Selected quad for the lemma: cause_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
cause_n	authority_n	great_a	king_n	1,863	5	3.5392	3	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A81938	Geographia universalis: the present state of the whole world giving an account of the several religions, customs, and riches of each people; the strength and government of each polity and state; the curious and most remarkable things in every region; with other particulars necessary to the understanding history and the interests of princes. Written originally by the Sieur Duval, Geographer in Ordinary to the French King; and made English, and enlarged by Ferrand Spence.	Duval, P. (Pierre), 1619-1682.; Spence, Ferrand.	1685 (1685)	Wing D2919A; ESTC R229216	199,644	399

resolution of its Citizens to maintain the Authority of their King against the Suedes without being prevail'd with to accept the Neutrality was the cause of the preservation of the whole Realm under King Gasimir Lithuania is the greatest Province of those which compose the States of the Crown of Poland It has the title of the Great Dutchy wherein there is still at this day as many Chief Officers as in the Kingdom of Poland and of three General Dyets of the States one is to be held in Lithuania This Countrey is so full of Marshes and of Boggs that there is no travelling there but in Winter and that by means of the Ice Vilna its Capital City contains so many sorts of Religions that there is not a City in the World where God is praised in more several manners There be reckoned three Sabbaths that of ours that of the Turks which is Friday that of the Jews which is Saturday Samogitia is a Country where the Inhabitants live very poorly Polachia communicates its name to the Polanders who call themselves Polaques as being descended from Lechus their first Prince Lesser Russia has several other names It is called Black by reason of its Woods Red by reason of the Colour of its Earth Southern by reason of its scituation towards the South Leopold which put a stop to the progresses of the Turks is the principal City thereof Samoski the strongest Volhinia has for its Capital Kiou an ancient City upon the Boristhenes where the Cossaques have had often their Retreats It is now in the hands of the Muscovite who makes a scruple of restoring it to the Polanders Podolia has Gaminiec a Fortress which formerly resisted the Armies of the Turks of the lesser Tartars of the Transilvanians of the Walachians and which at length submitted to the Armies of the Grand Seignior in the year 1672. Ducal Prussia wherein stands Konigsberg belongs to the Elector of Brandenburg who now possesses its Soveraignty and independantly on Poland This City is so much the greater in that it contains two others in one and the same compass of Walls Pilau and Memel are two Maritime Fortresses the most important of this State There it was the Elector caused Frigats four years ago to be fitted out which have very much incommoded the Commerce of the Subjects of Spain Gourland is a Dutchy whose Duke of the House of Ketler does Homage to the Crown of Poland His Residence is at Mitaw Of Muscovy THis is the vastest Country of all Europe stiled formerly Sarmatia now Muscovy It is called Great and White Russia from the name of the ancient Roxolan People and upon the account of its great extent and of the Snow which so covers the Ground near two thirds of the year that to Travel there at that time one would have occasion to veil ones Eyes with black Crape so as formerly Xenophon made his Souldiers do in the retreat of the ten thousand Greeks The Soyl of Muscovy is cold humid full of Woods and Bogs which make it little inhabited What makes it believed that it is better populated than it really is is that the Country People by express order go to the avenues of the Citties through which the Embassadours of forreign Princes pass The cold there does often hinder the Corn from coming to its perfection It is there sometimes so violent that the Earth is wholly opened by it the Inhabitants find it no extraordinary matter to see their Nose Ears and Feet frozen they only sow in them parts in the Month of June the heats of July and of August do visibly forward the Harvest The Muscovites do not willingly afford the entrance of their Countrey to other Nations they care not to know any other Tongues than their own they only have their Children taught to write and read that is sufficient to be a Doctor They take for their Sirname the proper Name of their Father they write upon Roles of Paper cut into Welts and glued together to the length of twenty or five and twenty Yards they reckon the first day of the Month of September for the first of the Year they wear long Garments and put their Girdle below their Belly Their Collations are performed with the Bread of Spices of Brandy and of Honey The Peasants have recourse to somewhat an extraordinary means for the securing themselves from the quartering of Souldiers they provoke and set upon them their Bees The Office of Executioner is not dishonourable amongst the Muscovites od ●ir Armies are offten of a hundred and two hundred thousand Men. They are divided into five Bodies as ours are into three Boris Foederowits Great Duke of Muscovy towards the beginning of this age saw himself in the Head of an Army of three hundred thousand Men. Alexis Michaelowits after the defeat of Stepan Radzin had no less considerable Army when the Desiign was to hinder the Progress of the Turks The Infantry is there in more esteem than the Cavalry It sustains well a Siege and suffers patiently all imaginable hardship rather than yield which it did in our time in the Castle of Vilna and in the Fortress of Noteburg As for besieging of a Town the Muscovites understand nothing at all of that Art which they have made evident before Smolensko in 1633. before Riga in the year 1656. before Azac in the year 1673. Their Forts are commonly of Wood and of Earth upon the sinuosities of Rivers or else in Lakes The greatest strength of the State consists in forreign Troops and good pay and Pensions are given to the Officers when they have occasion for them The Prince has the Title of the Great Duke says he is discended from Augustus stiles himself Grand Tzaar or Gzar that is to say Gaesar and Emperour The Habiliments he is bound to wear make him appear like a Prelate When the Ministers of Forreign Princes are to treat with his Embassadours they have all the pain imaginable to agree upon his Titles by reason of his extraordinary Pretensions In the year 1654. for the making war in Poland and for supporting the Rebel Gosaques thener at Duke took for Pretext that some Polisheek ●ords had not given him his due Titles and that they had caused to be printed in Poland Books to his disadvantage One of the two present Zars Predecessours was so cruel as to cause an Italian Embassadours Hat to be nailed to his Head for that he had put it on in his Presence His Government is Despotick the Muscovites call themselves Slaves and he calls them out of conrempt by a diminutive Name little John little Peter his will alone is the Rule of his Subjects who hold themselves certain that the will of God and of the Grand Duke are immutable The Zarrs Treasures are said to be great he shuts up the most he can of Gold and Silver in his Fortresses of Bioliczero and Vologde and only makes his Presents and his Payments in Skins and Fish or in giving

These Cities tho' built by People we stile Salvage and Barbarous yielded in nothing to those of Europe or for bigness or magnificence No Horses were in America An Indian of good sence reckoned a Horse in the number of the three things he most esteemed the two others were a new laid Egg and Light Horses gave so much terrour to the Americans that for above a hundred years they could not be prevailed with to mount ' em The Inhabitants are of four sorts Europeans Metis Negroes and Salvages Most of the Nations of Europe have Colonies in this Portion of the World which for the most part bear the Names of their respective Provinces and Cities The Spaniards stand possess'd of the greatest the richest and the fertilest Countreys of America Among others of Mexico and Peru formerly two famous Kingdoms the latter Hereditary the other Elective their King pretends a Right to All by vertue of the Donative of Pope Alexander the Sixth in the year 1493. But this other Nations do not allow of The Portugneezes have the Coasts of Brasile The French have Colonies in Canada in several Islands and upon the firm Land The English have fair and great Establishments all along the Coasts of Northern America and in the Islands The Metis are those who are born of the Europeans and Indians In the Territories conquered by the Spaniards they call Crioles those who are born of a Spanish Man and Woman and these are they whom the Spaniards of Europe have a mortal aversion to and whom they put by all great Offices for fear of a Revolt The Negroes are transported into America from Angola and other parts of Africa to labour in the Mines which drudgery the Americans are not able to support The Salvages here live commonly on Hunting Maiz Cassave which is their Corn. They have amongst 'em almost as many Tongues as Villages He who has the use of those of Mexico and Casco may make himself understood through all America This diversity of Tongues is the cause that we have little knowledge of their Origine They are all naturally dexterous and active good Runners and excellent Swimmers Several amongst 'em live like Beasts without King Policy or Law The Sun Moon nay and the Devil too are consider'd by them as so many Divinities The Sooth-sayers who are very numerous in these parts keep 'em in these Errours The Kings of Spain have caused five Arch-Bishopricks to be erected there and about thirty Episcopal Sees The French have one Bishop in Canada The Portugueezes have at this present three in Brasile under the Arch-Bishop of S. Salvador The other Nations who have Settlements in these Countreys have likewise establish'd there the Religion they profess America is not peopled comparatively with the parts of our Continent perhaps by reason of the continual Wars which the Inhabitants wage there against one another or else because of the cruel treatments the Indians have received from the Spaniards some Authors do attest they have put to Death there several Millions of Persons whether for Religion or for other Pretexts and that the Blood of those who have perished in the Mines where they have been forc'd to labour would weigh more than the Gold and Silver they have thence extracted The Spaniards met with no strong resistance in their Conquests where they found none to make head against 'em but naked People whose Armies were easily broken by the Noise only of a Canon-shot or at the sight of a Horse-man The poor Indians stedfastly believed that the Spaniards were the Masters of Thunder they thought 'em half Men and half Horses or some Sea-Monsters when they saw 'em on Horse-back And when they saw them on board their Ships eating Bisket and drinking Claret they said they were descended from Heaven upon a great Bird that they eat Stones and drank Blood If we confider the situation of the Islands of that part of the World we shall find that California is in the West of Northern America the New Lands the Bermudas and the Antilles towards the East The Mountains of the Andes Cross all Southern America from the North to the South That of Potosi in Peru is esteem'd the richest of all by reason of its Silver Mines The Spaniards would persuade us that there are others in the Neighbourhood at least as rich The North Sea is so call'd because it is on the North of the firm Land which makes part of the Southern America and was sooner discovered than the Northern America in regard of which it cannot bear the Name of the North Sea 'T is called the Green Sea towards the Tropick of Cancer by reason of the Herbs found there upon the Surface of the Waters The South Sea is really Southern in regard of that North Sea but if we consider all America both Northern and Southern we shall find that it is Western It 's often called Pacific by reason of its pertinacious Calms or else because very few Acts of Hostility are perform'd there Between Mexico and the Island of California 't is call'd the Vermillion Sea It hardly receives any considerable Rivers The Sweet Sea which is in Canada and the Parime Sea in Southern America bear the names of Lakes because they are in the midst of Lands Many are of opinion that by this Sweet Sea the Northorn Sea communicates with with the Southern Among the Rivers of America that of Canada or St. Lawrence is vulgarly call'd the Great River perhaps for that it receives above two thousand others great and small and that above five hundred Leagues above Quebeck its source has not yet been found out It makes some Lakes grow narrow sometimes it casts it self among the Rocks with such impetuosity that 't is impossible to pass there by reason of the number of Water-falls which they call Saults and Carriages because those who mean to go over must carry their little Boats upon their shoulders which they term Canoes It s ordinary breadth is full twelve or thirteen Leagues its depth does often exceed two hundred fathom it keeps its Waters clear as far as below Quebeck The River of Chayre upon the Confines of the two America's affords means for the Transportation of Merchandizes from one Sea to the other L'Orenoyu is the largest of all those of America The Amanzon is esteemed the greatest strongest and deepest of all those of these Countreys and one of the fiercest in the World In the Year 1638. the Portuguese who were then under the Crown of Spain remounted it up as far as Quito in Peru and came down again the following Year It has its Inundations as well as the Nile whereby the neighbouring Countrey is not incommoded with Insects Above a hundred and fifty several Nations have been observ'd to dwell in the Neighbourhood of this great River and those which fall into it La Plata has its Name from the Mines of Silver which are near it Towards its beginning it bears the Name of Paraguay after having

where the Mogul confines such of the Princes of his Blood as give him any umbrage Lahor resorted to by the Caravans is the ancient Bucephalea and is said to be twenty four Leagues in compass Naugracut has a famous Idol those who go thither out of devotion cut a piece of their Tongue off Kachmire otherwise Cassimere is esteemed the little Paradise of India upon the account of its beauty Chitor a ruin'd City was the Capital of Ruana the Successour of Porus. Bengala is renowned for the temprature of its Air its fruitful Soyl the abundance of its Rice which most parts of the Indies furnish themselves with for its fine Canes or Reeds its Silks its excellent Wood of Calamba the rarest and of the most agreeable scent in the World It likewise gives name to the greatest and most famous Gulph of Asia One of the late Histories of the Indies does affirm that a Man of Bengala has lived three hundred and five years The capital City is Bengala otherwise Satigan The Peninsula of India intra Gangem THis Peninsula is the Countrey which is particularly call'd India It has two Parts separated by the Mountains of Guate which advance from the North to the South with several delicate Plains on their top and which cause divers Seasons at the same time towards the East and West Summer being on the one side and Winter on the other It has above fifty Kings the most powerful of whom do by little and little encroach upon the Dominions of the others The Portugals English and particularly the Hollanders have Towns near the Sea with Fortresses for the security of Trade which is commonly of Spices Jewels Pearls and Cotton-Cloth It has the conveniency of several Woods for the building of Ships the Portugals making use of this advantage cause several Carracks to be made at Bazaim The Towns of the Europeans are upon the Sea farther in the Land there are others of the same Name which belong to the Natives of the Countrey and are only distinguish'd from one another by their high scituation The Fig-tree Leaves are in those parts so great that they serve those of the Countrey for Coverlets and Table-Cloths Amongst the several Religions there is that of certain Christians whose Predecessours were instructed by St. Thomas Decan has Visapor for its Capital five Leagues in circuit the abode of Idalcan or Idal-Schach a Mahometan King He still defends himself against the Mogul who had taken from him several places and no longer pays him any Tribute Goa is the Residence of the Portugal Vice-Roy and the Arsenal of that Crown for the East-Indies Some esteem the Hospital of Goa finer richer and better served than that of the Holy Ghost at Rome or the Infirmery of Maltha It is a spacious City but the excessive heats are mortal to many persons those who are bound hither touch at two small Islands five Leagues from the Town and there they take in Pilots who commonly bring them into the Port of Mormogan one of the best of Asia Malabar is a very level Countrey with a good pleasant Coast and inhabited by people who know no other Trade than that of Piracy There blows in Winter a Wind which so moves the neighbouring Sea that it rouls a vast quantity of the Sand into the Entrance of the Harbours so as then small Barks cannot come in In Summer another Wind quite contrary is so violent that it carries away the Sand clearly and lays open the Navigation The great number of Rivers there renders Horses of little use principally for War Those Rivers fatten the Land nourish Crocodiles whose flesh is good to eat and serve for the transportation of Victuals and Spiceries The Malabarians pass a whole day without eating by taking two Grains of a Paste called Anfian which they have come from Cambaia they are oblig'd to continue this nourishment and if they once left it off they could not live four days to an end The Children in this Countrey do not succeed their Fathers those of their Sisters inherit as being certainly the next of Blood The Wives burn themselves after the death of their Husbands to shew that they will not survive them A few years ago two hundred of these Women took this course after the death of the Naique of Madura a small Territory bordering upon Malabar since which that Law has been moderated in favour of the Widows The greatest Ears are the most beautiful because they have room to fasten more Jewels than the small Calecut is a trading Town whither the Portuguese resorted with a less favourable success than at Cochim where they obtained leave for the making a Cittadel the first Fortress they had in the East-Indies The Hollanders took it from them in the Year 1662. The Prince of Calecut calls himself Zamorin He pretends a Tribute from the Kings of Malabar Besides this Prince there are in this Countrey the Kings of Cananor of Tanor of Cranganor of Cochim of Coulan of Travancor and ten or twelve others of small consideration Tamul gives its name to a particular Language besides the Malaize Tongue there are others which they call the Bagadan and the Grandonique Cochim which comes near the bigness of Goa pays a Tribute to the Hollanders who stand possess'd of its Fortress as we have already said The Haven of it is not good by reason of the Rocks and Shelves which are at its entrance Coulan is now neither so rich nor so populous as it was when it had above a hundred thousand Inhabitants Zamorin consider'd it for its Situation its Harbour and Loyalty The Sand of the Sea having stopped up its Haven Goa and Calecut have taken from it all its Commerce Onor has Pepper very heavy and black Rice which is better than the White After Malabar and towards the East is the Coast of Fishing otherwise called Manar where they Fish for Pearls where the Market is held at Tuticorin This Country wherein are about thirty small Cities is dry and burnt It obeys for the most part a Naique of Madura the Hollanders stand possess'd of the small Island of the Kings with some Fortresses which render them Masters of the Passages of the Banks of Manar They gather Amber-grease on this Coast near Cape Comorrin was formerly found a piece of Amber-grease which is said to have weighed thirty Quintals Coromandel or Corobander is so called from the Rice which it produces in abundance It has the Havens of Meliapour and St. Thomas where that Apostle fore-told that White People would arrive in their Country which was verified by the coming of the Portugals By some it is observed in the Descendents of those who put that Holy Apostle to death that they have one Leg much greater than the other The Sea being here high and rough at all times the small Vessels chuse rather to retire to Pallecate and the great to Negapatan Narsinga and Bisnagar otherwise Karnatek have Amethists Saphirs and other precious Stones The