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cause_n	authority_n	jurisdiction_n	power_n	1,683	5	4.9363	4	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A71305	Purchas his pilgrimes. part 3 In fiue bookes. The first, contayning the voyages and peregrinations made by ancient kings, patriarkes, apostles, philosophers, and others, to and thorow the remoter parts of the knowne world: enquiries also of languages and religions, especially of the moderne diuersified professions of Christianitie. The second, a description of all the circum-nauigations of the globe. The third, nauigations and voyages of English-men, alongst the coasts of Africa ... The fourth, English voyages beyond the East Indies, to the ilands of Iapan, China, Cauchinchina, the Philippinæ with others ... The fifth, nauigations, voyages, traffiques, discoueries, of the English nation in the easterne parts of the world ... The first part.	Purchas, Samuel, 1577?-1626.	1625 (1625)	STC 20509_pt3; ESTC S111862	2,393,864	1,207

Archbishop of Larissa who is now in England and pretendeth the same cause of their banishment by the Turke to wit their not admitting of the Popes new Kalender for the alteration of the yeere Which how vnlikely it is may appeare by these Circumstances First because there is no such affection nor friendly respect betwixt the Pope and the Turke as that hee should banish a Subject for not obeying the Popes ordinance specially in a matter of some sequel for the alteration of Times within his owne Countries Secondly for that hee maketh no such scruple in deducting of times and keeping of a just and precise account from the Incarnation of Christ whom hee doth not acknowledge otherwise then I noted before Thirdly for that the sayd Patriarch is now at Naples in Italy where it may be ghessed he would not haue gone within the Popes reach and so neere to his nose if hee had beene banished for opposing himselfe against the Popes Decree This office of Patriarchship now translated to Mosko beareth a superiour Authoritie ouer all the Churches not onely of Russia and other the Emperours Dominions but thorow out all the Churches of Christendome that were before vnder the Patriarch of Constantinople or Sio or at least the Russe Patriarch imagineth himselfe to haue the same authoritie Hee hath vnder him as his proper Diocesse the Prouince of Mosko besides other peculiars His Court or Office is kept at the Mosko Before the creation of this new Patriarch they had but one Metropolite that was called the Metropolite of Mosko Now for more state to their Church and new Patriarch they haue two Metropolites the one of Nouogrod velica the other of Rostoue Their office is to receiue of the Patriarch such Ecclesiasticall orders as hee thinketh good and to deliuer the charge of them ouer to the Archbishops besides the ordering of their owne Diocesse Their Archbishops are foure of Smolenso Cazon Vobsko and Vologda The parts of their office is all one with the Metropolites saue that they haue an vnder Iurisdiction as Suffraganes to the Metropolites Superiors to the Bishops The next are the Vladikeis or Bishops that are but sixe in all of Crutitska of Rezan of Otfer and Torshock of Collomenska of Volodemer of Susdalla These haue euery one a very large Diocesse as diuiding the rest of the whole Countrey among them The matters pertayning to the Ecclesiasticall jurisdiction of the Metropolites Archbishops and Bishops are the same in a manner that are vsed by the Clergie in other parts of Christendome For besides their authoritie ouer the Clergie and ordering such matters as are meere Ecclesiasticall their jurisdiction extendeth to all Testamentarie causes matters of Marriage and Diuorcements some Pleas of iniuries c. To which purpose also they haue their Officials or Commissaries which they call Boiaren Vladitskey that are Lay-men of the degree of Dukes or Gentlemen that keepe their Courts and execute their Iurisdiction Which besides their other oppressions ouer the common people raigne ouer the Priests as the Dukes and Dyacks doe ouer the poore people within their Precincts As for the Archbishop or Bishop himselfe hee beareth no sway in deciding those causes that are brought into his Court. But if hee would moderate any matter he must doe it by intreatie with his Gentleman Officiall The reason is because these Boiarskey or Gentlemen officials are not appointed by the Bishops but by the Emperour himselfe or his Councell and are to giue account of their doings to none but to them If the Bishop can intreat at his admission to haue the choice of his owne Officiall it is accounted for a speciall great fauour But to speake it as it is the Clergie of Russia aswell concerning their Lands and reuenues as their Authoritie and Iurisdiction are altogether ordered and ouer-ruled by the Emperour and his Councell and haue so much and no more of both as their pleasure doth permit them They haue also there Assistants or seuerall Counsels as they call them of certayne Priests that are of that Diocesse residing within their Cathedrall Cities to the number of foure and twentie a piece These aduise with them about the speciall and necessarie matters belonging to their charge Concerning their Rents and Reuenues to maintayne their dignities it is somewhat large The Patriarchs yeerely rents out of his Lands besides other fees is about 3000. Rubbels or Marcks The Metropolites and Archbishops about 2500. The Bishops some 1000. some 800. some 500. c. They haue had some of them as I haue heard say ten or twelue thousand Rubbels a yeere as had the Metropolite of Neuogrod Their Habit or Apparell when they shew themselues in their Pontificalibus after their solemness manner is a Mitre on their heads after the Popish fashion set with Pearle and Precious Stone a Coape on their backes commonly of Cloth of Gold embroydered with Pearle and a Crosiers Staffe in their hands layed ouer all with Plate of Siluer double gilt with a Crosse or Sheepherds Crooke at the vpper end of it Their ordinary habit otherwise when they ride or goe abroad is a Hood on their heads of blacke colour that hangeth downe their backes and standeth out like a Bon-grace before Their vpper Garment which they call Reis is a Gowne or Mantell of blacke Damaske with many Lists or Gards of white Sattin layed vpon it euery Gard about two fingers broad and their Crosiers staffe carried before them Themselues follow after blessing the people with their two fore-fingers with a maruellous grace The Election and appointing of the Bishops and the rest pertayneth wholy to the Emperour himselfe They are chosen euer out of the Monasteries so that there is no Bishop Archbishop nor Metropolite but hath beene a Monke or Frier before And by that reason they are and must all bee vnmarried men for their Vow of Chastitie when they were first shorne When the Emperour hath appointed whom he thinketh good hee is inuested in the Cathedrall Church of his Diocesse with many Ceremonies much after the manner of the Popish Inauguration They haue also their Deanes and their Arch-deacons As for preaching the Word of God or any teaching or exhorting such as are vnder them they neither vse it nor haue any skill of it the whole Clergie being vtterly vnlearned both for other knowledge and in the Word of God Onely their manner is twice euery yeere viz. the first of September which is the first day of their yeere and on Saint Iohn Baptists day to make an ordinary speech to the people euery Metropolite Arch-bishop and Bishop in his Catherall Church to this or like effect That if any bee in malice towards his Neighbour hee shall leaue off his malice if any haue thought of Treason or Rebellion against his Prince hee beware of such practice if hee haue not kept his Fasts and Vowes nor done his other Duties to the Holy Church hee shall

season of the yeere for hee perceiueth that our Armie which is there is not sufficient for offence but onely for defence You shall receiue double pay the better to furnish you against the iniurie of cold and as wee shall bee clothed with double garments I hope wee shall bee also apparelled with double glorie Let vs march on merrily I my selfe will goe with you and bee companion of your glorie After hee had thus spoken vnto his Souldiers they all cryed One God in Heauen and one Emperour on the Earth and bowing downe all their heads in token of humilitie they shewed how agreeable they were to obey that which he commanded Thus euery one returned into his Tent where they abode yet eight dayes more The Prince sent back againe Zamai vnto Sachetay with some fiue and twentie thousand Horse and fiftie thousand Foot-men for the safetie of his estate in those parts Thus after prayers were said all the Armie being assembled together in the presence of the Prince according to the custome of our Emperours our Armie began to march forward Hee forgat not likewise to dispatch one vnto the Emperour his Vncle to giue him vnderstanding of all this resolution the which hee very well liked of The Prince by the same Messenger did beseech him to send vnto him in the Spring of the yeere some fiftie thousand men to repayre his Armie and certayne money also for the payment of his men of Warre which hee granted him Moreouer the conducting of good store of warlike munition and plentie of victuals for to renew ours for this warre was principally enterprised for the profit and greatnesse of the Tartarians and for the importance which the losse of the Lordships of Paguin and Quifu was vnto them whereby the King of China had greatly strengthened and assured his estate in so much as hee might at his pleasure enter vpon the Tartarians and the Tartarians could not enterprise against him without great forces for that hee had caused a wall to bee made betweene the spaces of the Mountaynes which was fortie leagues long so as they were defended hereby from the ordinarie incursions the which continually did greatly enrich them because they brought much Cattell through the same wherein the Countrey of China doth greatly abound by reason it is situated in a temperate ayre being neither too hot nor cold This was the cause that made the Emperour his Vncle to desire this warre whom our Prince according to his dutie would to the vttermost of his power gratifie as also his new Subiects So wee began to march and in thirtie eight dayes wee arriued at Cipribit the Armie hauing found great discommodities there had wee newes of Calibes who was very glad to vnderstand how the affaires had passed hee came to visit the Prince who shewed vnto him a very good countenance and gaue him particular vnderstanding of his determination and vnderstood at large of Calibes all that had passed within the Kingdome of China The next day the Prince mounted on horse-back and came vnto Pazanfou where the forces commanded by Calibes were a● that present the which had often fought with and tryed the forces of the Chinois but found them much interiour vnto their owne The Emperour caused a generall reuiew to bee made of all the forces which were vnder Calibes and after he beheld the countenances of these Souldiers throughout all their rankes he caused them to muster and to receiue money euery one crying God saue the victorious and inuincible Emperour according to their custome The Prince of Thanais who commanded the Armie in Calibes absence going to meet Tamerlan with great diligence had marked the Wall and the places by the which hee might enter by force and sent many Spyes into the Country of China by certayne little wayes that were within the Mountaynes who aduertised him of all Hee had also gayned through his courtesie a Lord of the same Mountaynes called the Lord of Vauchefu who ruled a great Countrey with whom he had so well profited that he made him desirous of a new Master and to submit himselfe vnto the Emperour receiuing daily great discommoditie by the warres which the Tartarians and Chinois made so as he comming to visit the Prince of Thanais hee assured him of his desire to doe the Prince seruice and to helpe him in the warre against the Chinois the which the Prince of Thanais had wisely concealed from Calibes But as soone as the Prince was arriued he imparted the same vnto him the which made Tamerlan desirous to haue some speech with him so that as soone as the Prince had receiued commandement from the Emperour hee sent vnto Vauchefu to aduertise him of the Princes arriuall and of the commandement which hee had receiued whereof the other was very glad and hauing appointed a day the Prince tooke his iourney without stirring of the Armie into the campe of the Prince of Thanais which was neere vnto the Riuer of Languenne whither hee had caused this foresaid Lord to come who met him there Then the Prince after he had heaped vpon him gifts of faire Horses rich Furres and other rare things he willed him to vtter that which he had to say vnto him This Lord spake then in this manner Know my Lord that it is but losse of time to thinke that with your Armes you should bee able to force the Wall which the Chinois haue built against the incursions of your subiects the Defendants haue too much aduantage therein I doubt not of your Souldiers stoutnesse and of their courage I know you haue conquered many Nations with them and that whatsoeuer you command them they will die or doe the same I know you haue great and wise Captaines with you that your Person is onely of all the World worthy to command them but all this will bee but in vaine against the Wall of the Chinois where I assure you there are fiftie thousand men to keepe it and you cannot stay there so short a time but there will come thither fiftie thousand more led by the Xianxi who hath such a commandement The King of China will himselfe march forward also who will giue you battell with two hundred thousand Horse and as many Footmen After you haue fought I beleeue that the fortune and valour of your men may obtayne the victorie the which will cost you deare but for to shew vnto you how much the reputation and mildnesse of your men hath bound mee vnto them I will shew you a meanes by the which you may cause fiftie thousand men to enter into the Kingdome of China whom I my selfe will conduct and they shall bee on them which keepe the Wall in a manner as soone as they shall perceiue it In the meane time you shall cause your men to goe vnto a place that I will tell you which will bee very discommodious vnto the Chinois by reason of a Mountayne ouer against them which you must cause

Language Holgoi that were had in as great estimation amongst them as be the Priests amongst Christians These did talke ordinarily with the Deuill and many times in publike and doe Deuillish Witch-crafts both in wordes and deedes into whom it is to bee beleeued that that the Deuill did enter for that straight-wayes they did answere vnto all things that were demanded of them although for the most part they would tell a Lye or else such words that might be giuen diuers interpretations of and of diuers vnderstandings They did also vse to cast Lots they were great Agorismers or obseruers of times in so much that if they beginne any Iourney and at the beginning they meete with a Cayman or Lizard or any other sauage Worme they know it to be a signe of euill fortune whereupon they would straight-wayes leaue off their Iourney although it did import them very much and returne vnto their Houses saying that the Heauen will not that they should goe forwarde on that Iourney but all these lyes and falsenesse haue beene taught them and they perswaded to by the Deuill are ouerthrowne and taken away by the Law of the Gospel as aforesaid and haue now amongst them many Monasteries full of Religious men of the Order of Saint Austine Saint Francis and of Iesuits According vnto the common opinion at this day there is conuerted and baptized more then foure hundred thousand soules which is a great number yet in respect of the quantitie that are not as yet conuerted there are but a few It is left vndone as aforesaid for want of Ministers for that although his Majestie doth ordinarily send thither without any respect of the great charge in doing the same yet by reason that there are so many Iland and euery day they doe discouer more and more and being so farre off they cannot come vnto them all as necessitie requireth Such as are baptized doe receiue the faith with great firmenesse and are good Christians and would be better if that they were holpen with good ensamples as those which haue beene there so long time are bound to doe that the lacke thereof doth cause some of the Inhabitants so much to abhorre them that they would not see them once painted vpon a wall For proofe whereof and for to mooue such as haue power and authoritie to put remedie in the same I will declare vnto you here a strange case the which royally did passe of a truth in one of these Ilands and is very well knowne amongst them that is there chanced to dye an Ilander a principall man amongst them a few dayes after that he was baptized beeing very contrite for his sinnes the which he had done against God before he was baptized and after hee dyed So after by the Diuine permission of God he appeared vnto many of that Iland whom hee did perswade forthwith to receiue the Baptisme with reasons of great efficacie and declared vnto them as one that had experienced the same the reward of that good deed which without all doubt should be giuen vnto them if they would receiue the same and liue after conformable and according vnto the Commandements of Christ for the which he told them and said that forth-with so soone as he was dead he was carried by the Angels into glory there whereas all things were of delight pleasure and content and did communicate onely in the sight of God and that there was none that entred therein neither could enter except he were baptized according vnto the preaching of the Spaniards of whom and of others that were like vnto them there was an infinite number Therefore if so be that they would goe and enjoy of those benefits and delights it is necessary that first they should be baptized and afterwards to obserue and keepe the Commandements that be preached vnto them by the Fathers that are amongst the Castillas and therewith he vanished away and they remayned treating amongst themselues concerning that which they had heard and was the occasion that some of them forth-with receiued the Baptisme and that others did delay it saying that because there were Spaniard Souldiers in glorie they would not goe thither because they would not be in their company All this hurt is done by one peruerse or impious man and with one euill ensample the which amongst many good as you haue in those parts but especiall amongst them in particular it ought to bee reprehended and punished seuerely with rigour These Ilands at the first discouery of them had the fame to be Mal Sauos or vnwholesome but since experience hath shewed and proued it to the contrary It is a Countrey maruellous fertill and yeeldeth very much Rice Wheate Goates Hennes Deere Buffes Kine and great store of Hogges whose flesh is so sauourie as the Mutton they haue in Spaine there be also many Cats that yeeld Ciuet great store of fruits which be very good and sauourie great abundance of Honey and Fish and all sold at so small a price that almost it is sold for nothing Also there is great store of Cinamom but no Oyle of Oliues but that which is carried thither out of the Nuoua Espania they haue much Oyle of Algongoli and of Flaxe-seed the which they doe spend ordinarily in that Countrey so that the Oyle of Oliues is not missed with them There is great store of Cloues Saffron Pepper Nutmegs and many other Drugges great store of Cotton and Silke of all colours the which is brought vnto them by Merchants of China euery yeare a great quantitie from whence commeth more then twentie ships laden with pieces of Silkes of all colours and with Earthen Vessell Powder Salt-peter Iron Steele and much Quick-siluer Brasse Copper Wheate Flowre Walnuts Bisket Dates Linnen Cloth Counting Chests very gallantly wrought Calls of Net-worke Buratos Espumillas Basons and Ewres made of Tinne Parchment Lace Silke Fringe and also of Gold the which is spunne and twisted after a fashion neuer seene in all Christendome and many other things of great curiositie and all this aforesaid is sold very good cheape Likewise such things as the Ilands doe yeeld are sold very good cheape for you shall haue foure Roues of Wine which commeth of the Palme-tree for foure Rials of Plate the which for lacke of that made of Grapes is very good twelue Haneges of Rice for eight Rials of Plate three Hens for one Riall a whole Hogge for eighteene Rials a whole Buffe for foure Rials a Deere for two Rials and yet it must bee both great and good foure Roues of Sugar for sixe Rials and the like §. II. First Plantation of the Philippinas by MICHAEL LOPEZ DE LEGASPI MIchael Lopez de Legaspe Generall of the Spanish Armada on Tuesday the one and twentieth of Nouember Anno Dom. 1565. set forth of the Hauen of Natiuitie in New Spaine and sayled betwixt the South and the West and after West-ward till he came in nine degrees in that height seeking the

Edict set vp by Co the new Vice-roy blaming the China Interpreters which had put into the heads of Stranger-priests to learne the China language and Characters and to desire some place for to erect a sacred and priuate house threatning those interpreters if they persisted In this dispayre of proceeding they had not beene a weeke gone when from Sciauquin the seate of the Vice-roy one of his guard came to Amacao and brought the Ci-fu so they call the Gouernour of that Prouince his Letters Patents by the Vice-royes authoritie inuiting the Fathers to Sciauquin there to receiue a piece of ground for a Church and dwelling house The cause hereof was an offer made by the Fathers when they were sent away from Sciauchin by the deposed Vice-roy to Canton of a summe of money to any which should procure of the New Vice-roy license for their returne One of the meanest Souldiers in name of Interpreter to the Societie had put vp a Petition to the Vice-roy who sent it to the Gouernour of the Region called Guam-puon of Cequion Prouince to bee dispatched who gaue the former Letters Patents to the Souldier which brought them himselfe to Macao They with great ioy as seeing the Diuine hand herein made ready for the iourney which the former expenses and late Ship-wrackes especially of the Iapon Ship in the I le Leuquiceo which alone hath most of the wealth of the Citie in it made difficult but Gaspar Viegas charitably bestowed the expense seconded also by others Thus full of hope they set sayle and in Canton both now and when before they were dismissed from Sciauquin they found Spaniards Then a Ship which from the Philippinas was bound for New Spaine was wracked at the I le Nan-tau on the Canton coast the men which escaped were kept in durance And now seuen or eight Franciscan Friars which had gone from the same Philippinas for Cauchinchina hearing the King was become a Christian and in their returne were wracked on the I le Hainan and taken and spoyled and presented to the Magistrates for Pirats whose libertie these Iesuites procured promising all recompence at Amacao Hence they had set foorth in the beginning of September 1583. and in the same moneth came to Sciauquin in that Souldiers companie by whom they were conueyed to the Gouernours Palace and kneeling before him made request as in the Souldiers mentioned Petition had beene contayned and were kindly answered that they should goe about the Citie and spye out some conuenient place for their purpose which hee doubted not to procure of the Vice-roy for them At the same time at Sciauquin they were erecting by the common charge of the Eleuen Cities of that Iurisdiction a Tower whereof one floore was now raysed to which they intended to adde nine others aboue it in a pleasant place by the Riuers side a myle and more from the Citie the Suburbes continuing further then it In the same place they set foorth a Temple and therein erected a Statue to the Gouernour whose sixe yeeres gouernment had well deserued of the learned and of the vulgar A piece of that field in which the flourishing Tower so they called it was building they desired which hee liked well and promised to further them with the Vice-roy The Iesuites at their former departure had left an Altar with one Ciu Nico who had placed the same in a conuenient place for want of Images inscribing aboue it Thien Chu in Cubicall letters that is To the Lord of Heauen Hee made also thereunto diuers Incenses and at set times yeelded diuine honors before it which much reioyced the Fathers seeing that there was one found which inuoked the true God And this man gaue them entertaynment till they had receiued the Vice-royes answer app●ouing their request and the next day the Gouernour set foorth a plot of ground for them with straight caution to obserue the Lawes of China and to admit no Strangers companions to dwell with them which they promised Much was the concourse and admiration of people much the wonder at their triangle Glasse the Image of our Ladie a wrought Handkerchiffe with which they presented the Gouernour but hee returned all afterward fearefull of Bribe-imputation Much trouble arose about that place and another was assigned them where they began to build and were forced to pawne their precious triangle Glasse to fit it for their vse they obtayned also an ample Charter from the Vice-roy and two Patents from the Gouernour which protected them from wrongs In these beginnings they made little mention of the Gospell but imployed their spare time in learning the Language and Characters by a Holy life seeking to insinuate themselues into the peoples good liking Their habite was like the modestest of the Chinois a long Gowne with large sleeues Their house had two Cells and betwixt them a Hall with an Altar in the midst on which they set the Image of the Blessed Virgin carrying her Sonne They called their God Thien-cui Lord of Heauen for the Chinois want the D. which caused that they could not giue any name more fit and this name continueth to this day although they vse others also as Highest Ruler of all First beginning of all and the like The blessed Virgin is called the Great Mother of God This Image on the Altar all which visited them both Magistrates Students Priests and common people did religiously worship kneeling and after their rite knocking lightly the ground with their fore-heads They admired the excellencie of the Picture and colours without ceasing But when it began to bee rumoured that they worshipped a Woman for God they tooke away that Picture and substituted the Image of Christ. After this they painted the ten Commandements in the China language which many approued Some brought them Incense for holy vses and some bestowed their Almes others also Oyle for the Lampe which burned before the Altar and the Fathers commended their Law as agreeing to the light of Nature The first which was Baptised was a poore diseased man cast foorth by his parents whom they instructed and a little before his death baptised The reliefe which they bestowed on him before caused a rumour amongst the vulgar that those Strangers knew by the mans complexion that hee had a precious stone in his head the cause of all that benificence The Chinois much admired the Bookes of which the Fathers had store the artificiall binding gilding cost goodlinesse of the Print and their studiousnesse in the China bookes and receiued with great applause a Booke of Christian learning which they printed Yea the Gouernour after the China rite would needs doe them publike honour which is done by sending a goodly Table with Cubitall letters in praise of them with the Magistrates name and the date inscribed in lesse letters Two of these with great pompe hee sent vnto them the one to bee set ouer the entrance with inscription

direction againe to those that are vnder them in their sayd Prouinces for all matters giuen in charge by the Emperour and his Councell to bee done or put in execution within their Precincts For the ordering of euery particular Prouince of these foure Chetfirds there is appointed one of these Dukes which were reckoned before in the lowest degree of their Nobilitie which are resident in the head Townes of the sayd Prouinces Whereof euery one hath joyned with him in Commission a Dyack or Secretarie to assist him or rather to direct him For in the executing of their Commission the Dyack doth all The parts of their Commission are these in effect First to heare and determine in all ciuill matters within their Precinct To which purpose they haue vnder them certayne Officers as Gubnoy Starets or Coroners who besides the tryall of selfe Murders are to attach Fellons and the Soudiae or vnder Iustices who themselues also may heare and determine in all matters of the same nature among the Countrey people of their owne Wards or Bayliwickes but so that in case either partie dissent they may appeale and goe further to the Duke and Dyack that reside within the head Towne From whom also they may remooue the matter to the higher Court at Mosko of the Emperours Councell where lye all appeales They haue vnder them also S●●skoy Starets that is Aldermen or Bayliffes of the Hundreds Secondly in all criminall matters as Theft Murder Treason c. they haue authoritie to apprehend to examine and to imprison the malefactor and so hauing receiued perfect euidence and imformation of the cause they are to send it ready drawne and orderly digested vp to the Mosko to the Officer of the Chetfird whereunto that Prouince is annexed by whom it is referred and propounded to the Emperours Councell But to determine in any matter criminall or to doe execution vpon the partie offending is more then their Commission will allow them to doe Thirdly if there bee any publike seruice to be done within that Prouince as the publishing of any Law or common order by way of Proclamation collecting of taxes and impositions for the Emperor mustering of Souldiers and sending them forth at the day and to the place assigned by the Emperour or his Councell all these and such like pertayne to their charge These Dukes and Dyacks are appointed to their place by the Emperour himselfe and are changed ordinarily at euery yeeres end except vpon some speciall liking or sute the time bee prorogued for a yeere or two more They are men of themselues of no credit nor fauour with the people where they gouerne being neither borne nor brought vp among them nor yet hauing inheritance of their owne there or else where Onely of the Emperour they haue for that seruice an hundred Marcks a yeere hee that hath most some fiftie some but thirtie Which maketh them more suspected and odious to the people because being so bare and comming fresh and hungry vpon them lightly euery yeere they racke and spoyle them without due regard of Iustice or Conscience Which is easily tollerated by the chiefe Officers of the Chetfirds to the end they may spoyle them againe and haue a better bootie when they call them to account which commonly they doe at the end of their seruice making an aduantage of their injustice and oppression ouer the poore people There are few of them but they come to the Pudkey or Whip when their time is ended which themselues for the most part doe make account of And therefore they furnish themselues with all the spoyle they can for the time of their Gouernment that they may haue for both turnes as well for the Emperour and Lord of the Chetfird as to reserue some good part for themselues They that are appointed to gouerne abroad are men of this qualitie saue that in the foure border Townes that are of greatest importance are set men of more speciall valour and trust two in euery Towne Whereof one is euer of the Emperours priuie Counsell These foure border Townes are Smolensko Vobsko Nouogrod and Cazan whereof three lie towards the Polonian and Sweden one bordereth farre off vpon the Chrim Tartar These haue larger commission then the other Dukes of the Prouinces that I spake of before and may doe execution in criminall matters Which is thought behooffull for the Common-wealth for incident occasions that may happen vpon the borders that are farre off and may not stay for direction about euery occurrent and particular matter from the Emperour and his Counsell They are changed euery yeere except as before and haue for their stipend 700. Rubbels a yeere he that hath most some haue but 400. Many of these places that are of greatest importance and almost the whole Countrey is managed at this time by the Godonoes and their Clients The Citie of Mosko that is the Emperours Seat is gouerned altogether by the Emperours Counsell All matters there both ciuill and criminall are heard and determined in the seuerall Courts held by some of the said Counsell that reside there all the yeere long Onely for their ordinary matters as Buildings Reparations keeping of their Streets decent and cleane Collections leuying of Taxes Impositions and such like are appointed two Gentlemen and two Dyacks or Secretaries who hold a Court together for the ordering of such matters This is called the Zempskey house If any Townes-man suspect his seruant of theft or like matter hither he may bring him to haue him examined vpon the Pudkey or other torture Besides these two Gentlemen and Secretaries that order the whole Citie there are Starusts or Aldermen for euery seuerall Companie The Alderman hath his Sotskey or Constable and the Constable hath certaine Decetskeis or Decurions vnder him which haue the ouersight of ten housholds a piece whereby euery disorder is sooner spyed and the common seruice hath the quicker dispatch The whole number of Citizens poore and rich are reduced into Companies The chiefe Officers as the Dyacks and Gentlemen are appointed by the Emperour himselfe the Starust by the Gentlemen and Dyacks the Sotskoy by the Starust or Alderman and the Decetskoyes by the Constables This manner of gouernment of their Prouinces and Townes if it were as well set for the giuing of iustice indifferently to all sorts as it is to preuent innouations by keeping of the Nobility within order and the Commons in subiection it might seeme in that kind to be no bad nor vnpolitike way for the contayning of so large a Common-wealth of that breadth and length as is the Kingdome of Russia But the oppression and slauery is so open and so great that a man would maruell how the Nobilitie and People should suffer themselues to be brought vnder it while they had any meanes to auoide and repulse it or being so strengthned as it is at this present how the Emperours themselues can be content to practise the same with so open iniustice and

Who so would neerely looke into what hath bin spoken may likewise vnderstand that going from the West to the East in altitude beyond the Tropikes we shall finde Westerne windes for that the motion of the Equinoctiall being so swift it is a cause that the ayre moueth vnder it according to this motion which is from the East to West drawing after it the vapours and exhalations that rise of either side the Equinoctiall or burning Zone in countring the course and motion of the Zone are forced by the repercussion to returne almost to the contrary whence grow the South-west windes so ordinary in those parts Euen as we see in the course of waters the which if they be incountred by others of more force returne in a manner backe So it seemes to be like in vapours and exhalations whereby it growes that the windes doe turne and separate themselues from one part to another These Westerly windes doe commonly raine in a meane altitude which is from twenty and seuen to thirty and seuen degrees though they be not so certaine nor so regular as the Brises that are in a lesse altitude The reason is for that the South-west winds are no causes of this proper and equall motion of the heauen as the Brises are being neere to the Line But as I haue said they are more ordinary and often more furious and tempestuous But passing into a greater altitude as of fortie degrees there is as small assurance of windes at Sea as at Land for sometimes the East or North winde blowes and sometimes the South or West whereby it happeneth their nauigations are more vncertaine and more dangerous That which we haue spoken of windes which blow ordinarily within and without the Zone must be vnderstood of the maine Sea and in the great gulphes for at land it is otherwise where we finde all sorts of windes by reason of the inequalitie which is betwixt the Mountaines and the vallies the great number of Riuers and Lakes and the diuers scituations of Countries whence the grosse and thick vapours arise which are moued from the one part or the other according to the diuersitie of their beginnings which cause these diuers windes the motion of the ayre caused by the heauen hauing not power enough to draw and moue them with it And this varietie of windes is not onely found at land but also vpon the Sea coast which is vnder the burning Zone for that there be forraine or land windes which come from the land and many which blow from the Sea the which windes from the Sea are commonly more wholesome and more pleasant then those of the land which are contrariwise troublesome and vnwholesome although it be the difference of the coast that causeth this diuersitie commonly the land windes blow from mid-night to the Sunne rising and the Sea windes vntill Sunne setting The reason perhaps may be that the earth as a grosse substance fumes more when as the Sunne shines not vpon it euen as greene wood or scarse dry smoakes most when the flame is quenched But the Sea which is compounded of more subtile parts engenders no fumes but when it is hot euen as straw or ha●e being moist and in small quantitie breedes smoake when it is burnt and when the flame failes the fume suddenly ceaseth Whatsoeuer it be it is certaine that the Land winde blowes by night and that of the Sea by day So that euen as there are often contrary violent and tempestuous windes vpon the Sea coast so doe we see very great calmes Some men of great experience report that hauing sailed many great passages at Sea vnder the Line yet did they neuer see any calmes but that they alwayes make way little or much the ayre being moued by the celestiall motion which is sufficient to guide a Shippe blowing in poope as it doth I haue already said that a Shippe of Lima going to Manilla sailed two thousand seuen hundred leagues alwayes vnder the Line or not aboue twelue degrees from it and that in the moneths of February and March when as the Sunne is there for Zenith and in all this space they found no calmes but alwayes a fresh gale so as in two moneths they performed this great voyage But in the burning Zone and without it you shall vsually see great calmes vpon the coasts where the vapours come from the Ilands or maine land And therefore stormes and tempests and the sudden motions of the ayre are more certaine and ordinary vpon the coasts whereas the vapours come from the Land then in full Sea I meane vnder the burning Zone for without it and at Sea there are both calmes and whirlewindes Notwithstanding sometimes betwixt the two Tropickes yea vnder the Line you shall haue great raine and sudden showers yea farre into the Sea for the working whereof the vapours and exhalations of the Sea are sufficient which mouing sometimes hastily in the ayre cause thunder and whirlewindes but this is more ordinary neere to the Land and vpon the Land When I sailed from Peru to new Spaine I obserued that all the time we were vpon the coast of Peru our voyage was as it was ordinary very calme and easie by reason of the Southerne winde that blowes hauing alwayes a fore winde returning from Spaine and new Spaine As we passed the gulph lanching farther into the Sea almost vnder the Line wee found the season coole quiet and pleasant with a full winde but comming neere to Nicaragua and to all that coast wee had contrary windes with great store of raine and fogges All this Nauigation was vnder the burning Zone for from twelue degrees to the South which is Lima we sailed to the seuenteenth which is Gaut●lco a port of new Spaine and I beleeue that such as haue obserued their nauigations made vnder the burning Zone shall finde what I haue said which may suffice for the windes which raigne at Sea vnder the burning Zone It were a very difficult matter to report particularly the admirable effects which some windes cause in diuers regions of the world and to giue a reason thereof There are windes which naturally trouble the water of the Sea and makes it greene and blacke others cleere as Christall some comfort and make glad others trouble and breede heauinesse Such as nourish Silke-wormes haue great care to shut their windowes when as the South-west windes doe blow and to open them to the contrary hauing found by certaine experience that their wormes diminish and dye with the one and fatten and become better with the other and who so will neerely obserue it shall finde in himselfe that the diuersities of windes cause notable impressions and changes in the body principally in sicke parts and ill disposed when they are most tender and weake The holy Scripture calleth one a burning winde another a winde full of dewe and sweetnesse And it is no wonder if we see such notable effects of the winde in Plants