opinion is this by the meanes before rehearsed that there may be some vaynes in the grounde that may be of the substance of salt as before is rehearsed and yet may be inclosed with other mynes rounde about it as we may see by experience howe often that the vaines of the ground may alter and in a smal circuite as in some place may be hard stone and in another place chalke and in another place claye or sande or the oure of diuers kyndes of mettalles with a number of sundry sortes of substances that I doo emyt c. Now this myne or substance of salt being inclosed round aboute with other substances or stuffe as before is sayde and the springes of water in the grounde comming vnto it both soke it molifyeth it that it is turned vnto water then being water it is apt to runne in the vaynes of the ground yet it can not depart to go from that place vntyl that it doth draw ayre thither And looke as the aire doth fynd â—ent thorow the powers in the ground doth repaire vnto that place so the water doth decrease ruÌ„neth in the vaines of the grouÌ„d vnto other places thus in proces of tyme the substaÌ„ce of salt being turned vnto water shal be diminished or gon and the roome thereof fylled full of ayre and yet the grounde aloft shall stande fyrme and fast for that it is borne vp or supported by rocky or stony substaunce c. Now it is possible that some will make argument and say how shoulde ayre come thither for that it is so low in the ground and that there is no place open vnto the ayre wherby it may come thyther But they doo not consyder this that no place can bee vacant but that it is furnished with somwhat either with earthy substance or water or ayre or Fyre euery one of theÌ„ is finer in substaunce then the other as the earthy substance is grosse and harde so the watry substaunce is thinner and yet ponderous and heauy so that there can be no place hollow or concaue in the earth but it is filled with water or ayre For the water by his ponderousnes dooth descend and seeke to the lower parts And then looke where as the water is not sufficient to fyll the hollow place then ayre dooth repayre thyther to fulfyll the rest takyng his place next aboue hym as we may see by experyence that if wee doo dygge in the grounde wee shall meete with Sprynges of water as by the ensample of the digging of Wels in the grounde that when they haue dygged so low and haue founde but a small spryng then letting it stande a certayne time thither wyl repayre a great quaÌ„titie of Water afterwardes And then this being true that the water dooth fynde passage through the vaynes in the grounde then it is a playne case that ayre must the rather fynde passage for that it is an Element more thinner and subtyller then water and wyll soke through any small thing sooner For the nature of ayre is to descende very deepe into the earth if it bee not fylled with other substaunces So in lyke manner water although it be ponderous and heauy wyll ascende vpwardes yf the ayre cannot come thyther by the meanes of the closenesse or thightnesse of the thing that the water is inclosed aloft or ouer it and also the water wyll not descende or fall downe sodaynlye although the ayre be vnder it being inclosed in it that the water by his â—underousnesse or waight dooth cause the ayre to seeke through the water which wyll be a long time except the water and the ayre bee be styred by some accidentall cause And now to returne to the cause of Earthquakes my simple opinion is this The ayre being inclosed in the bowels of the earth which hath happened by the meanes before rehearsed or by diuers other meanes which I am not able to rehearse that the ayre may bee inclosed in the grounde or earth and then when it shal please almighty God to bring it so to passe for God is the worker of all thinges either by one meane or another that the waters may arise and encrease in the grounde and especially after any great and continuall rayne and the water being ponderous and heauy dooth seeke into the earth expelling or thrusting out the ayre that is neare the superficiall part of the earth and so by his ponderousnesse setleth it selfe lower and lower and then the great and continuall rayne dooth lode the superficiall face of the earth with water and dooth cause the earth to swel and shutte it selfe close aloft on the vpper part of the earth and that water in the earth by setlyng it selfe lower and lower and the earth by his closenesse wyll not suffer the ayre to depart out of the earth so that there is no roome in the earth to holde or contayne both the Ayre and the water but that the ayre in the earth is forced to rent the earth to haue roome sufficient And also at that time the earth is more apter to seperate it selfe then it is at any other time for that the earth is soked and made soft by the great moysture that is in it And by this meanes in such places whereas this cause dooth happen that the grounde dooth quake and tremble and the buildings that are neare thereabout vntill such time as the ayre doth fynde passage to get out of the ground and if that it cannot fynde passage then it dooth split and rent the grounde casting al things that are ouer it or in the way of the ayre that breaketh so out of the ground ouer it and possible to turne the buildings vnderneath the earth or grounde to the great and maruaylous destruction both of the people and buildinges where this happeneth c. And by this meanes those places that haue beene Lande may become Water being neare vnto the Sea or any great Ryuer And in lyke manner whereas there haue bene any Pooles or Ryuers may be dryed vp as cleane as though there had neuer beene any Poole or Ryuer or water there by this meanes for after that the ayre in the earth hath rent the earth to seeke passage out then this thing happening there or neare vnto the water may run or descende into that place wheras the ayre was before and also in the turning vp or splitting of the grounde there may bee some hilles or cliffes standyng vp much higher then the grounde was before And so by this meanes the places that haue bene dry land may become sea and water and in lyke manner that place that hath beene water may become dry lande c. And furthermore in lyke manner there may by this meanes before rehearsed be Ilandes cast vp in the sea by the meanes of the ayre breaking out of the earth c. for that is the propertie of ayre to runne and to seeke into all places that is not
wiend Of Ships that sayle wel by the Bowlyne to be harde pulled or also to sayle well a hed the Sea Of ships that ryde well or yll at ancor Of Ships that â—ere well and doe heare a good Sayle A thing to bee noted The cause that a Ship doth beare a good sayle Note Of things that doo swymme Of things that synke Al water is not of lyke waight Salt water is the heauiest water Howe to measure the mould of a Shippe An easyer waye to knowe the waight of a Shippe The ensample of the knowing the waight of a shyppe Another way to know the waight of a ship with al her furniture A ensample Another ensample howe to knowe the waight of any shippe Al thing in the water is lighter then his owne proper waâ—ght by the quantity of the water in waight that it occupieth and out of the water it waigheth his owne proper waight Some kynde of goods is of that nature that it wayeth no waight in the water Some sort of goodes must haue kintledge or ballast How to vse the lighters to make them lift or waygh their owne proper burthen you must make your ropes fast at a low water the flood being in hand How to knowe in how many Tides you may waigh a shyp An ensample of the wâ—â—ght of a Shyppe As touching the waighing of shyps whereas it doth not ebbe and flowe Notâ—thâ— poynt Of the soyle of the Countrey How Marish groude is ingendred Marish grouÌ„d is fertyle if the salt water come not at it How land hath been sea and sea hath been land Of Cliffes by Sea Coast In foure yeres the great stormes are in one quarter of the world and an other yeare in an other quarter The shingle beach or the bolder stone is of the substance of the nature of the Cliffes nere vnto them The cause or reason that the beach and the great bolder stone is rounde without any sharp edges The force of the Sea Nauigation not much vsed in the West Occian Now Englishmen are as suffâ—tient to trauaile a long voyage as any other nation The cause of Rocks in the Sea The waters are drawne by the power of the Moone The Moone doth gouerne the ebbing and flowing of the water in two great and notable causes The varâ—etie of being a full sea in one Ryuer A ful sea and a lowe water act at one instant in the Ryuer of Thames The cause of the ebbing flowing in Hauens and Riuers The câ—â—â— that the water doth rise and flowe higher in one place then it doth in another 3. sortes of CurraÌ„tes The principall and chiefe Currant of the sea The reuersing backe of the currant The seconde sort of currants or streames The cause that it doth not ebbe and flowe in some seas The thirde sort of streames or currantes The sea is salt very farre to y e Froâ—th partes Salt is made of the sea water in Scotland in Rosey Fresh water in seas or pooles vnder the Equinoctiall Salt mines The sea made salt by the substance of the grounde Of the great Ilande called Atlantica that sunke WheÌ„ god doth plague the earth he dooth punish both good bad The cause of the sinking â— the grounde Of Earthquakes Water cannot dâ—part from any place vntil the ayre or some other substance doth occupy the rounde The cause of Earthquakes Of the shaking of the earth How all the new founde Countries became peopled as all America and all other Ilandes All the great Iland called Atlantâ—da dyd not synk but part remained Olde sea men being gone the other did neuer attempt to seeke any thing The Indians had Boates asoone as we here in these partes
are to be seene on the Sea and the Sea Coastes and the cause of Rockes and sandes in the Sea and the cause of the ebbyng and flowyng of the water and the cause of currantes in the Sea with such other like matters c. Being very necessary for al sortes of Trauaylers either by Sea or by lande to knowe c. Wrytten by William Bourne To the Reader GEntle Reader it is possible that some wyll thinke that I haue taken vpon mee to meddle with those causes that are past my capacity for that this fyfth and last boke is as concerning the naturall causes of Sands in the Sea and riuers and the cause of marish ground and Cliffes by the sea Coasts and rockes in the Sea and also the cause that the sea dooth ebbe and flow and the cause that the water in the Sea is salt and the cause of Earth quakes with other matters And for that my opinion dooth differ from some of the auncient writers in naturall Phylosophy it is possible that it may be vtterly dislyked of and condemned to be no trueth But yet notwithstanding they may geue such credit vnto it as the sequell of the reasons shall support vnto them for that they bee but my simple opinions wherfore they may beleeue them as they lift Therfore gentle Readers I desyre you to beare with me for that I am so bolde to shew my simple opinion vnto the world for it is possible that some people may mallice me for that I am so bolde to deale in these causes consydering what a great number of so excellent learned menne there are in Englande bothe in the Vniuersyties and in diuers other places in this Lande The fifth Booke of the treasure for trauailers The fyrst Chapter of the fyfth Booke sheweth the naturall causes how Sandes and Bankes are ingendered or made both in the Sea and Riuers NOw beginneth the fifth Booke which is concerning the naturall causes of sundry things that are to bee seene in traueilyng vppon the face of the earth And although there bee nothing that happeneth but the prouidence of almightye God dooth bring it to passe yet notwithstanding it hath a naturall cause why it is so although it seemeth supernaturall or vnpossible for that God dooth woorke all thinges by a meanes and yet doth come to passe by some naturall cause And fyrst of the naturall cause of Sandes and Bankes in the Sea and ryuers my opinion is this that whereas a great number of Sandes and Banks are many times seene at the mouthes and entraunce of many great riuers both into the Sea and also vp into the riuer that it happneth by this meanes by the shalownesse of those seas and the great indraft of the Ryuer And then by the meanes of the soyle of the Countrye in the riuers beyng a good distaunce from the sea and especially after any great raine dooth bring downe the soyle for all the lande water dooth alwaies runne downe towardes the sea where as it dooth ebbe and flow and sometime the water ouerfloweth the banks and then the swiftnes of the running of the water dooth fret away the bankes and sometime it happeneth in the winter after a great frost And such other lyke causes sometyme from sandye grounde sometime from clay grounde sometime stony grounde other good moulde dooth fall into the Ryuer and so is myxed and tumbled too and fro with the water and is alwayes caried towardes the sea by the violence of the streame for that alwaies where it doth not ebbe flow the streame runneth towards the sea wheras it doth ebbe flow there the ebbe doth runne both swifter longer then the floods doo so by that meanes it is alwayes caried towardes the sea also any thyng is apter to rolle or runne down the hyll rather then agaynst the hyll And thus the soyle of the countrey beyng tumbled too fro in the water is washed and soked in such sorte that the water is made thycke therewith and the fat or clammye substance become owes but the greety or sandy or grauelly substāce doth alwaies keepe towards the bottome for that it is more pōderous or heauier then the fatty or clammy substance and then this grauelly or sandye substance beyng dryuen downe towardes the sea by the violence of the streame goyng by the bottome then where it dooth find any place to staye at by the way there it resteth and so groweth more and more and so becommeth a sande and then the Tyde by the meanes of ebbing and flowyng dooth make or scoure out a chanel or pasadge betweene one sande or bancke and another And alwayes thys happeneth whereas the Sea is but shalowe and the Ryuer or hauen hath a great indraught that is to say to run a great distāce into the lande whereby there is much soyle brought downe by the meanes afore rehearsed And then the Sea beyng but shallowe it hath no great descent to runne downe the hyll And then by the meanes of the floods the bellowes of the Sea dooth cause it to be stayed although that sometyme it happeneth that one sande or bancke doth decrease and weare away and another dooth increase and waxe bigger and many tymes the chanels doo alter sometymes deeper and sometymes shallower and sometymes whereas a chanel was becommeth a sande sometyme whereas a sande was is become a chanel as experience hath many tymes shewed which happeneth manye tymes by some stormes or great wyndes sometymes from one quarter of the world and sometyme from another quarter And by that meanes the greatnesse of the bellowes of the Sea dooth beat or washe awaye the sande from one place and so dooth rest vppon another place and then the Tyde or streame doth scoure or frette a newe Chanell betweene one sande and another c. As we maye see by experience in dyuers places as the mould of the Ryuer of Thames and Humber and the Ryuer of Roane and suche other lyke places whiche I doo omitte at this tyme. The seconde Chapter sheweth the natural cause of Marish ground and other plaine meadowes or ground by the sydes of Ryuers c. AND furthermore as touching the naturall cause of Maryshes or Marish grounde and other playne and leuell grounde that is by the sydes of great Ryuers c. and in such other lyke places mine opinion is this as in the Chapter before is expressed by the bringing downe of the soyle of the countrey which is ground or earth of al kinde of sorts whiche is fallen into the water and brought downe by the streame And as before is rehearsed the grauelly or sandye substance dooth dryue with the streame by the bottome but the fatty or clammy substance is mingled with the water for although you shoulde take any earth or substance and washe it and tumble it in water neuer so much yet notwithstanding it cannot be consumed all away but if you doo let it stande styll then it
Amerrica or Bay of Mexico and so reuerseth backe agayne and so thorowe the Cannel or Chanell of Bayhaina between the Cappe of Terra Florriday the great Ilande of Coba goyng from the West into the East which is the cause that those that doo go into the West Indies doo fyrst goe to the Cannaries and so to the Westwardes to the intent to haue the currant to the Westwardes into the Bay of Mexico and then when they doo returne home then they doo go by the North part of the Bay of Mexico through the chanel of Baphamea for that the currant dooth reuerse backe from the West into the East so that they haue the currant or streame to help them backe home agayne c. And theÌ„ in lyke maner partlye the currant that commeth about Cape bone sperance being beaten by the mayne lande of America as is sayde before part runneth or goeth thorowe the strayght of Magalenus and partly thorowe the great Golfe or Bay of Mexico as before is rehearsed and part dooth reuerse or goe backe alongest the coast of the South land that lyeth on the South side of the straightes of Magalenus where the South pole or pole Anterticke is raysed more theÌ„ .50 degrees and so goeth backe from the West into the East alongest the South Coast vntyl it dooth come into the East Occian sea agayne c. And this is the principallest currant as those that doo occupie those partes by sea doo knowe and these currantes are wel knowen to runne continually alwayes one way c. The seconde sort of currantes or streames is this as it is seene in dyuers places that they shall haue a currant or streame where it dooth not ebbe flow that alwayes doth goe vnto the windewards But that neuer happeneth but in the tyme of great wind and the cause thereof is this that the sea beyng wrought or troubled with great stormes of wynd dooth rayse great bellowes or waues or great knottes in the sea and that runneth rollyng with the wynde and dooth cause the water too bee vnleuell or vneuen as it is the nature of water to seeke to the lower partes tyll that it doth come vnto his leuel so by that meanes as the wind beareth the water in the sea with great waues or bellowes so the currant in the water dooth goe agaynst the wynd to come vnto his leuel againe as the experience thereof is seene in dyuers places where it dooth not ebbe and flowe as in the myddle earth sea or leuant seas and within the SouÌ„d that is to say within Elson Nore that hath narrowe enterances and yet is great seas within which dooth take away the effect of ebbing and flowing for that the straight is not sufficient to let in water yeâ—â—ugh for to cause it too ebbe and flowe And this effecte in lyke manner is many tymes seene sometyme on the coast of Barbary and in such other lyke places where it dooth not ebbe and flowe c. The thirde sort of currants or streames that runneth in the Sea where it dooth not ebbe and flowe as by experience is seene in diuers places is caused by the sailyng into the Sea of some great and myghty Ryuer that the lande water commyng forceably downe the Ryuer and so emptyeth or runneth into the Sea dooth cause a currant to goe in the sea agaynst the mouth of the Ryuer as it is seene in the middle earth Sea agaynst the mouth of Nilus and also it is many tymes seene in the North partes at the spryng of the yeare when the Snowe and the Ise is melted or consumed into water And then agaynst the mouthes of such Ryuers as doo emptye them into those seas dooth cause a great currant to runne a great distance from the lande in such places as this effect happeneth in those seas c. The eyght Chapter sheweth the cause that the waters of the Sea are salt c. AND furthermore as touchyng the naturall cause that the water of the Sea is salt whereas the opinion of some Authors is as Aristotle other that it is made salte by the powers of the Sunne by the drawing of the fyne substance of the water vp into the ayre the Sea is made salt by that meanes Then if that were the whole cause theÌ„ the water of the Sea shoulde be most saltest vnder or neare the Equinoctiall For that the Sunne hath a greater force by the meanes of the direction of the shadow of the Sunne whereby the Sunne shoulde drawe or distil it more faster then it dooth in any of the other Clymates Yet notwithstandyng it is seene by experience that the water of the Sea is as salte in the Latitude of .60 degrees in the Occian Sea as it is vnder the Equinoctiall And as some haue sayde it is as salte in Iselande and at the North Cappe which is within the Polle or Cyrcle neare fyue degrees And there the Sunne cannot haue any great power for that the Sunne hath but a very glaunsyng shadowe in Iune And in the Wynter part of the yeare the Sunne wyll not appeare or ryse vnto them in the space of tenne Weekes And furthermore if the water of the sea were made salte onely by the powers of the Sunne then those seas must needes become freshe by another great cause and that is this For in the Spring of the yeare in the meltyng of the Snowe and the Ise there falleth such abundance of freshe water that it would make it freshe and yet the water is verye salt insomuch that in dyuers places in the North parte they doo make salt of the sea water although that it is not made by the heate or powers of the Sunne as it is made in Spayne and in Fraunce for that they doo make it in Scotlande with the heate of the fyre so as some haue sayde it is made in Rosey not farre from Sainct Nicolas And furthermore as it may be prooued the water is not made salt by the power of the Sunne for that the heade of the great Ryuer Nylus that commeth from the Mountaynes of the Moone hath Latitude beyond the Equinoctial twelue degrees And so in sundry places standeth in sundry great pooles not farre from the Equinoctial and so passeth from vnder the Equinoctiall vnto the Northwards and dooth empty it selfe in the middle earth sea and yet that water is fresh and not salt So that it is manifest that the powers of the Sun are not altogether the cause that the water of the sea is salt Wherfore in mine opinion the water of the sea is become salt by the Minerals or substance of the nature of the ground which is salt properly of it self and so mollified or soked that it turneth vnto water hauing anye moysture or lyquor to come vnto it As for an ensample that in sundrie places it is knowen that there is Salt found and dygged out of the ground and is perfect Salt and
of the bigger and so shal you know how many pounde that a fadome of the lesser rope waieth As for Ensample thus by the cable afore mentioned of 10. ynches compas and a fadome dyd weigh .16 pounde what shall a fadome of a rope of 8. ynches in compasse waigh Nowe as before is declared .10 tymes .10 is .100 and .8 times .8 is 64. therefore multiplye 64. by 16. and that maketh 1024. and then deuide that by 100. and then there wyll stande in the quantitye Lyne 10. and 24. wyll remayne ouer so that you may conclude that the rope of 8 ynches that euery fadome doth way 10. pounde and neare a quarter and this is true without any fayle and by this order you may know the waight of all manner of ropes c. The ninthe Chapter is as touching the mould of Shippes to haue good qualities ANd furthermore in as much as I haue shewed how for â—o double or alter the tonnage or the burthen of Shippes too what bignesse you lyst at your discretion and also to keepe that moulde and proportion in all poyntes therfore I doe thinke it necessary and conuenient to say somewhat in this poynt that is to say what manner of forme or fashion that the mould of a Ship should be that shoulde goe or fayle wel and to haue good qualyties in the Sea And although that it is possible that some wyll think that I doe meddle with those matters that I haue no skyl in for that I am neither Naupager or ship carpeÌ„ter neither vsuall Sea man therfore it is posible thaâ— I maye be dislyked for that I doe meddle in this matter or causes Yet not with standing you that do reade this vse not to condemne any thing before that you haue perused it well and so wayinge it in a payre of indifferent ballances that affection doth not leade you it is possible that it is not altogether vntrue but that there is some matter in it that is good to bee consydered of in the buildinge or the makyng of ships and those matters that you doe knowe by experience to be vntrue theÌ„ you neede not make any account thereof c. And fyrst thus as concerning the making of the moulde of any ships this is to be noted that those ships that are of easye draft that is to say not to goe to deepe in the Sea or water and wyll beare a good sayle and doth stere well that is to say that it wyll feele the Ruther as soone as the Helme or Tyller is put to or fro and those ships doe goe or sayle well beeringe or afore the winde that is to say the winde to be large or to come right after them all those ships doe sayle well and close by the winde that is to say the Bowline to be haled harde or close and the ship to stande or come as neare the winde as may be those Shippes must draw a reasonable draft of water and also to be a reasonable good length and these ships wyll goe well a head the sea that is to say the Ship to stande close by the winde in such places as the grating of the tyde doth cause the sea to come agaynst the head or bowes of the Ship Then those ships that haue a reasonable length and well brested or bowed and not the buttockes or sterne of the ship to be to bigge or to full quartered behinde but to bee reasonable lancke at the Sterne those shippes do goe or sayle well a hed the Sea so that they wyll beare a good sayle and not ouer helde that is to say not to goe to muche on the one syde but if that any ship be too fat buttocked or brode behind at the sterne the bowes or brest of the ship before be to slender or narrowe those Ships wyll neuer goe or sayle well a hedde the sea but wyll fall or beate into the sea that it wyll let or hynder the way or goyng of the Shippe And also those Shippes wyll ryde very yll at rode or ancor in the Sea for that the broadnesse of the buttockes of the Shippe dooth so thruste downe the head of the Shippe into the Sea and especially if that the bowes of the Ship he to narrow or slender that the Sea shall flye into the ship or quite ouer her as well at an ancor or sayling or goyng a hedde the sea which is a very yll propertie in a ship in a number of causes And all those ships that doth draw or go a good deepenes into the water as before is saide doe saile wel by the wind also wil ly a holde wel in the sea that is to say the ship hauing no sayle abrode wyl not seele in rolle so much neither in lyke maner it wil not go so much vnto lewards that is to say that the wind nor the sea shall not driue it so fast back agayne as it wyll doe a Shyppe that doth draw or go but a litle way into the Water and also those Shippes that doe drawe but a lytle water bee very yll in two causes if that they doe lye a holde in the sea that is to saye to haue no sayle abrode for they wyll seel or rolle in such sorte that it wyll put al in daunger besydes the driuinge to lewardes with the sea winde Therefore these Ships must haue alwayes sayles abroade if they be loose at the sea and also those kynde of Shyps wyl ryde yll at an ancker at such time as the tyde doth goe vnto the wyndewardes for lying thwart it wyll seel or rolle so much But the wynde and tyde to bee al one that the Ships head to bee right vppon the Sea and as before is sayde the Ship wel bowed and the Sterne not to full quartered then it wyll ryde very well at an anker at that time c. And now furthermore as touching the building or makyng of Shippes for to stere well and also to beare a good sayle which is two of the best qualyties that is or may be in a Ship and except that it be a very chance those Ships doo alwayes sayle very wel if that the moulde of them be any thing well ordered in the forme thereof c. And although that the moulde of a Shippe be neuer so finely made and if it doe not stere well then it can neuer sayle wel And also if the mould of the Ship be neuer so well made and yf it wyll beare no saile but ouer heeld that is to say to lay downe the syde in the water then it can neuer goe well how fyne so euer the moulde is for it is yll shapen to goe when al the one syde is downe in the water and the other syde all out of the water and then it cannot abide the force of the wynde to driue it whereas the Ship that is able to beare a good sayle must needes goe wel for that the force of the winde must
needes draw it for that it is able to beare sayle and then the winde must needes force it to goe c. And fyrste thus as touchinge the cause that any Ship doth stere wel is this that the quicke water of the way of the Shippe doth come vnto the Ruther being put eyther the one way or the other way that must needes cause the Ship to cast or turne accordingly and the faster that the shippe goeth the nimbler or quicker the ship steereth or turneâ—h Therefore when soeuer that they doe builde or make anye Shyppes then it is good for to lette them make the moulde of a Shyppe to haue a sufficient tucke or runne whiche tucke or runne must bee in length the thyrde parte of the length of the Reele and in height by the stearne post three quarters of that depth that the Shyppe goeth into the Water and so to growe narrower and narrower forwardes for it is the sufficientnesse of the tucke or runne that maketh a Shyppe to stere well For if that bee not well made then it requireth to haue the broder Ruther and that is euell in two respectes the one is this the Helme beynge putte ouer and yf that the Shyppe wyll not feele the Ruther quicklye then the Ruther lyeth crosse the Stearne of the Shyppe and the Ruther beynge broade then it must needes hynder or lette the goynge or way of the Shyppe verye muche Whereas a Shyppe that hath but a narrowe Ruther and yet is yare or quicke of sterrage then the Ruther cannot hynder the goynge or way of the Ship c. And also it is euill in an other respecte to haue a broade Ruther and that is this for a Shyppe beinge at Sea in foule weather a broade Ruther the Sea doth beate it one waye and an other way by the meanes of the labouring of the Shyp to and fro that it is apte to breake the tyller or the head of the Ruther Ruther Irons and besydes that it is vneasye for the Shyppe in lyke manner c. And thus I doe omitte the rest of the proportion of the moulde of the Shippe vnto the discretion of the Naupeger or Shyppe Carpenter as touchinge the fore waye and the flowringe of the Shyppe and the leadyng of all the rest of the woorke c. And furthermore as touching this poynte to cause a Shyppe to haue a stiffe syde to beare a good sayle then this must be consydered in the buildinge or makynge thereof and fyrste thus that commonly those Shippes that haue a sufficient breadth accordynge vnto their biggnesse and length wil beare a resonable good saile for that the breadth doth beare it vp But commonly those be not the best and fynest Saylers neyther are they of the best qualities in diuers respects Yet notwithstanding in my opinion this is the principallest poynt to obserue in the building of ships to haue them to beare a good sayle and that is this for to lay the breadth of the Shippe aboue the water a foote or a foot and a halfe more or lesse according vnto the bignesse of the shippe and to hange wel of that is to say to be 4. or 6. ynches on a syde broder then it is iuste at the edge of the water and to be more or lesse according vnto the bignesse of the Shippe and then vpwardes the worke may be housed inwardes that is too saye narrower and narrower vpwardes which wyll doo well both for the ease of the Shyppe in the Sea and lesse charge of Tymber bathe in wayght and otherwyse and in so dooing the Shyppe wyll beare a good Sayle what lengthe so euer it haue howe fine so euer the mould is so that it haue quarters proportionally vntoo it c. And the cause thereof is this the breadth of the Shyppe being aboue the water in such sorte as if the Shyppe come vnto heelding that the same broder place dooth come into the water then the Nadry or Reele of the shippe dooth growe the further of by the meanes of the hanging ofwardes of the syde or worke of the Shyppe And for that the ballast or the lading of the Shippe the waightiest part lyeth downewardes towardes the Reele therfore it maketh the shippe the lother to helde a tosyde for that the syde hangeth outwardes and then the water doth supporte it vp for that the bigger or broder parte is out of the water as the reason thereof more playnelye shall appeare in the fourth Booke of the propertie of Water in waight called Statick wherein you shal see the reason thereof more manifestly c. Whereas those Shyppes that haue an vpright syde must needes helde much the sooner for that the Water doth not supporte the syde not vntyll it doe helde very much Wherefore thus much I haue sayde as touchinge the moulde of Shippes as concerning theyr qualyties as thus a Shippe that hath Tucke or Runne ynough wyl steare well a Shippe that doth hange well of on the nayle aboue the water wyll beare a good sayle a Shippe that doth draw a reasonable good drafte of Water and well wayed forwardes wyll sayle well by the winde and beinge well bowed and not to fatte buttocked wyll goe well a head the sea and also ryde well at rode and also wyll hold well at the Sea loose and floty Shippes that sâ—eere well and wyll beare a good sayle wyll sayle well the â—ynde beyng large c. And thus I doe ende this thyrde Booke c. FINIS ⧠A Table of the Contentes of the Chapters of the thirde booke called a rteasure for Trauailers The first Chapter of the thyrde Booke sheweth you howe to caste the contentes of lande by Arithmeticke and also by the husbande mans rule which is by the accounte of money c. The seconde Chapter sheweth how to measure board and Glasse and too caste the contentes thereof with other necessary thinges belonging therunto The thirde Chapter dooth shewe howe for too measure Tymber and to bring it too a square aswell without Artihmetike as otherwyse and also howe for too knowe the true contentes of any peece of Tymber The fourth Chapter sheweth howe for to measure all manner of bodies as Tymber or stone Cubes or Globes and too knowe what proportion of measure or waight the one hath vnto the other The fyfthe Chapter sheweth howe for to measure Globes and to know their contents in ynches or feete The syxt Chapter sheweth howe for too builde Shyppes by proportion that is to saye if that you haue one Shippe for an ensample if you woulde haue an other as bigge agayne more or lesse this Chapter doth shewe vnto you howe you may doe it keeping that moulde and proportion in all poyntes that is too saye by extractynge of the Cubicke roote The seuenth Chapter dooth shewe in lyke manner the making of shippes by proportion sauing that the Cubike roote is extracted already with an easye way howe to make them of what tonnage or burthen you liste and
of that moulde and proportion in al poyntes The eight Chapter sheweth howe much that one rope is bigger then another and if that you haue a rope of anye syse that you may know how for to haue another of what syse that you liste and also if that you doo knowe the waight of one rope you may know the waight of any rope by proportion c. The nynth Chapter is as touching the moulde of Shippes to haue good qualities FINIS ⧠The fourth Booke of the treasure for trauaylers Wherein is touched the arte of Staticke or waight shewing vnto you howe you may knowe the waight of any Shyppe that swymmeth vppon the water with al her ladyng and al the rest of her furniture And also howe you may know the waight of any mettal that is sunke in the water to knowe what it wayeth in the water and also how you may measure any strange forme suche as Geometrie cannot geue you any order for the measuring thereof and also howe for too lyfte or way any thing sinâ—â—e into the water with other necessarie matters belonging therunto very necessary for al land men and seamâ—n c. Written by William Bourne To the Reader of this fourth Booke GEntle Readers it is possible that you wyll maruayle that I shoulde take vppon mee too deale in these causes that is to say to teache any newe Art and Science that hath not been as hytheretoo written in any language or tongue the which Art or Science called Staticke dooth shewe the heauinesse or lightnesse of any thing Wherefore there is conteyned in this fourth Booke howe too knowe the waight of any thing swymmyng in the water as the waight of any shyppe with all her lodyng and all her furniture as Ordinaunce Ankers Cabels Mastes Sailes with al other Implementes in them and also it doth shew the waight of any thing sunke into the water what it wayeth to be lifted from the bottome tyl the appearing of it aboue the superficies of the water with dyuers other necessarye matters that are conteyned in this fourth Booke and not before this tyme mentioned by any other but onely by that famous and learned man Mayster Iohn Dee who hath made mention thereof in his Mathematicall preface wherein I haue hadde my principall instructions as touching that Arte or Science Wherefore Gentle Reader beare with my rudenesse that I being vtterly vnlearned shoulde enterpryse too take vppon mee too bee so bolde too geue the fyrst attempt to imploye that Art or Science vnto any purpose for I do knowe the nature of most people is to dislyke al thinges that are not done by them selues whether it be good or euyll and as I haue knowen many tymes by experience that those persons that haue learned anye thing at any mans hande when he dooth vnderstande it then he wyll not be knowen where he learned it but that he knew that before or euer he shewed it vnto him which is a manifest robbery of any man to learn any thing at any mans hande then afterwards to deny it to say that he knewe it before he tolde it hym as I do knowe a number of persons that when they are ignorant in matters then they wyl vse diligence tyl they haue atteyned it and then when they haue a little instructions to serue their turnes then they wil seeme too bee verye cunnyng and that they neuer learned anye thyng at any mannes hande which is a great poynt of ingratitude too offer that person that he hath learned of such a greate iniury but yet notwithstanding the earth is greatly infected with such maner of persons The fourth booke of the treasure for trauailers The fyrst Chapter of the fourth Booke sheweth you by the proportion of a Shyp swimming in the water for to knowe the true waight of any Shippe with all hir tackle ordinance and lading c. FOR that I haue sayde somewhat heretofore as touchinge the makyng of Ships by proportion and otherwise Therefore I doe thinke it necessary and conuenient to treate partly of this as touching the nature and qualytie of water for the sinkinge or swimming of thinges in it and accordyng vnto the simple opinion of the common people who thinke that things in the water do swimme or syncke for that it is Woode Iron or Stone but the onely cause of thinges that doo swimme is this that it is lyghter then the proportion in quantitie then the water is For this is generall for euer Looke how much of any Tymber or any other thinge that is hydde or in lownes euen with the water as iust of waight as of so much water as the true quantity of that parte that is from the edge of the water downewardes into the water neyther heauier nor lighter and then that parte that is aboue the water doth shew iustly what diuersytie of waight is betweene the water and the woode or any other stuffe that is putte into the water For any thing swimming in the water the halfe being aboue the water and the other halfe vnderneath the water that thing that swimmeth in that forme is iust halfe the waight of so much water and if in the swimming .3 quarters be buryed in the water that thinge is iuste 3. quarters of the waight of so much water and so foorth to any other proportion and then adding so much in wait to make it of the iust waight of the water then that thinge being in the water shall swimme euen with the edge of the water neither hygher nor lower But if it bee any thing heauier then the proportion of so muche water then it sinketh vnto the bottome and then looke how much in waight it is heuier theÌ„ the proportioÌ„ of so much water so much it waieth in the water the lighter as the waight of the water coÌ„meth vnto For if ani thing in the water be double the waight of the water proportioÌ„ for proportioÌ„ then shal that thing waigh iust half the quantytie of that waight til it be lyfted from the bottome vnto the very edge of the water and then if that the thinge doe waigh but halfe the waight more then the quantitie of so much water then shall that thing in the water to be waighed waigh but one thyrde part of his waight that it would waigh if that it were out of the water and so foorth to any other waight or waightes hauing proportion in bignesse according to the quantitie of the water whether it bee Brasse Stone or Iron or any other stuffe what soeuer it be And also things that do swimme as wood or any other stuffe Wherfore this is to be noted by the way the perfect waight of any ship with all her ladyng Ordinaunce Mastes Sayles and Tackle with all other implementes in her may be easyly knowen by her onely swimming as thus Looke what quantitie of the Ship is buryed in the water that is to say from the edge of the water downwards then if there
seene of any thyng that is put into the water as thus Take a Raske as a Pype or Hogshead or a Barrel and put it into the water the thyng beyng thyght the tenth part of the bygnesse or magnitude dooth not goe into the water for that it is so lyght And yet notwithstandyng if any one part of the kaske be heauyer then the other that same part wil turne downewards And if you doo turne it vpwardes as soone as euer you doo let it goe it presently turneth of it selfe downewardes agayne So that experience dooth shewe this to be true that the heauyest part of any thyng that is in the water dooth alwayes turne and seeketh downewardes Therfore we may perfectly conclude thus of any shyp if the ballast be cast or heaued ouer vnto the syde of any shyp that the shyp dooth turne ouer accordyngly alwayes to haue the heauyest part downewardes Wherfore contrary vnto the vayne opinions of a number of persons that shoulde be wyse that if the ballast be throwen ouer vnto the syde that the shyp shal swymme vpon the side and yet the ballast shal neuer slyppe for that alwayes the shyp dooth turne of itselfe to bryng it vnto the leuel except it be let by some cause whiche is eyther by makyng it fast or els by some other accidental matter or els it wyl followe accordyngly c. And some people haue bene of that opinion that no Shyp dooth swimme vpright but that there is as much waight or more belowe in the water as is aboue the water but that is vntrue as before it dooth appeare by the ensample of a Raske or Barrel For you doo see that it wyll swymme and the heaâ—yest part wyll turne downwards if that it be not one quarter of a pound heauier on the one syde then it is on the other that part wyll turne downewardes and yet for all that that part that is in the water wyll not waygh the .10 part of that which is aboue the water Therefore you may conclude that if the ballast doo lye all vppon the one syde of the Shippe the Ship shal swimme vpon that syde and the Keel shall come out of the water And if that the ship syde be â—hight there is no more daunger in her swimming on the one syde than if she were vpright in the water And also the Ship dooth not swim so deepe into the water lying on the one syde as she dooth swim when shee is vpright for that the Shippe is more lancker or slenderer or sharper that is to saye not so full and rounde by the means of her Tuck and Runne and the Foreway as the syde is rounde and full Therfore it cannot go so deepe into the water for as before is sayde that nothing can goe no further into the water then the proportion of so much water in waight Wherfore the syde being rounde and full it is the more boyenter a great deale c. And also it is very good to bring a Shippe in ouer a barre or shulde for lying vpon the syde it dooth draw much lesse water then when it dooth swimme vpright c. But notwithstandyng it is not so good for to Karrene the Queenes maiesties Shippes as it is the Marchants Shippes for two speciall caues and the fyrst is this the Queenes highnesse Shippes haue alwayes as muche ballast in them as they doo vsually goe to the Sea withall to be fast to beare a sayle which is no small quantitie in her bigger sorte of Shippes and then what a charge is it to take the greatest part of the ballast out of them and too take it in agayne for they must take more then .3 quarters of the Ballast out when they doo Karren them whereas the Marchauntes Shippes doo delyuer all the ballast out when they do lade their ships therfore the Marchants shal not occupy the 20. part of the charges that the Queenes Shippes must And the seconde cause is this that in the Queenes Shippes the ballast is alwayes fyrme and harde by the meanes that it is seeldome or neuer styrred and also the Cooke roome is made vp with bricke vppon the ballast and also there is set vp in the Cooke roome with Brycke worke the furnases to boyle theyr beefe and other prouision that is made for the dressing of mens vittailes as Quens and hatches c. which were no smal charge to remoue and make vp agayne whereas in the grounding of them all these two great charges are saued that Marchauntes shyps in theyr karrening shall not neede to bee at c. And thus I ende the fourth Booke ⧠A Table of the Contentes of the Chapters of the fourth booke called a Treasure for Trauailers The fyrst Chapter of the fourth Booke sheweth you by the proportion of a Shyppe swimming in the water for to knowe the true waight of any Shippe with al her tackle ordinaunce furniture and lading c. The seconde Chapter sheweth how for to measure the proportion of the mould of any Shyp wherby is knowen the waight of any Shyppe with all her ladynge and furniture The thyrde Chapter sheweth you an easyer waye then before rehearsed by the Arte Statical to knowe the true waight of any Shyppe with al her lading and all the reste of her furniture The fourth Chapter sheweth by the Arte Statical the wayght of anye mettall or stone howe much or what wayght that it dooth waygh in the water to bee lyfted or waighed from the bottome vnto the brimme of the water The fyfth Chapter sheweth howe too knowe the true measure in ynches or feete of any straunge forme such as Geometrie can giue no order for the measuring thereof as to measure a braunche in mettal or a piller that is enbowed and ful of hollownesse in diuers places and boyles out in some places and also how to know the diuersitie of the waight of mettall or the diuersity between the waight of Stone and mettall The syxt Chapter sheweth by the Art Statical to knowe the waight of any ship that is sunke into the Sea or anye riuer too knowe howe many tunne wyll waigh her vp agayne The seuenth Chapter sheweth how to waigh a Shyp that is sunke where it dooth ebbe and flowe c. The eyght Chapter sheweth howe to waigh a Shyppe where it dooth not ebbe and flowe c. The nynth Chapter sheweth howe to bring in any ship ouer a shulde or barre and to make the Shyp beare Saile when al the ballast is out and also if neede shoulde requyre how to lyft the shyppe higher out of the waterwards to the intent to bring her in c. The tenth Chapter dooth shewe vnto you howe for to come vnto the Keele of anye Shyppe without the groundyng of her wherby you may collect any Shyppe and make her thight vnto the Keele which is called carenning of them c. FINIS ⧠The fyfth Booke of the treasure for Trauaylers Wherein is shewed the cause of dyuers thynges that
some Ilande long agone by the often soussing of the bellowes or waues of the Sea that neuer standeth styll the other substaunce or stuffe is beaten and consumed away through the great deepenesse of the sea the other substaunce or stuffe is tumbled to the bottome and is no more seene And as the mynerals in the ground be of diuers kinds of substaunces as some earth and some sande and some stones to conclude of a hundred seuerall sortes so that all those loose substaunces that woulde be mollysted with the water are beaten and washed away so that there dooth remayne nothing but the harde myne of stone and so he dooth stande in the sea as a pynacle or Rock as by experience is seene in a number of places to the west Occian as the West part of Englande and the West part of Brittayne on the Coast of Fraunce and such other lyke places whereas there be innumerable companyes of Rocks some being of a gret height aboue the water other some do shew thēselues iust with the water and other some are sunken Rockes being rounded with the water some deeper then other some which would not bee knowne but onely by the breaking of the sea ouer them c. And this is my opinion as concerning Rocks in the sea that haue beene of long time agone parcell of the mayne lande though they be now Rockes in the sea Then it may be sayde that the lande is much lesser then it hath beene before time and so it is And yet it is but a trifle in respect of any great quantytie or bignes as it may be compared vnto the ragged edges of a peece of cloth and yet the ragged edges thereof being pared away the thing hath not much chaunged his fashion or forme neither in respect is become litle the worse c. The syxt Chapter sheweth the naturall cause of the ebbing and flowing of the Sea and the ebbyng and the flowing of the Hauens and Ryuers AND furthermore as concerning the ebbing and flowing of the sea and other riuers we do see by common experience that the Moone dooth alwayes gouerne the same Wherefore it may bee supposed that the waters doo seeke and repaire or most speciallye are drawne by the power of the Moone that when the Moone is in the midst of the skie that is to say vpon the Meridian then the waters are deepest or thickest and also in lyke manner in the opposite part or els it would ebbe and flow but once in .24 houres and 4 ◠partes accordyng vnto the dayly motion of the Moone which we do se by experiēce that it doth ebbe flow but once in 12. houres ⅖ part of an houre and then by this reason it shoulde flow or be a full sea in all places at a South Moone and a North Moone so as the Moone passeth vnto the Westwardes to be a ful sea in those partes and so to goe with the diurnall or dayly motion of the heauens which we see by experience is contrary for we doo see by dayly experyence that vpon the Coast of Spayne and all those partes that are vpon the West Occian Seas that the Moone in the Southwest dooth make a full sea which is 3. houres after the Moone is vppon the Meridian and yet notwithstanding it woulde bee a full sea alwayes where as the Moone is vpon their Meridian and so to folow the daily motiō of the moone as the moone is caried with primū Mobile so that it were not let by this gret accidēce that this West Occian Sea is shot in betweene the firme lande of Ameryca on the West part and the mayne lande of Afryca and Europe on the East side by which meanes the waters cannot folow to bee a full Sea accordyng vnto the Moones course as she doth goe in her dayly motion accordyng vnto the Moones commyng vnto the Meridian Wherefore it is to bee supposed that yf there were no suche accidence in the Sea to be let by the lande that then it would follow orderly that the waters in the Sea woulde goe rounde accordyng vnto the Moones course in .24 houres and so the streme or currant to goe from the East into the West and so rounde about c. But nowe wee see that the waters in the ebbing and flowyng are let by this great impediment for Ameryca dooth inclose the West part and Europe and Afryca the East part and yet we doo see by experience that the Moone dooth gouerne the ebbyng the flowyng of the waters of the Sea in two great and notable respectes The one is this as it is daylye seene in euery place wheras it dooth ebbe and flow that the Moone in one quarter of the Skye dooth make a full sea for euer in that place or hauen or harborow And the other great effect of the Moone is this as it is alwayes seene that at the full of the Moone and also at the chaunge of the Moone how that the waters are quickened and doo rayse or lyft them selues muche higher then they doo at any other times and also dooth descend much lower where by it maketh the tyde or streme to runne much the swifter as it is seene by dayly experience in such places whereas it dooth ebbe flow at which times it is called in the time of the full Moone and the chaunge of the Moone spring tydes or spring stremes in the quarters of the Moone it is called Nepe tydes or Nepe stremes for that the waters doo not lyft them selues or flowe so high as they doo at any other time neyther doo they descende or ebbe so low as they doo at any other times of the Moone and by that meanes the streme doth not runne so swift as it doth at other times for as in spring tydes it dooth flowe or lift it selfe higher and descende or ebbe lower then of custome So in neape Tides it doth lift or flow lesse in height also ebbe or descende lesse in deepenesse then it dooth of custome as it is seene dayly by common experience c. But yet furthermore as touching the ebbyng and flowing of the water both in the Sea and also in Hauens and Ryuers and although that it dooth keepe an order or methode in anye one assigned place yet is there great varietye in places harde by yea in one Ryuer it shal be a full Sea in one parte of the Ryuer and in that Ryuer and at that instant a lowe water as the proofe thereof maye be manyfestly seene here in the Ryuer of Thames as it is not vnknowen that the Moone in the South dooth make a full Sea on the landes end at the entraunce of the Ryuer of Thames and the Moone in the Southwest dooth make a full Sea at London and then it is halfe ebbed on the landes ende But in Rychmonde aboue London there the Moone in the West dooth make a ful Sea and then on the landes end there it is a lowe
occupied for Salt after they haue made it cleane and beate it smal And as it hath been credybly reported vnto me there is a hyll or Mountayne in Barbary in Africa that Salt is digged out thereof and is a great distance from the sea And the like is reported to be in the kingdoÌ„e of Hungary here in Europ that there is salt digged out thereof and is solde and bought into dyuers places as into Polonia and into some places of Germanye Then it is a playne case that there be such wynes or mineralles in the grounde which maketh the thyng to be most manifest that the Sea is made Salt by the mineralles or substance of salt in the grounde And yet for further proofe therof here in England at the Wyches in Chesseshyre there is in sundrye places a water or Bryne that they doo make Salt of and is a good distance from any Sea And some haue made argument that it may come from the Sea thorowe the Vaynes or Coues in the grounde which is moste contrarye by thys meanes for if that it come from the Sea thorowe the grounde then it coulde not be salter then the water of the Sea for that at the Wyches is much salter then the Sea water For if that it come from the Sea then it must be somewhat fresher then the Sea water by the meanes of the scouring it selfe thorowe the earth and by meeting of some fresh waters as the earth is not without fresh water c. And furthermore as concernyng the saying of the Philosopher Plato in his Dialogues of Tymeus and Crecia and also is written by Marcellius Ficius that in the olde time there was an Ilande in the Sea ouer agaynst Africa bygger then Africa and Asia which Ilande was called Atlantyda and that the Kynges of this Ilande did gouerne a great parte of Africa and Europa and as Marcellius Ficius and Plato say by the meanes of a great earthqake and a great rayne thys Ilande sunke and the people thereof were drowned and after the sinkyng of thys great Ilande the Sea Atlanticus was so full of mudde by the meanes of the sinckng therof that the sea Atlanticus could not be sayled with shippes in a great time after Now if this be true that there was any such Ilande that dyd so sincke that the Sea was so full of mudde then after that the mudde is setled vnto the bottome as it wyll doo in processe of time then the sea must needs be a very shallow sea for such a great masse of earthy substance being sunck with water must needes make a very shallow Sea and yet it is seene and knowen almost generallye vnto all meÌ„ that it is a depe sea yea no man can tel of what depth for that they cannot finde any grounde for that sea is greatlye occupied with Shippes and that Ilande lay â—ast from Spayne and Barbary which is most occupyed with Ships of any sea for all the great trade of shipping is now in these daies vsed out of Europe And then what place can be greater occupied then into our west Occian sea called in olde time the sea Atlanticus as it is the whole trade from Englande Fraunce and the lowe Countrey and Denmarke and such lyke places of Europe into Spayne and Portugall and Barbary and into the myddle earth Sea and into Ginny and into the Carnarie Ilandes the Madera Ilandes and the Ilandes called the Syrtes and to the West Indyes so that it is the greatest occupyed sea with shipping in the whole world so that the same sea is not vnknowne but that it is a great deepe sea therefore it is to bee supposed that the fundamentall nature or stubstaunce or ground therof was of Salt and so soked or moyllfied with the water that the superficies thereof might be sunck vnder the water and so in processe of time to soke the minerall of the Salt that the stony and earthye substaunce is nowe setled downe so low that it seemeth vnto the simple people that it hath no bottome for otherwise such a huge masse of earthy substaunce coulde not be so lost as it dooth appeare by that great Iland called Atlantida that Maccellius Ficius Plato and Proclus with other Authors doth make mention of c. The nienth Chapter is as touching the cause of Earthquakes AND furthermore as touchyng Earthquakes and the synking both of the mayne Lande and also of Ilandes in the Sea and also of the drying vp of Waters as great Pooles Riuers and also of the casting vp of Grounde both in the sea as well as vppon the mayne Lande although it bee the prouidence of almyghtye God to bryng it so to passe for the punishment of the people that are vppon the face of the Earthe and as well the godlye doo perishe as the wicked when these thinges happen whiche are the scourge of the wrathe of God for that hee wyll haue his diuine glory knowne yet hee dooth nothing but that it is done by a meane hath a naturall cause of the commyng of it so to passe although the thing it selfe bee supernaturall And furthermore although I am symple and vtterly vnlearned neyther to the iudgement of the people to haue any great experyence in these causes yet notwithstandyng being as one more bolde then wyse to shewe myne opynion vnto the Worlde and also it is possible that in some poyntes my opynion dooth not agree with some of the ancient Writers that haue written of sundry thinges in their Bookes of naturall Philosophye Yet notwithstandyng I am so bolde to shewe my opinion although it be possible that it may dyffer from the trueth Wherefore they may vse such credit vnto the matter as the reasons in these matters shall support vnto them for yf that by reason my opinyon be not to bee lyked then they may the lesse regarde it c. And this first as concerning the sincking of grounde as experience hath shewed that it hath happened in sundry places and in sundrye ages of the worlde my opinion is this as in the Chapter before is shewed that in those places that it hath happened that the substaunce of the grounde in that place is Salte vnderneath and so beyng soked or mollyfyed with water in processe of tyme it is turned vnto water and then the earthy substance that is a loofe vppon it beyng ponderous and heauie and not supported or borne vp wyth any harde thing then it must needes settell it selfe downe and sincke into the water and so by that meanes the water standeth aboue the superfycies thereof as it is shewed in the Chapter goyng before by the sincking of the great Iland called Atlantyda c. And furthermore as concerning some kinde of earthquakes that happeneth in such sort that it renteth and lyfteth and shaketh the grounde and possible lyfteth the grounde hygher then that it was before and so remayneth and standeth styll afterwardes wyth out any setling afterwardes c. My
sheweth the natural cause of the ebbing and flowing of the sea and the ebbyng and flowing of hauens and riuers c. The seuenth chapter sheweth the cause of currantes and streames that runne in the sea in such places where it dooth not ebbe and flowe of currantes or streames in the sea there are three seueral sortes in the chapter it doth appeare c. The eight chapter sheweth the natural cause that the water in the Sea is salt c. The ninth chapter is as touching the cause of earthquakes The tenth chapter sheweth the reason howe America and all the Ilandes and newe founde landes and countries became peopled and of what posteriritie that they be come of c. FINIS Faultes escaped in printing The fyrst Booke fol. pa lyâ—e faultes Correction 3 1 20 set the situate 3 2 8 marking making 3 2 24 make marke 4 1 9 of that or that are 5 1 11 for lyne for the line 5 1 12 other side â—thelida 5 1 13 ridge ring 5 1 last the heigth 0 5 1 last measure of the that measure 7 1 12 and the and at the 8 2 13 standinges places 9 1 20 as is 10 2 8 lye by 12 1 11 there then 12 1 20 the line should the line y e shoulde 13 1 1 there though 14 2 3 thence there 14 2 23 12 into 12. 15 2 12 28 24 15 2 19 5 15 16 1 23 lacke looke 17 1 1 doo mays 17 2 4 staffe transuastorie 18 2 many transytorie transuastorie 18 2 many ringes wynges 19 1 many transytorie transuastorie 20 1 32 that their 22 2 16 part put 27 2 22 by too 28 1 7 52 32 29 2 10 and halfe of 29 2 22 the chapter the .8 Chapter The second Booke fo pa. line faultes Correction 1 1 22 vnto and vnto 3 1 8 90 60 7 1 13 Southwest South Southwest 9 1 10 32. put put 10 1 11 30. degr 49. 50. degrees .12 9 2 20 â—ondon land 11 1 2 54 16 12 1 13 36 360 13 1 30 Eison More â—â—on Nore 15 1 7 Cappe hyll Ape hyll 15 1 13 18 25 15 1 15 London London .10 mi. 15 1  the longest day the day .14 hours .35 mi.   15  15 1  minuts southeast minuts â—nd is Southeast   24 vnder the tropick of Cancer 16 1 25 0 19 1 11 East and South East by south 19 1 30 7 98 19 2 30 Maria in Aria 21 2 11 25 52 22 1 33 20 4 22 2 2 12 4 The thirde Booke fo pa line faultes Correction 3 1 28.29 that that that 3 2 12 of a boord of boord 5 1 2 be corner be from corner 5 1 3 22 32 7 1 4 leuel beuel 7 1 11 leuel beuel 14 2 9 with the within the 15 1 12 30 3. quarters 15 1 19 racking raking 15 1 32 whole holde 16 2 15 would haue haue 19 1 22 13. ynches 10. ynches The fourth Booke fol. pa. lin faultes Correction 3  24 as is 4 1 last targed karged 5 1 27 maâ— may 7 1 30 with which 7 1 53 multiply by multiply that by 8 2 23 in the mould of mettall in the mould of wood  2 31 8 2 5 led raysed or highed 11 1 1 neare as needes 12 2 18 30. 36. 12 2 32 waight the waight that the 12 1 23 one kind of one kynde 14 2 6 by the proportioÌ„ oâ— the by proportioÌ„ the 17 1 19 hang chaunge 18 1 22 hâ—eâ— heeâ—d 18 1 3 to hold to heeld 19 1 18 collect calke 19 1 â— in yenough 19 1 24 carying carenyng 19 2 30 cartienes Capâ—tynes The fyfth Booke fol. pa. lin faultes Correction 5 2 6 mould mouth 6 1 2 so assynges suffâ—ngâ—s 8 1 8 suites sortes 8 2 5 suâ—fâ—â—nges suffâ—nges 8 2 22 sea it sea as it 9 1 3 Ireland England 9 2 4 souâ—â—inges suffinges 9 2 19 rounded couered 11 1 15 in at 13 1 6 beaten leâ—ten 15 1 12 wast West 6 2 3 meayne mayne 11 1 30 traâ—t attract 11  26 hygher hygh or ¶ Imprinted at London for Thomas Woodcocke dwelling in Paules Churchyarde at the sygne of the blacke Beare 1578. The fyrst booke The seconde booke The thirde booke The fourth booke The fyfth booke Geometric perspectiue Cosmographia Geometric general Staticke Naturall Philosophie Discouragement Bookes are written to the intent to teach the vnlearned No person is to be disliked that doth his good wyll to doe good Persons that are to be dislyked Abuses of Englande Magical Inchauntment is a great dishonoring of God What maner of christian is he that desyreth to be familiar with the diuell The vertuousnesse of the Queenes maiestie is our preseruation The abuses of al degrees Couetousnes is called good husbandrie Pride is clenlinesse swearing lustinesse drunkennesse good fellowshyppe Whoredome friendship 〈◊〉 a tricke of youth The first cause that man is borne for is to serue God The seconde cause that man is borne is to serue his countrey Thirdly man is borne to labour to lyue The causes of al degrees The fyrst cause The second cause Good members in a coÌ„mon weale What maner of persons are the meetest to be Trauailers What a Trauailer should consider of What persons are of valure in the common weale A Circle A Centre A Circumference A Diametre A Foote A Yarde A pase Geometrical A simple stop of yarde A rase is two steppâ—s 12. pases is a score that is 20. yardes A myle is a 1000. pases that is .5000 foote or 1666. yardes and 3. A Rod is .16 foote .2 of land measure and 18. foote is a Rod of woode measure .6 foote is a fadome and .833 fadome is a myle The maâ—â—ng of the Quadrant with the Skal The vse of the degrees What to obserue in taking of height with the Skall Vpright shadow at on station Ensample Ensamples of two fashions or standinges Ensample oâ— contrary shadow Ensâ—mple in the taking of the poynt of a height How to know distance by the shadowe An ensample To know how much the one Towre is higher or lower than another Ensamples To know how much any Tower is lower then that you be on Ensamplâ— â–ª To knowe the height of a hill To know the length of the Hipothenusall Lyne by the extracting of the roote To knowe the widenesse of waters An ensample To knowe the length of the slope lyne by the extract of the Roote To know howe much any place is higher or lower then the placeth it you are on whether that it be on Towre Steeple â—l Clyffe of valley c. An ensample To know howe much any place is hygher or lower by degrees An ensample of shyps on the water An ensample An ensample of shyps on the water To know whether my shyp be higher or lower of boord then another and whether the one dooth ouertop the other and howe To know howe much one house ship towre or hyl is higher then the other The