges The Starosta's hold Courts within the Extents of their Territories and each City has a Right to give Judgment in certain Cases Every Palatin Marshal and Chancellor has his respective Jurisdiction The King the Senate and the General Diets determin Civil and Criminal Causes And besides the Nobility have Three Courts where they give Final Judgment in Causes without further Appeal There are Two of those Courts for the Kingdom and one for the Dutchy Those of the Kingdom Sit at Peotrkow in Lower and Lublin in Upper Poland and that of the Dutchy is held one Year at Viina and another at Minsk or at Nowogrodeck by turns They are compos'd

Prince's Flying from His Kingdom like Henry II. King of Poland and III. of France who having receiv'd Advice of the Death of Charles the IXth His Brother by a Courier that was dispatch'd to Him by the Queen His Mother secretly departed from Cracow after he had enjoy'd the Crown of Poland Five Months with the Love of all the Nobility who were so troubl'd at His Flight and the loss of so good a Prince that they Wrote on the 12th of May 1574. a very Pressing and Respectful Letter to perswade Him to Return The Polanders look upon the Interregnums as the most Favourable Occasions to confider of the Surest and Most Effectual Ways to Preserve their Liberties and though the Royal Authority is then properly Lodg'd in the Senate 't is in some measure Represented by the Archbishop of Gnesna as Primate of the Kingdom and the First of all the Senators as I intimated before During the Interregnum some of the Senators and Noblemen are sent to the Generals of the Army to stay with them and to assist them with their Advice in Matters relating to the War Some Senatours are also Deputed to the Castle of Cracow to Visit the Treasury of the Crown and to make an Inventary of it with those that have the Keys which they present at the next Coronation Commissioners are also appointed to enquire into the State of the Revenue that is set apart for the King's Table and to give an Account of it to the Republick During the Interregnum and till the New King be Proclaim'd the Republick pretends that all Soveraign Princes and even Crown'd Heads themselves are obliged to give them the Title of Most Serene But when the King of France Writes to the Republick Assembl'd in a Diet of Election he makes no mention of Serenity and only Writes in these Terms To our most Dear and Great Friends Allyes and Confederates the States of the Kingdom of Foland and Great Dutchy of Lithuania Nor is it reasonable that a King of France should give the Republick of Poland the Title of Most Serene since they do not give their own King either the Title of Most Serene or of Majesty I shall only observe further on this Subject that as soon as the Archbishop of Gnesna has Notify'd by his Circular Letters that the King is Dead all the Courts of Justice are shut up and are not open'd again till after the Coronation of the New Elected King except the Marshal's Court which continues open and another which is establish'd for deciding Controversies that may happen during the Diet of the Election But as for all other Causes and private Law-Suits they are not Try'd till after the King's Coronation CHAP. XIV Of the Election of a King SINCE the Kingdom of Poland is Elective all Christian Princes may Pretend to the Succession and send Ambassadours thither whether they be Catholicks or not But those who Aspire to that Crown must either profess the Roman Catholick Faith or resolve to Embrace it after their Election for otherwise he cannot be Chosen and 't is only for this Reason that the Pope sends a Nuncio to the Diet of Election that he may represent to the Republick that 't is the Interest of the Whole Church that they should Chuse a Catholick Prince who is a zealous Assertor of the True Faith of Christ The Polanders usually Chuse a Foreign Prince for their King because they cannot without Reluctancy submit to those who were formerly their Equals They esteem it their happiness that they have the Liberty to Chuse such a Prince as they please But 't is certain that their Liberty is frequently the Cause of Fatal Divisions They will not Choose a Prince who is King of another Realm least after his Election and after he has remain'd for some time among 'em he should leave them to Return to his own Country 'T was for this Reason that after the Death of Casimir III they would not Chuse Vladislaus his Son because he was King of Hungary and Robemia and this was also one of the Reasons which in a Diet held at Radom in the Year 1382 made the Republick Exclude Sigismund of Luxemburg Marquess of Brandenburg who pretended to the Crowns of Poland and Hungary as having Marry'd the Eldest Daughter of Lewis King of those Two Kingdoms Before the Ambassadours come to Warsaw they are to Notifie their Arrival to the Archbishop of Gnesna who appoints Lodgings for 'em at some distance from the City and sends a Polish Gentleman to each of 'em to observe their Actions and to hinder them from making Parties But those Rules are seldom put in Execution for the Ambassadours of Princes live openly at Warsaw 't is true there is a Polish Gentleman appointed to attend every one of 'em during the Diet that the Republick may be inform'd of their Proceedings and that they may not have an opportunity to Bribe or Corrupt the Deputies But this is an Inconveniency that cannot be avoided by all these Precations for the desire of Money is so reigning a Vice in Poland and attended with so little Scandal and Infamy that the Fidelity which a Polish Gentleman owes to his Country would not be Proof against 1000 Crowns 'T is the Interest of the Ambassadours to Manage all the Senators and the whole Order of the Nobility since the disobliging of one of them may render 'em incapable of Compassing their Designs Thus the Quarrelling with Chancellour Patz in the Diet of the Election Anno 1668. was the true reason why the Duke of Newburg was Excluded and Michael Vicznowieski was Elected King In the mean time it must be acknowledg'd that the Election was Tumultuary that the Nobility had not a Free Vote and that they were in a manner hurry'd away by the Violence of the Multitude which was so great that Prasmowski Archbishop of Gnesna was forc'd to Proclaim Him which he was unwilling to do because he was sensible of the Dangers that threatn'd the Republick in that Juncture and of the great need they had of a Rich and Valiant Prince At the same time he knew that King Michael wanted both those Qualities For he was so poor that during the Life of Queen Mary Louise he had nothing to subsist upon as I intimated before but a Pension which She allow'd him of 6000 Livres a Year And as for his Courage it may be guess'd at by what happen'd immediately after his Election when he durst not resent the Affront he receiv'd from the Marquiss of Brandenburg who without asking his Permission caus'd a Prussian Gentleman who had fled to Poland for Protection to be seiz'd and carryd away before the King's eyes and almost under the Windows of His Palace 'T is plain then that the Polanders ought to have Chosen a Prince that was equally Brave and Rich and able to Support their Tottering State For if they had consider'd their true Interest in the choice of a Soveraign the Turks wou'd never have had the

Offices under the Penalties aforemention'd This space of three years was afterwards Contracted to two years as appears by the following Edict WHereas in the Diet of the Year last past 1668. the Arian or Socinian Sect was Banish'd out of our Dominions by Us with the Consent of the States and Three Years time was allow'd them to Sell off their Goods By the Authority of the present Diet We grant them Two Years for Selling their Goods to Commence from the time of the last Diet and to end precisely on the Twelfth of July in the Year next ensuing 1669 which shall not be prejudicial to those who shall hereafter return into the Communion of the Roman Catholick Church But forasmuch as several Absconded in the Kingdom and many others were Protected by the Favour of the Nobles after the Foreign War in which Poland was engag'd was over they were all Banish'd the Kingdom by a Severe Edict which is as follows We Returning due Thanks to the Lord of Hosts for the Benefits of the last Year who has given us so many Signal Victories over our Enemies and desiring by this our Gratitude to continue the Divine Favour towards us when We shall have Banish'd out of our Dominions those who oppose the Praeeternity of his Son According to our Edicts made in the Assembly of the States in the Year 1668 and 1669 against the Arian or Socinian Sect We for the preventing the Absconding of any of the said Sect within our Territories of Poland and Lithuania and that the foresaid Laws against them may be put in Execution do require all our Officers and Judges to be strict therein And in the Great Dutchy of Lithuania we assign a Court of Judicature to Determine all such Causes By this last Law Publish'd and Ratify'd in an Assembly of the States under the Reign of the late King in the Year 1673 The Socinians were driven out of the Kingdom How Miserable their present Condition is and to what Dangers and Troubles they in their Exile were expos'd appears by this Sorrowful Letter of one of them to the rest of his Brethren A LETTER giving an Account of the Present state of the Socinians YOu desire that I should give you an Account of our present Calamity and Distress Alass you command me to renew an unspeakable Woe to run over again the Remembrance of our Sorrows and to make our Wounds raw and gaping as they are to Bleed afresh My Soul shivers at the reflexion of those many Fatal Blows we have receiv'd Not only my Mind but my Hand and Pen shake at and fly back from the Recital of those Misfortunes which have hitherto pursu'd us and whereof I my self was an Eye-witness We were ah we were a happy People and now the very remembrance of that Felicity which our Churches for so many years by the Divine Favour did enjoy does render the sense of our present Troubles the more severe So that we are loth so much as to remember when how and by what steps we fell from being what we were And did not the goodness of the Cause for which we suffer and the Consolations of this kind of Patience support our Minds it would be better for us who are almost overwhelm'd with such a vast weight of Calamity to forget all that is past that so our present Miseries might be born the more easie Yet because you are desirous of having some description of our present Condition we will give it you not drawn in its own proper and lively Colours but set off in the plainest Dress and such things as are but a trouble for us to insist long upon these we shall but lightly touch Nor do I think it worth the while to give you in a long train a Catalogue of unknown Names if the Faithfulness of the Relators be suspected upon the account of the Inraged or at least ignorant Witnesses and Judges of our Cause 'T is a great Enhancement to the Misfortunes of the Miserable But tho' fortune has abandon'd us in our Misery yet we still retain our Integrity It is best therefore to shew you the Beginnings of our Troubles and when these are once known it will be visible to every one how absurd and unjust it is to discredit the Truth of those things which by the very Nature of our Sufferings cannot be otherwise The first Rise of our Troubles we may date from the War begun in our Country with the Cossacks in the Year 1648 whereby several Inhabitants of the Country and many of our Countrymen especially those of us who were borderers on the Boristhenes were rifled of our Estates and Possessions or at least suffer'd irreparable Losses Upon this long before the Law of Proscripion made in the Year 1668 I with the greatest part of my Estate was ruin'd and for the full space of Ten years before the Banishment was an Exile and with several others of our Friends were as it were cast away before the Storm came Immediately after this the Muscovites and within a while the Swedes and at last the Transilvanians made Incursions into our Country which put the whole Kingdom into great Confusion and not the least Creature in it was free from these Outrages For their own Soldiers were so insolent and the Auxiliary Troops of Scythia and Germany so violent that they could neither escape by flight nor repel by Armes their unjust Force We were not indeed the only Persons who suffer'd by the Wars but we alone were those who exhausted by so many Wars and almost Expiring were harrass'd by a Peace more cruel than any War at a time when others were at quiet and by our Constant strugling with an adverse Fortune it seems as if the former Wars had inspir'd a Spirit of Persecution into the Peace which follow'd Altho' in the very heat of the Wars our Enemies were so industrious as to find out means whereby the heaviest Weight of the War might fall on our heads For upon the Abdication of King Casimire while the Swedes were Masters of Cracow the Deputies from all Provinces of the Kingdom flock'd thither to adjust Matters with the Enemy and their Armies with their Generals separated and almost all Orders bought their Peace by Surrendring But that we might not share the benefit of that short Peace our Inveterate Enemies fell upon us and Plunder'd us whilst we dream'd of no such danger and were every one of us quiet in our own Habitations This sudden Evil was the Death of some of our Party and of some of my own Relations but several who with much ado escap'd from these Pillagers fled to Cracow which was then Govern'd by a Swedish Garrison Tho they were forc'd upon this Flight through Fear and had long before this voluntarily thrown themselves under the Protection of the Swedes yet this was afterwards most unjustly laid to their Charge as a Crime and no Course of Law was us'd in the Oppressing of our Friends The Romish Mass-Priests who

with all the Officers of the Crown and Dutchy and all that are present at Court The Company 's of Tradesmen walk thither bare-foot in Procession each of them accompany'd with the representation of a Coffin cover'd with a Pall supported by two Men. Thus the whole Multitude goes to visit the Relicks of St. Stanislaus Bishop of Cracow who was kill'd in the Year 1079 by King Boleslaus as he was saying Mass After which they bring back the Body of the Deceased King to the Chapel of the Cathedral Church which is the Burying-place of His Predecessors The day after the Funeral is the Coronation-Day The Ceremony ought to be perform'd by the Archbishop of Gnesna as Primate of the Kingdom yet there are some Examples to the contrary For Stephen Battori was Crowned by the Bishop of Cracow because the Archbishop of Gnesna was of the Faction of Maximilian of Austria whom a Party of Polanders had Chosen and the late King John Sobieski was Crowned by the Bishop of Cracow because the Archbishop of Gnes●a died during the Diet of Election This day the King being Richly Cloathed is conducted in Solemn Procession to the Cathedral Church by the Senate and the Nobility Before he enters into the Church the Great Master of the Horse of the Kingdom brings the Crown Scepter Globe of Gold and the Naked Sword to the Archbishop who lays 'em upon the Altar after which the Bishop of Cracow and Cujavia having receiv'd the King and bolding Him between them present Him to the Archbishop to whom he makes a bow The King being in this condition the Archbishop and the Two Bishops put him in mind of his Duty and Obligation to the Republick after which he kisses the Archbishops hand and laying his own upon the Gospel he Swears to observe Inviolably all the Articles which he had before Sworn to keep in the Cathedral Church of St. John at VVarsaw The Oath runs thus VVe N. Chosen King of Poland and Great Duke of Lithuania Russia Massovia Prussia Samogitia Livonia Smolensko Volhinia Kiovia Siberia Podolia Podlassia and Czernikowia by all the Orders of both Estates of Poland and Lithuania and of all the Provinces which depend upon them and are Incorporated with them having been Elected freely and with the Vnanimous Consent of all Promise sincerely and Swear before Almighty God and upon the Holy Evangelists of Jesus Christ to Maintain Observe Keep and Fulfil in all their Circumstances Points and Articles all the Rights Liberties Immunities and Privileges both Publick and private that are not contrary to the common right and liberties of both these Nations or to any Law either Ecclesiastical or Temporal that have been justly and lawfully esiablish'd by our Predecessors Kings of Poland and Great Dukes of Lithuania or granted by all the Orders during the Interregnum to all the Roman Catholick Churches Lords Barons Gentlemen Citizens and Inhabitants of what rank or condition soever with the Pacta Conventa agreed upon betwixt our Ambassadors and the Orders of the Kingdom and Great Dutchy of Lithuania Moreover we promise to maintain whatsever was Fu●●ed or Agreed upon in the Diet of our Election or shall be Enacted or Agreed upon in that of our Coronation to execute the same and to cause to be restored to the Kingdom and to the Great Dutchy of Lithuania and united to their Lands and Revenues whatsoever has been in any in owner alinated or dismembred therefront by what way soever Not to contract the limits of the Kingdom and Great Dutchy of Lithuania but to defend and enlarge them to establish Courts of Justice in all places for all the Inhabitants of the Kingdom and the Dutchy of Lithuania and to render Justice to every one without delay or respect to persons And if it should happen which God forbid that we should violate Our Oath in any one point we consent that all the Inhabitants of the Kingdom and of all our Territories shall be discharg'd and exempted from the Obedience and Fidelity they owe us After the King has taken this Oath He kneels upon a Cushion of Red Taffeta while the Litany of the Saints is Read at the end of which they take off his Clothes and the Archbishop Anoints his Right hand and Arm up to the Elbow with Consecrated Oil and afterwards his Shoulders and Forehead and then they put on his Clothes again After this Ceremony the two Bishops Conduct him to the Chapel where they Cloath him with another Habit somewhat resembling that of a Bishop then the Marshals of the Crown and Dutchy with the Officers that are Senators place him upon a Throne erected in the Middle of the Church where He hears Mass and is afterwards brought back to the Altar where the Archbishop puts a Naked Sword into his Right-hand saying Receive this Sword with which you are powerfully to Protect and Defend the Holy Church and the Faithful After which the Great Standard-bearer of the Kingdom Girds it to his side The King having the Sword by His side draws it out of the Scabbard and beats the Air four times in form of a Cross towards the Four Parts of the World and having wip'd it upon his Left Arm he puts it up again into the Seabbard Then he kneels and the Archbishop puts the Crown upon His Head the Scepter into His Right hand and the Globe of Gold into His Left After which the King rises and His Sword is drawn and given to the Sword-bearer of the Kingdom to be carry'd before Him and then Marching between the Archbishop and the Two Bishops He is brought back to the same Throne All these Ceremonies being ended the Archbishop returns to the Altar and after Te Deum is Sung and that Prelate Seated the King comes to make His Confession to him after which he gives the Sacrament to His Majesty and then the Benediction to the People This done the Marshal of the Court Cries Vivat Rex and is Answer'd by all the People who Repeat the same words In the mean time the Treasurer of the Kingdom scatters Money among the People who are in the Church ' Twou'd be needless to describe the Feast that usually follows this Ceremony since I intend in a peculiar Chapter to give a particular Account of the Feasts and Entertainments of the Polanders Only it may be reasonably suppos'd that a Feast which a King makes after His Coronation is very Splendid and Magnificent The Day after the Coronation the King goes in Great Pomp being Cloathed in His Royal Robes to the Town-house where upon a Throne Erected before the House the Magistrates come to Assure him of their Fidelity and present him with the Keys of all the Gates in a Silver Dish the Chancellor or Vice-Chancellor assures them reciprocally of the Affection and Clemency of the King and Reads with an Audible Voice the Oath of Fidelity which they take kneeling and holding up their hands Then they present His Majesty with a Purse full of Ducats after