sick Men into Bithynia whereof 15000 were intercepted and then to retire himself with the rest that could escape the great Slaughter which the Romans made in their Flight During the time of this double Siege Eumachus one of Mithridates's Commanders made Inrodes into Phrygia subdu'd Pisidia and Isauria and endeavoured to do the like to Cilicia 'till he was Repulsâ—d by Deiotarus one of the Governours of Galatia But Lucullus improv'd his Success by Land by gaining many Victories at Sea where he took several of Mithridates's Commanders and closely pursu'd the King himself Mithridates flying with more Speed than Discretion had been Cast away but that he was receiv'd into a Pirate's Vessel to which he was glad to commit himself in so great a Danger and at length after many Difficulties got into his own Kingdom whither Lucullus pursu'd him having taken in all Bithynia and Paphlagonia in in his Way and this was his first Years Expedition Mithridates made all possible Preparations for Resistance sending to Tigranes and others for Aid and within the space of a Year he got together 40000 Foot and 4000 Horse with which he once or twice gain'd some Advantage over the Romans and struck some Terror into the Soldier But Lucullus found Means to cut offâ— most of his Cavalry which with the Loss of a Battel soon after so terrify'd him that he quitted his Kingdom and fled into Armenia to Tigranes who entertain'd him like a King but refus'd to admit him to his Presence All Pontus except a few Places yielded to Lucullus in a Short space and Machares King of Bosphorus sent this General a Crown of Gold by which he purchas'd the Title of his Friend and Allie This was the fourth Year of his Expedition in which Year also was happily finish'd the War with Spartacus the Gladiator in Italy This Person with seventy four of his Companions having broken out of their Fencing School at Capua fled away and wandring through all the Country round and vastly encreasing in their Numbers commenc'd a dangerous War in Italy They at last had gather'd together an Army of about 70000 Men most Vagabonds and such kind of People and all pretenders to Liberty and had besides overthrown many of the Roman Commanders and two of their Consuls till at last they were Conquer'd and despers'd by Licinius Crassus the Prooonâ—ul in Apulia a Person of great Nobility and Riches and after many Troubles and Calamities in Italy the War was ended in the third Year by him About the same time a Lustrum being performâ—d in Rome 450000 Free Citizens were Poll'd the City still encreasing in Bulk and People and the Inhabitants in Learning and Politeness as well as Corruption and Factions Lucullus having still the Management of the War against Mithridates follow'd him into Armenia sending to Tigranes King of that Country to demand him Tigranes was a very powerful Monarch having lately Conquer'd several Nations and Kings which made him so intolerably Proud that when he rode abroad he would have four of his Subduâ—d Kings run by his side like Lacqueys and when he sat on his Throne to stand before him with folded Hands in token of Subjection Tigranes being now abroad in reducing Phoenicia Lucullus's Messenger found Opportunity to draw over many to his side who had been much dissatisfy'd at his proud and insulting Carriage Tigranes at his return refus'd to deliver up Mithridates and likewise to acknowledge Lucullus as a General because he had not given him the Title of King of Kings Whereupon Lucullus suddenly passâ—d the River Euphrates with two Legions and about 3000 Horse which did not a little surprize Tigranes who first hangâ—d the Messenger of the News as a Disturber of the Peace and soon after sent Mithrobarzanes with 2000 Horse to Incommode his Passage leaving Mancaeus to cover the City Tigranocerta which he had lately built and went himself to Levy Forces While he was drawing together a vast Army of 250000 Foot and â—0000 Horse against the Romans Mithrobazanes was repellâ—d and Mancaeus driven from the Cover of the City and the Place immediately Invested Mithridates upon this advisâ—d him not to hazard all in a Battel but rather to starve the Romans but he slighted this Motion and contemnâ—d the Smallness of their Numbers saying That if the Romans were all Ambassadours they were a great many but if Soldiers very few pretending to over-run 'em with great Facility But Lucullus posting himself upon a Hill sent his Cavalry to provoke and draw out the Enemy so as he might break their Ranks and then setting upon the Carriage Beasts so successfully caus'd 'em to drive their Foot among their Horse that great Confusioâ— follow'd and a dreadful Slaughter continu'd all the day and Tigranocerta was surrender'd by means of certain dissatisfy'd Greeks in the Place After these Defeats another great Army was rais'd and committed to the Conduct of Mithridates They both endeavour'd to â—hem in Lucullus but were disappointed in their Design by his extraordinary Vigilancy and thus both Sides continu'd with little Action till want of Provisions constrain'd 'em to remove Tigranes Marching farther into his Kingdom and Mithridates into his with Lucullus not far behind him Fabius who had been left in Ponâ—us by Lucullus was overthrown by Mithridates and after him Triarius who imprudently Engag'd with him and lost â—000 of his Men. Soon after Mithridates taking with him all the Necessaries he couâ—d carry and destroying the rest March'd into the Lesser Armenia Lucullus wouâ—d gladly have follow'd him and might have put an End to the War but that now Acilius Glabrio this Years Consul by Glabinus the Tribunes Procurement was appointed to carry it on in his Place This being known in the Army Lucullus was lighted by his Men and Mithridates and Tigranes began to be more Successful than formerly In a short time Glabrio arriu'd at his Province and sent about to give Notice That the Senate being displeas'd with Lucullus for prolongging the War had disbanded his Army and wou'd Confiscate the Estates of such as shou'd disobey its Order Upon which all his Army abandon'd him except some few poor Men who had no great Cause to fear any loss of Estates and Lucullus being out of his Command Mithridates recover'd almost all his Kingdom and did much Damage to Cappâ—clocia Glabrio not so much as coming to his Army but lying idle in Bithynia This hapned in the seventh Year after Lucullus had undertaken the War III. About this time Pompey began to come into great Esteem among the Romans having now a new Occasion of shewing his great Abilities in War which was this The Pirates who had been first employâ—d by Mithridates finding their Profit so great had now got together many thousands of several Nations making choice of Cilicia for their Rendezvous and seeing that the War continu'd they thought it more Wisdom to damnify others than lose their own Estates They were now grown so Numerous and Powerful that
the middle under the command of Scipio the Spaniards whom Pompey most rely'd upon on the Right under Domitius Aenobarbus and on the Left was Pompey himself with the two Legions Caesar had restor'd at the beginning of the War under Lentulus The rest were in the same Order between Scipio's Legions and the Wings only the Auxiliary Troops at least such as fought in Order compos'd the Body of Reserve for the others they were drawn out without Order upon the Left with the Archers Slingers and all the Cavalry the Right being fortify'd by a River Caesar left two Cohorts to guard his Camp and drew up in three Lines also in the same Order with Pompey the tenth Legion was upon the Right and the ninth upon the Left almost joyn'd to the eighth The rest of the Cohorts being drawn up between these Legions were on the Centre where Domitius Calvinus commanded Sylla having the Right Wing and Anthony the Left Caesar put himself at the Head of the tenth Legion whose Valour he had often experienc'd and with design to be opposite to Pompey who intended to fall suddenly upon the Flanks of Caesar's Troops but he soon perceiv'd it by the Order of his Battel and thereupon he drew six Cohorts out of all his Troops of which he compos'd a Body of Reserve He exactly instructed them in their Duty and above all gave them to understand That all the Hopes of Victory depended upon their Valour and Conduct alone Lastly he plac'd his Cavalry so as to cover the Right of the tenth Legion ordering over and above his third Line not to march till they receiv'd a Signal from him Now it was that the Fate of the vast Empire of Rome was to be decided by the greatest Generals the bravest Officers and the stoutest Soldiers in the World each Man almost being inspir'd with the Desire of conquering Gloriously or dying Honourably As the Armies approach'd the two Generals went from Rank to Rank encouraging their Soldiers Pompey represented to his Men The Iustice and Merit of his Cause the Advantage of their Numbers strengthen'd by the Assistance of so many Illustrious Senators and the Glory lately obtain'd at the Battel of Dyrrachium Caesar was contented only to demonstrate That he had endeavour'd by all possible Means to obtain an honourable Peace and if his Enemies had pleas'd they might have spar'd the Blood of so many brave Men. So seeing the Impatience of his Soldiers to fall on he gave the Signal of Battel the Word on Pompey's side was Hercules the Invincible that on Caesar's Venus the Victorious There was now only so much Space between the two Armies as was just sufficient for the Place of Battel but Pompey order'd his Men to receive the first Shock without moving from their Places Caesar's Soldiers seeing that like Men of Skill of their own accord made a Halt in the midst of their Carrier and after taking a little Breath ran furiously upon the Enemy first discharging their Javelins then drawing their Swords as Caesar had given 'em Orders Pompey's Men receiv'd the Charge without the least Disorder and falling on with their Javelins and Swords a cruel and bloody Battel ensu'd which for some time seem'd equal Then Pompey order'd his Cavalry to charge which with the multitude of Archers and Slingers soon oblig'd Caesar's Men to give ground and got themselves upon the Flank of his Army as they first design'd Whereupon Caesar immediately order'd the six Cohorts to advance which were his Body of Reserve to charge upon the Faces of the Enemy with their Pikes ported This Contrivance disorder'd those nice and esseminate Knights and the fear of spoiling their Faces put 'em into such Confusion that upon the Rallying of Caesar's Cavalry they were all broke in a Moment and the Slingers and Archers being thus abandon'd were all cut to pieces Caesar industriously following that Advantage advanc'd and charg'd Pompey's Troops upon the Flank which Charge they stood with great Resolution and the Allies bravely defended themselves when Caesar gave the Signal for his third Line to advance which fresh Troops pouring in upon Pompey's weary'd out and attack'd on all Sides easily broke ' em The Flight began among the Strangers tho' Pompey's Right Wing still valiantly maintain'd their Ground but Caesar causing his Men to cry out Kill the Strangers but save the Romans the Romans laid down their Arms and receiv'd Quarter but a miserable Slaughter was made among the Strangers who fled with all speed Caesar now finding the Victory certain and Pompey retreated to his Trenches cry'd out to his Men That they ought to pursue the Victory and take the Enemies Camp It was now Noon-day and tho' they were wearied out with the Extremity of the Heat yet upon seeing their General march a-foot at the Head of 'em they follow'd him with great Resolution and falling on with fresh Courage the Enemy all fled to the Mountains not far off Pompey himself was so extreamly dishearten'd and confounded that here he cou'd perform nothing worthy of his great Courage or Reputation but getting on Horse-back he fled to Larissa and from thence to the Sea Caesar found throughout the Camp much rich Furniture in the Tents Tables spread with fine Linen and Cubbords cover'd with Plate which sufficiently shew'd the Luxury and Assurance of the Enemy Caesar earnestly desir'd his Soldiers Not to amuse themselves with Plunder but to compleat this glorious Victory and by means of the great Respect they bore him he prevail'd So a Trench was immediately thrown up about the Mountain where the Enemy was retreated who wanting Water were forc'd to quit it and retire to Larissa Caesar immediately follow'd 'em with four Legions and after six Miles March drew up in Battalia which caus'd the Enemy to betake themselves to a high Hill at the Foot of which ran a River Now Night approaching Caesar's Men were almost spent and ready to faint with the incessant Toil of the whole Day yet still by his obliging Persuasions he prevail'd with 'em to cut off the Conveniency of Water from the Enemy by a Trench This immediately forc'd 'em to a Capitulation only some Senators made their Escape in the Dark The next Morning Caesar order'd all the Enemy to come down into the Plain and lay down their Arms which they obey'd and falling upon their Knees before him in the most suppliant Posture begg'd for Mercy which he granted 'em with all the Clemency and Kindness imaginable and commanded his Soldiers not to offer 'em the least Incivility nor plunder their Baggage Thus Caesar by his wonderful Skill and Courage and by the indefatigable Industry of his Soldiers obtain'd the most compleat tho' not the most bloody Victory that ever General in the World did 15000 of the Enemy being slain in Battel and 24000 surrender'd he himself losing a very inconsiderable Number In the mean time the great Pompey who just before had been the glorious Commander of Kings and all the
Veturius Philo and Pomponius Matho was his Master of the Horse The new Consuls were Aemilius Paulus and Terentius Varro the former a prudent experiencâ—d Person the latter a hot rash and inconsiderate Man These had gather'd together an Army of 80000 Foot and 6000 Horse which gave great Hopes to the People but raisâ—d as great Fears in some of the wiser sort especially Fabius who with all the powerful Arguments imaginable advis'd Aemilius To beware of the Policy of Hannibal and the Rashness of Varro Both Armies met at a Village in Apulia call'd Cannae where Varro resolv'd to engage contrary to Aemilius's Advice the Enemy being about 40000 Foot and 20000 Horse This Battel was fought with dreadful Fury on both sides and Hannibal had plac'd his Men with all possible Skill and Art so that the Romans were not only forc'd to fight with Wind Dust and Sun but pressing forwards were in a little time almost surrounded In short the Abilities of the Punick General at this time were more apparent than ever who more over-match'd them in Skill than they exceeded him in Numbers making a most miserable Slaughter of the Romans till quite wearied out he commanded his Soldiers to give over Aemilius was found desperately wounded by Lentulus a Colonel who offer'd him his Horse to fly but the Consul with weeping Eyes desired him to make use of it himself and go tell Fabius that he had follow'd his Directions to the last but Fate had conquer'd him and then falling among the dead Bodies he expirâ—d In this Battel the Romans lost 50000 Men. Polybius says 70000 2 Quaestors 21 Tribunes 80 of Senatorian Order and so many Equites or Knights that 't is said that three Bushels of their Rings were sent to Carthage the Enemy having lost but 5700 Men. Never was any thing so terrible and dreadful to Rome as the News of this fatal Defeat never was the City so sadly fill'd with Terrour and Tumult and never was a more universal Mourning and Lamentation throughout all the Streets than at this time The Citizens were all in an Uproar and Consternation and the Senators themselves in great Trouble and Confusion being extreamly disturb'd in their Debates by the dismal Outcries of miserable Women tearing their Hair and beating their Breasts after a sad and deplorable manner A Dictater upon this was created which was M. Iunius his Master of the Horse being T. Sempronius and Order was immediately given to keep all the Women from coming abroad into the Streets the Senators themselves going from House to House to comfort and appease 'em what they cou'd Great Care was likewise taken to set strict Guards at the Gates to keep all Persons from abandoning the City and to make all People see That there cou'd be no possible Meanâ—s of preserving themselves but by bravely defending the Walls In a short time Varro arrivâ—d at Rome with the weak and tatter'd Relicts of his Army and tho' he had been the principal Cause of this Defeat yet the Romans out of an extraordinary Greatness of Mind went out to meet him in Multitudes and the Senate return'd him Thanks for that he had not despair'd of the Commonwealth Notwithstanding the vast Losses sustain'd by Hannibal and the Revolt of a great part of Italy immediately after this last Defeat the Romans wou'd never so much as mention Peace Whereas as Livy says No Nation under Heaven but wou'd have fainted and have suffer'd themselves to have been overwhelm'd and crush'd with the weight of so mighty a Disaster III. Thus far was Hannibal extraordinary successful and had he made the best use of this his last Victory by marching directly to Rome he might in all Probability have put an end to the War and Roman State at once but this great Soldier as Maharbal Captain of his Horse told him knew perfectly how to gain a Victory but not how to use and improve it For his careless manner of proceeding that Summer gave the Romans an Opportunity of Recovering themselves when they were almost reduc'd to a despairing Condition And now they were inspir'd with new Courage and new Resolutions of prosecuting the War without Fainting making all possible Preparations for another Campaign arming of several thousands of Slaves and filling up the Senate which wanted 177 Persons This last was done by Fabius Buteo a Dictator created for that purpose without any Master of the Horse and that before the last Dictator was out of Office who was then abroad But that which provâ—d most fatal to Hannibal was his Wintering in Capua a most wealthy and luxurious City which among many other Places had surrenderâ—d it self to him since his last Victory Heâ—â—â—e utterly spoilâ—d an excellent and hardy Army which now was so enfeebled and enervated by their immoderate Use of the Pleasures and Effeminateness of that Place that ever after his Men became impatient of Labour and the ancient Military Discipline So that Capua became a Cannae to Hannibal â—s Soldiers And now Hannibal's Fortune began to change for in the next Campaign he was worsted in a Sally out of Nola by Marcellus the Praetor and repuls'd at Casilinum after he had brought the Place to great Extremities and not long after Marcellus gave him a considerable Repulse nigh Nola which gave the Romans mighty Hopes of farther Successes In Spain the Scipio's managâ—d the War with great Success overthrowing Hanno and gaining much Ground and likewise defeating Asdrubal who but just before had been order'd by the Senate of Carthage to go for Italy and joyn Hannibal which Design by this means was broke In Sicily and Sardinia tho' several Attempts were made by the Carthaginians and some Revolts hapned yet Affairs succeeded prosperously especially in Sardinia where a Battel was fought and 12000 Carthaginians kill'd and many taken Prisoners among whom were Asdrubal Hanno and Mago all Persons of the highest Quality Rome now had the Misfortune of having Enemies on all sides of her and in all Parts of her Dominions and Territories so that the Vigour and Diligence of her Inhabitants was certainly very admirable in sending Recruits and Supplies into Spain Sicily and Sardinia those distant Countries with the same Care as against Hannibal himself But what is a greater Instance of the Roman Courage and Magnanimity is their proclaiming War with Philip King of Macedon in Greece not long after their dreadful Defeat at Cannae for his making a League with Hannibal and their venturing to invade his Dominion which they did with good Success About this time Claudius Centho was created Dictator for holding the 〈◊〉 in the Consul's Absence for a new Election and his Master of the Horse was Fulvius Flaccus The Affairs of Sicily were in a little time alter'd by the Death of Hiero King of Syracuse and the Murder of his Grandson Hieronymus not long after which caus'd great Factions in that City The prevailing Faction proving Enemies to Rome Marcellus was sent thither who besiegâ—d the great
also perform'd many great Actions overthrowing the Samnites and Storming Two of their Camps which success so elevated him that he immediately stood for the Consul-ship and obtainâ—d it having the Honour likewise of Finishing this dangerous War nigh Three years after it was begun a War so destructive that it consum'd above â—00000 of the Youth of Italy according to Paterculus This War was ended with a Disturbance in the City about Usury and the unexpected Privileges of the Conquer'd Italians who had the Freedom of the City given 'em just as the others had a short time before and so all things were happily quieted V. But Quiet and Peace was too great a Happiness for Rome at this time for the Social War was scarce finish'd when Two others broke out one the Cause of the other This first was with Mithridates King of Pontus in Asia Minor a Prince famous for his Knowledge and Learning mighty in Riches and Power of a boundless Ambition and a Former of vast Designs This King by several Actions had gainâ—d the Enmity of Ronie particularly by procuring Tigranes King of Armenia to Declare against the Roman State and by his over-running his Neighbours the Bithynians Phrygians Mysias Lycians Pamphylians and other Allies of Rome And which was more Provoking than all the rest he had taken Q. Oppius and Aquilius the latter of which he kill'd by pouring Melted Gold down his Throat continually upbraiding the Romans with Avarice and Corruption Upon all these Accounts the Romans Proclaim'd War against him and Sylla and Pompeius Rufus being Consuls it fell to the former's share to Undertake it But Sylla having not yet quite finish'd the Social War Marius stirr'd by the Desire either of Profit or of Honour perswaded Sulpicius Tribune of the People of prefer a Law for transferring the Management of this War from Sylla to him He made what Parties he cou'd and drew the People of Italy to his Side who had lately been made free of the City by promising em equal Privileges with those in the 35 Tribes which as yet they wanted so that Matters were carry'd on with Violent Heats and Contentions and Pompey's Son and Son-in-Law to Sylla was kill'd in the midst of these Tumults and Disturbances Sylla hearing of these dangerous Commotions hastned to the City easily perswading his Army to stand by him in all Exigencies for they were very unwilling to have any other go on that Expedition from which they promis'd themselves such Great Advantages His Collegue Pompey joyn'd with him and tho Marius and Sulpicius the Tribune made all possible Opposition yet after some Difficulty and Bloodshed they enter d the City and Marius with his Accomplices were forc'd to betake themselves to flight and thus began the other War which was the first Civil War of any Note among the Romans as the Troubles of the Gracchi were the first in which there had been any Blood-shed of Note Sylla did no Injury to the Citizens in General but Revers'd all that Sulpicius had done regulated the Senate procur'd Marius Sulpicius and Ten other Leading Men to be Declar'd open Enemies to their Country made it Lawful for any Person to kill them and set their Goods to Publick Sale Shortly after this he departed upon his Expedition against Mithridates who now had very much extended his Conquests even to the subduing a Great Part of Greece it self Sulpicius was in a short time taken and put to Death but Marius hid himself in the Fens of Minturnum where being discover'd a Gaul was sent to kill him but he was so dash'd and amaz'd at the Nobleness of his Presence that he cou'd not perform his Order So that Marius being convey'd out of that Place escap'd into Africk where he was joyn'd by cethegus and other who had fled into Numidia expecting a convenient Opportunity to Invade their own Country Pompeius Rufus the Consul to secure Italy was at the same time appointed to Receive and Command the Army of Pompeius Strabo who had done great Service in the Social War and had so far gain'd the Affection of his Men that they finding they were like to part with their Old General stood up and slew the Counsul himself so that now there were great Dangers and Disturbances in all Parts Cornelius Cinna and C. Octavius were made Consuls for the following Year Cinna corrupted as some are of Opinion immediately declar'd himself for the New Citizens and recall d Marius with the rest of the Exiles which Actions were so violently oppos'd by his Collegue Octavius that Cinna was by Force driven from the City and Merula put in his Place Cinna upon this going about to the Italian People by giving 'em fresh Hopes of equal Privileges with the Romans and pretending That all his Troubles and Sufferings were purely for their Sakes obtain'd great Summs of Money Marius also coming over to him shortly they together rais'd a Considerable Army and Cinna March'd directly to Rome and sat down before it to the Great Surprize and Terror of the Inhabitants Marius at the same time March'd against Ostia and took it by Force but Cinna before Rome finding he was not like to carry the Place broke up the Siege and Invested Ariminum which he soon after Storm'd Marius after the taking of 〈◊〉 advanc'd with his whole Army and posâ—ed himself upon the Hill Ianiculum joyning to Rome which again put the Inhabitants into a Great Consternation especially for that he was soon after joyn'd by Cinna The Consuls finding they cou'd not recall Sylla from Countries so far distant sent to Metellus then lying with an Army in Samnium but he differing with them about some Conditions shortly after join'd himself with Marius At which time the City was nigh being betray'd by Ap. Claudius a Tribune of the Army who was invested with the Command of the Janiculum but tho' He and Cinna Broke in they were repell'd by Octavius and Pompeius Strabo the Proconsul who was shortly after kill'd with a Thunder-bolt Marius after this took in several Towns about Rome where Provisions lay and Cinna by the fair Promises of Liberty drew great Numbers of Slaves out of the City which the Senate perceiving dispatch'd Ambassadors to Cinna and Marius desiring them to come into the City peaceably and spare their own Country-men Cinna refus'd to admit of any Address made to him as a Private Man so that they were forc'd to treat with him as Consul and desir'd him to swear that he wou'd shed no Blood Oinna absolutely refus'd to take such an Oath but promis'd that knowingly and willingly he wou'd not be the Cause of any Man's Death Marius stood by him and said nothing but gave sufficient Testimony by the Sourness of his Countenance and the Sternness of his Looks that he wou'd shortly fill the City with Massacres But the better to dissemble his Rage he at last broke Silence telling the Ambassadors that he was then in Exile and banish'd his Country by course of Law that