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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A58318	The judgment of urines. By Robert Record Doctor of Physick Whereunto is added an ingenious treatise concerning physicians, apothecaries, and chirurgeons, set forth by an eminent physitian in Queen Elizabeths dayes. With a translation of Papius Ahalsossa concerning apothecaries confecting their medicines; worthy perusing, and imitating.	Record, Robert, 1510?-1558.; Pape, Joseph, 1558-1622. aut	1679 (1679)	Wing R650A; ESTC R220684	54,269	145

thus into water then doth it drop down and gathereth together and so runneth out as it can finde or prepare way As long therefore as there is hollownes in that place with such sort of coldnesse and none other let the Spring of water shal● never cease But if the way by any mean be stopped then the water turmoileth and laboureth either to expell that let or to make a new way The causes of diversity in tast of Water Now this water being thus ingendred of the air which hath no taste is also naturally without all taste but the tast that it hath is the taste of the vaines of earth or mettall by which it doth run And that is the cause that some waters are sweet and some soure some fresh and some salt and otherwise diversly tasted some also are hot and some cold and with other like qualities endued according to the ground whereby it passeth But of this I will not now speak because I have appointed for it a peculiar Treatise if God grant me time Only this I say now that a man that is expert can by the colour tast and other qualities of the water which he seeth tell what vains of earth or mettals is in that place whence that water cometh though he see it not And this water is expelled out of his first place as unprofitable there to remain and yet when it is come forth thence it is good for divers and sundry uses The generation of urine Thus may we thinke of the generation and use of urine or mans water Three Concoctions It shall not need that I here reckon exactly the places causes and the order of the three concoctions which go before the generation of urine but it shall suffice to te● briefly that of the meat and drink togethe● concocted in the stomack is made rud● blood if I may so call it which rude bloo● is wrought again and made more perfect● in the liver and thirdly yet more purified in the hollow vein where the urine i● separate from it as whey from milk but ye● may not exactly be called urine till it com● into the reins or kidnies which draw it ou● of the hollow vein by a certain natural power resting in them And then doth the reins or kidnies alter it perfectly into urine us the coldnes of the ground turneth air into water But you must take this comparison o● similitude to be spoken of the alteration it self and not of the cause Now when Urine is thus made like to that fashion of water as I said then as the water passeth forth from his first place by issues outward so doth the urine descend from the reins by certain veins as it were called Water pipes and runneth into the bladder from whence at due times it is expelled forth if the way be not let So that you may compare the reins to the head of a conduit the water pipes to the conduit pipes the bladder to the conduit and the shaft to the rock of the conduit And further as the water doth declare by ●aste and colour the qualities of the earth or ●eins of mettall whereby it runneth and ●rom whence it commeth so the urine by ●olour and other wayes declareth of what ●ort the places that it cometh thorow and humors that it commeth from are affected And yet not only serveth for this but also ●s the water though it depart from the earth as superfluous in that place yet in other places and to other purposes it is greatly profitable So the urine though it be expelled as a superfluous excrement yet beside the commodity of judgement which it giveth of the parts that it cometh from it doth also serve for divers uses in medicine and other good commodities Of both which I will anon orderly write after I have declared certain things appertaining to the due judgement of it Of the Instrument and parts by which Vrine is engendred and passeth mark this Figure following A. Is the liver B. The hollow vein C. Veins by which the reins do draw the urine and therefore be called sucking veins D. The reins E. The water Pipes F. Is the Bladder G. The spout of the yard All the other parts beside appertain to Generation and seed CHAP. III. What Vrine is and what tokens it giveth in generall YOu have heard now how urine is ingendred from whence it cometh and ●y what places it passeth which things all ●o the intent that you may the better keep ●n minde you shall note this short definiti●n The definition of urine Urine is the superfluity or wheyie substance ●f the bloud into a hollow vein conveyed by ●he reins and water pipes into the bladder ●o that hereby you may plainly perceive ●hat if the bloud be pure and clean and none 〈◊〉 grief in the reins Water-pipes Blad●er nor Shaft then shall the urine so declare ●t being also perfect and pure in substance ●nd colour and all other tokens according ●o the same But if there bee any grief in ●ny of those parts or the blood corrupt by ●ny means then shall the urine declare cer●ain tokens of the same as I shall anon parti●ularly expresse But first it shall be necessary to instruct ●ou of the vessel place and time meet to ●udge urine and of the manner of receiving CHAP. IIII. Of the form of the Vrinall and of the p● and time meet to judge urine and how it should be received THat urine should be kept to see wh● is first made after midnight common or namely when the patient hath slept lo● but you must take heed whether the pati● be man or woman The order to receive urine that they make not th● urine in another vessel first as many use do and then pour it into the urinall wh● it is setled for that causeth much de● and error in the judgement of it And that the Patient cannot well make it in 〈◊〉 urinall either by weaknesse or any ot● cause then let them make it in another v●sel but see that it be clean and dry and soon as the water is made pour it forth p●sently into the Urinall altogether and lea●● no part of it out as some curious folk● use to put the clear part only into the urin● and cast away the dregs as though it sto● not with their modesty to bring such fo● gear to the Physitian others of such like fo●lish mind Pour it therefore in wholly an● let not the urinall stand open namely industy place but stop it close with a glove 〈◊〉 other leather and not with cloth paper nor ●ay and let it be brought to the Physitian within six hours at the furthest for after that ●ime it cannot well be judged The Urinal Now as touching the Urinall it should be of pure cleer glasse not thick nor green in colour without blots or spots in it not ●at in the bottome nor too wide in the neck out widest in the midle and narrow still

all ●ther signs be good Pale light saffron Pale and light saffron as you have hea● before are the best colours and most temp●rate which betoken exact concoction Golden saffron But golden and saffron colour declare e●cess of heat Claret red Crimson Purple Green oily Claret is next and then red after it crimson and then purple then green and l● of them is oily urine which as they goe in o●der so they declare greater and greater he● with increase not only of the qualitie b● also of the matter containing the same Blew ash-colour But now of the other side blew urine an● ash colour are tokens of excessive cold sometime with matter and sometime with out and so likewise of black urine howbeit it cometh sometime of excess of heat But how you may know the difference both of it and all the other now will I shew in order with the rest of their significations White White urine if it come in great quantity in a whole man it betokeneth much drinking of thin wine But if it be mean in quantity with a due ground it declareth cold distemperance of the liver The urine doth appear white with a dis-form and unconcocted ground in them that have the dropsie But in old men white ●rine is no great evill sign as you may per●eive by that I said before of Ages how ●hey alter urine But in yong men and such ●s are of freshest age it is a worse sign and ●pecially if it have either no contents or else evill contents And if urine continue ●ong time white without changing it betokeneth painfull beating of the head daselling of the eies and giddiness and also the fal●ing evill lothsomness of good meats and ●usting sometime after evill meats greedie hunger pain in limbs and painfull moving of the sinewes and divers griefes of the head and reines and also pain in the fundament and great weakness by sickness for all these doe follow continually lack of concoction either cold or stopping of the urines and conduct or transposing of the humours But the differences of these cannot easily bee known of every man yet such as are learned may gather certain distinctions of them by the accidents which follow diseases Milk white hornwhite gray Dark white colours as milk white white white like horn and grey If they appear in the beginning of Agues and in the increase of them they doe betoken much pain But in the decrease of Agues they declare he especially if it come plentifully Pale flaxen Pale urine and flaxen do not lightly pear in Agues except they be easie Ag● and short as those which continue but day but if that it do follow after bu● Agues it declareth that they be fully d●ved Pale saffron As for pale and light saffron they are 〈◊〉 I said before the best and most perfect ●lours namely in young men and f● youth But in old men women and child● whose urine as I have said declineth ●ward white and pale it doth betoken t● their bodie is too hot either by reason● their diet or else of their exercise Bu● as much as it is but mean excesse it declare● but small grief Golden saffron colour Golden and saffron coloured urine if be either somewhat thin or very thick ●ther it hath no ground or else very few a● dark contents But in this they differ th● golden urine declareth excess of heat a● matter also by reason of meats sharp med●cines chafing of the bloud through ange● heat of the bowels or else heat of the tim● of the yeer But saffron colour appeareth rather wit● default of matter through some affection o● the mind watching heat of the sun labour and such like things which increase thin and yellow choller and diminish naturall heat ●o that the cause of this colour is choler it self increased either in quantity or else in qualitie But in old men and women and ●uch other there is some greater cause that occasioneth it for it signifieth an Ague com●eth of saffronly choler dispersed through the whole body after which there followeth commonly giddiness headach bitterness of ●he mouth lothsomeness of meat thirstiness Also in yong men such urine is caused through much exercise and use of hot meats Of Claret and red Vrine Claret urine CLaret and red urine is coloured either of the mixture of red choler or else of the corruption of bloud such urine oftentimes goeth before Agues For when the blood doth so abound that it cannot be duly laboured nor can take no ayre there is engendred a certain corruption which as it is red of colour it self so it causeth the urine to be red in colour if it be much else it maketh only claret colour But if it be exact red lik grain it betokeneth that bloud issueth into it out of some veins nigh to the reins which either are broken or other waies ●pened But how it may be known fr● whence it commeth and how there are ●ny means to search but because they are● light to perceive I will reserve them for P●sicians that are learned This colour o● self is no great evill sign namely in yo● men for it betokeneth excess of bloud wh● may well bee born of them But in old m● it is a very evill sign for it betokeneth ●ther long sickness or else death sith na● is so weak that it cannot keep in her natu● humour And if that red colour come● red choler as it doth in young men for 〈◊〉 most part and not of blood which thing learned Physician may conjecture partly 〈◊〉 the former diet and other signs more t● accidents shal be the more troublous ho●beit yet not so evill as when it commeth 〈◊〉 saffron or golden choler for this cause greater thirst and more troublous sleep th● the other Of Crimson colour Crimson colour CRimson colour is a token that the goo● humours of the bodie are burned an● turned into red or black choler which cau● worse griefs then the other howbeit if 〈◊〉 have a good ground the grief is the more moderate But if it have either no contents for a space or else evill contents and the urine appear like a thick myste but somewhat glistering light it is a sign that nature needeth such strength to recover her selfe to her own state Notwithstanding such urine is caused sometime in whole folk by reason of much labour and long journying and then it hath some good signs therewith But in them that have a sharp Ague such crimson colour of urine doth betoken that corrupt blood doth abound and that it doth putrifie and turn into choler And commonly they that make such urine doe thirst much and are dry in their mouth and are troubled in their sleep and feel sharp Agues and are half distract and feel pain of the liver with coughing Howbeit yet these signs may be sometimes as well good as bad according as the colours do change to better or worse Of Purple Colour

mans bodie But to return to this matter that is in hand One other stop of urine there is which doth not clean let it but causeth it to avoid lesser then it should and this commeth of like causes as that other last did save that the cause is less according as the stay of urine is and therefore the cure in both is much like For if it come of weakness of the expulsive vertue then with the use of other hot meats and drinks those medicines are good which doe provoke urine as these be that follow Medicines which doe provoke urine Annise-seed Ally-saunders Alkakengi Basyle Bylgrum Cammock Charlock Chervell Carawayes Calamus Aromaticus Cubebes Dictany of Candie Dragance Fumitorie Fatchys Flower delyce Garlike Ground pine Ginger Helecompane Honey Juniper and the Berries Lase saverie Leeks Mints Margerom Maiden hair Navew Nepte Negella Romana Nettle Pepper Pye Ryall Quinces Rue Rosemary Rocquet Savine Sage Saverie Time Valerion Wild Marjoram Wild Parseley Wild Time Water Cresses Woodbinde with many other and namely those for the most part which I named before to be good for the stone But there must be discretion in the use of them Besides those is there a disease named the Strangurie which some corruptly call the Strangurion in which Disease the urine doth continually drop forth Excess of urine as fast as it cometh into the bladder And therefore may it well be noted the first kinde of such griefs as provoke forth and further urine excessively For that strangurie these Medicines following are noted good Medicines for the Strangurie Alisander Astra Bacca Brokelime Ceder berries Ceterake Calamus Aromaticus Gladiane Knot grasse Kneholm Sperage Seholm Spatula Fetida Turpentine washed Wilde Fennell Water mints But you must consider as I have often said that as the disease may come of sundry causes so it must have sundry cures For most commonly these are good that I have written yet such may bee the cause of the sickness that they may do harme therefore take alwayes counsell of some learned Physitian Another kinde of excessive making of urine cometh of the weakness of the retentive vertue in the reins whereby the Patient pisseth as fast as he drinketh Flux of urine Pissing euill The piss gout and that in like quantitie This I may call the flux of urine or pissing evill or after the imitation of the Greeks the pisse gout For which disease it is not greatly commendable to set forth medicines with the onely bare names Howbeit if I doe it I trust no man will the rather misuse them namely being warned so often to take no medicines without counsell and specially in this thing For some of the Medicines must be received inwardly and some of them emplaistred outwardly Medicines for the pissing evill Apples Dates Elecompane Perys Myrtle Berries Night shade Cycory Comferie Endive Paritarie Penny wort Lettis Lintels Pomegranat Purselane Vine leaves Other defaults there be of excess of urine as of them which cannot keep their urine and namely of children which pisse their beds This disease cometh oftentimes of the dissolution of the muscle which should keep the urine and therefore requireth cure meet for it and unmeet for this place and such shortnesse Wherefore for this time here I will make an end trusting that all men will with as gentle heart receive this my writing as I of gentleness have taken the pains to set it forth Additions Of the diversities of Colours and of the making of them BEcause that it is not very easie for every man to distinguish colours duly asunder I thought it good at the end of this Book a little to touch the distinction and making of them namely of such as are mentioned before in this Book Milk white Milk white by the name of it self doth sufficiently declare what it is for it is the very colour of milk though the substance need not to be so thick in the urine as in the milk for the colour must be understood several from the substance both in this and all other colours which thing would be remembred for it might else as it hath often done deceive the simple folk Horn white Horn white in like manner hath his name of the thing that it assimuleth most for it is like the white and cleer part of a horn of a lanthorn or such like Grey Grey is like the white part of a mans nail next unto the joynt or like hoar hair that is not very white for gray is so much darker then horn white as horn white is darker then milk white Pale Pale colour hath a certain appearance of yellow in it but is exceeding little If you seeth a peece of the rind of Pomegranate and then put to it thrice as much clean water it will be a pale colour Flaxen But if you put thereto little or no clean water it will be flaxen coloured that is somewhat more yellower then pale Pale After it followeth pale which is a kind of light yellow something lighter in colour then crown gold Yellow For the colour of pure gold as an angell or royall is a right yellow colour Light saffron A light saffron colour is that colour that saffron doth make when it is steeped in water and laid light on any white For if it be laid on deep then doth it make a full saffron colour Saffron For that is called a saffron colour which saffron doth die and not that that is in the saffron it self Red. Claret For that is very red and is higher then claret which is a mean colour between saffron and red as if it were made of them both mixed together Crimson Crimson is a dark bloody colour well known by his own name but is not in urine so light as it sheweth in cloth Purple Purple needeth not to be much described being so commonly known howbeit if you will see the making of it mixe a dark crimson with an orient blew and it will be purple And because that many men be deceived in the latin name of this colour you shall observe that it is not that which in Latin is called Purpureus color as most men think for that is rather a crimson but it is called more peculiarly Purpura violacea or Passeus color Blew Blew colour is the colour of the cleer Skie or of Azure Howbeit in urine it is not so orient but if you will mix pure white as white lead or pure lime with due portion of right black as cole dust or other like then there will of these amount that blew which is ascribed to urine Green Green is a compound colour of blew and yellow duly tempred together And the right green have I in this Book called a stark green Stark green But if the yellow do exceed in it then is it a light green and contrariwise if the blue do exceed Light green then is it a dark green Of this