many reasons into one corner which before were scaterde abrode to thentent that our talke might appere more vehement As when by many coniectures and great presumptions we gather that one is an offendor heapyng them al into one plumpe whiche before were sparpled abrode and therefore did but litle good As thus To proue by coÌ„iectures a murder committed I might thus say against a suspected person My Lordes do not weye my wordes and sentences seuerally but consider them all altogether If the accused persone here shall receiue profite by this other mans deathe if his lyfe heretofore hath euer been euill his nature couetouse his wealthe most slendre and that this dead mans gooddes could turne to no mans auaile so muche as vnto this accused person and that no man could so easely dispatche him and that this man could by no better meanes compasse his desier and that nothyng hath been vnattâ—mpted whiche might further his naughtie purpose nothyng doen thâ—t was thought needelesse and seeyng a meete place was chefely sought for and occasion serued very wel the tyme was most apt for suche an attempte and many meanes heretofore deuised to compasse this offence and greate hope bothe to kepe it close and also to dispatche it and besydes that seeyng this man was seen alone a litle before in the same place where this other man was slaine and that this mans voice whiche did slaye hym was hard a litle before in the same place where this other man was slaine and seyng it is well knowne that this man came home late the same night and the nexte daie after beyng examined did answere confusedlie fearefullie and as though he were amased and seeyng al these thynges are partely showed by wittenesses partely by good reason partely by his owne confession and partely by the reporte that comonly goeth of hym whiche by lyke is not spoken without some ground It shalbe your partes worthie iudges wayng al these thynges together to geue certaine iudgement of hym for this offence and not to thynke it a matter of suspicion For it might haue been that thre of foure of these coniectures beyng proued might geue but onely a cause of suspicion but whereas all these together are plainely proued by hym it can not be otherwise but that he hath offended It is an excellent kynd of Amplifiyng when thynges encreased and thynges diminished are both set together that the one may the rather beautifie the other As if when Gods goodnesse towardes vs wee largely amplified we did streight extenuate our vnthanfulnesse towardes him again As thus Seeyng God hath made man a creature vnto his owne likenesse seeyng he hath geuen hym lyfe and the spirite of vnderstandyng endewyng hym with hâ—s manifolde graces and redemyng hym not with vile money but with his owne preciouse bodie sufferyng deathe and blodesheddyng vpon the Crosse the rather that man might lyue for euer what an vnthankefull parte is it yea what an hainouse thyng is it for man so ofte to offende so ofte to wallowe in suche his wickednesse and euermore for Goddes louyng kyndnesse to showe hym selfe of all other creatures most vnkynde Lykewyse contraries beyng rehersed and the euil immediatly vtterde after the good make muche for encrease As many men now a daies for sobrietie folowe gluttonie for chastitie take leachery for truthe lyke falsehode for gentlenesse seeke crueltie for iustice vse wrong dealyng for heauen hell for God the Deuill to whome they will without peraduenture it Goddes grace be not greater ¶ Of mouyng affections BEcause the beautie of Amplifiyng standeth most in apte mouyng of affections It is needefull to speake somewhat in this behaulfe that the better it may be knowne what they are and howe they maie bee vsed Affections therefore called Passions are none other thyng but a stirryng or forcyng of the mynde either to desier or elles to detest and lothe any thyng more vehemently then by nature we are commonly wonte to doe We desier those thynges we loue them and lyke them earnestly that appere in our iudgement to be goodlie we hate and abhorre those thynges that seeme naughte vngodlie or harmefull vnto vs. Neither onely are wee moued with those thynges which we thinke either hurtful or profitable for our selues but also we reioyce we sorie or we pitie an other mannes happe And euermore there are twoo thynges whiche moue vs either this waie or that waie The matter selfe whiche doth happen or is lyke to happen and the person also whome the matter dothe concerne As for example If a wicked wretche haue his desertes we are al glad to heare it but if an innocent shoulde be cast away we thynke muche of it and in stomake repine against wrong iudgement If an euil man finde muche fauour we enuie his good happe yea it greeuâ—th vs thâ—t any suche shoulde haue suche fauour showed And not onâ—ly doe we hate the euil that are come to any wealth but also we enuie commonly all suche as come to any preferrement especially if either they haue been as poore men as we are or elles came of a meaner house than we haue done No one man woulde haue any to be better than hym selfe and euery one enhableth his owne goodnes to deserue lyke dignitie with the best And whereas some haue goâ—te before startyng soâ—bdeinly from an inche to an elle we spare not to saie that flattery made theim speede and though they haue muche gooddes yet are they cleare voide of all goodnes and therefore muche good may it do theim we woulde not come by gooddes in suche sorte to wynne al the worlde â–ª for the Deuill and they saie wee shall parte stakes with theim one daie And thus wee can neuer bee content to geue our neighbour a good woorde Yea though they haue serued right well and deserued a greate rewarde wee muste needes finde some faulte with theim to lessen their praises and saye that though their desertes bee great yet their natures are nought none so proude though fewe bee so hardy none so enuiouse though fewe so faithfull none so couetouse though fewe so liberall none so gluttonouse though fewe kepe suche an house And thus thoughe wee graunt them one thyng yet we will take another thyng as fast againe from them Suche a man is an excellent felowe saieth one he can speake the tongues wel he plaies of instrumentes few men better he feyâ—eth to the Lute marueilouse swetely he endites excellently but for all this the more is the pitie he hath his faultes he will bee dronâ—â—e ones a daie he loues women well he will spende Goddes coope if he had it he will not tarye longe in one place and he is somewhat large of his tongue That if these faultes were not surely he were an excellent fellowe Euen as one shoulde saie If it were not for liyng and stealyng there were not an honester man than suche a one is that perchaunce hath some one good qualitie to set hym forwarde These â—uttes
of a Philosoph xxi Wittes forgetfull cxiii i Wittie deuised tale lxxvii ii Wittie lye makyng xcvi ii Woe of this worlde declared xli.i. Women rebuked lx.ii. Wordes doubtfully spokeÌ„ lxxvi i Wordes taken and not the. lxxvii i Worde makyng what it is xcii ii WroÌ„g dealyng deserueth death xl i Wifes euill happen to euill xxxi i Wordes ouerthwart lxxvii ii X. Xerxes xxxi i Y. YSsue what it is xlviii ii YNke horne letter lxxxvi ii YOung Storkes xiiii ii Finis Richardus Graftonus typographus Regius excudebat Cum priuilegio 2d imprimendum solum Rhetorique occupied aboute all lawes concernyng man Questions of two sortes Questions infinite Questions definite Questions definite belong properly to an Orator Questions infinite proper vnto LogiciaÌ„s Orators bouÌ„d to perfourme 〈◊〉 thynges Plain wordes proper vnto an Oratour A Philosophierâ— wittie saiyng to a yong manne that soughte to speake darke language Orators muste vse delightful woordes and saiynges Preachers not so diligentely heard as common plaiers Prechers must sometymes be merie when thei speake to the people Deliâ—â—ng nedefull Scurrilitie odious AffeccioÌ„s must be moued Practise maketh all thynges perfect Rhetorique firste made by wise men and not wise men firste made by Rhetorique Imitacion or folowyng the waies of wise men is nedefull Rhetorique to what purpose it serueth Arte surer guide then nature Orators must haue fiue thinges to make them perfect Inuencion what it is Disposicion what it is Elocucion what it is Memorie what it is PronunciatioÌ„ what it is Oracions in generall consist vpon seuen partes Enteraunce what it is Narration Proposicion Diuision Confirmacion Confutacion Conclusion Matters iÌ„ general stand in iiii poynctes Matters honest Matters filthie Matters doubtfull Matters trifelyng CircuÌ„staunces necessary in al causes to bee noted Fauoure wynnyng and affeccions mouyng when thei are moste necessarie Aduersaries reasons when thei shuld best be confuted Argumentes whoÌ„ thei shuld chiefly be vsed Matters hard to auoide shuld alwaies bee past ouer as thoughwe saw them not at al Good to bee bolde in moste daungier if otherwise wee cannot escape Better not to hurte a good matter by euil speach then to further it by good talke â—arenesse in speakyng and forbearyng to speake The person before whom we speake must be well marked Tyme must be obserued Orations oâ— causes of thrâ—e kyndes Oracion Demonstratiue Noble personages howe thei should be praised The house oâ— auÌ„cestrie wherof a noble personage cometh ii The realme iii. The Shire or Toune iiii The seâ—e or kynde v. Educacâ—on vi InclinacioÌ„ of nature vii Attemptes worthy viii Tyme of it departing this worlde After departure Duke of Suffolke and lord Charles Gorgias Heliogabalus Phauorinus Henry duke of Suffolke and lorde Charles his brother Oracion Demoâ—stratiue of a deede Dauid coÌ„mended for killing Goliah who Dauid against Goliah what Dauid killed Goliah where About the vale of Terebithus Dauids enterprise honest and godly By what help and by whose Alone without the help of any manne liuyng Dauids enterprise praise worthy why For the saufegarde of his countrey Dauides enterprise prostâ—aâ—ie to hymself and his countrey Dauides enterprise appered easy to himself Dauides enterprise accompted of his freÌ„des harde aud impossible How with a slyng Logique must be learned for confirmacion of causes Iustice commended Iustice naturally in euery one of vâ— Iustice what it is and howe largely it extendeth Aristotel Wvrong dealyng deserueth death Iustice necessarie for almoÌ„ From the lesse to the greater Young Storkes Vnnaturalnes in man towardes God Ihon. â—iiii Matth. â—ix 〈◊〉 â— Proner â—vâ— Prouer. iiii Psal. xcvi Profite of iustice Sauegarde had by iustice Gradation The necessitie of iustice Vvhere iustice is executed vice is exiled ¶ Aegiptians what order they vsed to banishe ydelnesse Iustice easy to be obserued if wil be not waÌ„â—yng Valer. lib. vi Oration deliberatiue â—onestie comprehendeth al vertues Profite howe largely it extendeth Profite beareth the name of goodnes whiche is thre folded Pleasures largely sette out Easâ—nesse of trauaile Trauaile vnto whome it is â—arde 〈…〉 Lawfull Necessary 〈◊〉 waies taken Lawes of Englande Vertnes especiall and chief foure in noÌ„â—â—e Prudence what it is Partes of Prudence Iustice what it is Nature what it is Religion Naturall loue Thankfulnes Stoutenesse Reuerence Assured and constant truth Right by custome Custome with 〈◊〉 grounde vnâ—â—dly Commons Iudgement geuen Right by Lawe Manhode Honorablenes Stoutenesse Sufferaunce Continuaunce Temperaunce Sobrietie Ieutlenesse Modestie Hope of rewarde maketh men take paines The Romaynes lawes for Churche digniâ—ees Lawe profitable to the purse Circumstaunces in obseruyng profite Foly in many that go to the Lawe Lawyers neâ—â—r dy beggers Lâ—wes mainteine lyfe Praise worthie to marie Right and 〈◊〉 to maâ—te Mariage first made by God After maÌ„ was made the woman was ioyned vnto hym Matrimonie renewed after the floude ¶ Naâ—â—re worke alloweâ— by Goddes worde Mariage beautified by a miracle Mariage honorable Deut. vi Lia. Hebrues lawe for maried folke Plutarchus in the lyfe of Cato Augustus Cesar. Miscella Vlpianus Iâ—â—enal Licurgus law against vnmaâ—â—ed folke PunishmeÌ„tes appoynted for breaking of wedlocke The Grecians reuengement for aduâ—â—trye The Hebrues stoned Aduouterers Lawful for the maried man among the Hebrues to kyll the aduoutereâ— Matrimonie natural Mariage emonge trees Mariage emong precious stones Mariage betwene the firâ—â—ament and the earth The fable of Giauntes that fought against Nature Orpheuâ— The most wicked can not chose but alow mariage All nacions euer estemed mariage The Hebrues and Persians had a number of wiues Abraham Iacob Salomon Socrates Priestes mariage Virginitie Hieromâ— praise vpon Virginitie Hebrues Timon a deadly hater of all companie Euill wifes happen to euil men onely Ielousie vnknowen to wise men Cornelia Alcestes wife Iulia. Porâ—ia Lucretia Artemisia Hipsicratea â—ertia Aemilia Turia Lentula Aâ—ria Prouer. x. Necessitee enforceth mariage zerxes Essens haâ—ed Mariage Iosephus xvâ—â—â— cap. liâ— ii Daughters of Loth. The conclusion Exhortyng Praisyng â— dâ—ede Praisyng a man the rather to encourage him Expectacion of al men â—ope of victorie 〈…〉 Shame foloweth fearfulnesse when manhode is thought nedeful Heauen the rewarde of hault Capitoines Moâ—yng of pitie The maner of commendyng â–ª The maner of comfortyng Comfortyâ—g two waies â—sed Sweatyng disease Passions woâ—ke diuerslye The cause why God taketh awaâ— the moste worthâ—est Vvheâ— necessitie ruleth sorow is nedelesâ— The folye of such as sorow the want of theâ—e frendes Deathe commune to all Euil to liue emonge the euil To dye happelye is great happines Vvisd iiii Psal. lxxxiiii Psal. xlii Life the right way to death Death purchaseth reâ—t Death more frendly the soner it cometh Thracians Children by wepyng declare out 〈◊〉 Iob. Lent goodes muste be restored at the awneâ—s will The nature of brute beastes Immoderate sorowe not naturall Tyme a remedie for fooles to take awaie their sorowe 〈…〉 The great miserie of this worlde makes 〈◊〉 of life Impacience without comforte Trees not accursed because Apples fall from cheins Commodus Nero. Dauid .ii. Reguâ—â—â—
that already and as for other that haue no witte thei will neuer learne it therefore God spede them Now when these twoo are dooen he muste perswade and moue the affeccions of his hearers in suche wise that thei shalbe forced to yelde vnto his saiyng wherof because the matter is large and maie more aptly bee declared when I shall speake of Amplificacion I wil surcease to speake any thyng therof at this tyme. ¶ By what meanes Eloquence is attained FIrste nedefull it is that he whiche desireth to excell in this gift of Oratorie and longeth to proue an eloquent man must naturally haue a wit and an aptnesse thereunto then must he to his boke learne to be well stored with knowlege that he maie be able to minister matter for all causes necessarie The which when he hath gotte plentifully he muste vse muche exercise bothe in writyng and also in speakyng For though he haue a wit and learnyng together yet shal thei bothe litle auaile without much practise What maketh the lawyer to haue suche vtteraunce Practise What maketh the Preacher to speake so rouÌ„dly Practise Yea what maketh women go so fast awaie with their wordes Marie practise I warraunt you Therfore in all faculties diligent practise and earnest exercise are the onely thynges that make men proue excellent Many men knowe the arte very well and be in all poynctes throughly grounded acquainted with the preceptes and yet it is not their hap to proue eloquent And the reason is that eloqueÌ„ce it self came not vp first by the arte but the arte rather was gathered vpon eloqueÌ„ce For wise menne seyng by muche obseruacion and diligent practise the compasse of diuerse causes compiled thereupoÌ„ preceptes and lessons worthie to bee knowen and learned of all men Therefore before arte was inuented eloquence was vsed and through practise made parfecte the whiche in all thynges is a souereigne meane most highly to excell Now before we vse either to write or speake eloquently we must dedicate our myndes wholly to folowe the moste wise and learned menne and seke to fashion aswell their speache and gesturyng as their wit or endityng The whiche when we earnestly mynde to do we cannot but in time appere somewhat like theim For if thei that walke muche in the soÌ„ne and thinke not of it are yet for the moste part sonne burnt it cannot be but that thei whiche wittyngly and willyngly trauaile to counterfecte other muste nedes take some colour of theim and be like vnto theim in some one thyng or other accordyng to the Prouerbe by companiyng with the wise a man shall learne wisedome ¶ To what purpose this arte is set furthe TO this purpose and for this vse is the arte compiled together by the learned and wise men that those whiche are ignorant might iudge of the lerned and labour when tyme should require to folow their workes accordyngly Again the art helpeth well to dispose and order matters of our awne inuencion the whiche we may folowe aswell in speakyng as in writyng for though many by nature without art haue proued worthie menne yet is arte a surer guide then nature consideryng we se as liuely by the art what we do as though we red aâ—thyng in writtyng wheras natures doynges are not so open to all men Again those that haue good wittes by nature shall better encrease theim by arte and the blunte also shalbe whetted through art that want nature to help them forward ¶ Fiue thynges to be considered in an Oratour ANy one that will largely handle any matter muste fasten his mynde first of all vpon these fiue especial poynctes that folowe and learne theim euery one j. Inuencion of matter ij Disposicion of thesame iij. Elocucion iiij Memorie v. Utteraunce THe findyng out of apte matter called otherwise Inuencion is a searchyng out of thynges true or thynges likely the whiche maie reasonably sette furth a matter and make it appere probable The places of Logique geue good occasion to finde out plentitifull matter And therefore thei that will proue any cause and seke onely to teache thereby the truthe muste searche out the places of Logique and no doubte thei shall finde muche plentie But what auaileth muche treasure and apt matter if man caÌ„not apply it to his purpose Therefore in the seconde place is mencioned the settelyng or orderyng of thynges inuented for this purpose called in Latine Dispositio the whiche is nothyng els but an apt bestowyng and orderly placyng of thynges declaryng where euery argument shalbe sette and in what maner euery reason shalbe applied for confirmacion of the purpose But yet what helpeth it though we can finde good reasons and knowe howe to place theim if we haue not apte wordes and picked sentences to commeÌ„de the whole matter Therefore this poynct must nedes folowe to beautifie the cause the whiche beyng called Elocucion is an appliyng of apte wordes and senteÌ„ces to the matter founde out to confirme the cause When all these are had together it auaileth litle if manne haue no Memorie to contein theim The Memorie therefore must be cherished the whiche is a fast holdyng bothe of matter and woordes couched together to confirme any cause Be it now that one haue all these .iiij yet if he want the fift all the other dooe litle profite For though a manne can finde out good matter and good woordes though he canne handsomely set them together and cary them very well awaie in his mynde yet it is to no purpose if he haue no vtteraunce when he should speake his minde and shewe men what he hath to saie Utteraunce therefore is a framyng of the voyce countenauÌ„ce and gesture after a comely maner Thus we se that euery one of these must go together to make a perfecte Oratoure and that the lacke of one is an hynderaunce of the whole and that aswell all maie be waÌ„tyng as one if we loke to haue an absolute Oratour ¶ There are .vii. partes in euery Oracion j. The enteraunce or beginnyng ij The Narracion iij. The Proposicion iiij The diuisioÌ„ or seuerall partyng of thynges v. The Confirmacion vi The Confutacion vii The Conclusion THe Enteraunce or beginnyng is the former part of the Oracion whereby the will of the standers by or of the Iudge is sought for and required to heare the matter The NarracioÌ„ is a plain and manifest poynctyng of the matter and an euident settyng furthe of all thynges that belong vnto thesame with a brief rehersall grounded vpon some reason The Proposicion is a pithie sentence comprehendyng in a smale roume the some of the whole matter The diuision is an openyng of thynges wherin we agree and rest vpon and wherein we sticke and stande in trauerse shewyng what we haue to saie in our awne behalfe The Confirmacion is a declaracioÌ„ of our awne reasons with assured and constaunt profes The Confutacion is a
dissoluyng or wipyng awaie of all suche reasons as make against vs. The Conclusion is a clarkely gatheryng of the matter spoken before and a lappyng vp of it altogether Now because in euery one of these greate hede ought to be had and muche arte must be vsed to content and like all parties I purpose in the second boke to set furthe at large euery one of these that bothe we maie knowe in all partes what to folowe and what to eschewe And first when tyme shalbe to talke of any matter I would aduise euery man to consider the nature of the cause self that the rather he might frame his whole Oracion thereafter ¶ Euery matter is conteined in one of these .iiii. EIther it is an honest thyng whereof we speake or els it is filthy and vile or els betwixte bothe and doubtfull what to bee called or els it is some triflyng matter that is of small weight That is called an honest matter when either wee take in hande suche a cause that all menne would maintein or els gainsaie suche a cause that no man can well like Then do we hold and defende a filthy matter wheÌ„ either wee speake against our conscience in an euill matter or els withstande an vpright truthe The cause then is doubtfull when the matter is half honest and halfe vnhonest Suche are triflyng causes wheÌ„ there is no weight in theÌ„ as if one should phantasy to praise a Gose before any other beast liuyng as I knowe who did or of fruict to commende nuttes chefly as Ouid did or the feuer quartaine as Phauorinus did or the Gnatte as Uirgill did or the battaill of Frogges as Homere did or dispraise beardes or commende shauen heddes ¶ Good hede to bee taken at the firste vpon the handelyng of any matter in Iudgement NOT onely it is necessarie to knowe what maner of cause wee haue taken in hande when wee firste enter vpon any matter but also it is wisedome to consider the tyme the place the man for whom we speake the man against whom we speake the matter whereof we speake and the iudges before whom we speake the reasons that best serue to further our cause and those reasons also that maie seme somewhat to hynder our cause and in no wise to vse any suche at all or els warely to mitigate by protestacion the euill that is in theim and alwaies to vse whatsoeuer can bee saied to wynne the chief hearers good willes and perswade theim to our purpose If the cause go by fauour and that reason cannot so muche auaile as good wil shalbe able to do or els if mouyng affeccioÌ„s can do more good then bryngyng in of good reasons it is meete alwaies to vse that waie whereby we maie by good helpe get the ouer hand That if mine aduersaries reasons by me beyng coÌ„futed serue better to help forward my cause then mine awn reasons confirmed can be able to doe good I should wholy bestowe my tyme and trauaill to weaken and make slender all that euer he bringeth with hym But if I can with more ease proue myne awne saiynges â—ither with witnesses or with wordes then be able to coÌ„fute his with reason I must labour to withdrawe mennes myndes from myne aduersaries foundacion and require theÌ„ wholy to herken vnto that whiche I haue to saie beyng of it self so iust and so reasonable that none can rightly speake against it and shewe theim that greate pitie it were for lacke of the onely hearyng that a true matter should want true dealyng Ouer and besides all these there remain twoo lessons the whiche wisemenne haue alwaies obserued and therefore ought of all men assuredly to be learned The one is that if any matter be laied against vs whiche by reason can hardely bee auoyded or the whiche is so open that none almoste can deny it were wisedome in confutyng all the other reasons to passe ouer this one as though we sawe it not and therefore speake neuer a worde of it Or els if necessitie shall force a man to saie some what he may make an outward bragge as though there wer no matter in it euer so speakyng of it as though he would stande to the triall makyng men to beleue he would fight in the cause wheÌ„ better it were if necessitie so required to run clene awaie And herein though a man do flie and geue place euermore the gladder the lesse rauyng there is or stirryng in this matter yet he flieth wisely and for this ende that beyng fensed otherwise strongly appoyncted he maie take his aduersary at the best aduauntage or at the least werie hym with muche lingeryng and make hym with oft suche fliyng to forsake his chief defence The other lesson is that whereas we purpose alwaies to haue the victorie wee should so speake that we maie labour rather not to hynder or hurt our cause then to seke meanes to further it And yet I speake not this but that bothe these are right necessarie and euery one that will doo good muste take peines in theim bothe but yet notwithstandyng it is a fouler faulte a greate deale for an Orator to be founde hurting his awne cause then it should turne to his rebuke if he had not furthered his whole entent Therefore not onely is it wisedome to speake so muche as is nedefull but also it is good reason to leaue vnspoken so muche as is nedelesse the whiche although the wisest can do and nede no teachyng yet these common wittes offende muche nowe and then in this behalfe Some man beyng stirred shall hurt more our cause then twentie other Tauntyng wordes before some menne will not be borne at all Sharpe rebukyng of our aduersary or frumpes geuen before some persones cannot be sufferd at all Yea sometymes a man must not speake all that he knoweth for if he doo he is like to finde small fauour although he haue iuste cause to speake and maie with reason declare his mynde at large And albeit that witlesse folke can soner rebuke that whiche is fondly spoken then redely praise that whiche is wisely kept close yet the necessitie of the matter must rather be marked then the fonde iudgement of the people estemed What a sore saiyng were this When a lawyer should take in hande a matter concernyng life and death and another should aske how he hath sped to heare tel that the lawyer hath not onely cast awaie his clieÌ„t but vndoen hymself also in speakyng thynges inconsideratly as no doubt it ofteÌ„ happeneth that wise men and those also that bee none euill men neither maie vnwares speake thynges which afterward thei sore repent would cal backe again with losse of a greate soâ—â—e Now what a foly it is not to remember the tyme and the men Or who will speake that whiche he knoweth will not be liked if he purpose to finde fauour at their handes before whom he
should seeme rather to doe the office of a father then the dutie of an highe minister Paulus Emilius after his moste noble victorie had of Kyng Perse desired of God that if after suche a triumphe there were any harme lyke to happen to the Romaines the same might fal vpon his owne house Whereupon when God had taken his two children from hym immediatly after he thancked God for grauÌ„tyng him his bound For in so doyng he was a meane that the people rather lamented Paulus Emilius lacke theÌ„ that Paulus or any bewailed any misfortune that the Romains had Examples be innumerable of those whiche vsed lyke moderation in subduyng their affections as Zenophon Quintus Martius Iulius Cesar Tiberius Cesar Emperours bothe of Rome But what seeke I for misfortunate men if any suche be misfortunate seyng it is an harder matter and a greater peece of worke to finde out happie men Let vs loke round about euen at home and we shal finde enowe subiect to this misfortune for who liueth that hath not lost Therfore I woulde wishe your grace euen nowe to come in againe with God and although he be angry yet show you your self most obedient to his wil coÌ„sideryng he is Lorde ouer Kynges Emperours and ouer al that be bothe in heauen and in yearth and spareth noone whom he listeth to take and no doubt he wil take all at the last His dart goeth daily neither is any darte cast in vaine whiche is sent amongest a whole armie standyng thicke together Neither can you iustly lament that they lyued no longer for they lyued long enough that haue liued well enough You muste measure your children by their vertues not by their yeres For as the wise man saith a mans wisedom is the grey heeres and an vndefiled life is the old age Happie is that mother that hath had Godly children and not she that hath had long lyuyng children For if felicitie should stande by length of tyme some tree were more happy then is any man for it liueth longer and so likewyse brute beastes as the Stagge who liueth as Plinius dothe say two hundreth yeares and more If we woulde but consider what man is we shoulde haue small hope to lyue and litle cause to put any great assuraunce in this lyfe Let vs se him what he is Is his body any thyng els but a lumpe of earth made together in suche forme as we do see A frail vessell a weake carion subiect to miserie cast doune with euery light disease a man to daie to morowe none A flower that this daie is freshe to morowe withereth Good Lorde do we not see that euen those thynges whiche nourishe vs doe rotte dye as herbes birdes beastes water and al other without the whiche we cannot lyue And how can we lyue euer that are susteined by dead thinges Therfore when any one doth dye why do we not thynke that this may chaunse to euery one whiche now hath chaunsed to any one We be now as those that stande in battail raie Not one man is suer of him selfe before an other but al are in daunger in lyke maner to death â–ª That your children died before other that were of riâ—er yeares we may iudge that their ripenes for vertue and all other giftes of nature were brought euen to perfection wherby deaâ—h thâ— soner approched for nothyng long lasteth that is sone excellent God gaue your grace two most excellent childreÌ„ God neuer geueth for any long tyme those that be right excellent Their natures were heauenly and therfore more meete for God then man Emong frute we se some appels are sone ripe and fal from the tree in the middest of summerâ— other be stil greene tary til winter hereupoÌ„ are coÌ„monly called wynter frute Euen so it is with meâ— some dye young some dye old some die in their midle age Your sunnes wer euen .ij. suche already as some hereafter may be with long coÌ„tinuance of tyme. Thei had that in their youth for the giftes of nature whiche al men would require of theÌ„ bothe scacelie in their age Therfore beeyng both now ripe they were now most ready for God There was a childe in Rome of a mans quantite for face legges oâ— her partes of his body wherupon wise men iudged he would not be long liuyng How could your grace thynke that when you sawe auncient wisdoÌ„ in the one most pregnant wit in the other meruailouse sobriete in the elder most laudable gentlines in the younger them bothe most studious in learnyng most forward in al feates aswel of the body as of the mind beyng two suche so excellent that they were lyke long to continue with you God neuer suffreth such excelleÌ„t rare iewels long to enherite therth Whatsoeuer is nie perfectioÌ„ the same is most nigh falling Uertue being oâ—s absolute caÌ„not long be seen with these our fleshly iyes neither can that cary the latter end with other that was ripe it self first of al before other Fier goth out the soner the clearer that it burneth that light lasteth longest that is made of most course matter In greene wood we may see that where as the fuel is not most apt for burning yet the fier lasteth loÌ„ger than if it were nourished with like quantitie of drie wood EueÌ„ so in the nature of man the mynde beeyng ripe the body decaiyeth streight and life goeth away beeyng ones brought to perfection Neither can there be any greater token of shorte lyfe than full ripenes of naturall witte The whiche is to the bodie as the heate of the Sunne is to thynges yearthly Therfore iudge right honourable ladie that euen now they both died when they both wer most readie for God neither thinke that thei died ouer soone because thei liued no loÌ„ger They died both Gods seruauntes therfore they died wel and in good tyme. God hath set their tyme and taken them at his tyme blessed children as they be to reigne with hym in the kyngdom of his father prepared for them from the beginnyng Unto whose wil I wishe and I truste your grace doth wholy referre your wil thankyng hym as hartely for that he hath taken them as you euer thanked hym for that he euer lent you them I knowe the wicked wordes of some vngodly folke haue muche disquieâ—ed your grace notwithstandyng God beyng iudge of your naturall loue towardes your children and al your faithful frendes and seruauntes bearyng earnest witnes with your grace of the same there vngodly talke the more lightely is to bee estemed the more vngodly that it is Nay your grace may reioyce rather that whereas you haue doen well you heare euill accordyng to the wordes of Christe Blessed are you when men speake al euil thynges against you And again consider GOD is not ledde by the reporte of men to iudge his creatures but perswaded by y e true knowlege of euery mans conscience
to take them for his seruauntes furthermore the harme is theirs whiche speake so lewdlie and the blesse theirs whiche beare it so pacieÌ„tly For loke what measure thei vse to other with the same they shalbe measured againe And as they iudge so shal they be iudged Be your grace therfore strong in aduersitie and pray for them that speake amisse of you rendryng Gode for euil and with charitable dealyng showe your self long suffryng so shal you heape cooles on their heades The boisterouse Sea trieth the good mariner and sharpe vexatioÌ„ declareth the true Christian. Where battaill hath not been before there neuer was any victorie obteined Yow then beyng thus assailed show your self rather stowte to withstaÌ„d than weake to geue ouer rather cleauyng to good than yeldyng to euil For if God be with you what forceth who bee against you For when al frendes faile GOD neuer faileth them that put their trust in him and with an vnfained hart cal to hym for grace Thus doyng I assure your grace God wilbe pleased and the Godly wil muche praise your wisdoÌ„ though the worlde ful wickedly saie their pleasure I praie God your grace may please the Godlie and with your vertuouse behauiour in this your wydohode winne there commendation to the glory of God the reioysyng of your frendes and the comforte of your soule Amen Thus the rather to make preâ—eptes plaine I haue added examples at large both for counsel geuyng for comfortyng And most nedeful it were in suche kynd of OracioÌ„s to be most occupied considering the vse hereof appereth full ofte in al partes of our life and confusedly is vsed emong al other matters For in praisyng a worthie man we shal haue iust cause to speake of all his vertues of thynges profitable in this lyfe and of pleasures in generall Lykewyse in trauersyng a cause before a iudge we cannot wante the aide of persuasion and good counsel concernyng wealth health life and estimacion the helpe wherof is partely borowed of this place But whereas I haue sette forthe at large the places of confirmacion concernyng counsel in diuerse causes it is not thought that either they should al be vsed in numbre as they are or in ordre as they stande but that any one may vse theim and ordre theim as he shall thynke best accordyng as the tyme place and person shal most of al require ¶ Of an Oration iudicial THE whole burdeine of weightie matters and the earnest trial of al controuersies rest onely vpon iudgement Therfore when matters concernyng lande gooddes or life or any suche thyng of lyke weight are called in Question we must euer haue recourse to this kynde of Oration and after iust examinyng of our causes by the places therof loke for iudgement accordyng to the law ¶ Oration Iudicial what it is ORation Iudiciall is an earnest debatyng in open assemblie of some weightie matter before a iudge where the complainaunt commenseth his action the defendaunt thereupon aunswereth at his peril to al suche thynges as are laied to his charge ¶ Of the foundacion or rather principall paincte in euery debated matter called of the Rheâ—oricians the State or constitucion of the Cause NOT onely is it nedefull in causes of iudgement to considre the scope whereunto wee must leauell our reasons directe our inuencion but also we ought in euery cause to haue a respect vnto some one especial poincte and chief article that the rather the whole drift of our doynges may seeme to agree with our firste deuised purpose For by this meanes our iudgement shalbe framed to speake with discretion and the ignoraunt shall learne to perceiue with profite whatsoeuer is said for his enstructioÌ„ But they that take vpon theim to talke in open audience make not their accompte before what thei wil speake after shal neither be well liked for their inuencioÌ„ nor allowed for their witte nor estemed for their learnyng For what other thyng do they that boult out their wordes in suche sorte without al aduisement vtter out matter but showe themselues to plaie as young boyes or scarre crowes do whiche showte in the open and plaine feldes at all auentures hittie missie The learned therfore and suche as loue to becoâ—mpted Clerkes of vnderstandyng and men of good circumspection and iudgement doe warely scanne what they chefely mynd to speake and by definition seke what that is whereunto they purpose to directe their whole doynges For by suche aduised warenesse and good iye castyng they shall alwaies be able both to knowe what to say to speake what they ought As for example if I shal haue occasion to speake in open audience of the obedieÌ„ce due to our souereigne kyng I ought first to learne what is obedience and after knowelege attained to direct my reasons to the onely proue of this purpose and wholly to seke confirmacion of the same not turne my tale to talke of Robbyn Hoode to showe what a goodly archer was he or to speake wounders of the man in the Mone suche as are most nedelesse farthest from the purpose For then the hearer lookyng to be taught his obedience hearing in the meane season mad tales of archerie and great meruailes of the man in the Mone beyng half astonied at his so great straing wil perhaâ—pes say to himself Now whether the deuill wilt thou come in man againe for very shame tel me no bytailes suche as are to no purpose but show me that whiche thou diddest promise both to tâ—ache perswade at thy first entrie Assuredly suche fonde felowes there haue been yea eueÌ„ emong Preachers that talking of faith thei haue fetcht their ful race from the .xij. signes in the Zodiake An other talking of the general resurrection hath made a large matter of our blessed Lady praisyng her to be so ientle so courtise so kynd that it were better a thousandfould to make sute to her alone theÌ„ to Christ her sonne And what needed I pray you any suche rehersal beyng both vngodly nothyng at al to the purpose for what maketh the praise of our lady to the confirmacioÌ„ of the general dowme Would not a man thinke him mad that hauyng an earnest errand from London to Douer would take it the next way to ride first into Northfolke next into Essex last into Kent And yet assuredly many an vnlearned wittelesse maÌ„ hath straied in his talke much farther a great deale yea truely as farre as hence to Rome gates Therfore wise are thei that folow Plinies aduise who would that al men both in writing speakyng at large vpon any matter should euer haue an iye to the chief title principal ground of their whole entent neuer swaruing froÌ„ their purpose but rather bringyng al thinges together to coÌ„firme their cause so much as they can possible Yea the wise experte men wil aske of theÌ„selfes how hangeth this to the purpose to what end do I
Therfore the reportyng of our tale may soone appere plaine if we firste expresse our mynde in plaine wordes and not seeke these rope â—ype termes whiche betraie rather a foole than commende a wyse man again if we orderly obserue circumstaunces tell one thyng after another from tyme to tyme not tumblyng one tale in an others necke tellyng halfe a tale and so leauyng it rawe hackyng hemmyng as though our wittes and our senses were a woll gatheryng Neither shoulde we suffer our tongue to runne before our witte but with much warenesse sette forthe our matter and speake our mynde euermore with iudgement We shal make our saiynges appere lykely and probable Yf we speake directely as the cause requireth if wee showe the very purpose of al the deuise frame our inuencion accordyng as we shal thynke them most willyng to allowe it that haue the hearyng of it The Narration reported in matters of iudgement shall seeme to stande with reason if wee make our talke to agree with the place tyme thyng and persone if we shall showe that whatsoeuer we say the same by al likelyhodes is true if our coniectures tookens reasons argumentes be suche that neither in them there appere any fablyng nor yet that any thyng was spoken whiche might of right otherwyse be taken and that wee not onely speake this but that diuers other of good creditie will stande with vs in defense of the same all whiche reportyng may sone bee lyked and the tale so tolde may be thougt very reasonable Yea we shall make our doynges seme reasonable if we frame our worke to natures wil and seke none other meanes but suche onely as the honest and wyse haue euer vsed and allowed bryngyng in and blamyng the euil alwaies for suche faultes chiefely wherunto thei most of al are like to be subiect â–ª as to accuse a spend al of thefte a whoremunger of adulterie a rash quareller of manslaughter so of other Sometimes it is good and profitable to be merie and pleasaunt in reportyng a matter against some maner of man and in some cause For neither against all men that offend nor yet against all matters shoulde the wittie alwaies vse iestyng And nowe for those that shall tel their mynde in the other kyndes of Oratorie as in the kynde Demonstratiue Deliberatiue in exhortyng or perswadyng the learned haue thought meete that they must also cal the whole summe of their matter to one especial poincte that the rather the hearers may better perceiue whereat they leauel al their reasons As if a Clarke do take in hande to declare Goddes hest he will after his Enteraunce tell what thyng is chiefely purposed in that place and nexte after showe other thynges annexed thereunto whereby not onely the hearers may gâ—tte great learnyng and take muche profite of his doctrine but he hym self may knowe the better what to say what order to vse and when to make an ende Some do vse after the literal sense to gather a misticall vnderstandyng and to expounde the saiynges spiritually makyng their Narration altogether of thynges heauenly Some rehersing a texte particularly spokeÌ„ applie thesame generally vnto all states enlargyng the Narration moste Godly by comparyng wordes long agoe spoken with thynges and matters that are presently done Notwithstanding the auncient fathers because they did onely expounde the Scriptures for the moste parte made no artificiall Narration but vsed to folowe suche order as the plaine text gaue theim So that if euery sentence were plainely â–ª opened to the hearers they went not muche farther sauyng that when any worde gaue them occasion to speake of some vice they woulde largely saie their mynde in that behaulfe As Chrisostome and Basile haue done with other The ware markyng and heedie obseruacion of tyme place and person may teache al menne that be not past teachyng howe to frame their Narration in all Controuersies that are called in Question and therfore when presente occasion shall geue good instruction what neede more lessons And especially seeyng nature teacheth what is comely and what is not comely for all tymes Yea what tell I nowe of suche lessons seeyng GOD hath raised suche worthe Preachers in this our tyme that their Godly and learned dooynges may be a moste iuste example for al other to folowe aswell for their lyuyng as for their learnyng I feare me the preceptes are more in noÌ„ber than wil be wel kepte or folowed this yeare ¶ Of Diuision AFter our tale is told and the hearers haue wel learned what wee meane the nexte is to reporte wherein the aduersarie and wee cannot agree and what it is wherin we do agree And then to part out suche principall poinctes whereof we purpose fully to debate and laie theim out to be knowen that the hearers may plainely see what we wil say and perceiue at a worde the substaunce of our meanyng Now Tullie would not haue a deuision to be made of or aboue thre partes at the most nor yet lesse than thre neither if nede so require for if we haue thre chief grouÌ„des wherupon to rest appliyng al our argumentes theruÌ„to we shal bothe haue matter enough to speake of the hearers shal with ease vnderstaÌ„d our meanyng the whole OratioÌ„ shal sone be it at an end Notwithstandyng this lesson must not so curiouslie be kepte as though it were synne to make the diuision of fower or fyue partes but it was spoken for this ende that the diuision shoulde be made of as fewe as may be possible that menne may the better carie it away and the reporter with more ease maie remember what he hath to saie Nowe in praisyng or dispraisyng in perswadyng or disswadyng diuisions muste also be vsed As if one woulde enueighe against those women that will not geue their owne chidren sucke he might vse this deuision Where as women commonly put their children furthe to nursyng I will first proue that it is bothe against the lawe of nature and also against Goddes holie wil Againe I wil showe that it is harmefull bothe for the childes bodie and also for his witte lastly I wil proue that the mother selfe falleth into muche sickenesse thereby First nature geueth milke to the woman for none other ende but that she shoulde bestowe it vpon her childe And we see beastes feede there youngones and why shoulde not women GOD also commaundeth all women to bryng vp their children Againe the childrens bodies shalbe so affected as the milke is whiche they receyue Nowe if the Nurse be of an euil complexion or haue some hidde disease the childe suckyng of her brest muste needes take parte with her And if that be true whiche the learned doe saie that the temperature of the mynde folowes the constitucion of the bodie needes must it be that if the Nurse be of a naughtie nature the childe muste take thereafter But be it the Nurse be of a good complexion of an honest behauiour
whereas contrary wyse Maydens that haue made a scape are commonly called to bee Nurses yet can it not bee but that the mothers mylke shoulde be muche more naturall for the childe than the mylke of a straunger As by experience let a man be long vsed to one kynde of drynke if the same man chaunge his ayre and his drynke he is lyke to mislyke it Lastely for the mothers howe are they troubled with sore brestes besydes other diseases that happen throughe plentie of mylke â–ª the whiche Phisicians can tell and women full ofte haue felte Lykewyse in speakyng of fastyng I might vse this diuision Firste 〈…〉 godly to fast because the spirite is more free and apâ—er for any good worke Again it is wholesome because thereby euill humours are waisted and many diseases either clerely put awaie or muche abated of their tiraâ—nie Lastly it is profitable because men spende lesse money the lesse bankequetyng that thei vse Therfore if men loue either to be wise godly healthfull or wealthy let theÌ„ vse fastyng forbeare excesse Now vpon a diuision there might also be made a subdiuision as where I saie it is godly to fast I might diuide goâ—linesse into the hearyng of Goddes worde into praâ—yng â—â—uoutly and charitable dealyng with all the worlde Again speakyng of healthe I mighte saie that the whole body is not onely more Iustie with moderate fastyng but al so more apte for al assaies The learned man studieth better when he fasteth then when he is full The couÌ„sailor heareth causes with lesse pain beyng emptie then he shalbe able after a full gorge Again whereas the fiue senses bryng vs to the knowlegâ— of many thynges the more apte that euery one is the moâ—e pleasure thei bryng euer with theÌ„ The iyes se more clerely the eares heare more quickely the toÌ„gue rouleth more rouÌ„dly and tasteth thinges better and the nose smelleth euill sauours the soner Philosophie is diuided into the knowlege of thynges naturall thynges morall and into that arte whiche by reason findeth out the truthe commonly called Logique Nowe of these three partes of Philosophie I might make other thre subdiuisions and largely set them out But these maie suffice for this tyme. ¶ Of Proposicions QUintilian willeth that streight and immediatly after the Narracion there should also be vsed suche sentences as might bee full of pithe and contein 〈◊〉 theÌ„ the substance of muche matter the rather that the hearers maie be stirred vpoÌ„ the only report of some sentencious saiyng or weightie text in the law As in speakyng largely against extorcioÌ„ one might after his reasons applied to the purpose bryng in a pithie and sentencious proposicion as thus Those handes are euill that scratche out the iyes and what other dooe thei that by force robbe their Christian brethreÌ„ Wo be to that realme where might outgoeth right Or thus wheÌ„ rage doth rule and reason doeth waite what good maÌ„ can hope to liue long in rest Also an act of a realme maie wel serue to make a proposicion As thus The lawe is plain that man shall dye as an offendour whatsoeuer he bee thatbreaketh vp another mannes house and seketh by spoyle to vndo his neighbour Now here is no manâ— that doubteth but that thou hast doen this deede therfore what nedes any more but that thou muste suffer accordyng to the lawe In diuidyng a matter proposicioÌ„s are vsed and orderly applied for the better setting furth of the cause As if I should speke of thankfulnesse I might first shewe what is thankfulnesse next how nedefull it is and last how commendable and profitable it is vniuersally Thankfulnesse is a kynde of remeÌ„bryng good will shewed and an earnest desire to requiâ—e the same Without thankfulnesse no man would do for another The brute beastes haue these properties and therefore man cannot want theÌ„ without his greate rebuke Some proposicions are plain spoken without any cause or reason added therunto As thus I haue charged this man with felony as you haue hard but he denieth it therfore iudge you it I pray you Sometymes a cause is added after the allegyng of a proposicioÌ„ As thus I haue accused this man of felonie because he tooke my pursse by the high waie side and therfore I call for iustice Thus proposicions might bee gathered nexte and immediately after the rehersall of any cause and beautifie muche the matter beyng either alleged with the cause annexed or els beyng plainly spoken without geuyng any reason to it at all ¶ Of confirmacion in matters of iudgement WHen we haue declared the chief poynctes wherevnto wee purpose to referre all our reasons wee muste heape matter and finde out argumentes to confirme thesame to the outermoste of our power makyng firste the strongest reasons that wee can and nexte after gatheryng all probable causes together that beeyng in one heape thei maie seme strong and of greate weighte And whatsoeuer the aduersarie hath said against vs to answere thereunto as tyme and place beste maie serue That if his reasons be light and more good maie bee doen in confutyng his then in confirmyng our awne it were best of all to sette vpon hym and putte awaie by arte all that he hath fondely saied without witte For prouyng the matter and searchyng out the substaunce or nature of the cause the places of Logique muste helpe to sette it forward But when the persone shalbe touched and not the matter we must seke els where and gather these places together i. The name ii The maner of liuyng iij. Of what house he is of what countre and of what yeres iiij The wealthe of the man v. His behauiour or daily enuryng with thynges vi What nature he hath vij Whereunto he is moste geuen viij What he purposeth froÌ„ tyme to tyme. ix What he hath doen heretofore x. What hath befaulne vnto hym heretofore xi What he hath confessed or what he hath to saie for hymself IN well examinyng of all these matters muche maie be said greate likelihodes maie be gathered either to or fro the whiche places I vsed heretofore when I spake of matters in iudgement against the accused souldiour Now in triyng the truth by reasons gathered of the matter we must first marke what was doen at that time by the suspected persone when suche and suche offences wer committed Yea what he did before this acte was dooen Again the tyme muste bee marked the place the maner of doyng and what hart he bare hym As thoportunitie of doyng and the power he had to do this deede The whiche all sette together that either acquitte him or finde him giltee These argumentes serue to confirme a matter in iudgement for any hainous offence But in the other causes which are occupied either in praisyng or dispraisyng in perswadyng or diswadyng the places of confirmacion be suche as are before rehersed as when wee commende a thyng to proue it thus Honest to be doen. Profitable Easie. Necessarie And so of other in like
maner or els to vse in stede of these the places of Logique Therefore when we go aboute to confirme any cause wee maie gather these groundes aboue rehersed and euen as the case requireth so frame our Reasones In confutyng of causes the like maie be had as we vsed to proue if we take the contrarie of thesame For as thynges are alleged so thei maie be wrested and as houses are buylded so thei maie bee ouerthrowen What though many coniectures be gathered diuerse matters framed to ouerthrowe the defendaunt yet witte maie finde out bywaies to escape and suche shiftes maie be made either in auoydyng the daunger by plain denial or els by obieccions and reboundyng again of reasons made that small harme shall turue to the accused persone though the presūptions of his offence be greate and he thought by good reason to be faultie The places of Logique as I saied cannot be spared for the confirmacion of any cause For who is he that in confirmyng a matter wil not know the nature of it the cause of it theffect of it what is agreyng therunto what likenesse there is betwixt that and other thinges what exāples maie bee vsed what is contrary and what can be saied aginst it Therefore I wishe that euery manne should desire and seke to haue his Logique perfect before he looke to profite in Rhetorique consideryng the grounde and confirmaciō of causes is for the moste part gathered out of Logique ¶ Of conclusion A Conclusion is the handsome lappyng vp together and brief heapyng of all that whiche was saied before stirryng the hearers by large vtteraunce and plentifull gatheryng of good matter either the one waie or the other There are twoo partes of a conclusion the one resteth in gatheryng together briefly all suche argumentes as wer before rehersed reportyng the sōme of them in as fewe wordes as can be and yet after suche a sorte that muche varietie be vsed ▪ bothe when the rehersall is made as also after the matter is fully reported For if the repeticion should bee naked and onely set furthe in plain woordes without any chaunge of speache or shift or Rhetorique neither should the hearers take pleasure nor yet the matter take effect Therfore when the Oratour shall touche any place whiche maie geue iuste cause to make an exclamacion stirre the hearers to be sory to bee glad or to be offended it is necessary to vse arte to the outermoste Or when he shall come to the repeatyng of an heinous acte and the maner thereof he maie set the Iudges on fire and heate them earnestly against the wicked offendor Thus in repeatyng arte maie bee vsed and nexte with the onely rehersall matters maie bee handesomely gathered vp together The other part of a conclusion resteth either in augmentyng and vehemently enlargyng that whiche before was in fewe wordes spoken to set the Iudge or hearers in a heate or els to mitigate and asswage displeasure conceiued with muche lamentyng of the matter and mouyng theim thereby the rather to shewe mercie Amplificacion is of twoo sortes whereof I will speake more at large in the nexte Chapiter The one resteth in wordes the other in matter Suche wordes muste bee vsed as be of greate weight wherein either is some Metaphore or els some large vnderstandyng is conteined Yea wordes that fill the mouthe and haue a sound with them set furthe a matter very well And sometymes wordes twise spoken make the matter appere greater Again when we firste speake our mynde in lowe wordes after vse weightier the fault likewise semeth to be greater As whē one had killed a ientleman thus might another amplifie his mynd For one slaue to strike another wer worthy of punishement but what deserueth that wretche whiche not onely striketh a manne but striketh a ientlemanne and not onely striketh a ientleman but cowardly killeth a ientlemanne not geuyng hym one wounde but geuyng hym twentie To kill any manne in suche sorte deserueth deathe but what saie you to him that not onely killeth hym so but also hangeth hym moste spitefully vpon a tree And yet not content with that but scourgeth hym and mangeleth hym whē he is dedde and last of all maketh a iest of his moste naughtie deede leauyng a writyng there aboute the dedde mannes necke Now then seyng his crueltee is suche that thouly killyng cannot content his deuilishe deede and moste dedly malice I aske it for Gods loue and in the waie of Iustice that this wicked Deuill maie suffer worthy death and bee punished to the example of all other Amplifiyng of the matter consisteth in heapyng and enlargyng of those places whiche serue for confirmacion of a matter As the definicion th◠cause the consequent the contrary the example and suche other Again amplificacion maie be vsed whē we make the law to speake the dedde persone to make his complaint the con̄trey to crie out of suche a deede As if some worthy manne wer cast awaie to make the countrey saie thus If England could speake would she not make suche suche cōplaints if the walles of suche a citee or toune had a tongue would thei not talke thus and thus And to bee shorte all suche thynges should be vsed to make the cause seme greate whiche concerne God the commō weale or the lawe of nature For if any of these three bee hindered we haue a large fielde to walke in In praisyng or dispraisyng wee muste exaggerate those places towardes the ende whiche make menne wonder at the straungenesse of any thyng In perswadyng or disswadyng the rehersall of commoditees and heapyng of examples together encrease muche the matter It were a greate labour to tell all the commoditees and all the properties whiche belong vnto the conclusion For suche arte maie bee vsed in this behalfe that though the cause bee very euill yet a wittie manne maie gette the ouerhande if he bee cunnyng in his facultee The Athenians therfore did streightly forbid by a lawe to vse any conclusion of the cause or any enterance of the matter to wynne fauour Cicero did herein so excell that lightly he gotte the victorie in all matters that euer he tooke in hande Therefore as iust◠praise ariseth by this parte so I doubte not but the wittiest will take moste paines in this behalf and the honest for euer will vse the defence of moste honest matters Weapons maie bee abused for murder and yet weapons are onely ordeined for saufgard ¶ Of the figure amplificacio◠EMong all the figures of Rhetorique there is no one that so muche helpeth forwarde an Oracion and beautifieth thesame with suche delitefull ornamentes as dooeth amplificacion For if either wee purpose to make our tale appere vehemente to seme pleasaunt or to be well stored with muche copie nedes must it be that here we seke helpe where helpe chiefly is to be had and not els where And nowe because none shall better bee able to amplifie any matter then
the Sonne who euer kepeth one course in speakyng of incoÌ„staunce to showe the Mooâ—e whiche keepeth no certaine course Againe in younge Storkes wee may take an example of loue towardes their damme for when she is olde and not able for her crooked bil to picke meat the youngones fede her In young Uipers there is a contrary example for as Plinie saieth they eate out their dammes wombe and so come forthe In Hennes there is a care to bryng vp their chickens is Egles the contrarie whiche caste out their egges if thei haue any mo then thre and al because they woulde not be troubled with bryngyng vp of many There is also a notable kynde of amplification when we would extenuate and make lesse great faultes which before we did largely encrease to thende that other faultes might seeme the greatest aboue all other As if one had robbed his maister thrust his felow through the arme accoÌ„paned with harlottes kepte the tauerne till he had been as dronke as a ratte to say after a large inuectiue against al these offences You haue heard a whole court roule of ribauldrie and yet al these are but fle bitynges in respect and comparison of that which I shal now show you Who doth not loke for a maruâ—ilouse great matter a most hainouse offence when those faultes that are thought moste greuouse are counted but fle bitynges in respect and comparison of that whiche he myndeth to reherse In like maner one might exhort y e people to godlinesse and whereas he hath set forthe al the commodities that folowe the same as in showyng a quiet conscience not gilty of any great faulte the libertie of spirite the peace whiche we haue with GOD the felowship with al the electe for the seruant of Sathan to be the sonne of GOD the comforte of the soule the greatenesse wherof no man is able to conceiue to say at lengthe and what can be greater what can be more excellent or more blesseful yet al these are smal matters if thei be coÌ„pared with the blessed enheritaunce of the euerliuing God prepared for al those that liue Godlie here vpon earthe fastenyng there whole trust vpon Christe aboue whiche bothe is able and will saue all those that caâ— vnto him with faith We do encrease our cause by reasonyng the matter and casting our accompt when either by thynges that folow or by thynges that go before or elles by suche thynges as are annexed with the matter wee geue sentence how great the thyng is By thynges goyng before I iudge when I see an â—nuiouse or hasty man fight wiâ—h an other as hastie that there is lyke to be bloudshed As who should saie can enuiouse or hastie men matche together but that they must needes trie the matter with bloudshedyng Assuredly it can not be otherwyse but that bloude must appease their rage Likewyse seeyng two wyse men earnestly talkyng together I cannot otherwyse iudge but that their talke must nedes be wittie and concerne some weightie matter For to what ende shoulde wyse men ioyne or wherefore shoulde they laie their heades together if it were not for some earnest cause whâ—t a shame iâ— it for a strong man of muche health great manhode to be ouercome with a cuppe of drynke FroÌ„ thynges ioyned with the cause thus A woman hauyng her housbande emprisoned and in daunger of death soubdenly steppe before the Kyng and craued his pardon Bold was that womaÌ„ whiche durst aduenture to knele before a Kyng whose housband had so greuously offended Though woâ—en by nature are fearful yet in her appered a manly stomake and a good bolde harte yea euen in greatâ—st daunger By thynges that folowe thus al England lament the death of Duke Henrie and Duke Charles twoo noble brethren of the house of Suffolke Then may we wel iudge that these two ientlemen were wonderfully beloued when they both were so lamented There is a kynde of Amplifiyng when in speakyng of .ii. that fought together wee praise hym muche that had the worse because we would the other to haue more praise CoÌ„sideryng for a man to beate a boye it were no praise but for a talle man to matche with an other that were as talle as hym selfe that were somwhat worthe Therfore I woulde haue the Scottes wel praised whome the Englishmen haue so often vanquished He that praiseth muche â—he stronghold of Boleine must nedes thereby praise kyng Henry the .viij. of England who by martial power wonne it and kepte it al his lyfe tyme. Or thus Suche a one kepes a marueilouse good house for the worst boie in his house drynkes one and thesame drynke with his master and al one bread yea euery one hath his meate in siluer chamber vessels and all are of siluer We iudge by apparel by armour or by harnesse what a man is of stature or biggenes We iudge by occasion the goodnes of men as when they might haue doen harme thei would not when they might haue slaine thei sought rather to saue FroÌ„ the place where one is encrease may be gatherd As thus Beyng euen in the Court he was neuer moued to gaÌ„myng beyng at Rome he hated harlottes where thereis by report so great plentie as there are starres in the elemeÌ„t From the tyme thus he must needes be well learned in the lawes of our Realme that hath been a student this thirtie wynter From the age assuredly he is lyke to be good for beeyng but a childe he was euer most godlie From the state of lyfe no doubt but he is honest for beyng but a seruaunt he lyued so vprightely as none coulde iustly blame his lyfe From the hardenesse of a thyng That whiche is almost onely proper to Aungels must nedes be harde for man therefore chastitie is a rare gifte and harde for man to kepe From the straungenesse of a thyng EloqueÌ„ce must nedes bee a wonderful thyng when so fewe haue attained it Lykewyse notable aduentures doen by a fewe are more praise worthy than suche as haue been done by a great nombe Therfore the battail of Muskelborow against the Scottes where so fewe Englishmen were slaine and so many Scottes dispatched must nedes be more praise worthie than if the nomber of Englishmen had been greater Uehemencie of woordes full often helpe the matter forwarde when more is gatherde by cogitacion than if the thyng had been spoken in plaine woordes When wee heare one say suche a maÌ„ swelled seyng a thyng against his mynd we gather that he was then more than half angrie Againe when wee heare one saie suche a woman spittes fier we gather streight that she is a Deuill The Preacher thunderde in the Pulpite belyke then he was metely hoote But concernyng all suche speaches the knowlege of a Metaphore shall bryng men to muche knowlege whereof I wil speake hereafter emong the figures and therefore I surcease to speake of it in this place We encrease our cause by heapyng of wordes sentences together couchyng
bee to brode and these barres be ouer bigge for looke what is geuen to one by commendyng the same is streight taken away by buttyng Therfore suche are not to be lyked that geue a man a shoulder of mutton and breake his heade with the spitte when thei haue doen. And yet this is many a maÌ„s nature especially where enuie hath any grounded dwellyng place whose propertie is alwaies to speake nothyng of other without reproche and slaunder In mouyng affections and stirryng the iudges to be greued the weight of the matter must be so set forth as though they saw it plaine before their â—yes the report must be suche and the offence made so hainouse that the like hath not been seene heretofore and al the circuÌ„staunces must thus be heaped together The naughtines of his nature that did the dead the cruel orderyng the wicked dealyng and maliciouse handelyng the tyme the place the maner of his doyng and the wickednesse of his wil to haue doen more The man that susteined the wrong how litle he deserued how wel he was estemed emong his neighbours home small cause he gaue hym how great lacke men haue of hym Now if this be not reformed no good man shal lyue saufe the wicked wil ouerflowe al the world best it were for sauegard to be nought also and to take parte with them for no good man shal goe quiet for them if there be not spedie redresse found and this faulte punished to thexample of al other Quintiliane coucheth together in these few wordes the ful heape of suche an heauouse matter by gatheryng it vp after this sorte i. What is doen. ij By whome iij. Against whome iiij Upon what mynde v. At what tyme. vi In what place vij After what sorte viij How muche he would haue doen. IF one bâ—e beaten blacâ—e and blewe wee take it greuously but if one be slain â–ª we are muche more troubled Again if a slaue or ruffine shall do suche a dede we are displeased but if an officer a preacher or an hed iâ—ntleman should vse any slauerie wee are muche more agreued Yea or if a very notable euill man commit suche an horrible offence we thynke hym worthy to haue the lesse fauor If a sturdy felowe be stroken we are not so muche disquieted as if a child a woman an aged man a good man or a chief officer should be euil vsed If the offence be committed vpon a prepensed mynde and wilfully wee make muche more a do then if it were doen by chauÌ„ce medly If it be doen vpon an holy daie or els vpon â—he daie of Assise or vpon the daie of a kynges coronacion or about suche a solâ—mpne tyme or if it bee dooen in the nighte rather then at Noone daies we make the matter greater then if it had bâ—en dooen at another tyme. In the course if one strike a man it is â—hought greater then if he should strike hym in the opâ—n streate The maner of dooyng also doeth muche moue the pacience of meÌ„ as if one should cowardly kill one and strike hym sodainly â–ª he were worthy greater blame then if he should manfully set vpon hym or if one kill his felowe secreâ—ly with a gunne â–ª he wer worthy more hâ—tred then if he killed hym with a sword or if he wounded hym sore or cruelly mangeled hym we crie out muche more then if he had barely killed hym And lasâ— of al if his will had been to haue doen muche more then he did we encrease our anger against his rage muche more then euer we would els haue doen. ¶ Of mouyng pitee Nowe in mouyng pitie and stirryng menne to mercie the wrong doen must first be plainly told or if the Iudges haue susteined the lâ—â—e excremitâ—e the best wer to will them to remeÌ„bre their awn state how thei haue been abused in like maner what wronges thei haue suffered by wicked doers that by hearyng their awne thei maie y â— better hearken to others Again whereas all other miseries that befall vnto man are greuous to the â—are there is nothing more heâ—nous then to heare that the most honest men are sonâ—st ouerthroweâ— by theÌ„ that are moste wicked and vertue put to flight through the onely might of vice That if the like hath not happened vnto the hearers of this cause yet it wer mere to shewe theÌ„ that the like maie happeÌ„ and so require them to geue iudgement in this cause as thei would doo in their awne and remâ—mber that harme may chaunce to euery one that perhappes chaunceth to any one And no doubt euery man remembryng hymself and his awne case will loke well about hym and geue iudgement accordyng to right Neither can any good be doen at all when we haue saied all that euer we can excepte we bryng thesame affeccions in our awne harte the whiche wee would the Iudges should beare towardes our awne matter For how can he be greued with the report of any heinous acte either in stomackyng the naughtinesse of the deede or in bewailyng the miserable misfortune of the thyng or in fearyng muche the like euill hereafter excepte the Oratour hymself vtter suche passions outwardly and from his harte fetche his complaintes in suche sort that the matter maie appere bothe more greuous to the eare therwith so heinous that it requires earnestly aspedy reformacion There is no substaunce of it self that wil take fire excepte ye put fire to it Likewise no mannes nature is so apt streight to be heated except the Orator himself be on fire and bryng his heate with hym It is a common saiyng nothyng kyndeleth soner then fire And therefore a fierie stomack â—auseth euermore a fierie tongue And he that is heated with zeale and godlinesse shall set other on fire with like affeâ—cion No one man can better enuiegh against vice then he can do â–ª whiche hateth vice with al his harte Again nothyng moysteâ—h soner then water Therefore a wepyng iye causeth muche moysture and prouoketh teares Neither is it any meruaile for suche men bothe in their countenauÌ„ce tongue iyes gesture and in all their body els declare an outwarde grief and with wordes so vehemently and vnfeinedly settes it forward that thei will force a man to be sory with them and take part with theâ—r teares euen against his will â—oâ—withstandyng when suche affeâ—cioÌ„â— are moued it wer good â—ot to stande long in theÌ„ For though a vehement talke maie moue teares yet no arte can long hold theim For as Cicero doth saie nothyng drieth soner then teares especially when we lament another mans cause be sory w t him for his sake But now that I haue taught men to be sory I wil atteÌ„pt again to make them mery and shewe what learned men saie concernyng laughter in delityng the hearers wheÌ„ tyme and place shall best require ¶ Of deâ—ityng the hearers and stirryng them to laughter COnsideryng the
quod he wil haue a Trope to be in these wordes This is my bodye But surely I would wishe the T. were taken awaye and they had that for their labour whiche is lefte behinde What carye you master Person quod a gentilman to a Prieste that hadde his woman on horsebacke behynde him haue you gotte your male behinde you No syr quod the Prieste it is my female The interpretation of a worde doth oft declare a witte As when one hath done a robbery some wil saye it is pitie he was a handsome man to y â— which another made answere you saye truthe syr for he hathe made these shyftes by hys handes and gotte his liuyng wyth lyght fingeringe therfore beinge handsome as you saye he is I woulde God he were handsomelye hanged Sometimes it is delightfull when a mannes word is taken and not his meaninge As when one hadde sayde to an other whose helpe he must nedes haue I am sory sir to put you to paynes The other aunswered I will ease you syr of that sorowe for I will take no paynes for you at all The turning of a word deniynge that wherwith we are charged aunswering a much worsse doth often moue the hearer There was one Bassus as Quintilian dothe tell whiche seinge a Ladye called Domitia to be very nighe her selfe spake his pleasure of her Wherupon she being greued charged hym wyth these woordes that he shoulde saye she wâ—s suche a pyuche penye as woulde sell her olde shoue for money whereupon he aunswered No forsothe madâ—me quod he I saide not so but these were my wordes I saide you bought olde shoâ—e suche as you coulde geâ— beste cheape for money The Hollanders woordes ars worthye rehearsall who beynge a pore man as Erasmus telleth the tale had a cow or two goyng in â—he communes wherupon it happened that an Oxe of a riche mans who then was Maior of the towne hadde gored the pore mannes cowe and almoste kylled her The pore man being in this case halfe vndone thought notwithstanding by a wittye deuise to get right iudgâ—ment of master Maior for the losse of his cowe if he gotte nothynge elles and therfore thus he framed his tale Sir so it is that my cowe hath gored and almoste kylled your Oxe What haâ—h she quod he by sainte Marye thou shalte pay for him then Naye quod the poore man I crye you mercye youre Oxe hathe gored my cowe Ah quod the Maior that is an other matter we wyl talke of that hereafter at more leasure These wordes were spoken of purpose but now you shal heare what an olde woman spake of simplicitie In the dotynge worlde when stockes were saintes and â—umme walles spake this olde grandamme was deuoutelye kneling vpon her knees before the ymage of our Ladye Wherupon a merye felowe asked her what she meante to crouche knele there Marie quod the olde mother I praye to our Ladye that she maye praye to her Sonne for me with that he laughed at her ignoraunce Wherupon she thinkinge that her wordes were spoken amisse corrected her owne sayinge in this wise Naye quod she I praye to Christe in heauen that he will praye for me to this good Ladye here Wordes rehearsed contrarie to that which was spoken as a man would say ouerthwartly answered do much abash the opponent delite the hearers As when Sergius Galba being sicke therfore â—eping his house had appointed certaine of his freÌ„des to hear a matter of one Libo Scribonius Tribune of the people a man muche noted for hys noughtye and vncleane life this Libo saide to him in this wise Good Lorde when shall wee see you Sir abroade out of youre Parloure Marye quod he when thou kepeste thy selfe oute of an other mannes chambre meanynge that he was ouer familiar with an other mans wife Thus we se howe and in what maner pleasaunt sawes are gathered and vsed vpon the occasion of diuers wordes spoken Pleasaunte sporte made by rehearsynge of â— whole matter THe nature whole course of a matter being largelye set oute with a comelye behauoure doth much delite the hearers and geuâ—th good cause of greate pastime And this difference is betwene a â—este in a word and a iest vtterde in a longe tale That whiche is still deliteful with what wordes soeuer you tell it is contâ—inâ—d in the substaunce or nature of a loÌ„ge tale that which loseth his grace by alteration of a worde is conteyned in the nature of a woorde They that can liuely tell pleasaunt tales and merye dedes done and set theim oute as well with gesture as with voyce leauynge nothynge behynde that maye serue for beautifiynge of their matter are mooste mete for thys purpose wherof assuredlye there are but fewe And whatsoeuer he is that canne aptelye tell his tale and wyth countenaunce voyce and gesture so temper his reporte that the hearers maye styll take delyte him counte I a man worthye to be hyghlye estemed For vndoubtedlye no man can dooe anye suche thinge excepte they haue a greate mother wytte and by experience confirmed suche their comelines wherunto by nature they were most apte Many a maÌ„ readeth histories heareth fables seeth worthye actes done euen in this our age but few can set them out accordingly and tel them liuely as the matter selfe requireth to be told The kindes of delitinge in this sorte are diuers wherof I will set forth many as hereafter they shall folowe Sporte moued by tellinge olde tales IF there be any olde tale or straunge history wel wittely applied to some maÌ„ liuing al meÌ„ loue to hear it of life As if one wer called Arthur some good felow that were well acquainted wyth kynge Arthures bokâ— and the knightes of his rounde table woulde wante no matter to make good sporte and for a nede woulde dubbe him knyght of the rounde table or els proue him to be one of his kynne or â—ls whiche were muche proue him to be Arthure hym selfe And so likewise of other names mery panions would make madde pastime Oftentimes the deformitie of a mans bodye geueth maâ—ter enoughe to be ryght merye or els a picture in shape lyke an other man will make some to laughe right hartely One being greued with an other man saide in his anger I will set the oute in thy coloures I will shewe what thou arte The other beinge therwith muche chafed shewe quod he what thou canste with that he shewed him pointinge with his finger a man with a bottell nose blobbe cheaked and as redde as a Bouchers bowle euen as like the other manne as anie one in all the worlde could be I neede not to saye that he was angrye An other good felowe beinge merelye disposed called his acquaintaunce vnto him said Come hither I saie and I wil shewe thee as verye a lowte as euer thou sawest in all thy lyfe before with that he offered him at his commynge a stele
glasse to loke in But surelye I thynke he loked awrye for if I hadde bene in hys case I woulde haue tolde him that I espied a muche greater lowte before I sawe the glasse In augmentynge or diminishinge without all reason we geue good cause of muche pastyme As Diogenes seynge a pretye towne hauinge a greate payre of Gates at the comminge in Take hede quod he you menne of this towne lest your towne runne out of your gates That was a marueylous bygge Gate I trow or els a wonderfull little towne where suche passage shoulde be made A Frier disposed to tell misteries opened to the People that the soule of man was so little that a leuen thousande might daunce vpon the nayle of his thumbe One marueylinge much at that I praye you master Frier quod he wher shall the piper stande then when suche a number shall kepe so small a roume Mirthe is moued when vpon a trifle or a worde spoken an vnknowen matter and weightye affayre is opened As if one shoulde finde fault with some mannes sumptuous buildinge or other suche thinge whiche hadde founde muche faâ—oure at the same mans hande an other myght saye well sir he that builded this house saued your worship from hanginge when the time was A nececessarie note for him thaÌ„kefullye to remembre the builder of that house not slaunderouslye to speake euil of him It is a pleasaunt dissembling when we speake one thing merelye and thyncke an other earnestlye or elles when we prayse that which otherwise deserueth disprayse to the shaming of those that are taken to be most honest As in speakinge of one that is well knowen to be nought to saye emong all men that are sene to there is one that lacketh his rewarde He is the diligentiest felowe in hys callinge of all other he hath traueyled in behalfe of his countrey he hath watched daye and night to further his coÌ„mune weale â–ª and to aduaunce the dignitye therof and shall he go emptye home Who stode by it at suche a felde who played the man and cryed stoppe the thiefe when suche a man was robbed Who seeth good rule kept in suche a place can anye here charge him with bawdrye Whiche of you all dare saye or can say that euer you sawe him droâ—ke if then these be true ought not suche to be sene to and rewarded accordingelye For praysinge the vnworthye I remember once that our worthy Latimer did set out the deuyll for his diligence wonderfullie and preferred him for that purpose before all the Bishoppes in England And no doubte the wicked be more busye and stirrynge then the children of light be in their generation What talke you of suche a man say the an other there is an honest man ye maye be assured For if a man had neade of one he is ready at a pynche his body sweates for honesty if you come to him in a hotte sommers day you shal se his honestye in such sort to reeke that it woulde pitye any christian soule liuinge He hath more honestye with him then he neades and therfore bothe is able and will lende where it pleaseth him best Beware of him aboue all menne that eâ—uer you knewe He hathe no felowe there is none suche I thinke he wil not liue longe â–ª he is so honest a man the more pitye that suche good felowes shoulde knowe what deathe meaneth But it maketh no matter when he is gone all the worlde will speake of him hys name shall neuer dye he is so well knowen vniuersallye Thus we maye mockingelye speake well of him when there is not a noughtyer felowe wythin all Englande agayne and euen as well sette out his noughtines this way as thoughe we hadde in verye dede vttered all his noughty conditions plainelye and without iestinge Emonge al that euer were pleasaunte in this kinde of delite Socrates beareth the name and maye worthelye chalenge prayse Sir Thomas More with vs here in England â–ª had an excellent gifte not onely in this kinde but also in all other pleasaunt delites whose witte eueÌ„ at this houre is a wonder to al the worlde shalbe vndoubtedly euen vnto the worldes ende Unto this kinde of dissembling is nexte adioynâ—nge a maner of speache when wee geue an honeste name to an euyll deede As when I woulde call one accordingly that is of a noughtye behaâ—oure to saye Ah sirrha you are a marchant in dede Wher as I thinke a marchauntes name is honest Some olde felowes wheÌ„ they thinke one to be an heritique they will saye he is a gospeller Some newe felowes when they thinke one a Papist they wil call him straight a catholique be euen with him at the landes ende Contrariwise some will geue an â—uil name to a good thinge As a father louynge his Sonne tenderlye and hauynge no cause to be greued with him will sometimes saye to him Come hither sir knaue and the mother merelye beynge disposed wyll saye to her swete Sonne Ah you little horeson wyll you serue me so Where as I thyncke some womenne that ofte so saye wil sweare vpon a booke they are none suche and almoste I hadde sayde I dare sweare for some of theim my selfe if God hadde not forbidden me to sweare at all This Kynde also is pretye when we gather an other thinge by a mannes tâ—le then he woulde â—ladly we shoulde gather When Liuius Saliâ—ator a Romayne capitaine hadde kepte the Castell of Tarenâ—um losinge the towne to Anniâ—al his enemye and that Maximus therupoÌ„ had layed siege to the same towne and gotte it againe by the swerde then Saliâ—ator whyche thus kepte the Castell desiered him to remember that throughe his meanes he gotte the towne Why shoulde I not quod he thyncke so for if you had neuer lost it I had neuer gotte it To dissemble sometymes as thoughe wee vnderstode not what one meant declareth an apte witte â—nd much deliteth such as heare it Diogenes was asked on a time what wyne he loued beste to drincke Marye quod he an other mannes wyne meanynge that he loued that dryncke beste that coste him leaste The same Diogenes likewyse was asked what one shoulde geue hym to lette him haue a blowe at his heade Marye a Helmet quod he One Octaâ—ius a Libian borne as witnesseth Macrobius sayde vnto Tullie when he spake hys mynde vpon a matter Sir I heare you not I praye you speake owder No quod Tullie that is maruaile to me for as I do remember your eares are well bored thorowe meanynge that he was nayled vpon a Pillarie or â—lles hadde holes made in his eares whyche myght well serue as Tullie iested to receiue open ayre WheÌ„ Mettellus toke muster required Cesar to be there not abiding y t he should be absent thoughe his eyes greued him and said What man do you se nothing at all Yes marye quod Cesar as euil as I se I can se a lordship of yours the which was .iiii. or .v.
but how In darkenes No forsouth by the light of his word And therfore Sainct Christofer beyng in the Sea and not well able to gette out that is to say beyng almost drouned in synne not knowyng whiche waie best to escape an Heremite appered vnto hym with a laÌ„terne a light therein the whiche dothe signifie none other thyng to the Christian but the true woorde of God whiche lighteneth the hartes of men geueth vnderstandyng to the youngelinges as the Prophet doth saie Againe Sainct George he is set on horsebacke killeth a Dragon with his speare whiche Dragon woulde haue deuoured a virgine whereby is none other thyng meÌ„t but that a Kyng and euery man vnto whom thexecution of iustice is committed should defende the innocent against the vngodly attemptes of the wicked and rather kill suche deuilles by marcial law than suffer the innocentes to take any wrong But who gaue our clargie any suche aucthoritie that those monsters shoulde bee in Churches as laye mens Bookes God forbadde by expresse worde to make any grauen Image and shal we be so bolde to breake Gods wil for a good entent and call these Idolles laie mens Bookes I could talke more largely of examples heape a nomber here together aswell of Ethnike Aucthours as of other here at home but for feare I should be tediouse these for this tyme that suffise ¶ Of Fables THe feigned fables such as are attributed vnto brute beastes would not be forgotten at any hand For not onely they delite the rude ignoraunt but also they helpe muche for perswasion And because suche as speake in open audience haue euer moe fooles to heare them than wise men to geue iudgement I would thynke it not amisse to speake muche accordyng to the nature and fansie of the ignoraunt that the rather thei might be wonne through fables to learne more weightie graue matters â–ª for al men cannot brooke sage causes and auncient collacions but wil lyke earnest matters the rather if some thing be spokeÌ„ there â—mong agreyng to their natures The multitude as Horace doth say is a beast or rather amoÌ„ster that hath many heades and therefore like vnto the diuersitie of natures varietie of inuencion must alwaies be vsed Talke altogether of moste graue matters or depely searche out the ground of thynges or vse the Quiddities of Dunce to sette forth Gods misteries you shal see the ignoraunt I warrant you either fal a slepe or elles bid you farewel The multitude must needes be made mery the more foolish your talke is the more wise wil they counte it to be And yet it is no foolishnesse but rather wisedome to wynne men by tellyng of fables to heare of Gods goodnesse Undoubtedly fables well sette forthe haue doen muche good at diuerse tymes and in diuerse coÌ„mune weales The Romaine Menenius Agrippa allegyng vpon a tyme a fable of the conflicte made betwixt the partes of a mans bodie and his belie quieted a marueilouse stirre that was lyke to ensewe pacified the vprore of â—ediciouse rebelles whiche els thought for euer to destroy their countrie Themistosâ—es perswaded the AtheniaÌ„s not to chaunge their Officers by rehersyng the fable of a scabbed fore For ê™ he when many flees stode feedyng vpon his rawe fleshe had wel fedde themselues he was contented at anothers persuasion to haue them slapte away whereupon their ensewed suche hungry flees afterwardes that the sorie foâ—e beyng al alone was eaten vp almost to the harde boone and therefore cursed the tyme that euery he agreed to any suche euil counsel In lyke maner ê™ Themistocles if you will chaunge Officers the hungry flees will eaâ—e you vp one after another whereas now you liue beyng but onely bitten and lyke to haue no farther harme but rather muche welth and quietnesse hereafter because they are filled and haue enough that heretofore suckte so muche of your bloud Now likewyse as I gaue a lesson how to enlarge an example so may fables also in lyke sorte be sette out augmented at large by Amplification Thus muche for the vse of fables Againe sometymes feiâ—ed Narrations and wittie inuented matters as though they were true in deede helpe wel to set forwarde a cause haue great grace in theÌ„ beyng aptely vsed wel inuented Luciane passeth in this pointe sir Thomas More for his Eutopia can soner be remeÌ„bred of me then worthely praised of any according as the excelleÌ„cie of his inuencioÌ„ in that behaulf doth most iustly require ¶ Digestion DIgestion is an ordely placyng of thynges partyng euery matter seuerally Tullie hath an example hereof in his Oration whiche he made for Sextus Roscius Amarinus There are three thynges ê™ Tullie whiche hynder Sextus Roscius at this tyme the accusacion of his aduersaries the boldenes of them and the power that they beare Eruscus his accuser hath taken vpoÌ„ hym to forge false matteâ— the Roscians kinsfolke haue boldly aduentured wil face out their doynges Chrisogonus here that most can do wil presse vs with his power ¶ A whisht or a warnyng to speake no more A Whisht is when we bid them holde their peace that haue least cause to speake and can do litle good with their talkyng Diogenes beeyng vpon the Sea emong a number of naughtie packes in a greate storme of wether when diuerse of these wicked felowes cried out for feare of drownyng some with fained prayour to Iuppiter some to Neptune and euery one as they beste fantaised the goddes aboue whishte ê™ Diogenes for vp Gods mother if God hym selfe knowe you be here you are lyke to be drowned euery mothers sonne of you Meanyng that they were so nought and so fainedly made their prayour to false Godes without mynde to amende their naughtie lyfe that the lyuyng God woulde not leaue them vnpunished though they cried neuer so fast Wee vse this figure likewyse when in speakyng of any man we saie whisht the woulfe it at hand when the same man cometh in the meane season of whome we spake before ¶ Contrarietie COntrarietie is when our talke standeth by contrarie wordes or sentences together As thus wee mighte despraise some one man he is of a straunge nature as euer I sawe for to his frende he is churlishe to his foe he is ientle geue him faire wordes and you offende hym checke hym sharpely and you wynne hym Let hym haue his will and he will flye in your face kepe hym shorte and you shal haue hym at commaundement ¶ Freâ—nesse of speache FReenesse of speache is when wee speake boldely without feare euen to the proudest of them whatsoeuer we please or haue list to speake Diogenes herein did excel and feared no man when he sawe iust cause to saie his mynde This worlde wanteth suche as he was and hath ouer many suche as neuer honest maÌ„ was that is to say flatterers fawners and southers of mennes saiynges ¶ Stomake grief
STomake grief is when we will take the matter as hote as a tost We nede no examples for this matter hote men haue to many of whom they may be bould and spare not that fynde them selues a colde Some tymes we enâ—reate earnestly and make meanes by praâ—er to wynne fauour Somtymes we seke fauour by speakyng well of the companie present As. Thorowe your helpe my lordes this good deede hath been done Some tymes we speake to hurte our aduersaries by settyng forth their euil behauior Sometymes we excuse a fault and accuse the reporters Sometymes we wishe vnto God for redresse to euil Sometimes we curse the extreme wickednes of some pastgood roisters In al whiche I thynke neither examples neede nor yet any rehersal had been greately necessarie coÌ„sidering al these come without any great learnyng sauing that for apt bestowing iudgement is right nedeful ¶ Of figures in sentencies called Schemes WHen any sentence vpon the placyng or settyng of wordes is said to be a figure thesaied is alwaies called a Scheme the whiche wordes beyng altered or displaced the figure streight doth lose his name and is called no more a scheme Of this sorte there be diuerse suche as hereafter folowe ¶ Doublettes DOublettes is when we reherse one and thesame worde twise together Ah wretche wretche that I am Tullie against Catiline inueighyng sore against his traiterouse attemptes saith after a loÌ„g rehersed matter and yet notwithstandyng all this notouriouse wickednesse the maÌ„ liueth stil liueth Nay mary he cometh into the counsel house whiche is more An other Darrest thou showe thy face thou wretched theef thou theefe I saie to thyne owne father darrest thou looke abrode Thus the ofte repeatyng of one worde doth munhe stirre the hearer and makes the worde seeme greater as though a sworde were ofte digged thrust twise or thrise in one place of the bodie ¶ Alteryng parte of a worde ALteryng parte of a word is when we take a letter or sillable from some word or els adde a letter or sillable to a worde As thus WilliaÌ„ Somer seyng muche a do for accomptes makyng that the Kynges Maiestie of most worthie memorie Henry theight wanted mony suche as was due vnto hym And please your grace ê™ he you haue so many frauditours so many conueiers and so many deceiuers to get vp your money that they get al to themselues Whether he said true or no let God iudge that it was vnhappely spoken of a foole I thynke he had some Scholemaister he shoulde haue saied Auditours Surueyours and Receauours ¶ Repetition REpetition is when we begynne diuerse sentencies one after another with one and thesame worde As thus When thou shalt appere at the terrible daâ—e of iudgemeÌ„t before the high maiestie of God where is then thy richesse where is then thy deintie faire where is theÌ„ thy great band of men where are then thy faire houses wher are then al thy laÌ„des pastures parkes forestes I might saie thus of our soueraine lord the Kynges maiestie that now is Kyng Edwarde hath ouerthrowne idololatrie Kyng Edwarde hath bannished superstition Kyng Edward by Gods helpe hath brought vs to the true knowlege of our creation Kyng Edwarde hath quieted our coÌ„sciencies laboured that al his people should seeke healthe by the death and Passion of Christ alone ☞ Conuersion COnuersion is an ofte repeatyng of the last worde is contrarie to that which went before WheÌ„ iust dealing is not vsed welth goeth away fryndship goeth away truth goeth awaie all goodnes to speake at a worde goeth awaie Where affections beare rule there reason is subdued honestie is subdued good wil is subdued al thinges els that withstande euil for euer are subdued ¶ Comprehension COmprehersion is when bothe the aboue rehersed figures are in one kynd of speakyng vsed so that bothe one first worde must ofte be rehersed likewise al one last worde What winneth the hartes of men Liberalitie What causeth men to aduenture their lifes and dye willyngly in defence of their masters Liberalitie What coÌ„tinueth the staâ—e of a Kyng Liberalitie What becometh a woman best first of al Silence What seconde Silence What third Silence What fourth Silence Yea if a man should aske me til dowmes day I would stil crie silence silence without the whiche no woman hath any good gifte but hauing thesame no doubt she must haue many other notable giftes as the whiche of necessitie do euer folow suche a vertue ¶ Progression PRogression standeth vpoÌ„ contrarie sentences which answere one another If we would rebuke a naughty boie we might with coÌ„mendyng a good boie say thus What a boie are thou in coÌ„parâ—son of this fellow here Thou sleapes he wakes thou plaies he studies thou art euer abrode he is euer at home thou neuer waites he stil doth his attendaunce thou carest for no body he doeth his dutie to al men thou doest what thou caâ—st to hurt al please none he doth what he can to hurte none please all ¶ Lyke endyng and lyke fallyng THen the sentences are said to ende lyke when those wordes do end in like sillables which do lacke cases Thou liues wickedly thou speakes naughtely The rebelles of Northfolke ê™ a most worthie man that made an inuectiue against theÌ„ through slauerie slew Nobilitie in dede miserably in fashioÌ„ cruelly in cause deuilishly Sentencies also are said to fal like when diuerse wordes in one sentencâ—e ende in lyke cases that in ryme By great trauaile is got muche auaile by earnest affection men learne discrecion These .ij. kyndes of Exornacion are then most delitefull when contrarie thynges are repeated together when that ones again is vtterde whiche before was spoken when sentencies are turned and letters are altered Of the first this may be an example Where learnyng is loued there labour is estemed but wher sleuth is thought solace there rudenes taketh place A Kyng is honoured that is a Kyng in dede wil you drink or you go or wil you go or you drinke There is a diffrence betwixt an horsemilne a milnehorse He is a meter man to driue the Carte than to serue in the Courte Through labouâ— cometh honour through ydell lyuyng foloweth hangyng Diuerse in this our tyme delite muche in this kynd of writyng whiche beeyng measurably vsed deliteth muche the hearers otherwyse iâ— offendeth and werieth mens eares with sacitie S. Augustine had a goodly gifte in this behaulf yet some thinkes he forgot measure and vsed ouermuche this kynde of figure Notwithstandyng the people were suche wher he liued that they toke muche delite in rimed sentences in Orations made ballade wise Yea thei were so nyce so waiwarde to please that excepte the Preacher from tyme to tyme coulde ryme out his Sermon they woulde not long abide the hearyng Tacitus also sheweth that in his tyme the iudges
therfore that famouse Oratour beyng asked what was the chiefest point in al Oratorie gaue the chiefe and onely praise to Pronunciation being demaunded what was the seconde and the thirde he stil made answere Pronunciation and would make none other aunswere till they lefte askyng declaryng hereby that Arte without vtterauÌ„ce can dooe nothyng vtteraunce without Arte can dooe right muche And no doubte that man is in outwarde apparaunce halfe a good Clarke that hath a cleane tongue and a comely gesture of his bodie Aeschines lykewyse beyng baÌ„nished his countrie through Demosthenes when he had redde to the Rhodians his owne Oration and Demosthenes aunswere thereunto by force wherof he was bannished and all they marueiled muche at the excellencie of the same then ê™ Aeschines you would haue marueiled muche more if you had heard hymselfe speake it Thus beyng cast in miserie bannished for euer he could not but geue suche great reporte of his most deadly and mortal ennemy ¶ The partes of Pronunciation PRonunciation standeth partely in fashionyng the tongue and partely in framyng the gesture The tongue or voice is praise worthie if the vtteraunce be audible strong and easie apte to order as we liste Therfore they that mynde to gette praise in tellyng their minde in open audience must at the first beginnyng speake somwhat softely vse meete pausyng and being somewhat heated rise with their voice as the tyme cause shal best require Thei that haue no good voices by nature or cannot wel vtter their woordes must seeke for helpe elswhere Exercise of the bodie fastyng moderacion in meate and drynke gaping wyde or singyng plaine song counterfeityng those that do speake distinctly helpe muche to haue a good deliueraunce Demosthenes beeyng not able to propronounce the first letter of that Arte whiche he professed but would say for Rhethorique Letolike vsed to put litle stones vnder his tongue so pronounced whereby he spake at lengthe so plainely as any man in the worlde coulde doe Musicians in England haue vsed to put gagges in childreÌ„s mouthes that they might pronounce distinctely but nowe with the losse and lacke of Musicke the loue also is gone of bringyng vp children to speake plainely Some therebe that either naturally or through folie haue suche euill voices suche lacke of vtteraunce suche euil gesture that it muche defaceth all their doynges One pipes out his woordes so small through defaulte of his wynde pype that ye woulde thinke he whisteled An other is so hource in his throte that a man woulde thynke he came lately from scouryng of harnesse An other speakes as though he had Plummes in his mouthe An other speakes in his throte as though a good Ale cruÌ„me stacke fast An other ratles his wordes An other choppes his wordes An other speakes as though his wordes had neede to be heaued out with leauers An other speakes as though his wordes shoulde be weyed in a ballaunce An other gapes to fetche wynde at euery thirde woorde This man barkes out his Englishe Northrenlike with Isay and thou ladde An other speakes so finely as though he were brought vp in a Ladies Chamber As I knew a Priest that was as nice as a Nonnes Henne when he would saie Masse he woulde neuer saie Dominus vobiscum but Dominus vobicum In like maner as some now wil say the Commendementes of God blacke vellet for Commaundementes and blacke veluet Some blowes at their noistrelles Some sighes out their wordes Some synges their sentencies Some laughes altogether when they speake to any bodie Some gruntes lyke a Hogge Some cackels lyke a Henne or a Iack Dawe Some speakes as thoughe they shoulde tel a tale in their sleeue Some cries out so loude that they would make a mans eares ake to heare theÌ„ Some â—oughes at euery worde Some heÌ„mes it out Some spittes fier they talke so hotely Some makes a wrie mouthe and so they wreste out their wordes Some whynes lyke a Pig Some suppes their wordes vp as a poore man doth his porage Some noddes their head at euery sentence An other winckes with one iye and some with both This maÌ„ frowueth alwaies when he speakes An other lookes â—uer as though he were mad Some cannot speake but thei must go vp and doune or at the lest be stirryng their feete as though they stode in a cockeryng Bote. An other wil plaie with his cappe in his hande so tel his tale Some when they speake in a great companie will looke al one way as I knewe a reader in my daies who loked in lyke sorte when he redde to Scholers whome one thought to disappoint of suche his constant lookes and therefore against the nexte daie he painted the Deuil with hornes vpon his heade in the selfe same place where the Reader was wont alwaies to looke the whiche straunge monster when the reader sawe he was half abashed and turned his face an other way Some pores vpon the grounde as though thei sought for pynnes Tullie telles of one Theophrastus Tauriscus who is saide to declaime arsee versee Some swelles in the face sillâ—s their chekes ful of wynde as though they would blow out their woordes Some settes forth their lippes two ynches good beyonde their teeth Some talkes as thoughe their tongue went of patyns Some showes al their teeth Some speakes in their teeth altogether Some leates their wordes fall in their lippes scant openyng theim when they speake There are a thousand suche faultes emong menne bothe for their speache and also for their gesture the whiche if in their young yeres they be not remedied they will hartely be forgotte when they come to mans state But the rather that these faultes may be redressed I haue partly declared heretofore the righte vse of vtteraunce and nowe I mynde by Goddes helpe to shewe the right vse of gesture ¶ Vvat is gesture GEsture is a certaine comely moderacion of the countenaunce and al other partes of mans body aptely agreeyng to those thynges whiche are spoken â–ª That if wee shall speake in a pleasaunt matter it is meete that the loke also should be chereful and al the gesture stirryng thereafter The heade to be holden vpright the forehead without frownyng the browes without bendyng the nose without blowyng the iyes quicke and pleasaunt the lippes not laid out the tethe without grennyng the armes not muche cast abrode but comely set out as time and cause shal best require the handes somtymes opened and sometimes holde together the fingers pointyng the brest laid out and the whole body stirryng altogether with a seemely moderacion By the whiche behauiour of our body after suche a sorte we shal not onely delite men with the sight but perswade them the rather the truth of our cause Q. Hortensius had suche delite to vse comely gesture had suche grace in that behaulfe that I doubt whether men had a greater desire to see hym than they had to heare hym His countenaunce so