in specie and agree in nothing but only that the Vital spirits and Bloud are the matter from whence the Animal spirits are formed A third sort deny the Arterial bloud to be the matter of these Spirits and affirm that the Nerves absorb a part of the Chyle of which they are made and besides a Nutritious juice of which by and by And some there are that suppose Air also to be an Ingredient which ascends into the Brain through the Os cribriforme We cannot stand upon the examination and refutation of several of these opinions here but upon a due consideration of the Arguments urged for each we think that the Animal spirits are specifically distinct from the Vital but that the Vital with the Arterial bloud their Vehicle are the true and only matter out of which they are elaborated And there is no less difference in what part of the Brain the Animal spirits are made Some thinking in the Sinus of the Falx others the four ventricles of the Brain especially the fourth a third sort the Plexus choroides and Rete mirabile des Cartes that they are separated out of the Arteries of Plexus choroides in the Glandula pinealis into the Ventricles and others lastly assign the whole substance of the Brain for the place of their confection As to the Sinus of the Falx the use of that was shewn above Chap. 3. And as to the Ventricles seeing they are often almost quite full of waterish humour but always have some they seem very unfit for the making or receiving such subtil and volatile Spirits as the Animal are As for the Plexus choroides and Rete mirabile there is no Vessel in either that contains any thing but under the form of Bloud so that seeing there are no Vasa deferentia or call them what you will to convey the Spirits to the origine of the Nerves these also seem improper for such an action We must therefore subscribe to the last opinion that ascribes this work to the very substance of the Brain and is performed in this manner The Heart is like the Primum mobile of the Body to which the motion of all the humours that have once past it is owing This by its Systole impells the Bloud as into all other parts so into the Brain by the several branches of the Carotides whose innumerable twigs run partly through the outer Cortex or greyish part of the Brain and partly into the inner medullar or white substance These twigs of Arteries spring partly from the Plexus choroides and Rete mirabile and partly from the Carotides themselves immediately The superfluous Serum of the Bloud is separated by the Glands above described and that which is not elaborated into Animal spirit is returned again to the Heart by the Veins But those particles that are fit and proper to be converted into them are extravasated into the very Parenchyma of the Brain or at least are distributed through it by invisible Capillaries in which being perfected into Spirits these by help of the Fibres or Filaments which the inner substance of the Brain chiefly consists of are conveyed to the Corpora striata or other processes of the Medulla oblongata that adhere to the Brain which consist of the like Filaments and by them to the Nerves whose inner substance is fibrous like the Medulla from whence they spring And the reason of this successive motion from one to another is the Pulse of the Heart whereby that which comes behind always drives forward what is before Whence the true cause of an Apoplexy wherein motion and sense are almost quite abolisht is from the obstruction or compression c. of the Arteries in the Brain whereby both little Bloud and Vital spirit can be conveyed thither to make Animal spirit of and also when it is made it is not impelled out of the Brain along the Fibres into the Nerves to enable them to perform their functions There is no less controversie about the Nutritious juice of the Nerves some contending for it to that height as to affirm that all the parts of the Body are only nourish'd by it and not at all by the Bloud which by its rapid motion they say is liker to wear and carry away something from the parts through which it passes than to adhere to them for their restauration Others are more moderate and suppose that nourishment is dispensed only to the spermatick parts by the Nerves which the Nerves receive not from the Bloud but imbibing the most thin part of the Chyle out of the Stomach and Guts do carry it up to the Brain from whence it is conveyed again by the same Nerves to the parts to be nourish'd by it Diemerbroeck is of opinion that the juice of the Nerves which is as a Vehicle to the Spirits being somewhat acid does contribute or yield assistance to the nourishment of the spermatick parts not as it is the matter of but as it separates from the Bloud such particles as are fit for their nourishment Whence it is he says that such parts of the Body as are most exercised and by consequent into which most Animal spirits flow grow the strongest having more of such particles of the Bloud as are fit for their instauration separated in them So they that are used to walk will endure it better than others that are not so used though otherwise much stronger And hence the right Arm is usually stronger than the left in those that are right-handed as we say But he thinks that the Nerves have no juice in them which they did not first receive from the Bloud Dr. Willis is much of his opinion saving as to this last particular for he says it is without doubt that the nervous Fibres and Filaments which cloath the sensory of the taste and the Bowels that serve concoction do immediately take some taste of the Aliments for the supply of the Brain especially at such times as the Spirits are much wasted in too long fasting or over much exercise But then that juice that may be supposed to be made thereof in the Brain and to be dispensed by the Nerves into all the parts of the Body he believes not to be the matter of the nourishment of any part whether spermatick or sanguineous but that it is as the form only and the Bloud the matter whose several particles being analysed or severed by the said juice are directed and adapted by its directive faculty or plastick power as it were to such parts respectively as they are suitable for And from hence he draws a reason why paralytick parts do waste so much though the Bloud flow plentifully enough into them because the Nerves being obstructed and no Animal spirits with their Vehicle passing by them the particles of the Bloud are not separated for the supply of such parts As for the nervous juice it must needs be very little in quantity seeing if one make a Ligature upon the Nerve it will not
which ensueth if they be pricked But either it is framed by nature out of the first matter of the Embryo as other parts called Spermatick are and so is an independent part or else it is a coalition of the Fibres of the Muscle being emptied or freed of their parenchyma The Tendons are sometimes round as in the musculus biceps sometimes broad as in the oblique and transverse Muscles of the Belly These are the parts constitutive of a Muscle It hath besides these parts derived from the Position and those are three The Head the Belly and the Tail The Head is the beginning or that part unto which the Muscle is contracted the Belly is the thickest part and the most fleshy the Tail is the ending of it and is inserted into the part which is moved It is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and commonly Tendo The use of a Muscle was set down in the last part of the description in that it was said to be the instrument of free motion which word we rather make use of than of voluntary because beasts have Muscles and motion unto whom will properly so called is denyed because it presupposeth reason CHAP. II. Of the differences and actions of the Musclâ—s THE differences of Muscles are taken from sundry things First from their substance so some are fleshy as sundry of the Tongue and larynx some are membranous as the constrictores or internal adducents of the nose and some are partly fleshy and partly nervous as the temporal Secondly from the quantity Some are long as the streight Muscle of the abdomen the longest of the back c. others short as the pyramidal at the bottom of the abdomen some broad others narrow some thick others thin and slender c. Thirdly from the situation from hence some are called external some internal some oblique some streight some transverse Fourthly from the figure as deltoides because it resembleth the Greek letter 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 delta Some round others square c. Fifthly from their beginning so some proceed from bones one or more some from cartilages or gristles as those of the larynx Sixthly from the variety of parts so some are called bicipites and tricipites having two and three heads others biventres having two bellies Seventhly from their composition so some are single some double because some have more heads some more tails than one The unity of the Belly and Membrane which enwrappeth the Muscle causeth the unity of it and the plurality of the Membranes and Bellies the plurality of Muscles Eighthly from their action Four differences of Muscles are taken from hence for first some are hence called fraterni or congeneres brotherly some antagonistae adversaries Secondly some onely move themselves as the sphincters some other parts as the rest Thirdly some have one onely action as the greatest part of the Muscles some have divers actions as the masseter and trapezius The fourth difference is taken from the variety of the action so some are called flexores others extensores some elevatores others depressores some adductores others abductores Others suspensores rotatores c. As for the proper action of a Muscle it is nothing else but the contraction of it towards its beginning The diversity of the action proceedeth from the diversity of the situation of the Muscles so a streight Muscle hath a streight motion a transverse a transverse motion an oblique an oblique motion and that which compasseth a part hath an orbicular motion as the sphincters So all internal Muscles serve for bending all external for stretching out Now of the motion of the Muscles there are four differences first the contraction secondly the perseverance of the contraction thirdly the relaxation of the contraction and fourthly the perseverance of the relaxation This perseverance is called motus tonicus whenas the member is still kept in the same posture The efficient cause then of the action is the soul moved by its appetite It useth three Instruments the Brain the Nerve the Muscle the Brain receiveth the charge the Nerve carrieth it to the Muscle with the animal spirits and the Muscle doth perform the action So that a Muscle from its action may thus be described A Muscle is an organical part of the body appointed for the free contraction of it self towards the beginning for the moving of the part into which it is inserted CHAP. III. Of the Muscles of the Eye-lids THE Lids of each Eye have three Muscles the first is called rectus or aperiens to lift it up This is placed in the upper region of the orbit of the Eye and springeth from the same origine with the elevator of the Eye above it namely at the hole through which the optick Nerve passes into the orbit and holds the same course with it being of the same figure and substance viz. fleshy till at last parting from it with a pretty broad but thin Tendon it is inserted into the cartilage of the upper Eyelid which it serves to lift up and so to open the Eye The two others are called Claudentes or shutters of the Eyelids as also semicirculares others call them circulares taking them for one They are placed between the membrana carnosa and that Membrane that is extended from the pericranium Each Eyelid has one the upper a larger the lower a less That which draweth down or shutteth the upper ariseth from the inner corner of the Eye and that part of the supercilium that is next to the Nose with a sharp beginning from whence it passes transversly toward the outward corner growing presently fleshy and broader so that it filleth up all the space betwixt the Eyebrows and the lowest edge of the Eyelids on which the hairs grow which is called cilium or tarsus and at length is inserted into the outer corner That which moveth the lower though but obscurely in order to shut it is membranous and thin arising from the side of the Nose with a sharp beginning as the other whence being carried transversly it comes to the middle of the Eyelid where becoming something fleshy it continues its course to the outer corner which it turns about and ascending to the upper Eyelid is inserted into it with a broad end These two Muscles being contracted shut the Eye the greater drawing down the upper Eyelid and the less pulling up the lower But it is to be noted that besides the Rectus aforesaid to open the Eye there sometimes concur when we would open them very wide the musculi frontales on each side one which springing from the Skull near the coronal future and having one side knit to the temporal muscles do meet one another with the other side upon the forehead and descend with streight Fibres to the Eyebrows where they terminate By the help of these we draw up and wrinkle the forehead and by consequence pull up the
Cavity of the Liver namely from that part where the Porta enters it to the Spleen cross the Abdomâ—n It is knit also to the Duodenum sometimes to the Porus bilarius the Rami splenici the Caul the upper part of the Mesentery and upper Nervous plexus of the Mesentery It is not joyned to the Spleen It s figure is long and flat broader and thicker about the Duodenum but towards the Spleen thinner and straiter It is lesser than most of the Bowels but by much the greatest Gland in the Body commonly about five fingers breadth long where it is broadest it is about two fingers breadth and about one fingers breadth thick Its Vessels are of five kinds Veins it has from the splenick branch Arteries from the left branch of the Coeliaca sometimes from the splenick Nerves from the Intercostal pair especially from the upper plexus of the Abdomen it has also many Vasa lymphatica which as the rest pass to the Receptaculum chyli But besides these Vessels which are common to it with other parts it has a proper membranous Duct of its own which was first found out by Wirtsungus at Padua â—ight or nine and thirty years agoe This Vessel commonly has but one Trunk whose orifice opens into the lower end of the Duodenum or beginning of the Jeâ—unum and sometimes is joyned to the Ductus bilarius with which it makes but one mouth into the Intestin Within the Pancreas according to Dr. Wharton it is divided into two Branches which send forth abundance of little Twigs into all the Globuli above spoken of by whose means they receive the humours from all over the Pancreas and by their Trunk transmit them to the Guts This pancreatick humour tho' is never found in this Duct because it so quickly flows out into the Duodenum by a steep way even just as Urine passing out of the Reins by the Ureters to the Bladder is never found in them because of its rapid transit Very many have been the differences of opinions concerning the use of this Glandule Some have thought it to be only of use to sustain the divisions of the Vessels and to serve the Stomach for a Cushion others that it ministers a ferment to the Stomach others that it receives the Chyle and brings it to greater perfection and others that it serves as a Gall-bladder to the Spleen or sometimes serves in its stead Which opinions being all very unlikely I shall not spend time to examine them There are two other opinions for the former whereof let the credit of the learned Author viz. Dr. Wharton recommend it as it can but to me it seems improbable and it is this That it receives the excrements or superfluities of the superiour plexus of the Nerves of the sixth pair Dr. Willis's Intercostal being united with some branches from the spinal marrow and by its proper Vessel or Duct discharges them into the Intestins In answer unto which I shall only say this That I cannot tell how thick Excrements should be convey'd by the Nerves that carry such pure animal spirits and have no visible Cavity nor secondly how these Nerves in particular should electivè as he speak send the Excrements hither and all the rest be discharged from any such Office The last opinion and to me the most probable is defended by famous Physicians and Anatomists as Franc. Sylvius Bern. Swalve Regn. de Graef and Isbrand de Diemerbroeck from which last I shall transcribe it I have found saith he in the dissections of Brutes both alive and newly strangled a certain liquor sublimpid and as it were salivous something austere and lightly subacid and having sometimes something of saltishness mixed to flow out of the Ductus pancreaticus into the Duodenum sometimes in a pretty quantity Whence I judged that there is excocted in the Pancreas a peculiar humour from the serous and saltish part of the arterial bloud brought into it having some few animal spirits convey'd thither by small Nerves mixed with it and that this liquor flowing into the Duodenum and there presently mixed with the Bile and the meat concocted in the Stomach gliding by the Pylorus into the Guts does cause a peculiar effervescency in those aliments whereby the profitable chylous particles are separated from the unprofitable are attenuated and being brought to greater fusion This operation of it says he is shewn by the diversity of the substance of the aliments concocted in the Stomach and still there contained from that of those that have already flow'd into the Intestins for the former are viscid and thick and have the various colours of the food taken but the latter on the contrary are more fluid less viscid and more white are withall made apt to be impelled by the peristaltick motion of the Guts through their inner mucous coat into the Lacteal vessels the other thicker by little and little passing down to the thick Guts to be there kept till the time of excretion Now this effervescency is caused through the volatile salt and sulphureous oyl of the Bile meeting with the acidity of the pancreatick juice as in Chymistry we observe the like effervescencies to be caused by the concourse of such things Thus he So that he will not have this juice to be any thing excrementitious nor to be so very little in quantity as some have affirmed to demonstrate which he cites the experiment of de Graef who in livedissections could gather sometimes an ounce of it in seven or eight hours time which he has tasted and found it of the tast before-mentioned viz. something austere subacid and saltish Vide ejus Anatomen corporis humani p. 73 c. where you may see what Diseases it is the cause of when distempered CHAP. XVI Of the Spleen THE Spleen or Milt in English in Greek is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and from thence Splen in Latin and Lien The substance of it is flaggy loose and spongeous commonly held to be a concrete sanguineous body serving to sustain the vessels that pass through it but Malpighius with his Microscope scope has discover'd it to be a Congeries of Membranes form'd and distinguish'd into cells like Honey-combs And in these cells there are very many Glands He describes them thus lib. de Liene cap. 5. In the Spleen says he there may be observed numerous bunches of Glands or if you will of Bladders or little Bags dispersed all over it which do exactly resemble a bunch of Grapes These little Glands have an oval figure and are about as big as those of the Kidneys I never saw them of other colour than white and though the Bloud-vessels of the Spleen be fill'd with ink and play about them yet they always keep the same colour Their substance is membranous as it were but soft and easily crumbled their Cavity is so small that it cannot be seen but it may be guessed in that when they are cut they seem to
jet out a little that is called Clitoris from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that signifies lasciviously to grope the Pudendum It is otherwise called Virga for it answers to a Man's Yard in shape situation substance repletion with spirits and erection and differs from it only in length and bigness In some it grows to that length as to hang out from betwixt the Lips of the Privity yea there are many stories of such as have had it so long and big as to be able to accompany with other Women like unto Men and such are called Fricatrices or otherwise Hermaphrodites who it is not probable are truly of both Sexes but only the Testes fall down into the Labia and this Clitoris is preternaturally extended But in most it jets out so little as that it does not appear but by drawing aside the Labia It is a little long and round body consisting like a Man's Penis of two nervous and inwardly black and spongy parts that arise on each side from the bunching of the Os Ischium and meet together at the jointing or conjunction of the Ossa pubis It lies under the fat of Mons Veneris in the top of the great fissure In Venery by means of the two nervous bodies it puffs up and straitening the orifice of the Vagina contributes to the embracing of the Penis the more closely It s outer end is like to the Glans of a Man's Yard and has the same name as also Tentigo And as the Glans in Men is the seat of the greatest pleasure in copulation so is this in Women whence it is called Amoris dulcedo and oestrum Veneris It has some resemblance of a Foramen but it is not pervious It is most of it covered with a thin Membrane from the conjunction of the Nymphae which for its likeness to the Praeputium in Men is also called so The Clitoris has two pair of Muscles belonging to it The upper are round and spring from the Bones of the Coxendix and passing along the two nervous bodies above-described are inserted into them These by straitning the roots of the said bodies do detain the Bloud and Spirits in them and so erect the Clitoris even as those in Men do the Penis The other arise from the Sphincter ani and are those we mention'd above in the end of the foregoing Chapter for though they have been thought to serve for the erection of the Clitoris yet we think with de Graef that they rather contribute to the pursing up or constringing the outer orifice of the Vagina It has Veins and Arteries from the Pudendae and Nerves from the same origine with the Vagina which are pretty large It s use may be known from what has already been discoursed And we will note further that in some Eastern Countries it uses to be so large that for its deformity and the hindrance it gives to copulation they use to cut it quite out or hinder its growth by searing it which they improperly call Circumcision The Explanation of the Table Figure I. Representeth the Genital parts of a Woman taken out of the Body and placed in their natural situation AA The trunk of the great Artery BB The trunk of the Vena cava TAB VII C The right Emulgent vein D The left Emulgent vein E The right Emulgent artery F The left Emulgent artery GG The Kidneys HHHH The Vreters cut off I The right Spermatick artery K The left Spermatick artery L The right Spermatick vein M The left Spermatick vein NN The Iliack arteries OO The Iliack veins PP The inner branches of the Iliack artery QQ The outer branches of the Iliack artery RR The inner branches of the Iliack vein SS The outer branches of the Iliack vein TT The Hypogastrick arteries carried to the Womb and Vagina UU The Hypogastrick veins accompanying the said arteries XX The branches of the Hypogastrick artery tending to the urinary Bladder YY The branches of the Hypogastrick vein carried to the Bladder ZZ Portions of the Vmbilical arteries a The Fundus uteri cloathed with its common Coat bb The round Ligaments of the Womb as they are joyned to its Fundus cc The Tubae Fallopianae in their natural situation ddd The Fimbriae or jags of the Tubae ee The Foramina or hollows of the Tubae ff The Testicles in their natural situation g A portion of the streight Gut h The neck of the Womb divested of its common Coat that the Vessels may be better seen i The fore-part of the Vagina of the Womb freed from the urinary Bladder k The urinary Bladder contractâ—â— ll The Bloud-vessels running through the Bladder m The Sphincter muscle constringing the neck of the Bladder n The Clitoris oo The Nymphae p The urinary passage qq The Lips of the Pudendum r The orifice of the Vagina Figure II. Exhibiteth a Woman's Testicle or Ovarium with the end of the Tuba annexed to it A The Testicle opened lengthways in its lower part BB Eggs of divers bigness contained in the membranous substance of the Testes CC The Bloud-vessels in the middle of the Testes proceeding plentifully from its upper part as they run to the Eggs. DD The Ligament of the Testicles whereby they are knit to the Womb cut off EE A part of the Tuba Fallopiana cut off F The Cavity of the Tuba cut off GG The hole that is in the end of the Tubae H The leavy ornament of the Tubae I The leavy ornament of the Tubae knit to the Testes CHAP. XXX Of a Conception HAving described all the parts that serve for Generation both in Man and Woman order would that we should speak of the efficient causes matter or principles from whence that which is generated by and in them doth proceed And in the first place there occurs the Man's Seed which is the active principle or efficient cause of the Foetus but when we discoursed of the Testes we shewed what the matter of it was viz. Arterial bloud and Animal spirits and as to the manner of its â—ecundating the Ovum we omit that as being too philosophical for this place In the next place therefore we must come to the matter or passive principle of the Foetus and this is an Ovum impregnated by the Man's Seed And here because in Women it cannot be observed by what degrees and in what time an Ovum in the Ovarium or Testis becomes a Conception in the Vterus we must be forced to guess at that by the analogy in other Creatures To this purpose Dr. Harvey de generatione Animalium is worthy to be read of the curious especially concerning the manner and order of the generation of the parts of a Chicken in an Hens Egg in his Exercit. 56. But when he comes to apply this to the Conceptions of viviparous Animals being ignorant that there was any formal Ovum pre-existing in them and only then secundated he runs into great errours and
shamefull thing or a view of it causeth blushing thinking on a terrible thing paleness on a sad thing cold Lustfull thoughts make the Body hot relax the strict Genitals of Women erect the Penis and do so open the seminary ways that are otherwise invisible that Seed issueth out of its own accord in involuntary or nocturnal pollution The same intense imagination adds he and a desirous cogitation of suckling the Infant is the Cause that the Chyliferous vessels by which he means Venae lacteae properly so called are loosened and opened towards the Breasts especially if some outward causes tending that way favour and further incite that strong imagination as wanton handling of the Breasts the moving of the Foetus in the Womb the sucking of the Papilla c. For according to the different influx of the Animal spirits the parts are sometimes straitned sometimes relaxed as every one knows and according to that different constriction or relaxation the Bloud and other impelled humours flow sometimes more sometimes less into the parts and sometimes beget heat softness redness sometimes constriction cold and paleness Amongst these impelled humours is the Chyle c. To confirm this opinion he gives several instances wherein nothing but imagination could move the Chyle to tend to the Breasts His first is that known story of Santorellus That a poor Man's Wife dying and not having Means enough to hire a Nurse for the Infant she had left behind her he used to still it a little often to lay it to his Paps without doubt says Diemerbroeck with a great desire to yield it some Milk and so at length by that intense and continual thought and often repeated sucking of the Papillae his Breasts afforded Milk enough for the suckling the Infant Which by the way seems to make much against his opinion of the Chyle's being conveyed to the Mammae by the Venae lacteae for seeing Men according to Nature give no suck to what purpose should Venae lacteae be distributed to their Mammillae and yet here is an instance of a Man giving suck and therefore the Chyle is more likely to be brought by the Arteries which Men have as well as Women unless we will grant that force to imagination to make Venae lacteae as well as to send the Chyle by them which would be an equal force of imagination to imagine But to proceed He tells another story of an old Woman that came to give suck and he delivers it with such circumstances as may create a belief of the truth of it At Vyanen a Town not far from us viz. from Vtrecht in which Province it is about thirty years agoe there was an Hostess that kept the Bores-head Inne without the Gate who was brought to bed a little after her Husbands death and died in Child-bed or very soon after leaving a healthfull Child behind her and having left very little Estate her Mother whose name was Joan Vuyltuyt being also poor and not able to put it out to Nurse yet had such pity on her Daughters Child as to undertake to nourish it and she was now threescore and six years old Now having sometimes used with the greatest commiseration to hold it to her Breasts when it cried and offered it the Nipple to suck by that strong imagination and desirous cogitation of nourishing the Infant her Breasts began to give Milk and that in a few days so plentifully as was abundantly sufficient to feed the Child so that it had scarce any need of other sustenance and so to the admiration of all the Infant was well nourished with the Milk of this old Woman whose Breasts for many years had been wither'd and flaggy but now became plump and full like a young Woman's There are many still alive in that City that remember the thing very well I confess the story is very odd but whether to be resolved into the force of imagination I leave the curious to meditate However he very plausibly answers several objections that may be made against it which it will be worth the while for the Latine Reader to peruse in his Anat. corp human lib. 2. cap. 2. p. 409 411 c. The two other proper containing parts of the Thorax are the Muscles and the Bones As for the Muscles they are set down in the Treatise of Muscles Book 5. cap. 15. The Bones are set down in the Doctrine of Bones Book 6. cap. 11 12 13. CHAP. III. Of the proper internal containing parts THese are in number three the Pleura the Mediastinum with the Thymus growing to it and the Diaphragm The Pleura hath its denomination from the Ribs under which it is placed for a Rib is in Greek called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and so it may be termed in English the Costal membrane It is a Membrane white thin hard resembling the Peritonaeum and lining all the cavity of the Thorax Spigelius de human corp fabr lib. 6. cap. 3. will have it to be thicker and stronger than the Peritonaeum contrary to the opinion of Riolanus who affirmeth the Peritonaeum to be thicker and stronger because it is appointed for the sustaining the weight of the Guts It is every where double The inner part is thickest smoothest and as it were bedewed with a waterish humour that it should not offend the Lungs by its roughness This waterish humour doth spring from the vapours raised from the Bloud condensed by the respective coldness of the Membrane The outer part is thinner yet is rougher that it should cleave the more firmly to the Ribs and Muscles As for its figure without it is arched within hollow above it is narrower below broader chiefly towards the Sides From it sometimes spring some sinewy Fibres by the which the Lungs are tied to it If these be too strait the motion of the Lungs is hindred and so an incurable difficulty of breathing procured Above it is perforated in six or seven places to give way to the Vena cava and the Aorta ascending the Gula the Wind-pipe Lacteals Lympheducts and Nerves Below where it covereth the Midriff it is perforated in three places to give way to the Vena cava and the Aorta descending as also to the Gula. It is said to be framed of the Membranes covering the Spinalis medulla from whence it comes forward on each hand by the sides to the Breast-bone under which the Membranes of each side are joyned together and so being doubled it goes back again streight from the middle of the Breast to the Back dividing the cavity of the Thorax and the Lungs also into two parts like a partition-wall and this is called Mediastinum of which by and by Its Veins spring from the superiour Intercostal branch and from the Vena sine pari The Arteries in like manner proceed from the superiour Intercostals which arise from the Subclavian and these descend to about the fourth Rib below which it has its
collection or bundle of many small ones some of which are designed for one part some for another some serving for motion and others for sense And the reason why they are all united together in their rise Dr. Willis thinks to be that there may be a sympathy and consent of actions in the several parts to which they are distributed Hence it is that seeing or smelling what is pleasing to the appetite makes ones Mouth water c. It s Trunk is divided into two notable branches sometimes before but oftner after it has penetrated the Dura mater The first whereof tending streight downwards and passing out of the Skull by its proper hole in its descent towards the lower Jaw for whose parts 't is chiefly design'd is divided into many lesser branches which provide for the temporal Muscle as also for the Muscles of the Face and Cheeks From these also there go twigs to the Lips Gums roots of the Teeth Fauces Tonsils Palate and Tongue The second branch of this fifth pair being the larger goes a little streight forward by the sides of the sella Turcica and over against the Glandula pituitaria sends little twigs to the trunk of the Carotides then inosculates with the Nerve of the sixth pair and afterward sends back a slip or two which being united with another slip returned from the Nerve of the sixth pair constitute the trunk of the Intercostal pair which we shall reckon for the ninth and speak of it by and by After this it is divided into two notable branches The less and upper whereof tends towards the globe of the Eye and being again divided sends forth two other the first of which is parted into two more that go one to the Nose and the other to the Eye-lids and the second into four or five slips that are mostly spent on the Eye-lids but partly on the Vvea tunica and the Glands of the Eye The greater branch of its second division being carried towards the orbit of the Eye is divided into two new branches The lower whereof bending downwards is bestowed on the Palate and upper region of the Fauces and the upper being carried beyond the orbit of the Eye passes through an hole of the upper Jaw with the Vein and Artery which it twists about and sends many slips to the Muscles of the Cheeks Lips Nose and roots of the upper Teeth From its twisting about the sanguiferous vessels designed for the Cheeks and other parts of the Face may a reason be drawn why one blushes when he 's ashamed for the Animal spirits being disturbed by the imagination of some uncomely thing as if they took care to hide the Face enter this Nerve disorderly so that its twigs embracing these sanguiferous vessels by compressing and pulling of them cause the Bloud to flow too impetuously into the Cheeks and Face by the Arteries and detain it there some time by constringing the Veins The sixth pair rises just by the fifth and presently sinking under the Dura mater goes out of the Skull by the same hole with the Nerves of the third and fourth pair and is carried by a single trunk towards the orbit of the Eye but so as by the side of the sella Turcica it inosculates with the second or greater branch of the fifth pair as was noted in the former paragraph whence sending back sometimes one sometimes two twigs these being united with the recurring twigs of the fifth pair above-mentioned make the beginning of the Intercostal nerve Afterwards going forwards near the orbit of the Eye it is divided into two branches of which one is inserted into the abducent Muscle of the Eye placed in its outer corner and the other being cleft into many Fibres is bestowed on the seventh Muscle proper to Brutes whereby they defend the Eye from external injuries without closing the Eye-lids when they are said nictitare which I think we have no word to express in English The seventh pair by the Ancients commonly reckon'd for the fifth ministers to the sense of Hearing It has two Processes one soft and the other harder which might seem to be two distinct pairs but are usually accounted one They have been held to spring from the sides of the Medulla oblongata but Dr. Willis says I cannot tell how truly from the annular protuberance of the Cerebellum that lies by the sides of the said Medulla The soft part or process that is properly the auditory Nerve is carryed through an hole of Os petrosum into the caverns of the Ear which it cloaths with a most thin Membrane By this are sounds conveyed to the common sensory The harder process serves rather for motion than sense which passing out also through its proper hole presently admits a twig from the par vagum or eighth pair after which it is immediately divided into two branches one whereof tending downwards is bestowed on the Muscles of the Tongue and Os hyoides and the other winding about the auditory passage and bending upwards is divided into three twigs of which the first corresponding to the Nerve of the first division bestows certain slips on the Muscles of the Lips Mouth Face and Nose and so actuates some outward organs of the Voice as the former some of the inner the second is distributed to the Muscles of the Eye-lids and Forehead and the third on the Muscles of the Ears Whence upon some unusual and astonishing sound by a certain natural instinct the Ears prick up and the Eyes open CHAP. XIII Of the eighth and ninth Pairs THE next pair in order is the eighth which has used to be called the sixth and par vagum or wandring pair from its being distributed to sundry parts It springs below the auditory Nerves out of the sides of the Medulla oblongata its root consisting of twelve Fibres at least in Man to which a notable Fibre or rather Nerve much greater than any of these twelve coming from the spinal marrow about the sixth or seventh vertebra of the Neck is joined and invested with the same Coat from the Dura mater as if they grew into one Nerve but if their common Coat be removed this accessory Nerve and many of the other Fibres remain still distinct and after they are gone out of the Skull together are dispensed to several parts the accessory Nerve to the Muscles of the Neck and Shoulder and one notable Fibre of the eighth pair to the harder process of the Auditory or seventh pair as also two others to the Muscles of the Gullet and Neck But the other Fibres of this par vagum continue united and instead of those companions they have parted with they entertain a new one namely a branch from the Intercostal or ninth pair whereby is made a notable Plexus which in a Nerve is like the jointing of a Cane or the knot upon the trunk of the Tree where a Bough goes out and out of the same Plexus
affords stability streightness and form to the Body It may be defined to be a similar part most dry and cold inflexible void of sense affording stabiliment and form to the whole Body Bones have been commonly taught to be made of the more crass tartareous or earthy part of the Seed in the Womb and that they are nourished with the like particles of the Bloud and moisten'd with their contained Marrow And I see no reason to recede from this doctrine unless one would commence litem de nomine brangle about a term for though Women have no true Seed and the Man's being only an active principle of generation affords nothing of matter to the parts of the Foetus but only impregnates the Ovum as was shewn in Book 1. yet if we will but grant the name of Seed to the humour in the Ovum which we may do without absurdity we may continue the old manner of speaking Now though they are continually nourished yet towards Manhood by the encreased heat of the Body the primigeneal moisture is so lessened that the Bones through their hardness are not apt to be any longer extended and so Men cease to grow any higher of stature Their nourishment is brought to them by the Arteries and what is not fit for their use returns back by the Veins Several of them as the Shoulder and Thigh-bones have apparent holes for the entrance of the vessels into their Marrow and such as have no Marrow and so want such holes they are commonly of a more spongie or fungous substance into which no doubt some nutritive particles of the Bloud pass from the Arteries though their branchings therein are not so apparent There are no Nerves that are inserted into them except into the Teeth but these only run through the Membrane or Periosteum that invests them The efficient cause of the Bones is the same vivisick spirit or plastick power seated in the Ovum that forms all the other parts of the Body Galen call it Facultas 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the ossifick faculty some think this same spirit might be called the essential form of the Bones though commonly that is said to be their cold and dry temperature as their accidental form is their figure which is commonly either round or flat But these are too dry notions to be insisted on in this place Their substance is whitish and hard in some Bones and at some ages more and in others less not altogether dry in living persons but bedewed with a fat and unctuous moisture which the more it abounds the Bones are the tougher and less apt to break and when they are broken they are the apter to grow together again with a Callus which such viscous juice contributes very much to And it is only by a Callus that any Bone is joined after fracture for a Bone being of the number of those parts that are called spermatick can never be generated anew CHAP. II. Of the natural affections of Bones THE Affections of Bones are either common to all or proper to some only The common are seven For first a Bone must be hard the more firmly to sustain the Body Secondly of a whitish colour because it is a spermatick part Thirdly destitute of feeling for avoiding of pain in motion Fourthly it must be either hollow to contain Marrow in its Cavity for moistening of it or spongious and porous that some nutritive particles of the Bloud may pass through its very substance Fifthly its ends must be covered with a Cartilage and that bedewed with an unctuous humour to procure an easie motion Sixthly it must be covered with a Membrane to preserve it from cariosity except the four Bones of the Ear and the parts of the Teeth above the Gums Seventhly it must be equal Wherefore the Callus wherewith a broken Bone is united and nodes in the Pox are not natural affections These tokens that follow shew a Bone to be preternaturally affected First if it be soft because that must cause the Member to be too flexible Secondly if it be too dry for then it is distempered Thirdly if it be black for then it is carious Fourthly if its figure be altered for then it must hinder the action of the part The proper affections are four The first is a Cavity and it is twofold for it is either deep as in the Hip-bone and is called Cotyle or shallow as in the Knee and is called Glene The second is a Protuberance of which there be two kinds for it is either a continued part of the Bone jetting manifestly above its plain superficies for the more commodious insertion of the Muscles c. and is called Apophysis a Process or else it is like an additional Bone growing to another by simple and immediate contiguity and generally softer and more porous than it and is called Epiphysis an Appendage If the Protuberance of the Bone be round it is called its Caput under which is the Cervix as in the upper end of the Thigh-bone If it be flat it is called Condylus If pointed Corone Other Protuberances are named from the similitude they have to other things as Styloides Coracoides c. The third is Inequality this is seen in the outside of the Occiput for the insertion of the Muscles The fourth is Smoothness as in the outside of the rest of the Skull CHAP. III. Of the differences of the joining of Bones together THEY are coupled together either by Articulation or jointing or else by Symphysis or growing together Articulation is either for manifest or obscure motion The jointings which serve for manifest motion are three First Enarthrosis which is when a large head of a Bone is received into a deep Cavity as the Thigh-bone into the Hip-bone Secondly Arthrodia which is when the Cavity which receiveth is shallow and the head of the Bone which is received flattish such is the articulation of the lower Jaw with the Temple-bone The third is Ginglymos when the same Bone receiveth and is received This falleth out three manner of ways First when the Bone is received by another and receiveth the same this is seen in the articulation of the Shoulder-bone with the Vlna Secondly when a Bone receiveth one Bone and is received by another this may be seen in the Spondyls or Vertebrae of the Back where the middle Bone receiveth the upper and is received by the lower The third is when the process of the Bone being long and round is inserted into another upper Bone and so is turned in the Cavity like an Axle-tree in a Wheel so is the second vertebra of the Neck jointed with the first Articulation for obscure motion is called Synarthrosis and such is the jointing of the Ribs with the Vertebrae of the Bones of the Carpus and Metacarpus and of the Talus with the Heel-bone Bones grow together either without some middle heterogeneous substance or with it Without some