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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A06903	Cauelarice, or The English horseman contayning all the arte of horse-manship, as much as is necessary for any man to vnderstand, whether he be horse-breeder, horse-ryder, horse-hunter, horse-runner, horse-ambler, horse-farrier, horse-keeper, coachman, smith, or sadler. Together, with the discouery of the subtill trade or mistery of horse-coursers, & an explanatio[n] of the excellency of a horses vndersta[n]ding, or how to teach them to doe trickes like Bankes his curtall: and that horses may be made to drawe drie-foot like a hound. Secrets before vnpublished, & now carefully set down for the profit of this whole nation: by Geruase Markham.	Markham, Gervase, 1568?-1637.	1607 (1607)	STC 17334; ESTC S120787	427,164	770

property of which shooes shall be shewd more largly in their proper places The next obseruatiō you are to mark is if your horse do not take his feet clean nimblye from the ground but sweep thē so closely alōgst the earth that with stūbling carelesnes he oft indāgers both him selfe his rider thē you shal ride him with his tramels amōgst thistles or amōgst short yong gorsse or whins which pricking his legs wil make him winde thē vp both decently without fear of stūbling also if he be a horse of good corage it is good now thē to āble him ouer plowd lāds or in plain smooth waies at such time as the nights are darkest so that the horse cānot discern his way but if he only in his pace dash or strike his hinder toes vpō the ground only take vp his fore feet in good order thē you shal for a weeke or more ride him with shoes behind which shal haue little loose ringes Iingling behind in the spunges of the heeles and they will make him take vp his feete sufficientlie yet in any case you must take heede that you ride not your horse with these ringd shooes an houre longer then the amendment of his fault least you make him take vp his hinder feet higher then you should doe which is the spoyle of all ambling for I had rather beare with the lowe sweeping of his hinder feet then with his too hie taking them vp for the first is a great sign of an easie pace this latter is a most assured testimony of very hard treading which being contrarie to the work you labour for may by no meanes haue any tolleratiō Wherfore for a conclusion of this worke if you do at any time obseru that your horse doth take vp his hinder feet to high you shal thē make him weare his wisps so much the longer and if need be during the time of your teaching cause the Smith to make your hinder shooes a great deale the heauier thus by applying to these errors the remedyes which are prescribed you shall bring your horse to al the perfection goodnes which can anye way belōg to this easie pace of ābling And if any other tutor in this art shal either find fault with my precepts or prescribe vnto you any other material rudimēts which may in your iudgement runne in opposition with these which I haue published my desire is that out of the wisdome of an euen minde and the true iudgement which shal issue from a labored experiēce to way cēsure both our reasons neither out of will nor loue to noueltie become a prentise to any precepts but those which haue the greatest aliāce both with arte and reason for no man possible can haue that perfection either in this art or any other which wilnot at sometimes bee accompained with error And thus much touching mine experience in this easie Arte of ambling The end of the fourth Booke CAVELARICE OR That parte of Arte which containeth the office of the Keeper Groome of the Stable or Coach-man how horses shall be ordered both when they rest and when they iourney with all thinges belonging to their places The fift Booke LONDON Printed for Ed. White and are to be solde at his shop nere the little North doore of Saint Paules Church at the signe of the Gun 1607. To the moste noble and moste mightie Lord Edward Earle of Worcester Lord Herbert of Ragland Chepstowe Gower maister of the Horse to his Maiestie Knight of the moste noble order of the Garter TWo strong motiues Right Honorable and moste noble Lord hath imboldned me to offer this part of my labours to your worthie protection first your owne not to be controled knowledge in all the best partes of the Arte and secondly your place which makes you the greate maister both of the best horses and the best professors of the best Horse-manship and albe it may be obiected against mee that others of my countrie men haue done so excellentlye in this subiect that mine will proue but a surcharge to memory yet vnder thereformation of your Honorable fauour I suppose they are so much clad inforraine attire that their precepts are fitter for reading then practise and truely for Grison and other of his ranke to whome is due all the worthie prayses that possibly can be giuen and whose memorie I both loue and admire this is mine opinion that were they liuing at this houre and saw but some of the horse men and horses of this nation they would confesse that time and perfection had purgd their skils of many grosse deformities but of this your Lordship can better iudge by your owne knowledge thē by my relation therefore it shall be grace enough for me if your honor vouchsafe the viewe of my paines and please to number me amongst those which euer will be prest to doe your honor seruice Geruase Markham To al those which either ride vpon their owne horses or are acquainted with trauell AS a horse was at the first created for mans vse seruice so I imagine in that creation it was intended that man should in his care and respect of the beast after his iourney shew both the thankfulnes of his nature and the reward due for necessarie imployment frō whence I gather and those which either haue beene mounted ●on Iades or for want of gouernment haue had their horses faile them in their greatest needes can iudge how necessarie a thing it is to knowe how a horse should bee ordered both in his iourneying after the end of his labour in which if I haue in this treatise following giuen you such sufficient precepts as may both enable your horses discharge you of much care and fearefulnesse I doubt not but whatsoeuer malignitie shall suggest against me yet euerie vpright brest will both fortefie and defend me somuch the rather in that howsoeuer I may bee thought obscure yet I knowe I shall not be found absurde Farwell G. M. CAVELARICE The fift Booke CHAP. 1. How Stables shall be made the seate and commodities FOr as much as al horses whatsoeuer which be of any worth or estimation are during the time of their seruiceablnesse for the moste part kept in the house both because the time of the yere when their seruice is most needefull is in the winter season and also because the vnrulinesse of stond Horses is so great that they cannot be kept in order or good temper if they be not continually vnder the commaundment of the keepers hand I thinke it is fit before I proceede to the office of the keeper to speake something touching the stable and such benefits as should perfitlye belong thereunto wherefore first for the site or place where your Stable should stand I would wish euerie Horse-maister according to the abilitie of his power to place his stable vpon hard and drie ground hauing a certaine assent or rysing by meanes whereof

like in proportion to the Irish Hobbie their necks crests are well raised vpright and exceeding strong their eares are little and extraordinarily short they haue exceeding strong backs broade chines and the best hoofes of any horse liuing which is the reason that they are many times trained vp made stirrers as being horses which take an especial delight in bounding yarking and other strong saults aboue ground which most cōmonly they do with such couragious violence smartnes that they haue been seene many times to throw their shooes frō their fect with an almost incredible furie they are also exceeding good in trauell and will indure iourneying beyond many other horses they are also exceeding good in the coach as some of our English Nobilitie haue experience equall or beyond most of the best Flemmish races onely their generall fault is their littlenesse of stature Next the Pollander I place the high Almaine horse who is generally of an exceeding great and high stature And albe he haue neither neatnesse nor finenes in his shape yet is there great strength in all his proportions so that howsoeuer other men esteeme him for the shorke or the manage yet I account him best for draught or burthen they are much vsed in the warres but I thinke like their Country-men rather for a wall or defence then either for assault or action they are great slow and hard trotters Next them is the Hungarian horse who hath a great flat face crooked nose and thick head great eies narrow nostrils and broad iawes his maine rough thicke almost extending to the grounde a bushe tayle weake pasternes and a leane bodie generally his deformities are so well coupled together that they appeare comely hee is of a temperate courage and will abide much hardnesse by reason whereof they are of much vse in the warres Next the Hungarian I recken the Flemming who in most of his shapes differeth little from the Almaine His stature is tall his heade shorte and thicke his bodie long and deepe his buttocke round and flat his legges bigge and rough and his pace a short hard tro the principall vertue both of the Horses and Mares is in the draught in which they exceede all other horses otherwise for the Saddle they are both vneasie slothfull the Mares are tall large and wondrous fruitfull Next these I place the Friesland horse whose shape is like the Flemmings but not full so tall he is of a more fierce hot courage then the Flemming which makes him a little better for seruice as being able to passe a short carreire to manage beat a coruet and such like but for his inward disposition it is diuelish cruell and ful of al stubborne frowardnesse they are apt to all restiffe and malicious qualities if the discretion of the ryder preuent not their frenzie their pace is a short and hard trot Next them I place the Sweathland horse who is a horse of little stature lesser good shape but least vertue they are for the most part pied with white legges and wall eyes they want strength for the warres and courage for iourneying so that I conclude they are better to looke vpon then imploy Next and last I place the Irish Hobbie which is a horse of a reasonable good shape hauing a fine head a strong necke and a well cast bodie they haue quicke eyes good limbs and tollerable buttocks of all horses they are the surest of foote and nimblest in daungerous passages they are of liuely courage very tough in trauell onely they are much subiect to affrights and boggards They will hardly in any seruice ioyne with their enemies the reason I imagine to bee these first they are for the moste part bredde in wilde races and haue neyther communitie or fellowshippe with any man till they come to the Saddle which many times is not till they come to seauen eight nine or ten yeares olde at what time the countrie rysing doe forciblie driue the whole studd both Horses Mares Colts and Fyllies into some bogge where being layde fast they halter such as they please to take and let the rest goe This wilde bringing vp and this rude manner of handling doth in my conceite ingender this fearefulnesse in the Beast which those ruder people know not how to amend This Horse though he trot very wel yet he naturallie desireth to amble and thus much I thinke sufficient touching these seuerall kindes of Horses and their generations CHAP. 3. Of the mixture of these former races for which purpose each is best and for the breeders commoditie HAuing in the former Chapter declared the kindes Generations shapes and dispositions of all such Horses as eyther our nation hath been acquainted withall or my selfe hath tryd in mine owne experience it shall bee meete that now I mixe these races together showing which will agree best with our clymate for what purpose and howe they bring the best commoditie First for the agreeing with our clymate it is not vnknowne to all Horse-men and men either of greatnesse or experience that al those races of which I haue written haue beene and are daylie bred in this kingdome and that of so great vigor worth and goodnes that euen their owne nations haue not brought fourth anie of better estimation as by infinit instances I can approue were it not both teadious and needelesse Wherefore for me to enter into a Phylosophycall discourse touching the height of the Sunne the disposition of the ayre or the alteration of heats and coldes drawing from their effects the causes or hindrances of conception were to trouble my felfe to no purpose and to tyer others with idle ceremonies But for as much as diuers men compose their breeds to diuers purposes some for the wars seruice or pleasures of great Princes some for swiftnesse in running or toughnes in hunting some for easinesse of pace and the vse of trauell some for the draught and the portage of great burthens I will as plainelye as I can show how each race should become pounded First if you couet a race for the warres or the seruice of Kinges the Neapolitan courser is of all Stallions the best to whome I would haue ioyned the sayrest English Mares that can be gotten The next to him is the Turke who would bee mixt with the Neapolitan Mare whence springes a braue race next him the Horse of Sardinia or Corscica who begettes a braue race from the Turkie Mare lastly the Iennet of Spaine breeding vpon the fayrest Flaunders Mares To conclude any of these Horses vppon faire English Mares beget much brauer Horses then of their owne kindes and fayre English Horses vppon any of these countrie Mares doe begette moste seruiceable beasts but if you will breede onelie for swiftnesse then the Barbarie Horse is onelye best breeding eyther vppon a Mare of his owne countrie vppon Turkie Mare or English the Turkie Horse vpon the English Mare likewise doth

are of equall age and strength there may be no disorder or tumult the great ones beating the lesse or robbing them of their foode or nourishment And thus much for the weaning of foales and the partition of pastures CHAP. 17. Of the gelding of Colts and Horses and the cause the age the time of the yeare and manner of gelding I Cannot finde in any Author whatsoeuer that the vse of gelding of Colts is in any nation whatsoeuer of so great antiquity as with vs heere in England from whence as I imagine the first originall of that practise began and I am the rather induced so to thinke because I neither know nor haue heard of any counttie whatsoeuer that can boast of so many good goodly and seruiceable Geldings as Englād at this houre can shoe the cause wherof I think ●ath proceeded from our continuall vse of trauelling winter Sūmer in which men desire to ride easily fast ●nd quietly Now for as much as stond horses naturally out of the pride of their courage doe most cōmonly trot therwithal are exceeding rāmish vnruely especially in the companie of mares and other horses there sprung from some inuenting brayne both the ●euice to make horses amble which is the pace of ease and the practise of gelding horses which is the meanes of quietnes Now wheras one of our English writers ●aith that a stond horse wil not trauell so farre in a day as a Gelding in that he is infinitlie deceiued and I impute his error onely to his want of experience for all Horsemen knowe this especially those whose practise consists in hunting Horses or running Horses that the good stond horse will euer beate and ouer labour the good Gelding nay more whereas the Gelding if once ●e be ouer laboured or tyred doth neuer againe recouer his first goodnes the ston'd horse on the contrarie part if he be neuer so sore tyred with a little refreshing getteth againe his strength and is againe as good as e●er he was for new labour the reason whereof I take to be this that the Geldings wanting that natural and liuelye heate which a stond Horse inioyeth are of more abiect and deiected spirits so that when their labour comes to exceed their strength their faintnesse and cowardlines of their dispositions makes them yeeld to tyring the sence whereof they neuer forgoe all their liues after but to returne to our purpose howsoeuer this practise of gelding of Colts was begū yet for as much as we finde a profit therein both in our trauell and also in our light seruice in the wars it shal be requisite that I set downe the age time of the yeare and moone which is most fit for the gelding of Colts And first for the age although some of our late Authors would haue Colts gelded when they are two yeares old which in truth is a very good sure and tollerable time because at that age a Coltes stones will be come downe and hee is of good strength and abilitie to indure both the griefe and torment yet I doe not holde it the best and choycest time of all for that purpose because the longer that a Colt goes vngelt the thicker and fatter his head will growe his crest also will be thicke and heauie and the act it selfe by reason of the toughnesse and hardnesse of the strings and cordes will be both more dangerous and more painefull Now therefore the onely choice and best time of all for gelding of Colts is euer when the foale is iust nine daies olde for at that time nature hath so little force in those partes and the cords and stringes of those instruments are so tender and easie to be broken fluxes of blood and other grosse or impostumating humors are so little incident to foales of such youngnes that there is no more danger at that time in gelding of a Foale then in gelding of a Lambe neyther is there greater labour for to foales of such youngnesse there needes no caulteryzing with hot yrons stytching or other implastering which elder Colts must of necessitie haue besides a Foale of such youngnesse sucking vpon the Damme eates no bad or vnwholsome meate but liuing onely vppon milke keepes that dyet which preserues the sore from ranckling swelling or rotting insomuch that my selfe haue gelt a foale at that age when ●ine experience was almoste in that matter as young ●s the foale and haue had him soūd whole in seauen ●aies applying nothing to the sore but sweete butter which is an euident proofe to confute those which say ●at the gelding of a foale young decayes the growthe ●f the foale for sure the paine being ended in lesse then ●auen daies the griefe therof can neither lose growth ●or strength but if they meane that the depriuing the ●oale of those instruments so earelye doth decay his ●owth then by all reason to geld at two yeares old ●ust decay it much more both because the foale at ●at age hath more sence vse and strength in those instruments then at the former age by meanes whereof ●he losse of them is by a thousand degrees more painfull greeuous the cure therof is neuer finished in 〈◊〉 month many times not in two and sometimes not ●n three monthes which teadiousnes of griefe cannot ●huse but abate both growth strength and courage Now the benefit which is gotten by gelding Foales thus yong is First besides the safenesse no danger in the cure it maketh your Gelding haue a delicate fiine leane head of comely shape well fauorednesse and proportion many times not vnworthy to be compared with the choycest Barbarie it makes him to haue 〈◊〉 gallant crest high thinne firme and strong it is a great cause of swiftnesse nimblenesse and courage by which it is certaine they will not tyer so soone as those which are gelt of elder age But if it bee so that your Foale haue not let downe ●is stones so soone neither that you can by chafing or towsing his codde compel him to let thē come downe which none but some fewe dull Foales will doe you must then of necessitie let him ouer-slippe that time and stay till the fall of the leafe after for by no meanes I can allow gelding of Foales in Summer both because of the excessiue heate and the crueltie of the flye both which are dangerous and sometimes mortall to young foales but if at the fall of the leafe hee doe not let downe his stones then you must stay till the Spring for the extremitie of the cold in Winter is as euill as the heate in Summer occasioning inward swelling canker and putrification so that the time to geld Foales is eyther in the Spring or at the fall of the leafe the age from nine daies olde to two yeares olde and the state of the Moone euer when it is in the weane If after your foales bee gelt their cods and sheathes happen to swell exceeding much as there is no question but

haue their mouthes cut to make a place for the bytt but to haue the bytt moulded and proportioned according to the shallownesse of the mouth for were it necessarie that all bytts should be of one quantitie proportion then I should draw some what nearer to their opinions but in as much as they are to bee made eyther in length roundnes thicknesse sharpnes or flatnes according to the nature shape and temper of the mouth why should horsemen make thēselues eyther tyrants or Fooles to torment without cause or inuent to no purpose those tortures or stratagems which shall rather make vs scornd then imitated Againe these inconueniences a horse-man shall finde that wil slit vp his horses mouth first the skilfulst horse●each that is shall neuer heale it according to the order prescribed in such sort that euer it will meet close againe because the searing of the skinne with hot yrons doth so seauer and dispresse it that it wil neuer after meete close together againe insomuch that when he eateth his meate it will fall out of his mouth and put him to a double trouble and a double time in eating Also when hee drinketh the water likewise wil run out of his mouth and both annoy and grieue ●im Lastlye and which is of all the foulest eye-sore you shall euer haue a horse that is so cut both in the house and abroad continually slauering because the moysture which commeth into his mouth cannot be ●elde in but will issue foorth at those open places to ●e great trouble of the horse himselfe and the annoyance of such Horses as shall stand neare him for this by dayly experience we see that those barbarous ignorant Horsemen which with distempered hands rough ●rackes or twound snaffles doe teare and breake their horses mouthes that euen those horses haue all the inconueniences before mencioned Now besides this drawing of teeth and cutting of mouthes there is also a third practise which many yeares since I haue seene vsed by Prospero and now to my no little admiration I see the opinion fortyfide by Salamon de la Broue a man of exquisite practise and knowledge and that is when a horse dooth in his riding thrust foorth his tongue and will not by any meanes bee made to keepe it in his mouth he would haue you to take an instrument made according to the proportion of this figure here presented which opening and shutting like a paire of flat nippers you may in it take and hold the horses tongue so hard and flat that he cannot stirre it and then according to the circkle of the instrument which must carrye the proportion of the horses tongue with a sharpe rasor cut so much of his tongue away as hee puts out of his mouth The fashion of the instrument is this Truely vnder the correction of his better knowledge I can giue no allowance to this kinde of dismembring for besides that it is both vnnaturall and hurtfull to the beast whose tongue is his onely instrumēt for the taking vp of his prouender for the conueyance of euerie seuerall kinde of foode downe into his stomack I see not but if any part of it taken away or diminished but that the horse by such lacke must incur many mischiefes Againe this I knowe that no man hath euer seene anye foale foaled with his tongue eyther to lōg or too big for his mouth nature making euerye member sutable to his place and imployment so that if a horse eyther by custome torment or sufferance come to be disfigu●ed with such a foule and odious falt I must for mine ●wne part impute the whole ground and cause thereof ●o be onelie the vnskilfulnesse of the Ryder who wan●ng knowledge or discression either to make his bytt ●ccording to the modell of the horses mouth or to ●uowe when the tongue is either at too much libertie ●r too much streightned brings on these foule errors ●hich are not to be cured but with much greater mis●iefes and so by these deuises doe imagine to couer ●e deformitie of their Ignorance for had I euer seene 〈◊〉 my worthy olde Maister Maister Thomas Storye or ●ight in these daies see by the example of noble Sir ●obert Alexander or any of their equall knowledge ●hich without flatterie I thinke Europe scarse con●ines that this drawing of teeth cutting of mouthes ●d dismembring of tongnes whereby they eyther allowed or practised I should whatsoeuer I thought ●e more amazedly silent but because I see horses of ●eir makings haue no such aparant deformities be●sides in my selfe know that al the errors frō whence ●sius and others draw the groundes of these inuenti●s haue many better safer and more comelie reme●s I could not chuse but make thys protestation and ●fence against this tyrannical martyring of poore hor●s concluding thus that if eyther your horses teeth ●nd too straite or his mouth be too shallowe that you ●ake the preportion of the bit lesse and fit with the ●orke of nature and if he thrust out his tongue as ha●ng too great libertie by the opennesse of the byt that ●en your bit be made closer so as it may restraine the ●ngue from too much freedome but if it proceede from too much closenes and pressing down of the bytt that then the libertie thereof be augmented eyther by whole and smooth port vpset mouth or such like Lastly fit proceede from neither of these causes but euen frō an euill habit naughty conditiō of the horse you shall then as soone as the bytt is in his mouth if hee thrust out his tongue first knocke it in with the great end of your rodd and then buckle the nose-band of your brydle head-stall so straight that he shall not be able to open his teeth and thus riding him but a weeke or a little more hee will soone both forget and forgoe that vice and thus much for these cruell inuentions CHAP. 20. Of the seperating of bad Colts and Mares from the good and which shall maintaine the race still IT is not the dilligence of man neither the curyositie of his choice although they bee the two moste especiall cares which begets a man his owne desires in this matter of breeding of Horses which can acertaine vnto any man that he shall breede horses all of one stature strength beautie and goodnesse sith thereby diuers casualties as sicknesse or infirmitie in the Mare or Foale negligence in keepers rushes straynes heates or coldes and such like which may make foales though they be all of one breede much different and almoste contrary in proofe some proouing good some bad and some indifferent wherefore I would wish euerye good breeder once a yeare especially at Michaelmas to looke ouer his whole studde and amongst those Mares and Foales which shall be three yeres old the vauntage to cull out them which be most beautifull strong nimble and couragious and to seperate them for his owne vse the rest which either by infirmitie or casualtie haue

Stirrops which we found most commodious for that practice which are those we can hold fastest in the horses running or leaping and the soonest shake off in extremitie when he falleth I foorth-with from the model of the hunting Stirrop caused the like in proportion though stronger of more massines to be made for the great horse Saddle and found them better more certain then any I had before induced Now to proceed to my purpose when your horse is thus man'd sadled and firmely gyrt your crooper sure and strongly buckled and your stirrops of their euen and due length which according to the opinion of la Broue I would haue the right-foote stirroppe a thought shorter then the left because when a man encounters his enemie with his Launce he must a little lean to his left side putting his right shoulder the more forward or when he encounters with the sworde the lifting vp of his right arme to raise his blow makes him ease his right foote stirrop and tread the firmer on his left for these and such other like reasons it is found fit to make the left stirrop the longer When this is done you shall present vnto your horse the bridle which hee shall first weare which according to the opinion of my maister Grison should be the Cauezan head-straine for he vtterly disallows the byt at the first riding til a horse can trott forward and turne readily on both hands la Broue he would haue the Cauezan chaine plaine without teeth which indeede is more generally good for hauing in it more force of correction it bringeth the sooner and easier obedience both haue beene and are good in their kinds and diuers horses I know will ride as obediently with them as with bitte or any other inuention for for mine owne part I once rid a blacke bastard Courser which was afterwards giuen to the Earle of Essex in whom I found that tractabilitie and sencablenesse that before euer I put byt in his mouth he would haue set a turne on both hands either double or single managed faire or done any ordinarie ayre or sault meete for a horse of seruice but when he came to weare a byt I found his mouth so exceeding tender and out of the greatnesse of his courage I found him euery way so apt vpon the least torment to disorder and grow franticke that I condemned my selfe and found it was a course to spend a double time for one single horse making wherefore differing both from Xenophon Grison la Broue and others I onely relie as vpon the surest rocke foundation layer of this Arte vpon my famous maister maister Thomas Storie who was so exquisite in euery perfection of horsmanship that many at this day who would disdaine to h●e other ranke then amongst the best horsemen were but groomes and leaders of horses to his schoole and onely attained their skils by beholding and obseruing his practise their eyes and memories being their best school maisters and according therefore to his rule I would haue you put vpon your horses heade the Musroll before prescribed which done you shall put into his mouth hauing it fastned to a strong head-stall with strong reynes of broad leather a trench in thicknesse as bigge as a Canon of the smallest size which for your better instruction you may behold in this figure The Trench Notwithstanding I haue seene who rather to mend the intēperance of their owne hands then for any iust fault belonging to the trench haue in stead thereof vsed a plaine watring snaffle made according to this figure The outside of the watring snaffle The inside of the watring snaffle But this watring snaffle I cannot allow for any other vse thē to leade a gentle horse or to tie vp a horse withall during the time of his dressing or for the groome to ryde a ridden horse withall when there shall be occasion to swim him in the water as whē he l●eth in the soile or at such times which is most wholsome For to apply it according to the nature of the trench it is too smooth and doth rather dead and dul the mouth then preserue it in any sencable feeling for euery horse naturally when he shall feele the gentlenesse thereof will hang vpon it an● when any cause of contention shall grow betweene the rider and the horse rather rebell against it then go about to obey it the trench therefore I conclude to be of all things most fit for the mouthing of a yong Colt at his first riding The trench being put on which you must not forget at the first putting on to annoint with honie and salt that the colt may take pleasure therein you shal then take the Martingall and buckling the one end vnder the horses brest you shall buckle the other ende to the neither part of the Musroll but at such large length that neither in the tossing vp of his head nor in thrusting out his nose he find any impediment thereby which done you shall make the Groom by laying his hand on the left side of the Musroll to leade him to the blocke which should euer bee placed neare vnto some euen wall so that the horse might be lead alongst the wall to the blocke but if hee be of such a flegmatike or melancholie disposition that either he refuse to lead or to approach vnto the block you shall at first according to the opinion of la Broue fortifie him with incouragements faire wordes clappings and strokings but if it auaile not then you shall cause some by-stander with a rod in his hand to stand behind him and first with a threatning voice without touching him with the rod to force him to approach to the block but if he still rebell then shall he that standeth behinde giue him a Ierte or two vpon the nether part of his buttocks so inforce him to come to the block when he is come to the blocke both his rider his leader and his driuer shall cherish him and clap him and giue him grasse or something els to eate but if he refuse to stand quietly at the block and couet to presse forward then shall another stander by with a rodde in his hand stand before his face and threaten him but not strike him if being thus assaild both before and behind and on euery side hee shall fall into any franticke passion and either seeke to plunge reare vpright bite or strike then I would haue you according to the opinion of Grison and the present vse of the Italians to desist from further molestation and forthwith lead him to some peece of new plowde ground where holding the long reine of the trench in your hande let the standers by chace him about you first on one hand then on another which done goe to him and offer to put your foot in the stirrop at which if he seeme coy you shall then chase him againe and not leaue him till hee will stand quietly suffer you to put your

the way where there bee manie Scarres and Boggards if when the olde horse taketh no affright but passeth quietlie on the following horse taketh Scarres almoste at euerie thing he heares seees both his eies and eares beeing the ministers of his feare when this you note be assured that horses feare proceedes from the cowardlines of his nature and complexion if hee followe the olde horse stoutly without any feare and onely when hee is alone apprehendeth all manner of feares then bee assured all his fearefullnesse proceedes onely from his youth and ignorance in those strange sights and noyses which he sees and heares but if hee passe stoutlie by many strange sights and stranger noyses onely at some particular sights and noyses paraduenture lesse feareful then those he stoutly endureth he finde Scarres and affrights then assure your selfe that his error comes from custome and that hee hath in former times beene affrighted with those thinges which then he feareth If he onelie take affright at what hee sees and not at what he heares starting at showes but not at noyses then you shall assure your selfe that all his feares proceede onely from the imperfectnesse of his sight and from no other cause But for as much as some horses may haue more then one nay all these imperfections as both being naturally fearefully yong formerly scard and imperfect of sight I would wish all horsmen to haue in their stables both Drums and Trumpets which beating and sounding continually in the horses eares will embolden them and make them hardie agaynst all soūds whatsoeuer yet you must not at the first let such soundes be hard in their full lowdnesse but making your Drumme first beate verie softly after increase the lowdnesse as the horse increases in boldnesse till in the ende you may beate the Drumme to his vttermost height And likewise for your Trumpet you shall at first make it sound verie lowe by stopping the great ende either with a Clarin or with a Gloue or such like till the horse bee acquainted there-withall and then you shall cause the Trumpet to sounde as lowde and shrill as is possible It is good also when your horse stands in the stable to fasten to the head-stall of his coller in stead of reynes two long Chaines of yron made with rounde long wrythen linkes which running to and fro through the Maunger may make a gingling and noyse when the horse mooueth you shall also sometime when you ride your horse cause his heade and necke to bee armed with a Shaferne and other peeces belonging to a horse and as you ride euer to be rapping vpon the armour with the great ende of your rodde that you may acquaint him with the noyse thereof you shall also at sometimes when the groome dresseth your horse cause him to bee armed at all peeces aboue the waste onely his face bare and being so accoutered to rubbe and dresse him which when the horse indureth with pacience then the groome shal put vpon his heade a close caske and with it couering his face goe to the horse and standing directly before his face rubbe the horses heade and necke all oner which done hee shall giue him bread oates or other prouender When hee is thus imboldned you shall arme your selfe at all peeces aboue the waste and then taking his backe you shall receyue into your hande a small long Poale no bigger then a Hawkes Poale and carrying it vpon your thigh like a Launce you shall ride him into some conuenient peece of ground and first vpon his trot charge it betwixt both his eares then on the one side of his head then on the other so as he may see it as it is charged on each side of his face then you shall do the like vpon his galloppe And lastly as he galloppeth you shall clappe the Poale ouerthwart your breast vnder your arme and so break it that your horse may heare the noyse thereof After you haue practised this a good space and that he shewes all liuelinesse and spirite in the action you shall then cause another man also to arme himselfe and beeing mounted vppon some olde ridden horse well vsed to such practise hee shall also take another such like Poale and beeing come into the fielde hee shall place himselfe threescore or fourescore yardes from you and directly opposite against you then shall you trott one against the other yet in pathes so different that you may passe by each other without touching or rushing one vppon another and when you come within twise the length of your Poales one of another you shall charge your Poales one agaynst another but not touching one the other with your Poales you shall passe by each other After you haue thus done fiue or sixe times together vppon a swift trott you shall then doe the same vppon an easie gallop and at the last as you come directly one by the other you shall each of yon breake your Poales vnder your armes so that your horses may heare the noyse or crash which done you shall alight cherish your horse giue him either grasse breade or some thing els to eate and so set him vp in the Stable for that time When your horse is thus perfite in the vse of armour and staffe you shall then in the stable drawe a bright sworde before your horses face and first making him smell to it you shall then rubbe him about the head face and necke with it then putting a Shaferne vppon the horses heade you shall softly and in gentle maner rappe him with the sworde vppon the Shaferne and vpon those peeces which are vppon his necke which when hee paciently indureth you shall then with your sworde in your-right hande mount vppon his backe and all the way as you trott to the riding place you shall brandish the sword about your horses face so as he may see the sworde and now and then with the pommell thereof knocke vpon the horses shaferne when you come to the riding place you shall there haue an Image made like a man and armed at all peeces from heade to foote To this Image you shall trott and first making your horse smell thereto you shall then trott about it and euer as you pace or trott about it you shall strike vpon it with your sworde making the armour sounde and ring in the horses eares your selfe euer cherishing and encouraging your horse in all his exercises This done you shall cause an other armed man to mount vppon an olde ridden horse who comming faire and lostlye towardes you as soone as you ioyne knee to knee you shall with each of your swordes rappe softly vpon each others armour and sometimes softly vpon your horses Shafferns and other armed peeces then you shal cause the other horseman to retyre backe from you whome you must pursue striking softly somtimes at the horse sometimes vpon the man in the ende you shall make him turne his backe vppon you and offer to trott away but

ouer loading of a horsse vpon the fore shoulders by some great cold taking or when a horsse hath layne with his necke awry as either ouer the gruppe-tree behind the planchers or in the field ouer some moale hill or in some hollowe furrow the signes are a horse can sometimes not stirre his necke any way some times but one way and from these Crickes many times come Feuers and other inward sicknes The euer is not according to the opinion of old Martin drawe him alongst each side of the necke from the roote of the eare to the brest a straw bredth deepe and then to put a rowell in his forehead annointing it with hogs-grease for it is grosse sauors nothing of good arte but you shall first purge the horse with the scowring of butter and garlicke then holding a panne of coales vnder him you shall al to chafe the nape of his necke the temples of his head and his whole neck with sacke and the oile of Cipresse mixt together and made hotte vpon a chafing-dish and coales then cloath him vp warme and ride him in some warme place gently for an hower and more this if you doe three or foure dayes assuredly the Crick wil vanish CHAP. 39. Of Wennes in the neck WEnnes are great or little rounde swellings like tumors or pustules ōly there is not in thē any inflamatiō or sorenes their insides are tough and spungie yet in coulour yellow like resed bacō they proceed frō corruptiō of blood cold humors and the euer is thus first apply vnto it rosted sorrell or the plaster of Pitch and Hogs-grease mixt together for the space of seuen daies to see if you can bring it to a head or rottennes which if it doe then you shall launce it and after the filth is come forth you shal heal the wound with the salue made of Turpentine wax and Deare suet But if by no meanes it will come to any head or rottennes then you shall oner night apply round about the wenne Bole-armonike and vineger mixt together then the next morning after you haue set fresh butter to boile vpon the fier and put a calterising iron in the fier also you shall then take off the plasters and the horse beeing fast helde first you shall first with a rasor and warme water shaue all the haire from the wenne then you shall note how the veines runne that as neare as you can you may misse them then with an incision knife you shall cut the wenne cleane away and with spunges taking away the blood leaue not any part of the yellow substance which done you shall calterize the sore with scalding hot butter but if that will not stay the fluxe of blood you shal then calterise the heads of those veines which bleede most with the hot Iron then making a plegant of soft to we as broad as the sore dip it in fresh butter molten very hotte and laye it vppon the sore then couer it ouer with the plaster of waxe turpentine and Deares suet and so let not the sore bee stirrd for eight and fortie hours then vpon the second dressing if you see any of the substance of the wenne be left vncut away you shal then take hogs-grease and vardigrease molten together and with it dresse the sore till it haue eaten away all the grosse matter and then heal vp the sore with the salue before prescribed CHAP. 40. Of Swelling in the necke after blood-letting SWelling after-blood letting proceeds from diuers causes as if the Orifice be made too great and so the subtill winde strike sodainely into the wounde or if presently after a horse is let blood you turn him to grasse and so by thrusting downe his head too sooue to eat his meate the blood revert backe and fester about the wounde or if the smith be negligent and strike him with a rustie or venome fleame The cuer whereof is thus you shal take wheate flower two or three handful as much sheeps suet shreaded small and as much Camomile shredded small likewise boile them altogether in three pintes of newe milke till they be very thicke then take it very hotte and lay it vnto his neck this pultis will in once or twice laying to either dissolue the humor or drawe it to a head and breake it which if it do then you shall heale vp the sore with a little Turpentine Waxe and Hogs-grease molten together made into a soft salue some Farriers vse to breake the sore with the oile of camomile or with old rotten lit ter or with wet hay and then to taint it with Turpentine and hogs-grease only till it be whole but it is not so good a cuer for it wil be both longer in ripning when it is broken the tainting will bring downe such a fluxe of humours that I haue oft seene such sores turne to Fistulas which had they beene but ordinarily delt withall nature it selfe would haue cured CHAP. 41. Of staunching of blood whether it come by blood-letting or by any wound receiued IF either by disorderly blood-letting as when the veine is striken cleane thorow or the orifice by the vnstaidnes of the Farriers hand is made too great or if by any casuallyty a horse receiue a wound amongst the principall veins so that the flux of blood will not be staid for as touching that opinion that the veine will not bee stopt which is strooke when the signe is in that parte it is both idle and friuolous the cuer thereof is thus take bole-armonike and vineger and mixing them thick together dip flaxe therin lay it to the wound it wil stanch the blood a sod of new erth laid to the wound wil stanch blood also hot horse dung being applied wil do the like or if you temper with the dung chalk vineger it is good also yet to apply any of these medicins in case of any sore or grieuous wound they are dangerous for making the wound gangrean so that I allow the powder of blood to be much better then any of them but if it faile in extreamity to worke the effecte you desire you shall then garter or binde your horse very straite aboue both his foreknees also vnder his fore-knees aboue both his hinder cambrelles and vnder the spauen ioints you shall then draw a sursingle very strait about his body also and so letting him but stand a little space you shall presently see his blood staunch which assoone as it doth you shall apply to the wound sallet oile hogs grease molten together boyling hot and then vnbinding him let him abide with that dressing the space of 48. houres at the least and then you shall not need to feare any more the flux of blood CHAP. 42. Of the falling of the Crest THe falling of the Crest is when the Crest or vp per part of the neck on which the mane grow eth which naturally shold stand vp strong firmely doth either laine to the

vppe and downe and shewed both to Princes and to the common people which were so farre beyond conceit that it was a generall opinion and euen some of good wisedome haue maintained the assertion that it was not possible to bee done by a Horse that which that Curtall did but by the assistance of the Deuill but for mine owne part I knowe that all which so thought were infinitely deceiued and these two reasons leade mee thereunto that first I perswade my selfe the Man was exceeding honest And secondly that I know by most assured tryals that ther was no one tricke which that Curtall did which I will not almost make any Horse do in lesse then a months practise and that for as much as euer I saw him doe which I perswade my selfe was as much as other Men I euer found a dyrect rule and Method by which the Horse was gouerned and dyrected And thus much I thought good to write touching the excellency of a Horses aptnesse and vnderstanding CHAP. 5. How a Horse may be taught to doe any tricke done by Bankes his Curtall ALthough La Broue do much discommend and dispraise the teaching of a horse to do these vnnecessary and vnnaturall actions which more properly do be long to Dogges Apes Munkies and Baboones yet because Mens natures are so apt to delight in nouelties in as much as I desire to giue satisfaction to all humours whatsoeuer vpon profit and reason and because these vnprofitable to yes shew in a Horse an extraordinary capacity an obseruant feare and an obedyent loue all which are to be esteemed worthy qualities I will shew you in this breefe relation by the example of two or three tricks how you shall make your Horse to doe any other action as well as any Dogge or Ape whatsoeuer except it bee leaping vpon your shoulders climbing vppe houses or vntying knots all which are contrary to the shape and strength of his greate body but for fetching or carrying as commonly Dogges doe for counting numbers with his feete or for chusing out any particular person amongst a multitude or any other such like motion those you shall perceiue are to bee taught with great ease and assurance if a man will imploy his labour thereunto and not neglect the principall obseruations which necessarily depend vpon such instructions You shall therefore know that if you will haue your Horse fetch and carry either Gloue Handkerchife Hat or any such like thing you shall first bring your Horse to an especiall loue fear and knowledge of your person by this meanes You shal not suffer any Man whatsoeuer to rubbe dresse or so much as to speake to the Horse but your selfe only neither shall you let him haue any foode Drinke or other nourishment but what he receiues from your hand and to that end you shall continually keepe him in the Mussell you shall seldome bee from him but either picking or trimming him you shall when you walke abroade take him in a string abroade with you and make him so conuersant and familiar with you suffering no other Man to giue him either faire word or faire looke that in the end the Horse finding that hee receiues neither food nor comfort from any Creature but your selfe he may so wedde his inclination vnto yours that as if it were a Dogge which would follow his Maister so you shall make your Horse to attend and followe you vppe and downe whichis an easie thing to bring to passe as you may perceiue by many foot-cloath Horses in the Cytty vvhich onely through a little custome will follovve their keepers vvhethersoeuer they goe novv you must obserue that vvhilest you make your Horse thus to loue and delight in your company you must also make him stand in awe and feare of your displeasure correcting him euer with a sharpe rod when he doth any thing contrary to your will and both cherrishing him and giuing him something to eate whensoeuer hee doth any thing to your liking and in correcting him you must euer obserue to acquaint him but with one torment as if it be with the Rodde then you shall by no meanes vse Whippe Cudgell or to strike him with your fists and to this actuall torment you shall euer adde but one word of terrour or threatning so likewise in cherrishing besides foode you shall vse but one manner of clapping or clawing him nor but one certaine worde of encouragement for as the vse of many wordes many corrections and many chirrishinge makes him he can neither vnderstand any word any correction or any cherrishing perfectly so the vse of one single worde certainely to one purpose makes the Horse as perfitly by custome know the meaning thereof as your selfe that speakes it as thus for example If your Horse out of ignorance bee about to doe contrary to your will then to vse this word Be wise at which if he do not stay and take better deliberation but wilfully pursue his error then to correct him and vse this word Villayne or Traitor or such like so you vse but one word and when he doth as you woulde haue him to cherrish him and vse this word So boy in a short space you shal bringe him to that knowledge that he wil wholy be directed by those words and your commaundement you shal neuer at any time giue him any food but when he doth something to deserue food that knowing alwaies the cause why hee hath foode hee may with more diligence regard and obserue you in whatsoeuer you do Now when you haue thus made your horse acquainted with obedience and louing vnto you ready to obserue euery thing which shal proceed from you when he knowes perfectly the diuersitie of your wordes and the cause of your great tormenting and punnishing him when you haue brought him to an empty body an hungry appetite so that euen for his belly sake he wil dubble his diligence for it is a general rule that neither flying Hawke nor setting Spanyel must bee kept more empty then a horse in this case then you may begin to teach him to fetch your gloue first by making him take your Gloue into his mouth and holding it then by letting the gloue fal to the ground and making him take it vp and lastly by throwing the gloue a pretty way from you and making him fetch it and deliuer it vnto you euery time he doth to your contentment yow shal giue him two or three bits of bread and when he offends you then two or three strokes or if you finde him verye wilful or vnapt to conceiue then as soone as you haue corrected him you shal put on his mussel and let him stand for at least six hours after without meat and then proue him again yet you must haue great patience in teaching him at the first and not leaue him by any meanes til he doth something fashion himselfe to your liking and after once you perceiue he doeth vnderstand you then if he doe