those lighter Fogs and waâ—erish Mists into a Body which made the Moon how by clearing of the superlunary Firmament or the Planetary Spheres the Stars appear'd and what the Sun Moon and Stars contribute towards the Production of sensitive or locomotive Animals and why the Creation of these second Causes made the fourth Production Chap. 4. Of the Production of the second Degree of Life and first of oviparous Animals as Fish and waterish Insects Chap. 5. Of the second Genus oâ— oviparous Animals viz. the Aerial And first of Fly-Insects secondly of Serpents thirdly of Birds and why Moses makes the waterish and aerial Animals congenial Chap. 6. Of the terrene or viviparous Animals Chap. 7. Of the Creation of Man the sixth Production The Conclusion Wherein is shewn the meaning and signisicancy of these Words And God saw every thing that he had made and behold it was very good A Discourse concerning the Terrestrial Paradise shewing how Adam was introduced into it The Time he continued in it and how he and Eve employed that Time A Discourse concerning the Conflagration of this material World the Local Hell its outmost Boundaries or Abraham's Gulph A short Treatise of Meteorology with some Observations concerning the Changes and Alterations of the Weather Chap. 1. Of Vapourâ—â—nd Exhalations c. Chap. 2. Of the efficient Causes oâ— all Meteors and first of Heat Chap. 3. Of Cold the other efficient Cause of Meteors Chap. 4. Of the Air or Medium wherein all Meteors are generated Chap. 5. Of fiery Meteors c. Chap. 6. Of Comets c. Chap. 7. Of Thunder its Causes and Effects Chap. 8. Of vaporous Meteors and first of Dews and Hoar Frosts Chap. 9. Of Rain Hail and Snow Chap. 10. Oâ— Hail and Snow with Observations Chap. 11. Of Frost and Thaw Chap. 12. Oâ— the Sphere of Rarefaction Chap. 13. Of Wind Helms and Arches Chap. 14. Prognostications of the Change and Alteration of Weather from the setting and rising of the Sun The Author living at a great Distance from the Press desires the Reader â—o pâ—â—don those following Mistakeâ— PAge 5. line 13. read further p. 25. l. 6. r. Philosophically p. 27. l. 9. r. Anteperistatical p. 30. l. 10. r. Nutritius p. 44. l. 25. r. Fluidity p. 67 l. 1. r. Nature p. 91. l. 4. r. Sublunary p. 121. l. 24. r. Litoralâ—s p. 13â— l. 25. r. Assimilation p. 139. l. 10. r. learned p. 155. l. 28. r. Zodiack A Scheme wherein the Several Phaenomena of this Terraqueous Globe are Explained ABCDEFG A The Central Fire disseminating a Vital heat through the whole Cortex or Shel of the Globe B The Mountains â—rom the Centre to the Surface C Heaths D Plains E The Channel of the Sea The flatt Strata or Beds of Matter with their Acclivities to the â—ountains and Declivities to the Seas together with their Elevations and Depressions thus described The winding and turnings of the greater Veins Dividing the several Classes of Matter described thus through which the whole Mass of sâ—â—terranean Water Circulates Their Lesser Fibres or Rami Factions filling all the flat Strata with feeders of Water which breaking out upon the Surface of the Earth cause Spring c. described thus F The Seas with the Rivers flowing into them from the Tops of the Mountains swelling them into a Ciâ—bosity and causing in them a Continual Fermentation G Vapors Arising from the Seas which being Attracted by the Coldness of the Mountains fixeth there Forming an Atmosphere round the whole Globe PART I. CHAP. I. â—he Philosophical meaning of these Words In the beginning God created the Heavens and the Earth and what may be concluded from them MOSES in his Philosophical Description of the Creation lays it down as a granted Principle or a grand Thesis â—â—at the Heavens and the Earth with 〈◊〉 their Parts Furniture and variety 〈◊〉 Natures contained in them were â—â—eated de novo and that God the â—â—pream Being Un-created and Indeâ—endent Almighty in Power and Inâ—â—nite in Wisdom and all Perfections â—as the efficient cause That the time when the World was Created was in the beginning of Time or when Time first began to have a Being for before the World was Created there was duration or Stabilis Aeternitas as the Schoolmen express it but Time being an equal mensuration of Motion it and Motion began together From this grand Thesis we may conclude First against Aristotle who endeavour'd by many Arguments to prove that the World as it now stands in Matter and Form was Eternal which Hypothesis advanceth the World into an equality with God makes it its own efficient Cause Uncreated and Independent In the Second place this Mosaick Thesis concludes against Plato and his Followers who tho' he did positively assert that God made the World yet he did conceive that the Matter on which it did consist was Eternal and Pre-existent By which Hypothesis he concludes God to be an impotent cause not able to create the World without Matter and Stuff to work upon These mistaken Principles in Philososophy were occasion'd from the Observation of the regular course of Nature not considering that there might be other causes which might produce effects in an other way than cou'd ever come within the compass of their narrow observation for how Spiritual Causes produce their effects its impossible for us whilst we continuâ— in this dark state of Matter wherein we have but a very short and narrow prospect to understand In the Third place it concludes against Democritus and his Followers who did not only conceit that Matter was Eternal and Pre-existent but that the World had no efficient cause but what was from Chance or the casual motion of Matter which consisting of infinite numbers of Atoms or little Corpuscles of different Figures Natures and Qualities which rainged about in a vast and infinite space until at the last by Divisions Separations and Mixtures occasioned by their contrary and mixt Qualities and the innate Power of Sympathy and Antipathy they at last setled into the Form and Figure of this World which it can no more alter or vary from than the active Fire be taught to change its Nature and descend and Gravation to ascend and fly upward No doubt but this Hypothesis waâ— grounded upon an experimental Observation of the several Kinds of Matter of different Natures which being mixt together in a Glass or any transparent Vessel will separate and divide themselves proprio mâ—tu tho never so jumbled and mix'd together I shall not in this place shâ—w you the absurdity of this Hypothâ—sis but rather chuse in the following Chapters to give some account what Feats Matter and Motion will produce by vertue of their contrary Qualities and the power of Sympathy and Antipathy and how far God Almighty might make uâ—e of thâ—se towards the forming the materrial part of this World We may hence farther conclude that although neither the World as it stands nor the Matter on which it consists did
Products of Fancy or meer Conjecture yet if Seriously and Impartially enquir'd into will be fouâ—d Grounded upon such Reason as cannot without a prejudic'd Opinion be easily deny'd For it cannot be imagin'd by any who have made it their business to understand the Structure of the Earth those â—everal Classes of Solid and Dense Matter on which it consists the windings and turnings of those Dikes and Partitions which divide them and are the Subterranean Water Courses that there shou'd be Magazines of Subterranean Gunpowder lodg'd in Infernal Cavities round the whole Globe and that there shou'd be Trains laid from one Collection to another and that all these Trains shou'd take Fire through all the Subterranean Rivers in one instant of Time Neither can it reasonably be suppos'd that there shou'd be a Concussion of the whole or half or any considerable part of the Globe by one Subterranean Flatus but what is from the Central Vault Again The Consistences of the greatest part of the Earth being rather of a Gold Terrene and Mercurial than of a Bituminous Nitrous and Sulphureous Quality it cannot be suppos'd that those parts of the Earth which afford no quantities of this Natural Gunpowder shou'd suffer a Concussion or Earthquake but from these Central Damps Besides those Miners who have sunk deepest into these Occult Regions do from their own Experience assure us that there are no Grotto's or Cavities above an Hundred Fathoms deep unless in those Mountainous Countries where the Consistences are of a Sulphurous and Nitrous Quality affording plenty of Natural Gun-powder which being Fir'd cause all those Vulcano's we Read of in History CHAP. XIX Of Terrene Damps and their Dreadful Effects upon this Globe c. TErrene Damps have their Original either from Heat or Cold and are either Fiery or Waterish Those which have their Original from Fire are of the same Nature with those Central Damps we have given Account of As all Local Earth-quakes do more frequently happen in the Mountainous Countries than in the Plains and Valleys because all the greater Dikes Joints and Veins of the Earth contract and meet there And the Flatus which is the occasion of the Shock makes its way by what passage soever it can get Vent But these Mountainous Couâ—tries especially which yield great store of Sulphur Bitumen and chiefly Nitre these Minerals affording the greatest plenty of Natural Gun-powder are most injur'd by those dreadful Shocks because those Mountains whose Natural Consistences are of so Hot and Fiery a Quality are commonly very Cavernous and their greater Joints and Fissures as well as strong Strata having by frequent Concussions and Earthquakes lost their Natural Feeders are become the most proper Receptacles for those Fiery Stores to be lodg'd in until either the Central Fire or their own Natural Heat being contracted into a Point Discharge first the lowest Damp and the rest by Trains like so many Subalterns discharge in Course and sometimes for several Months together till the Subterranean Gun-powder be all spent And these Burning Mountains such as Aetna Vesuvius Hecla and others are only so many Spiracles or Vulcano's serving for the discharge of these Subterranean Damps which disgorgeth Flames of Fire and Stones of great Weight and Substance Showers of Sand and Rivers of melted Minerals and yet these Mountains by those Vulcano's lose nothing of their Height or Magâ—itude all these Eruptions being Recruited out of the great Magazine of Natural Gun-powder contain'd in the Infernal Vault Besides these Damps of a Fiery Natore contain'd in the Interior parts of the Earth there are others which sometimes happens in the Exterior parts of it such as those Fiery Damps in Colleries are only the Perspirations of Sulphur and Nitre out of the Cole Wall or Mine Collected into a Body and these either take Fire at a Candle or like so many dry Exhalations receiv'd into the Body of a Cloud and discharge like Thunder shakes the Earth about the Collery kills the Miners and have other Dreadful â—ffects To these we may add those Preter-natural Ebullitions and Eruptions of Subterranean Waters which Moses calls the Breaking up of the Fountains of the great Deep And these whenever they happen upon the Earth as at Noah's Flood are occasion'd by an Universal Fermentation and Dilation of the Central Fire which gaining ground upon their Fluid Neighbours force them into a most Rapid Motion through all the Subterranean Veins and consequently causeth those vâ—olent Eruptions of Water in all the Springs Rivers Joints and Fissures of the Earth Sometimes the Circulation of the Subterranean Waters stagnates and sinks down into the Interior parts of the Earth the Springs and Rivers dry up as in the days of Elisha and this is occasion'd by the stifling and damping of the Central Heat the Circumambient Waters prevailing upon it Sometimes the Circumbient Air which Circulates in the Exterior parts of the Earth especially the Caverns Joints and Concavities of Rocky Stones and other Metals and is the only cause of the Eruption and Motion of Springs Rivers c. Damps and Stagnates which forceth the Springs and Eruptions of Waters to stand back and fill those Caverns and Joints from whence they flow until the weight of the Waters break the Damp or rather Damm of Stagnated Air and then follows Eruptions and Overflowings of Springs Rivers c. This kind of Damps I have met with sometimes in Colleries where the Water made way for it self in such Joints and open Closers as it met with in the under Cills especially Lime-stone which is of all Stone the most Jointy and Open. And when the Air in these open Joints and Cavities was dampt the Waters stood back in the Working and forc'd the Mines out of the Pit until the weight broke the Damp and then the Waters Drain'd This Damp most frequently happens in the Summer Months when the Ambient Air is Thick with Hot and Piery Exhalations and the Effluvia of sweet Blossoms especially of Peas and Beans And this the Miners call the sweet Damp. This Stagnation and Damping of the Subterranean Air is in all probability the cause of the Annual Over-flowing of the River Nilus the Horary Overflowing of the Spring at Gigleswick in York-shire the Drumming in the Well at Bautry c. And these being by Men of Learning reckon'd among the Magnalia Naturae we shall enquire more particularly into the Causes of them And first of the Over-flowing of Nilus Nilus is one of the Noblest Rivers in the World and is famous not only for the long Course it takes through Ethiopia and Egypt which is suppos'd to be Three thousand Miles before it empty's it self into the Miditerranean Sea but also for its Over â—lowing and Fertilizing that Low and Level Country supplying in it the want of Rain 'T is believ'd by Men of great Learning that this Yearly Over-flowing of that Country is ocâ—â—sâ—on'd by the great quantities of Snow dissolv'd
strikes down these fiery Globuli with greater force upon the Earth and Waters and consequently they rise higher and èlevate the Vapours with them So that the Atmosphere is higher or lower in several parts of the Earth as the Sun riseth higher or lower in the Meridian and its Beams are darted down in a more direct or oblique Line And as the lowness of our Northern Atmosphere causeth the Sterility and Barrenness of the Northern Mountains so the height of the Southern Atmosphere causeth those Mountains in the Aequinoctial and Southern Regions to be more Fertile and Productive CHAP. II. Of the â—fficient Causes of all Metors and first of Heat BY Heat is not to be understood the Element of Fire which Aristotle and his Followers conceited to be under the Concave of the Moon there being no such Element there but by Heat is meant that Internal Heat and Fermentation which is in the Body of the Earth and that Natural Fire which is originally and essentially in the Body of the Sun the Vehicle of External Heat which Streams out from every part of that Fiery Globe giving Heat Light and enlivening Vegetations to the whole Material World being within the Compass of its Fiery and Luminous Atmosphere These Streams of Heat and Light which is only the shadow of Heat being Darted through the Regions of the Air in Strait Lines and single Rayes are not perceivably Hot or Cold no more than the Light of a Candle without the Sphere of its Heat but being doubled by multiplyed Reflections and Reboundings from the solid Surface of the Earth does increase its Heat as the Reflections are multiplyed and rebounded which makes it hotter against a Wall than upon the plane Ground and in the Vallies than upon the Mountains We must therefore distinguish between those single Rayes of Heat which dart through the Air in instants which are neither perceivably hot or cold and the Heat upon the Superficies of the Earth which being contracted by an Artificial Glass is Râ—al Fire The Essential Qualities of Heat are Calefaction Elevation Rarefaction Liquefaction and Consolidation as it meets with Matter Predisposed to receive its Effects CHAP. III. Of Cold the other efficient Cause of Meteors BY Cold is not meant a bare privation of Heat as former Philosophers did conceit but a real Body of a Subtile Sublimated and Homogenous Nature and of a cold and frigid Quality It s proper place of Existence is between this Earths Atmosphere and the Atmosphere of the Moon which is our next Neighbouring Globe and by the rising and falling of this main Body of Cold are caused the several Changes and Alterations of the Weather with us The Cause of its Rising and Falling is the pressures of these two Atmospheres between which it is plac'd When the waterish Atmosphere of the Moon presseth it down it causeth Storms and Tempests here upon this Globe And when it Rises it causes the same in the Moon The Rising and Falling of this Main Body of Cold is sometimes also occasion'd by its Dilating and Contracting of it self Now as the Suns Beams are hotter in their Reflections upon the Earth than in the Sun it self so these Cold Rays which are darted from this Main Body of Cold being increas'd and multiply'd by Reflection from the Mountains and Rivers are much colder than the Main Body of Cold in its own Sphere These Reflected Globuli of Cold may be term'd the Lower or Ground-cold because in Summer it penetrates the Earth and in Winter it seldom rises higher than the Tops of the highest Mountains unless when it joins with the Main Body and then it causeth great Storms of Frost and Snow c. This Lower or Ground-cold is commonly the Rear-guard and Van-guard of the Sun always going before and following it and it s most perceivable in the Evening and Morning Twilights especially by Birds and Aerial Animals whose Bodies do so sympathize with the Air that they can more quickly perceive the Change of Weather especially the rising of a Storm or Rain or Snow than any of the Terrene Animals and this they commonly discover by their Flying high or low or Flocking together or sometimes by different Notes or Voices This occasion'd the Ancient Augurs to conceit them prophets c. The Essential Qualities and Effects of Cold in general are Frigefaction Congelation and sometimes Petreâ—action and when the lower Cold is Contracted either by Art or Proprio motu it Starves and Freezes as the Fire Burns and Scorcheth This lower Cold contracts and dilates it self as it meets with Opposition from the contrary Quality of Heat and Fire The Effects of the lower Cold when it enters the Earth By Antiperistasis it Fires Damps in Collieries Mines burning Mountains and Vulcano's When it lyes upon the Earth it causeth Dews and hoar Frosts it sucks out Damps and corrupted Air out of Under-ground Works c. CHAP. IV. Of the Air or Medium wherein all Meteors are Generated THE Air is a Vast Medium or Expansion fill'd with Rarify'd Vapours and Exhalations which like Water would Stagnate unless by a Daily addition of Rarify'd Vapours or Wind it were put into a Flux and Reflux as the Sea is the addition of Rivers continually flowing into it from all sides When the Air is Calm then are the Meteors Generated when by the Wind the Air is put into a violent Flux and Reflux they are Broken and Dispapear CHAP. V. Of Fiery Meteors c. THE Lower Cold which follows the Sun in the Evening Twilight continues its Operation for some Hours after its Beams are out of sight and no longer the middle of the Night being for the most part a Calm as well in Winter as Summer during which time of its Operation it causeth all those Fiery Meteors which the former Philosophers gave several Names to as falling Stars Rods Beams Ignes Fatui or Will with Wisp c. according as they differ'd in Matter Magnitude and manner of Appearance some Consisting of a hot and dry Exhalation others of an Exhalation mix'd with a Viscous and Unctious Matter a Third of a simple and unmix'd Exhalation All these are Generated in the Lower Regions of the Air the Matter of them being drawn up out of the Earth Waters and Bituminous Boggs and Mosses by the Sun's Influence upon them especially in the Spring Months For then the Subâ—erranean Heat draws out to communicate with its Main Body for as at this time all Animals renew their Hair clear their Blood from gross Humours so doth this great Animal the Earth purge her self of gross Humours by Mushrooms and other Pinguid Evaporations for then the Subâ—erranean Heat drawing out to communicate with the External Heat brings forth of the Earth these Mineral Spirits and Pinguid Perspirations in so plentiful a measure which being taken up into the Air are Condens'd into Clouds and fall down again upon the Earth in such Fertilizing Showers that the Psalmist tells us the Clouds at this Season
violent an Ebullition and Commotion in it as to raise the Cover and overturn it yet it cannot be suppos'd that either that uniform and constant Fire or Heat disseminated through the Body of the Earth or the external Heat of the Sun 's warm Influence can produce any such Effects because Fire and Nitre do Naturally exert their power upwards and side-way but never downward but when it is so pent up that it can get no other Vent And when even Gun-powder is forc'd to make its Effort upon the Waters the strength of its Flatus does little Execution being presently stiâ—l'd We shall therefore suspend further Enquiry about this matter until Dr. Woodward's larger Volume be made publick and endeavour to find out some other Causes by which that Universal Deluge which happen'd in Noah's time might be effected in an other way and grounded upon fair probabilities of Reason and Certainty First then no doubt but God Almighty was the Principal Cause the Sins of Mankind the provoking Cause and the Subterranean Superterranean and Nubiferous Waters were the immediate Instruments of it But how all these divided Waters shou'd be re-united and gather'd into such a Body as was sufficient to cover all the Tops of the Mountains Fifteen Cubits high as Moses gives Account is the only matter of difficulty to be â—ncounter'd In Order to which I shall not Entertain you with a long Story of the Opinions of Learn'd Men about it not undertake to shew you upon what improbable Grounds and inconsistences the Theorist and Dr. Woodward have establish'd their Hypothesis of it but having discover'd a Vast and Porâ—entous Body of Water Circulating in the Veins of the Earth bearing Proportion as I have observ'd to Seventy-two Oceans and several Oceans of Water more floating in the Clouds and rarisied into thin Air thaâ— it might be a sit Medium for Respiration c. my Adventure shall be â—irst to shew how and by what Cause the Subterranean VVater was rais'd above Ground and the thin Air was condens'd into VVater how both join'd with the Sea and caus'd the Deluge And then Secondly I shall give Account how the Waters again divided how all things return'd to their Natural Course and by what Gradations the dry Land appear'd And more than this is not necessary to make and establish a clear Hypothesis of the Universal Deluge First then we may conclude from Arguments of the greatest probability imaginable that the collection and reuniting of such a quantity of Water as was sufficient to Drown the World was caus'd by an Universal Damp that happen'd at that time in the whole Course of Nature For First all the Central Fire by a Preternatural Fermentation and Dilation of those angry Volatiles on which it consists gain'd ground upon its Fluid Neighbours those Subterranean Waters which circulate in the Body of the Earth and forcing them into a most rapid Ebullition and Commotion caus'd most violent Eruptions in all the Veins Joints Fissures and Hyatus's as well under the Channel of the Sea as in all the parts of the Earth's Surface These violent Eruptions of the Submarine and Subterranean Waters which Moses calls the breaking up of the Fountains of the great Deep swell'd up the Sea into such a height of Gibbosity that it forc'd the Rivers to stand back and rise as high as their Fountain Heads which covering all the dry Land excepting the Tops of the highest Mountains the Aerial Damp caus'd by the Moon 's waterish Vertex pressing down the Vortex or Atmosphere of this Terraqueous Globe did not only interrupt the Communication of the Subterranean and Aerial Waters by causing the raising and circulation of Vapours to cease but also by condensing the moist Air into waterish Clouds which falling down in continual Spouts for Forty Days and Nights together the Air being without Motion consequently neither able to break nor support them the Tops of the highest Mountains were cover'd Fifteen Cubits as Moses gives Account Gen. 7.15 and these portentous Rains which fell in Spouts Moses expresseth by the opening of the Windows of Heaven Gen. 7.11 Thus the divided Waters being reuniâ—â—d as they were in the Creation and the circulation of Vapours broken by the stagnation and damping of the Aerial Regions the whole Surface of the Earth was cover'd until God caus'd a Wind to pass over the Earth which breaking the Aerial Damp the Rain ceased the Subterranean Waters sunk down into their Veins recover'd the Ground which the Central Fire had gain'd from them The Rivers forc'd the Sea to retreat back to her own Channel and returning to her regular Flux and Reflux the Vapours arose and repair'd the Air again wiâ—h Clouds and Moisture and all things return'd to their Natural Course Iâ— cannot be imagin'd how the Heart of Noah and his Family was reviv'd when the Sun began to shew its Face again and the Rain-Bow appear'd in a broken Cloud For Noah being undoubtedly as well a Natural Philosopher as a Priest in his Family the appearance of a Rain-Bow which after a long Storm is an infallible sign of Fair-weather cou'd not but encourage him with hopes that the Damp was broken and the Storm over God therefore made a Covenant with Noah and his Posterity that there shou'd never be an Universal Deluge upon the Earth Gen. 9.23 and to establish this Covenant withâ—him he made the Rain-Bow being a Waterish Meteor and after a Storm a sign of Fair-weather a most proper and significant Sign and Seal of that Covenant viz. a Sign commemorative of the past Deluge and a Seal confirmative that there shou'd never be any more Flood to destroy the Earth And no more than this seems to be meant by the appearance of the Rain-Bow in the Cloud CHAP. XXI Of the Season of the Year when the Deluge happen'd DR Woodward declares his Opinion that the Deluge comâ—enc'd in the Spring Season in the Month we call May but upon what Reason he grounds this Conceit I cannot easily apprehend For the Fruits of the Earth being then but Growing and the former Autuâ—n Seeds being destroy'd by the by past Winter Nature wou'd have been forc'd to a Spontaneous Production of the several kinds of Vegetables as had lost their Seeds And wheâ— the several Species of Animals which were preserv'd from the Flood had liberty to go abroad and seek Food they wou'd not easily have found it in November and December which Months according to his Hypothesis were the Season when the Waters abâ—ted and the Beasts ordeâ—'d to leave the Ark and seek their own Food where â—hey cou'd find it It seems then most probable that the Universal Deluge commenc'd in that Month we call August when the Seeds of all Vegetables were full Ripe and ready to Sow themselves in the Fertile Soil that when the Deluge was over and the dry Land had for some time appear'd and had receiv'd Heat and Incrustation from the warm Influence
drops of Rain into Hail-Stones I have observ'd a Shower of Rain upon the Mountains the same a Shower of Hail upon the Skirts of the Mountains the same dissolved again into a Shower of Rain in the Vallies I have observ'd also a Shower of Hail at one end of the Town the same a Shower of Rain at the other end the contracted Body of Cold that caused the Hail being not a Quarter of a Mile in Circumference Of Snow When the Lower Cold riseth and the Upper Cold falleth and so straitens the Sphere of Rarefaction that the Wind blows thin as out of a contracted Mouth the Vapours are frozen in-Snow before they be condensed into a Cloud and the shower of Snow only at first covers the Tops of the Mountains but as soon as the Lower Cold riseth Mountain height and joyns with the Upper Cold the Snow falls down into the Vallies and covers the Earth OBSERVATIONS When the Wind has blown for some time S. E. or full S. or S. W. we must expect a great and general Rain for these Winds blowing from such Regions where the Atmosphere rises high bring over with them the greatest Quantity of Vapours which our Mountanous Country condenseth into Clouds which fall down in great and general Rains And this is the reason why those Countries where most of the Vapours rise have the least of Rain which want is supplied by great Dews which the Evening and Morning Cold condenseth upon the Ground For where the Atmosphere riseth high the Lower and Higher Cold never meet which is the cause of their want of Rain When the Wind blows N. or N. E. or full E. we have seldom Rain but great Flights of Snow For the Atmosphere in those Parts being very low especially in Winter and the Mouth of the Sphere of Rarefaction very strait the Wind that blows from these Quarters is so very thin and freezing that those few Vapours which are brought from those places for the most part fall down in Snow CHAP. XI Of Frost and Thaw c. FRost and Thaw are the Effects of quite diâ—ferent Causes the one being occasion'd by the Influence of Heat the other of Cold and these two contrary Qualities do not give ground one to another without great struggle and contest The first beginning of Freezing is at the Waters and this we call a Water Frost it s the Effect or Operation of the Morning Cold which drawing down to the Waters in the Morning Twilight and carrying the Vapours along with it leaves a Waterish Hoar Frost upon the Ground behind it These Vapours lie upon the Waters until Nine a Clock for by that time the Influence of Heat having warm'd the Waters forceth them to remove their Quarters first to the cold Tops of the Mountains and thence to the cooler Regions of the Air from whence they fall down in Showers of Rain about Twelve a Clock this Frost only gains the Waters Vallies and Plains The Second Morning the Cold doubles its Force and Glaceates the Waters congeals the Earth and riseth to the middle of the Mountains their Tops still continuing in the possession of Heat This degree of Cold is over-powered by the Influence of Heat about Two a Clock and falls down in Rain in the Evening Twilight The Third Morning the Cold trebles its force and gains the Tops of the Mountains And the Influence of Heat commonly recovers this lost Ground a little before the Sun set and in the Morning Twilight it falls down in a shower of Snow covering only the Tops of the Highest Mountains The Upper and Lower Cold being now united the Frost keeps its possession of the Earth and Waters sometimes for a Month or more together and in some Countries lying at a distance from the Sea the whole Winter Quarter the Wind all the time blowing Cold and Thin the Mouth of the Sphere of Rarefaction being straitned by the joyning of the Higher and Lower Cold. During the Time that the Earth and Waters continue in the possession of Frost and Snow the Subterranean Heat breaks out of the Springs and Mineral Feeders and joyning with the Heart of the Sun Regeâ—es the Spring-heads and part of the Rivers gaining them intirely into its possession But the general Frost continues until the Vapours rising from the Southern or Western Ocean recover the Wind into some of the Solar Quarters which opening the Sphere of Rarefaction the Wind blows warm and moist For as the same Breath from an open Mouth warms ones Fingers so from a contracted Mouth it will cool his Porridge The general Frost in the Northern Countries near the Pole and in Countries at a distance from the Sea seldom Regeles until the Subterranean Heat break forth and joyn with the Heat of the approaching Sun and then the Frost and Snow is dissolved in a very short time and the Spring comes on much sooner than in those Countries where the Regelation is more gradual Thus as a constant Intercourse of Day and Night gives the Active Animals liberty by Rest and Sleep to recover their wasted Strength and Spirits so an Annual return of Frost and Snow recovers and repairs the Strength and Spirits of the Earth which had been spent in the preceeding Summers Productions For in this Natural World all things are repair'd by corrupting preserv'd by perishing and reviv'd by dying As the Operation of Cold did gradually gain ground upon the Influence of Heat so by the same methods and degrees Heat recovers its lost ground the Fresh or Thaw beginning first at the Waters and from thence riseth up to the Plains and Vallies and last of all the Tops of the Mountains which are for sometime kept in the possession of Frost and Cold after the lower parts of the Earth be regeled are gained CHAP. XII Of the Sphere of Rarefaction THE Sphere of Rarefaction is a Sphere of Heat wherein the Suns Reflections meet and unite themselves in their own defence against the Upper and Lower Cold. And being placed in a middle between them it riseth or falleth openeth or closeth as it prevails upon them or as they open or close rise or fall This Sphere of Heat by Rarefying of Vapours and Exhalations causeth Wind. That Heat is the cause of Wind is apparent from the Experience of such People who to cause Wind usually set Chaff Seeds or Straw on Fire And when Houses or Towns are accidentally thus set on Fire the Heat of the Flame by Rarefying of the Vapours and Exhalations round about will raise the Wind to so great a height as will make it a matter of great difficulty to quench the Flame CHAP. XIII Of Wind Helms and Arches WInd is the Nitrous part of Vapour and Exhalation Rarified and Dilated by the Sphere of Rarefaction The Winds are either higher or lower as the Sphere of Rarefaction riseth or falleth they are thicker or thinner as it openeth or closeth they are Moist Hot or Dry as they have more or less of Vapour or
the Earth we find them lying upon Flaâ—s with a Dibb and Rise the Rise towards the tops of Mountains and the Dibb towards the main Ocean as the Waters left them and forc'd them up when they drew down into their proper Channel The whole Mass of Terrene Matter being thus Compact and Cemented together by the pressures of the circumambient ambient Waters as we press Brick and Tyle in their several Moulds the Central â—ire did by its heat bake and consolidate those Stones Metals Mines and Minerals that were of a fiery nature as well as those of an unctuous and pinguid quality into their several degrees of Consolidation and Induration whilst the Anteperistical Cold together with those petrifying juices of Salt and Nitre which then did abound in all the lax and undigested Strata did petrify those Strata of a Terrene Nature into their several degrâ—es of Induration and Lapidifaction By these Natural Gradations the Earth became fixt upon its Center and â—he Waters a fluid body moving and circulating about it and they both made one Terraqueous Globe of a Spherical and Mathematical Rotundity all the Lines from the Superficies to the Centre being of an equal length Thus the space between the surface of the Waters and the Moon 's Vortex was clear'd of all those Fogs and Mists which ranged about in it And being fill'd with their Air Moses calls it the Firmament of Heaven which made the second Production viz. of space wherein the Under-agents or second Causes had room to work and produce effects of a higher and more noble Nature and Quality CHAP. VIII The division of the lower Waters into Subterranean Superterranean and Nubiferous and by what Gradations the dry Land appeared THO' this great Embrio was ready for birth and to breath in fresh Air yet it could not be deliver'd from this great Bag of Water wherein it was enclos'd by any innate Power it had in it self without a Supernatural assistance The Almighty was pleas'd therefore to play the Midwife and to deliver it by breaking of this great body of Water and by dividing of the sweet from those of a Saline and Brakish Nature For as soon as the intermediate Matter which made the Shell of the Earth was rednâ—'d into Form and Order and the several Strata or Layers of Stones Metals Minerals and Subterrene Earths with their cross-cutting and dividing Dykes Rakes Ryders Veins and Strings or Side-branches had receiv'd from the heat of the Central fire and the petrefying Juices of Salt and Nitre their several degrees of Incrustation Induration and Lapidifaction the thirsty Matter gradually suckt in the thin sweet Water until all its Veins Dykes Cavities and Pores were fill'd and saturated with it The Salt Water being the Sedement of the whole Mass and likewise being too thick to penetrate and pass through the straâ—t Pores and Strainers of the solid and condensed Matter did gradually draw down to its Channel And all the Veins and Pores of the Earth being now Saturated with sweet Water the Subterranean Lympheducts or underground Water-works began first to bubble up and play from the tops of the highest Mountains from whence thâ— Rivers took their first rise and began to form their courses to the Sea and by their rapidity and weight continually pressing in upon her from all sides swell'd her up into a Gibbosity and forâ—'d her into a constant flux and reflux which reciprocation of Motion causing in her a boyling Fermentation the sweet Water does disentangle it self from the Salt and being lighter riseth up in Fumes and Vapours which fly abroad until they be condens'd into Clouds which falling down in showers of sweet Water upon the Earth becomeâ— the Succus Nutritivus of the fleshy paâ—t of it giving not only a vital nourishment to the several Kinds of Animals living on the outer Coat or Skin of it but repairing the Subterranean Waters by preserving them from wasting The Waters being now divided into Superterranean Subterranean and Nubiferous the dry Land appear'd and was gradually prepar'd for being an habitable World CHAP. IX Of the Primeval or Antidiluvian Figure of the Earth DR Burnet in his Theory of the Earth conceits and endeavours to perswade the World that the Primeval Earth was Spherically or Mathematically round without Seas Mountains or any inequalities upon its Surface Which Hypothesis or rather ingenious Conceit seems in the first place to be inconsistent with the Original State of this Materiâ—l Globe which being design'd for a placâ— of Habition for several Kinds of Animals of â— mixt and compounded Constitution whose vital â—lame is nourish'd and maintain'd by a continual respiration of a soft and vaporous Air which must not only be frequently fann'd with the brisk gales and blasts of a cleansing Wind but also moistned and sweetned with showers frequently falling through it All which have their Original cause from the constant flux and reflux of the Sea and those inequalities upon the surface of the Earth Without which there would neither have been an Atmosphere Wind Rain or Air but the Superficies of the Earth would have been by the Sun's Beams continually beating upon it Baked and Incrusted into the hardness of Brick and Tyle This Hypothesis seems also inconsistent with the different Natures of those Animals with which the Almighty Creator has been pleas'd to stock it some of which being only produc'd in a Warm and Fertile Soil others only in a Cold and Sterile So some Animals delight only to breath a warm and soft Air others a more bleak and piercing Thus Strawberries and Gilliflowers will not thrive upon the tops of cold and barren Mountains nor Mountain Vegetables in the most fertile Soil or best prepar'd warm Beds This will be made more clear and evident when we shall give account of the natural uses of the Flux and Reflux of the Sea and those inequalities and irregularities of the Earth's Surface Once more to suppose the Earth to have been of an even and Spherical Supersicies seems inconsistent with the different Kinds and Natures of that Matter of which it consists some of which being hard others soft some fix'd others â—luid it cann't be imagin'd that all this variety of Matter would settle in a Figure Spherically and Mathematically round From these Arguments we may without being guilty of any great presumption conclude against Dr. Burnet's Hypothesis that as the Antediluvian Earth consisted of the same Matter with this present Earth and produc'd the same Species of Animals of the same natures and qualities it was of the same Figure that now we find it in a Terraqueous Globe of a Physical Rotundity with Seas Mountains c. And thâ—t these irregularities and Inequalities of this Terrestrial Globe did not Date their Original from that Disruption which was occasion'd by the Deluge as Dr. Woodward positively asserts Part 2d page 80. is evidâ—nt from part 6. Page 246. where he undertakes to prove that the Face of the Earth
upon the Mountains from whence it takes its Rise and these as Geographers give Account are that vast Ridge of Mountains which for their Height bear the Name of Montes Lunae as iâ— their lofty Tops wash'd their Headâ— in the Moon 's Waterish Vortex Others are of Opinion that the Yearly Over-flowing of that River is caus'd by those great Rains which fall every Spring in the higher Ethiopia But if either the Dissolution of Snow or Inundations caus'd by the falling of those Spring-Rains were the true Reason c. they wou'd also cause the otheâ— Rivers in those Countries to Overflow their Banks at the same time which is so far from being Observable that when Nilus Over-flows the otheâ— Rivers are at a very low Ebb. The Cause then of this Yearly Overflowing of Nilus which begins about the 17th of Iune and continues until the 6th of October seems to be a Subterranean Damp which Yearly Stagnates the Circulation of Air in these vast Rocks and open Strata from whence those Rapid Springs and Feeders slow which are the Heads of that Famous River The Subterranean Air being Dampt the Springs and Mineral Feâ—ders are forc'd to stand back and fill all those vast Concavities and Hollows for several Miles upon â—he Side-rise and some Miles upon the Top-rise of those Rocks and Metals until the weight of so vast a quantity of Water which may be compar'd to a lâ—sser Sea breaks the Damp or Damm of Stagnated Air and then the River begins to Over-flow anâ— continues until the Waters be spent and the Damp gathers again It s observ'd that when the River Nilus begins to Over-Flow its Banks that great Plagues break out in Cairo which seems to be occasion'd by those gross Vapours and Mineral Exhalations that arise from so vast a quantity of Stagnated Water which whilst by its Motion its Purging of it self and recovering of its Sweetness fly about corrupt the Air and cause Infections This Subterranean Damp is likewise the cause of the Horary Over-â—lowing of the Spring at Gigleswick in Yorkshire for this Spring bâ—ing the feeder of a Lime-stone Rock near Thirty Yards Perpendicular in Height which breaks out at the Foot of it so oftâ—n as the Circulation of the Air in the Rock is dampt the Spring runs very slowly and when the weight of the Water has broken the Damp it Over-flows and this Flux and Reflux is once in every Hour I observ'd my self that before the Waters began to Flow there was a knocking in the Rock and this was caused by the pressing of the Water upon the Damp before it broke The same is the cause of that Drumming in the Well at Bautry which the Inhabitants of the Town told me never happâ—n'd but against the change of Government This Well is observ'd to be â—or the most part Dry which is occasion'd by the feeders standing back the drumming noise is occasion'd by the Waters pressing upon the Damp and the Hollows of the Well for as soon as the Damp is broken the Well fills wiâ—h Water and the Drumming is over This occasions the Report of Under-ground Spirits which Miners call Mineral Spirits and they observe that these Spirits give notice by Knocking or Groaning before the Mineral Vein be discover'd I have observ'd my self that in a new Collerie when the Workmen were near the Coal and only the Kell which kept the feeder of it unbrokâ—n there wou'd have been a sort of Knocking Sighing or Groaning heard in the Vein which was only occasion'd by the weight of the Water lying in the Coal and pressing forward for more room and liberty for as soon as the Coal was prick'd the Water rose in the Pit the Knocking was over and the Mineral Spirit Conjur'd Of this kind also is that Damp which the Miners sometimes meet with in their sinking of deep Pits and new Works where a Cloud of Breath or Sweat perspiring from the Bodies of the Workmen will stiâ—le the Circulation of the Air and not suffer the Candles to Burn. This Damp will steal 〈◊〉 Breath insensibly from the Workmâ—â— and stiâ—le ' em There is yet another kind of Damp the Miners complain of which they call the foul or stinking Damp and this is caused by the breaking out of corrupted Air from old crusted Works This if not prevented will Kill and Stifle the Workmen The Aerial Damps will be treated upon in Meteorologie Having given an Account of the Causes Natures and Effects of Damps and such Preter-natural Accidents as have and may disturb and interrupt the regular Course of Nature we cannot but make an Enquiry into the Causes of Noah's Flood the Season of the Year when it happen'd and the Alterations and Devastations it made upon the Earth CHAP. XX. Of Noah's Flood its Causes the Season of the Year when it happen'd the Effects and Alterations it made upon the Earth If these two Learn'd Men viz. Dr. Burnet and Dr. Woodward had understood better the Structure of the Terraqueous Globe the Natural Consistences of it the Causes Natures and Effects of Damps and that those Subterranean Waters which Circulate through the Veins of the Earth bears proportion to Seventy two Oceans they woâ—'d have discover'd such a quantity of Water as wou'd have caus'd an Universal Deluge without the Conceit of a Central or Subterranean Abyss Which Hypothesis tho' manag'd with the greatest Artisice of Invention and Oratory when seriously enquir'd into will be found to have very little of Truth in the bottom of it for it seems not only inconsistent with the Original Settlement of Matter as we have observ'd already but also with Dr. Woodward's Hypothesis concerning the re-settling of the fluid Matter dissolv'd by the Deluge which he positively asserts to have been according to the Rules of Specifick Gravity the heaviest subsiding the lowest This Hypothesis if taken for granted we must necessâ—rily conclude from it that all those kinds of ponderous Ore and heaviest Rocks of Iron Stone Marble c. would have sunk down into the Central Vault and fill'd it up That the rest of the Fix'd Matter being by some degree lighter would have spread their Solid Strata uppermost And that the Fluid Waters being by several degrees lighter than the Fix'd Matter would have cover'd the whole Terreâ—e Globe and consequently wou'd have caus'd an Universal and perpetual Deluge upon the Earth But suppose it possible to improve the strength of Imagination to such a height as to fancy that there was Originally and is still a vast Abyss of Hot Water contain'd in the Center of the Earth it cannot be so easily apprehended by what Power or Means this vast substance of Water shou'd be put into so high a degree of Fertâ—entation and Commotion as to cause an Universal Disruption and Dissolution of the Earth as Dr. Woodward conceits for although that Fire placed under a Pot sill'd with Water will by emitting of its fiery Globuli and mingling them with the Water cause so
General Quarter Sessions of the Peace for the County of Surrey holden at Darking on Tuesday the Fifth day of April 1692 and in the Fourth Year of Their Majesties Reign By the Honourable Hugh Hare Esq One of Their Majesties Justices of the Peace for that County The Second Edition Corrected An Historical Relation of the Conspiracy of Iohn Lowis Count Deffieschi against the City of Genoua in the Year 1547. Written in Italian by Augustin Mascardi Gentleman of the Bed Chamber to Pope Urban the Eighth Done into English by the Honourable Hugh Hare Esq An Account of the Isle of Iersey the Gâ—eatest of the Islands that are now the only remainder of the English Doâ—inions in France with a New and Accurate Mapp of the said Island By Ph. Falle M. A. Rector of St. Saviour in the said Island and Chaplain in Ordinary to His Majesty Mr Falle's Sermon before the English Gâ—â—â—ison in Iersey April the 10th 1692. One Sermon at Whitehall Decemb. the 30th 1694. One Sermon before the Lord Mayor April the 21th 1695. A Discourse of Natural and Reveal'd Religion in several Essays By Mr. T. Nourse The Anatomy of 〈◊〉 Earth Dedicated to all Miners By Tho. Robinson Rector of Outby in Cumberland The History of the Campagne in Flanders for the Years 1692 1693 1694 and 1695. All Written by Edward â— Auergne M. A. Rector of St. Brelade in the Isle of Iersey and Chaplain to His Majesties Regiment of Scots Guards * Note that Steno proves the Earth to have been twice fluid twice plain and dry twice scabrous and craggy the first was at the original Chaos the second at the Flood This says he is manifest from some Beds of the higher Hills containing no Heterogeneous Bodies because form'd before there wâ—re any Animals or Plants or other mix'd Solids and so presâ—rv'd in their simple antediluvian Stâ—â—e by the Heighth of their Siâ—uation which might secure them against the Load of many adventitious or factitious Bâ—ds falling for the most part on the Vallies and low Places where they make up all the compound Strata which inâ—rust tâ—â— presâ—nt Earth and separate it from the primitive oâ—e whose Beds are more simple not stuffed up with such diâ—â—â—â—ent Bodies as make up the postdiluvian Strata or Sediments This agrees with what Mr. Whiston delivers in mâ—ny Places of his New Theory To which we may add that the simple antediluvian Beds on the high Mountains destitute of Heterogeneous Solids may be lâ—id open by the washings away of the incumbent Diluvian Sediments or compound Beds by the Torrents of Rains which carry down those Câ—usts and Bodies along with them Dr. â—urnetâ— inconsistences The Cause of this Globes Atmosphere Dr. Woodard's contradiction of himself â— Vse 2. Vse 3. Vse 4. Vse 5. Vse 1. Vse 2. Vse The cause of Hills 1. The Cause of different Soils and Natures of Vegetables 2. The different Qualities of the Air. 3. The occasion of Springâ— c. 4. Of the breaking out of Mâ—nes c. 5. Of the productâ—on of Trees c. The Cause of Mountainâ— 1. Vse Their Consistences 2. Vse Their Natural Uses 3. Vse 4. Vse 5. Vse 6. Vse 7. Vse The position of Mountains The Cause of Gills Dales and Vallieâ— The Ingredâ—ents of Coal Lesser Mountains The Cause of the Chanel of the Sea The Nature and Quality oâ— the Sea 〈…〉 〈…〉 The Cause of the Seas Gibbosity The Cause of the Flux The Cause of its Reflux The Cause of Spring-tides and Dead-tides The Cause of the Seas Fermenâ—ation The effectâ— and Uses of the Seas Fermentation The Cause of the Saltness of the Sea Itâ— Uses The proportion which the Subterranean Water bears to the Sea Of the greater Veins of the Earth c. To raise new Riverâ— upon dry Ground A Subterranean contest between Fire and Water A Concussion of the whole Globe A Concussion of half the Globe A Local Earthquake New Mountains and Pondâ— Of Hurricains and their Effects Dr. Woodwards notion of perpendicular Fissures is a mistake in observation Of Burning Mountains Vulcano's Her damps in Colleries Their Effects Violent Eruptions of Water Of water Damps An Air Damp. A sweet Daâ—â— The over-flowing of Nilus The over-flowing of the Gigleswick Spring The drumming Wâ—ll aâ— Bautâ—y Mineral Spirits Foul. Air. The meaning of these words the Fountains of the great Deep were broken up The Cause of the Aerial Damp and its Effects What is meant by the opening of the Windows of Heaven The meaning of the Wind which God caused to pass over the Earth and its effects What the Rain-bows appearing in the Clouds did signifie A Refutation of Dr. Woodward's Hypothesis c. The time when the Deluge commenced Dr. Woodwaâ—d'â— Hypothesiâ— concerning the effects of the Dâ—lâ—ge Refuted The Alterations which thâ— Deluge made upon the Eaâ—â—h The time when these alterations were made Gen. 4. Verse 22. Part the 4th Page 188. Fabius Columna Dr. Hook Steno Scylla Boccâ—â—e Raâ— and many others Gen. 2.6 First Secondly First Secondly Thirdly Secondly Thirdly Secondly Thirdly Fourthly Fourthly The Laws of Divine Impression The Laws of natural Instinct The Laws of external Sense