without Thunder To the fifth one Eructations and breakings out of flames happen in cold Countries as well as in hot in Island and Greenland as also trees growing in cold Countries are sometimes more apt to take fire and have more Pitch and Rozen in them than those which grow in hot Countries as Fir and Pinetrees and the like But in what situation and nature of soil such breakings out use to be that we might adde a Negative to the Affirmative is not yet sufficiently enquired To the sixth one All manner of flame is perpetually hot either more or less neither can there any Negative be added And yet it is reported that which they call Ignis Fatuus which also sometimes hits against a wall hath not much heat in it peradventure like the flame of spirit of Wine or Aqua-vitae which is not fierce or scorching Yet that seems to be yet a milder flame which we read of in some grave and credible Histories that hath been seen to appear about the heads and hair of young boys and maidens which fire no way burned their hair but softly seemed to flame and play about it And it is certain that in a night horses have been seen when they swet with travail to have a certain kind of lightning flashes upon them without any manifest scorching heat And not many years since was seen and held for a kind of Miracle a childs Apron which being a little stirred and rubbed flashed out with fire and sparkles flew out of it which might happen peradventure by reason of the Salt or Allom wherewith the Apron was Dyed which might stick upon the Apron in Scales which with violent rubbing might be broken And it is most certain that all manner of Sugar either Candid or otherwise so it be hard broken or scraped in the dark will shine and sparkle Likewise sea-water violently stirred up with Oars will give a light and seem to burn which kind of burning or light the Spaniards call the Sea-lungs But what kind of heat that fire or flame yields which sea-men in ancient times were wont to call Castor and Pollux and now in our days is called St. Anthonies fire is not yet certainly found out To the seventh one Whatsoever is fiery and turned into red heat though it be without flame yet it is perpetually hot neither can there be any negative added to this affirmative Yet there are some things which seem to be somewhat near thereunto as rotten wood which shines in the night and yet doth not feel hot and the scales of rotten fish which also glister in the dark yet seem not hot if you feel them neither can there be any heat perceived in handling a Glow-worm which shineth so bright in the dark To the eighth one It is not yet throughly enquired concerning hot Baths in what situation and kind of Soil they spring out therefore there is no Negative added To the ninth one To liquid boiling or hot things is added a Negative of the liquid thing it self in its own Nature For there is not any tangible liquid thing which in its own nature is and constantly endures and remains hot but heat is only caused in it as an additional and acquired nature and those things which in power and operation are very hot as the spirits of Wine Chymical Aromatick Oils Oils of Vitriol and Sulphur and the like which after a little continuance will burn yet at the first touching they are cold The Water of hot Natural Baths taken up in Vessels and severed from its springs will grow cold as well as water heated at the fire Oily bodies indeed are not altogether so cold to be touched as watry bodies are and silk is not so cold as linnen But these things belong to the Table of Degrees of cold To the Tenth one 1. To a hot or fervent vapour is added the Negative of the Nature of the Vapour it self such as we find it For Exnalations out of Oily things though they be easily inflamed yet they are not found to be hot unless they be newly exhaled from a hot body 2. Likewise to a hot fervent Air is added a Negative of the Nature of the Air it self For we do not find any air to be hot unless it be shut up or chafed or palpably heated by the Sun or by fire or some other hot body To the eleventh one There is a Negative added of weather which is colder than it should be at that season of the year which happeneth upon a South-East or North-East winds blowing as also contrary weathers happen when a South or West South-West wind bloweth There is likewise an inclination to rain especially in Winter when it is mild weather and to frost in sharp cold weather To the Twelfth one There is a Negative added concerning Air inclosed in Caves in the summer time But there must be a more diligent Inquisition made of inclosed Air. For first it is a Question and that not without cause what the Nature of the Air is of it self concerng in heat and cold For the Air doth manifestly receive heat from Celestial Impressions and cold peradventure by the expiration of the earth and again in that which is called the middle Region of the Air from cold vapours and snow so that no judgement can be given of the Nature of the Air by that air which lies open and abroad but a truer judgment may be given by that which is inclosed and shut up And again that air should be inclosed and shut up in such a vessel or substance which may not of it self qualifie the air either with heat or cold nor easily admit the force of the air which is without it Let trial therefore be made with an earthen Pitcher covered all over with double Leather to safegard it from the outward air keeping in the included air in such a vessel well closed for the space of three or four dayes and the trial thereof after the opening of the vessel may be made either by the feeling it with the hand or by a Glass of Degrees called a Weather glass well and orderly applyed To the thirteenth one It is likewise a Question whether tepidity or lukewarmness in wool skins feathers and the like be by reason of some small inherent heat because they are taken off from living creatures or by reason of a certain fitness and oiliness which is of a Nature agreeing with tepidity or meerly by reason of the conclusion and fraction of the Air as was spoken in the precedent Article for all Air which is cut off from the continuation of the outward air seems to have some tepidity or luke-warm ness in it Let therefore trial of this be made in thready Stuffs which are made of Linnen and not of Feathers Wool or Silk which are taken from living Creatures It is also to be noted that all manner of Dusts or Pulverized things in which Air is manifestly included are less cold than the bodies of them as
follows Cardinal North. North and by East Med. Maj. North North-East or Aquilo North East and by North or Meses Semi-Card North East North East and by East Med. Maj. East North East or Caecias East and by North. Cardinal East or Subsolanus East by South Med. Maj. East South East or Vulturnus South East by East Semi-Card South East South East and by South Med. Maj. South South East or Phaenicias South and by East Cardinal South South by West Med. Maj. South South West or Libonotus South West and by South Semi Card. South West or Libs South West and by West Med. Maj. West South West or Africus West and by South Cardinal West or Favonius West and by North. Med. Maj. West North West or Corus North West and by West Semi Card. North West North West and by North or Thrascias Med. Maj. North North West or Circius North and by West There are also other Names of winds Apeliotes the East wind Argestes the South West Olympias the North West Scyron the South East Hellespontius the East North East for these we care not Let it suffice that we have given constant and fixed names of winds according to the order and disposition of the regions of the Heavens we do not set much by the Comments of Authors since the Authors themselves have little in them Free Winds To the sixth Article 1 THere is not a Region of the Heaven from whence the wind doth not blow Yea if you divide the Heaven into as many Regions as there be degrees in the Horizon you shall find winds sometimes blowing from every one of them 2. There are some whole Countries where it never rains or at least very seldom but there is no Country where the wind doth not blow and that frequently General Winds To the second Article 1. Concerning general winds Experiments are plain and it is no marvel seeing that especially within the Tropicks we may find places condemned among the Ancients It is certain that to those who sail between the Tropicks in a free and open sea there blows a constant and setled wind which the seamen call a Breeze from East to West This wind is not of so little force but that partly by its own blowing and partly by its guiding the current of the Sea it hindreth Sea-men from coming back again the same way they went to Peru. 2. In our Seas in Europe when it is fair dry weather and no particular winds stirring there blows a soft kind of gale from the East which followeth the Sun 3. Our common Observations do admit that the higher Clouds are for the most part carried from East to West and that it 's so likewise when here below upon the earth either there is a great calm or a contrary wind and if they do not so always it is because sometimes particular winds blow aloft which overwhelm this general wind A Caution If there be any such general wind in order to the motion of the Heaven it is not so firm nor strong but that it gives way to particular winds But it appears most plainly amongst the Tropicks by reason of the larger circles which it makes And likewise it is so when it blows on high for the same cause and by reason of its free course Wherefore if you will take it without the Tropicks and near the earth where it blows most gently and slowly make trial of it in an open and free air in an extream calm and in high places and in a body which is very moveable and in the after-noon for at that time the particular Eastern wind blows more sparingly Injunction Observe diligently the Vains and Weather-cocks upon the tops and Towers of Churches whether in extream calms they stand continually towards the West or not An Indirect Experiment 4. It is certain that here with us in Europe the Eastern wind is drying and sharp the West wind contrariwise moist and nourishing May not this be by reason that it being granted that the Air moves from East to West it must of necessity be that the East wind whose blast goeth the same way must needs disperse and attenuate the Air whereby the Air is made biting and dry but the western wind which blows the contrary way turns the Airs back upon it self and thickens it whereby it becomes more dull and at length moist An Indirect Experiment 5. Consider the Inquisition of the motion and flowing of waters whether they move from East to West for if the two extreams Heaven and Waters delight in this Motion the Air which is in the midst will go near to participate of the same Caution We call the two last Experiments indirect because they do directly shew the thing which we aim at but by consequence which we also gladly admit of when we want direct Experiments Injunction That the Breeze blows plentifully between the Tropicks is most certain the cause is very ambiguous The cause may be because the Air moves according to the Heaven But without the Tropicks almost unperceiveably by reason of the smaller Circles which it makes within the Tropicks manifestly because it makes bigger Circles Another cause may be because all kind of heat dilates and extends the Air and doth not suffer it to be contained in its former place and by the dilation of the Air there must needs be an impulsion of the contiguous Air which produceth this Breeze as the Sun goes forward and that is more evident within the Tropicks where the Sun is more scorching without it is hardly perceived And this seems to be an instance of the Cross or a decisory instance To clear this doubt you may enquire whether the Breeze blow in the night or no for the wheeling of the Air continues also in the night but the heat of the Sun does not 6. But it is most certain that the Breeze doth not blow in the night but in the morning and when the morning is pretty well spent yet that instance doth not determine the Question whether the nightly condensation of the Air especially in those Countrys where the days and nights are not more equal in their length than they are differing in their heat and cold may dull and confound that Natural Motion of the Air which is but weak If the air participates of the motion of the Heaven it does not only follow that the East wind concurs with the motion of the Air and the West wind strives against it but also that the North wind blows as it were from above and the South wind as from below here in our Hemisphere where the Antartick Pole is under ground and the Artick Pole is elevated which hath likewise been observed by the Ancients though staggeringly and obscurely But it agrees very well with our modern Experience because the Breeze which may be a motion of the air is not a full East but a North-East wind Stayed or certain Winds To the third Article Connexion AS in the Inquisition of General winds men
rise before Tempests 8. The weak subterraneal spirit which is breathed out scatteringly is not perceived upon the earth until it be gathered into wind by reason the earth is full of pores but when it issues from under the water it is presently perceived by reason of the waters continuity by some manner swelling 9. We resolved before that in Cavernous and Denny places there were attendant winds insomuch that those winds seem to have their local beginnings out of the earth 10. In great and rocky Hills winds are found to breath sooner namely before they be perceived in the Valleys and more frequently namely when it is calm weather in the valleys But all mountains and rocks are cavernous and hollow 11. In Wales in the County of Denbigh a mountainous and rocky Country out of certain Caves as Gilbertus relateth are such vehement eruptions of wind that cloaths or linnen laid out there upon any occasion are blown up and carried a great way up into the air 12. In Aber Barry near Severn in Wales in a rocky cliff are certain holes to which if you lay your ear you shall hear divers sounds and murmurs of winds under ground An Indirect Experiment Acosta hath observed that the Towns of Plata and Potosa in Peru are not far distant one from the other and both situated upon a high and hilly ground so that they differ not in that And yet Potosa hath a cold and winter-like air and Plata hath a mild and spring-like témperature which difference it seems may be attributed to the silver Mines which are near Potosa Which sheweth that there are breathing places of the earth as in relation to hot and cold 13. If the earth be the first cold thing according to Parmenides whose opinion is not contemptible seeing cold and density are knit together by a strict knot it is no less probable that there are hotter breaths sent out from the Central cold of the earth than are cast down from the cold of the higher air 14. There are certain Wells in Dalmatia and the Country of Cyrene as some of the Ancients record into which if you cast a stone there will presently arise tempests as if the stone had broken some covering of a place in which the force of the winds was inclosed An Indirect Experiment Aetna and divers other Mountains cast out fire therefore it is likely that air may likewise break forth especially being dilatated and set into motion by heat in subterraneal places 15. It hath been noted that both before and after Earth-quakes there hath blown certain noxious and forraign winds as there are certain little smothers usually before and after great firings and burnings Monition The Air shut up in the earth is forced to break out for several causes sometimes a mass of earth ill joined together falls into a hollow place of the earth sometimes waters do ingulf themselves sometimes the Air is extended by subterraneal heats and seeks for more room sometimes the earth which before was solid and vaulted being by fires turned into ashes no longer able to bear it self up falls And many such like causes And so these Inquisitions have been made concerning the first local beginning of winds Now followeth the second origine or beginning from above namely from that which they call the middle Region of the air Monition But let no man understand what hath been spoken so far amiss as if we should deny the rest of the winds also are brought forth of the earth by vapours But this first kind was of winds which come forth of the earth being already perfectly framed winds 16. It hath been observed that there is a murmuring of woods before we do plainly perceive the winds whereby it is conjectured that the wind descends from a higher place which is likewise observed in Hills as we said before but the cause is more ambiguous by reason of the concavity and hollowness of the hills 17. Wind follows darted or as we call them shooting stars and it come that way as the star hath shot whereby it appears that the air hath been moved above before the motion comes to us 18. The opening of the Firmament and dispersion of Clouds are Prognosticks of winds before they blow here on earth which also shews that the winds begin above 19. Small stars are not seen before the rising of winds though the night be clear and fair Because it should seem the Air grows thick and is less transparent by reason of that matter which afterward is turned into wind 20. There appears Circles about the body of the Moon the Sun looks sometimes blood red at its setting the Moon rises red at her fourth rising and there are many more Prognosticks of winds on high whereof we will speak in its proper place which shews that the matter of the winds is there begun and prepared 21. In these Experiments you must note that difference we spake of namely of the two-fold generation of winds on high that is to say before the gathering together of vapours into a Cloud and after For the Prognosticks of Circles about and colours of the Sun and Moon have something of the Cloud but that darting and occultation of the lesser stars is in fair and clear weather 22. When the wind comes out of a Cloud ready formed either the Cloud is totally dispersed and turned into wind or it is torn and rent in sunder and the wind breaks out as in a storm 23. There are many Indirect Experiments in the world concerning the repercussion by cold So that it being certain that there are most extream colds in the middle region of the Air it is likewise plain that vapours for the most part cannot break through that place without being joined and gathered together or darted according to the opinion of the Ancients which in this particular is true and sound The third local beginning of winds is of those which are ingendred here in the lower part of the air which we also call swellings or overburthenings of the Air. A thing very familiar and frequent yet passed over with silence A Commentation The generation of those winds which are made up in this lower part of the Air is a thing no more obscure than this namely that the Air newly composed and made up of water and attenuated and resolved vapours joined with the first Air cannot be contained within the same bounds as it was before but groweth out and is turned and takes up further room Yet there are in this two things to be granted First that one drop of water turned into air whatsoever they fabulously speak of the tenth proportion of the Elements requires at least a hundred times more room than it had before Secondly that a little new air and moved added to the old air shaketh the whole and sets it into motion as we may perceive by a little wind that comes forth of a pair of Bellows or in at a little crevise of a window or wall
by the cold of the middle Region all fantastical and arbitrary opinions yet out of such threds they weave long pieces namely Cobwebs But all impulsion of the Air is wind and Exhalations mixed with the air contribute more to the motion than to the matter and moist vapours by a proportionate heat are easilier dissolved into wind than dry Exhalations and many winds are engendred in the lowest Region of the Air and breath out of the earth besides those which are thrown down and beaten back 1. The Natural wheeling of the air as we said in the Article of General Winds without any other external cause bringeth forth winds preceptible within the Tropicks where the Conversion is ingreater Circles 2. Next to the Natural Motion of the Air before we enquire of the Sun who is the chief begetter of winds let us see whether any thing ought to be attributed to the Moon and other Asters by clear experience 3. There arise many great and strong winds some hours before the Eclipse of the Moon so that if the Moon be Eclipsed in the middle of the night the winds blow the precedent evening if the Moon be Eclipsed towards the morning then the winds blow in the middle of the precedent night 4. In Peru which is a very windy Country Acosta observes that winds blow most when the Moon is at the full Injunction It were certainly a thing worthy to be observed what power the Ages and Motions of the Moon have upon the winds seeing they have some power over the waters As for example whether the winds be not in a greater commotion in full and new Moons than in her first and last Quarters as we find it to be in the flowings of waters For though some do conveniently feign the command of the Moon to be over the waters as the Sun and Planets over the air yet it is certain that the water and the air are very Homogeneal bodies and that the Moon next to the Sun hath most power over all things here below 5. It hath been observed by men that about the Conjunctions of Planets greater winds do blow 6. At the rising of Orion there rise commonly divers winds and storms But we must advise whether this be not because Orion rises in such a season of the year as is most effectual for the generation of winds so that it is rather a concomitant than causing thing Which may also very well be questioned concerning rain at the rising of the Hyades and the Pleiades and concerning storms at the rising of Arcturus And so much concerning the Moon and Stars 7. The Sun is questionless the primary efficient of many winds working by its heat on a twofold matter namely the body of the air and likewise vapours and exhalations 8. When the Sun is most powerful dilatates and extends the air though it be pure and without any commixion one third part which is no small matter so that by meer dilatation there must needs arise some small wind in the Suns ways and that rather two or three hours after its rising than at his first rise 9. In Europe the nights are hotter in Peru three hours in the morning and all for one cause namely by reason of winds and gales ceasing and lying still at those hours 10. In a Vitro Calendari dilatated or extended air beats down the water as it were with a breath but in a Vitro Pileato which is filled only with air the dilatated air swells the Bladder as a manifest and apparent wind 11. We have made trial of such a kind of wind in a round Tower every way closed up For we have placed a hearth or fire-place in the middest of it laying a fire of Charcoal throughly kindled upon it that there might be the less smoak and on the side of the hearth at a small distance hath been a thread hung up with a cross of Feathers to the end that it might easily be moved So after a little stay the heat increasing and the Air dilatating the thread and the Feather cross which hung upon it waved up and down in a various motion and having made a hole in the window of the Tower there came out a hot breath which was not continual but with intermission and waving 12. Also the reception of Air by cold after dilatation begets such a wind but weaker by reason of the lesser force of cold So that in Peru under every little shadow we find not only more coolness than here with us by Antiperistasis but a manifest kind of gale through the reception of air when it comes into the shade And so much concerning wind occasioned by meer dilatation or reception of Air. 13. Winds proceeding from the meer motion of the air without any commixion of vapours are but gentle and soft Let us see what may be said concerning Vaporary winds we mean such as are engendred by vapours which may be so much more vehement than the other as a dilatation of a drop of water turned into air exceeds any dilatation of Air already made which it doth by many degrees as we shewed before 14. The efficient cause of vapourary winds which are they that commonly blow is the Sun and its proportionate heat the matter is Vapors and Exhalations which are turned and resolved into Air. I say Air and not any thing but Air yet at the first not very pure 15. A small heat of the Sun doth not raise Vapours and consequently causes no wind 16. A mean or middle heat of the Sun raiseth and excites vapours but doth not presently dissipate them Therefore if there be any great store of them they gather together into rain either simply of it self or joined with wind if there be but small store of them they turn only to wind 17. The Suns heat in its increase inclines more to the generation of winds in its decrease of rains 18. The great and continued heat of the Sun attenuates and disperses vapours and sublimes them and withal equally mixes and incorporates them with the Air wherby the Air becomes calm and serene 19. The more equal and continuate heat of the Sun is less apt for the generation of winds that which is more unequal and intermitted is more apt Wherefore in sailing into Russia they are less troubled with winds than in the Brittish Sea because of the length of the days but in Peru under the Equinoctial are frequent winds by reason of the great inequality of heat taking turns night and day 20. In Vapours is to be considered both the quantity and quality A small quantity engenders weak winds a mean or middle store stronger great store engenders rain either calm or accompanied with wind 21. Vapours out of the Sea and Rivers and over-flown Marishes engender far greater quantity of winds than the exhalations of the earth But those winds which are engendred on the land and dry places are more obstinate and last longer and are for the most part such as are
in quality so that the matter of Reparation might in a manner be eternal if the means of Reparation did not fall away But indeed in a declining age there is but a very unequal Reparation made In some parts Reparation proceeds happily and other parts grow worse and worse and from that time men begin to endure that torment which Mezentius did use to inflict namely to kill living men with the embraces of dead ones and those things which might easily be repaired do fail by being joyned to those things which can hardly be repaired For even after that men do begin to decline through age their Spirit Bloud flesh and Fat may easily be repaired but those parts which are more Porous all Membranes and Tunicles Nerves Arteries Veins Bones Cartilages most part of the Inwards and finally almost all the Organical parts are difficultly and with great losse repaired And those parts being to assist the reparation of those Reparable parts which are actually to be repaired losing their activity and strength can no longer performe their function And from thence a while after proceeds the falling to ruin of all together and those very same parts which in their own Nature are very Reparable the Organs of Reparations failing cannot be well repaired but decrease and at last totally fail And the cause of the Period is because the spirit preying alwayes like a still and gentle Flame the external air which also sucks and dries up the bodies conspiring with it at the last ruins the frame of the body and its Organs and makes them unable to performe the act of Reparation And these are the true ways of Natural Death which are carefully to be revolved in mans mind For he that knows not the ways of Nature how can he obviate and turn them Therefore there ought to be a double Inquisition one of the Consumption or Depredation of the body of man and the other of the Reparation or Refection of the same And with this proviso or Caveat that the one may be inhibited and restrained and the other promoted and comforted as much as may be and the first of these belongs chiefly to the spirits and external air by which the Depredation and waste is made the second to the whole process of alimentation which causeth the Restitution And as for the first part of the Inquisition which is of the Consumption that is for a great part common to inanimate bodies For those things which the inbred spirit which is in all Tangible things be they living or dead and the encompassing Air do operate upon inanimate things the same they do also attempt upon those things which are animate though the Vital which is added unto them partly breaks and quels those operations and partly doth most powerfully increase and augment them For it is most manifest that many inanimate things can last a long time without any Reparation whereas animate things do presently fall and are extinguished without Aliment or Reparation as the fire also Therefore there ought to be a double Inquisition First Contemplating mans body as Inanimate and without Aliment Then as it is Animate and Alimented And having spoken thus much by way of Preface let us now proceed to the Topicks of the Inquisition concerning which you must read the History of Life and Death FINIS THE NATURAL AND EXPERIMENTAL HISTORY OF THE FORM of HOT THINGS The Inquisition of Forms proceeds thus The first Aphorism UPon the proposed Nature first there must be an apparance made before the understanding of all the known Instances which agree in the same Nature though the matters be very unlike And this Collection is to be made Historically without any over-hasty Contemplation or any transcendent subtilty as for example in the Form of Hot Things Convenient Instances in the Nature of Hot Things 1. The Beams of the Sun especially in Summer and at Noon time 2. The Sum beams reflected and kept up close and drawn together as among Hills or by Wals and especially in Burning-glasses 3. Fiery Meteors 4. Burning Lightnings 5. The breaking out of fire out of the hollow parts of Hils c. 6. All manner of Flame 7. Solid things set on fire 8. Natural hot Baths 9. Liquid things boyling or heated 10. Hot smoaks and vapours and the Air it self which takes a strong and fierce heat if it be shut in especially in Reverberatories 11. Certain soultry hot times by the meer Constitution of the air without any regard of the season or time of the year 12. A subterraneal Air enclosed in certain Caves especially in winter time 13. All woolly or hairy things as Beasts Skins or Hides and Feathers have a kind of warmness in them 14. All manner of bodies as well solid as liquid as well thick as thin such as the air it self is being for a time brought near the fire 15. Sparkles out of a Flint-stone or out of Iron or Steel caused by hand-striking 16. Any kind of body strongly rubbed together as stone wood cloth c. so that sometimes Axel-trees and Naves of Wheels are set on fire and the way of kindling of fire amongst the West Indians is by Attrition 17. Green and moist herbs packt and thrust up together as Roses and Peasecods and Hay being laid up moist will many times take fire 18. Unslackt quick Lime having water thrown upon it 19. Fire when it is first dissolved by strong waters or Aqua Fortis in a Glass without setting any fire to it and so likewise Pewter c. but not in such a high degree 20. Living creatures especially and that continually their Entrails though in the Insects the heat be not so palpably perceived by the sense of feeling by reason of the smalness of their bodies 21. Horse-dung and the like Excrements of beasts being newly made 22. Strong oyl of Sulphur and Vitriol shew the effects of heat in burning of linnen 23. Oyl of Origanum and the like shew their effects of heat also in burning of the teeth 24. A strong spirit of Wine rightly made up will shew the effects of its heat in such manner that if you put the white of an egge into it it will grow together and be white almost like that of a boiled egge and a piece of bread being thrown into it will heat and be like unto a piece of toasted bread 25. Spices and hot herbs as Dragon and old Cresses c. though they be not hot in the handling neither whole nor yet the powder of them yet being a little chewed they are hot and in a manner burning upon the tongue and the Palate of the mouth 26. Strong Vinegar and all sharp sour things laid upon any part where there is no upper skin as in the eye or upon the tongue or any other part when it is wounded or galled do cause a kind of smart like unto that which is produced by heat 27. Also sharp and violent cold produceth a kind of tingling like unto burning The
Northern winds sharp penetrating cold burneth c. 28. Other things also which I omit for brevity This we use to call the Table of Essence and presence The second Aphorism SEcondly there is manifestation to be made to the understanding of instances which are deprived of their nature which was first given them For the Forme as we said before ought as well to be absent where the primary Nature is absent as be present where it is present But this would be infinite in all things Wherefore Negatives are to be added to the Affirmatives and Privations are onely to be looked upon in those subjects which are nearly allyed to those others in which the Primary Nature is and appears And this we use to call the Table of Declination or Absence in proximo or the next degree The nearest Instances which are deprived of the Nature of Heat A Negative or Subjunctive Instance to the first Affirmative Instance The Moon and the stars and the Comets Beams are not found hot by the sence of feeling yea one may observe extreame cold seasons at full Moons But the greater fixed Stars when the Sun comes under them or nigh unto them are thought to increase and exasperate the heat of the Sun as it is when the Sun is in Leo and in the Dog-days Six Negatives to the second Instance 1. The Sun-beams give not any heat in that which they call the middle Region of the air for which is commonly given a tolerable reason For that Region or part of the air is neither near unto the body of the Sun from which issue the beams nor yet unto the earth by which the said beams are reflected And this appears by the tops of those Hills which are of a great height where the Snow lyeth continually But on the contrary it hath been noted by some that on the top of the Peak of Tenariff and also of some Hills of Peru the tops of the hils have no snow upon them the snow lying lower upon the ascent of the Hill and besides the air is not cold upon the tops of those Hils but very piercing and sharp so that upon those hils of Peru it pricks and hurts the eyes with its too much acrimony and pricks the Orifice of the Ventricle and causeth vomiting And it was noted by the Ancients that on the top of Olympus there was such a tenuity of air that they who ascended thither were fain to carry with them spunges steeped in Water and Vinegar and hold them to their mouths and nostrils lest the tenuity or subtilness of the Air should hinder their breathing Upon the top of which montain it was also said the air was so clear and free from Winds and Rain that if the Priests had written upon the Ashes which remained upon Jupiters Altar after the Sacrifices had been there offered unto him the Letters would remain there and not be blown away or blotted out until the next year And to this hour those which ascend to the top of Tenariff which they do by night and not by day are called upon and hastned to descend presently after Sun-rising For fear as it should seem lest the tenuity of the air should dissolve their spirits and suffocate them 2. The reflexion of the Sun-beams in those Countries which are nigh unto the Polar Circles is very weak and ineffectual in its heat so that the Dutch who wintred in Nova Zembla when they expected their ship should be freed from the great heaps and mountains of Ice which were grown about it in the beginning of the Month of July were frustrated of their hopes and forced to come away in their ship boat So that the Beams of the Sun seem to be of small strength when they are direct even upon plain ground nor yet when they are reflected unless they be multiplyed and united which happeneth when the Sun grows to be more perpendicular for the incidence of the beams makes more acute Angles so that the lines of the beams are more near whereas contrariwise in great obliquities of the Sun the Angles are very obtuse and consequently the lines of the beams more distant But in the mean time we must note that there may be many operations of the Sun-beams and in the nature of heat which are not proportioned to our touch or feeling so that in respect of us they do not operate so far as calefaction or heating but in respect of some other bodies they may execute the Operations and Functions of heat 3. Let us try such an experiment as this Let there be a Glass made and framed of a contrary quality to a burning-Glass and let this glass be held between the Sun and our hand and let us observe whether that will diminish the heat of the Sun as a burning-Glass doth increase it For it is manifest in the Optick beams that as the Glass is of an unequal thickness in the middle and on the sides so the things which are seen thorow them are either more diffused or more contracted So the same should be in the matter of heat 4. Let it be carefully tryed whether the strongest and best made Burning-Glasses can gather up the beams of the Moon in such sort as the least degree of warmness or tepidity may proceed from them And if that degree of tepidity should be too weak and subtile to be perceived by the sense of feeling let recourse be had to those kinds of Weather-Glasses that shew the Constitution of the air whether it be hot or cold and let the Moon-beams fall thorow a burning-Glass into the Orifice of this Weather-Glass and observe whether the tepidity do cause any fall or abatement of the water that is in the said Weather-Glass 5. Let the Burning-Glass be used over some hot thing that is not radious or luminous as a hot Iron or stone which is not red or fire hot or boyling water or the like and let it be observed whether there be any increase or augmentation of heat as there is in the Sun-beams 6. Let a Burning-Glass also be tried with a common flame One Negative to the third Affirmative Instance There is no manifest or constant effect found in Comets if so be they also may be reckoned amongst Meteors for the increasing the heat of the Weather according to the season of the year though drought have commonly been observed to follow Also bright beams and columns openings of the Element and the like are more commonly seen in Winter than in Summer especially in extream cold weather so it be joyned with Drought But Thunders and flashes of Lightning do seldome happen in Winter but onely in time of great heat But those which we call falling or shooting stars are commonly thought to consist rather of some bright visions or slimie matter set on fire than of any stronger fiery Nature But of this we will enquire further To the fourth one There are some Coruscations which yield light but do not burn And those are always
so that winds may pass as it were through Channels which seems to be done in some whirlwinds 18. Enquire for how long time very much ordinary or little time winds use to continue and then slack and as it were expire and die Likewise how the rising and beginning of winds useth to be what their languishing or cessation is whether suddenly or by degrees or how From the bounds of the winds let your Inquisition pass over to the successions of winds either amongst themselves or in respect of rain and showrs for when they lead their rings it were pretty to know the order of their dancing Successions of Winds 19. Whether there be any more certain rule or observation concerning the successions of winds one to another or whether it have any relation to the motion of the Sun or otherwise if it have any what manner of one it is 20. Enquire concerning the succession and the alteration or taking turns of the winds and rain seeing it is ordinarily and often seen that rain lays the wind and the wind doth disperse the rain 21. Whether after a certain term and period of years the succession of winds begin anew and if it be so what that period is and how long From the succession of the winds let the Inquisition pass to their motions and the motions of winds are comprehended in seven Inquisitions whereof three are contained in the former Articles four remain as yet untouched For we have enquired of the motion of winds divided into the several Regions of the Heaven also of the Motion upon three lines upward downward and laterally Likewise of the accidental motion of compressions or Restraints There remain the fourth of Progressions or going forward the fifth of Undulation or waving the sixth of conflict or skirmish the seventh in humane Instruments and Engines Divers Motions of the Winds 22. Seeing Progression is always from some certain place or bound enquire diligently or as well as thou canst concerning the place of the first beginning and as it were the spring of any wind For winds seem to be like unto Fame for though they make a noise and run up and down yet they hide their heads amongst the Clouds so is their Progress as for example if the vehement Northern wind which blew at York such a day do blow at London two days after 23. Omit not the Inquisition of Undulation of winds We call Undulation of winds that motion by which the wind in or for a little space of time rises and abates as the waves of the water which Turns may easily be apprehended by the hearing of them in houses and you must so much the rather mark the differences of Undulation or of Furrowing between the water and the air because in the air and winds there wants the Motion of gravity or weight which is a great part of the cause of the waves rising in the water 24. Enquire carefully concerning the Conflict and meeting of winds which blow at one and the same time First whether at the same time there blow several Original winds for we do not speak of reverberated winds which if it comes to pass what Windings they engender and bring forth in their motion and also what Condensations and Alterations they produce in the body of the Air 25. Whether one wind blow above at the same time as another blows here below with us For it hath been observed by some that sometimes the Clouds are carried one way when the Weather-cock upon a Steeple stands another Also that the Clouds have been driven by a strong gale when we here below have had a great calm 26. Make an exact particular description of the motion of the winds in driving on Ships with their Sails 27. Let there be a Description made of the motion of the winds in the sails of Ships and the sails of Wind-mills in the flight of Hawks and Birds also in things that are ordinary and for sport as of displayed Colours flying Dragons Duels with winds c. From the motions of winds let the Inquisition pass to the force and power of them Of the power of Winds 28. What winds do or can do concerning Currents or Tides of waters in their keepings back puttings forth or inlets and overflowings 29. What they do concerning Plants and Insects bringing in of Locusts Blastings and Mill-dews 30. What they effect concerning Purging or Clearing and infecting of the air in Plagues Sicknesses and Diseases of Beasts 31. What they effect concerning the conveying to us things which we call spiritual as sounds rayes and the like From the powers of winds let the Inquisition pass to the Prognosticks of winds not only for the use of Predictions but because they lead us on to the causes For Prognosticks do either shew us the preparations of things before they be brought into action or the beginnings before they appear to the sense Prognosticks of Winds 32. Let all manner of good Prognosticks of winds be carefully gathered together besides Astrological ones of which we set down formerly how far they are to be enquired after and let them either be taken out of Meteors or Waters or instincts of Beasts or any other way Lastly close up the Inquisition with enquiring after the imitations of winds either in Natural or Artificial things Imitations of Winds 33. Enquire of the Imitations of winds in Natural things such as breaths inclosed within the bodies of living Creatures and breaths within the receptacles of distilling Vessels Enquire concerning made Gales and Artificial winds as Bellows Refrigeratories or coolers in Parlours or Dining rooms c. Let the Heads or Articles be such Neither is it unknown to me that it will be impossible to answer to some of these according to the small quantity of experience that we have But as in civil causes a good Lawyer knows what Interrogatories the Cause requires to have witnesses examined upon but what the witnesses can answer he knows not The same thing is incident to us in Natural History Let those who come after us endeavour for the rest THE HISTORY The Names of Winds To the first Article WE give Names to Winds rather as they are numbred in their order and degrees than by their own Antiquity this we do for memories and perspicuities sake But we adde the old words also because of the assenting voices or opinions of old Authors of which having taken though with somewhat a doubtful judgment many things they will hardly be known but under such names as themselves have used Let the general division be this Let Cardinal winds be those which blow from Corners or Angles of the World Semicardinal those which blow in the half-wards of those and Median Winds those which blow between these half-wards Likewise of those which blow betwixt these half-wards let those be called Major Medians which blow in a Quadrant or fourth part of these divisions the lesser Medians are all the rest Now the particular division is that which
diversity of the matter which feedeth them by which they are engendred as Sea Snow Marishes or the like Or by the tincture of the Countrys through which they pass Or by their original local beginnings on high under ground in the middle all which things the ensuing Articles will better declare and explain 38. All winds have a power to dry yea more than the Sun it self because the Sun draws out the vapours but if it be not very fervent it doth not disperse them but the wind both draws them out and carries them away But the south wind doth this least of any and both timber and stones sweat more when the South wind blows a little than when it is calm and lies still 39. March winds are far more drying than summer winds insomuch that such as make Musical Instruments will stay for March winds to dry their stuff they make their Instruments of to make it more porous and better sounding 40. All manner of winds purge the air and cleanse it from all putrifaction so that such years as are most windy are most healthful 41. The Sun is like to Princes who sometimes having appointed Deputies in some remote Countries the subjects there are more obsequious to those Deputies and yield them more respect than to the Prince himself And so the winds which have their power and origine from the Sun do govern the temperatures of the Countries and the disposition of the air as much or more than the Sun it self Insomuch that Peru which by reason of the nearness of the Ocean the vastness of Rivers and exceeding great and high hills hath abundance of winds and blasts blowing there may contend with Europe for a temperate and sweet air 42. It is no wonder if the force and power of winds be so great as it is found to be Vehement winds being as Inundations Torrents and Flowings of the spacious air Neither if we attentively heed it is their power any great matter They can throw down trees which with their tops like unto spread sails give them advantage to do it and are a burden to themselves Likewise they can blow down weak buildings strong and firm ones they cannot without Earthquakes join with them Sometimes they will blow all the snow off the tops of hills buryng the Valley that is below them with it as it befel Soliman in the Sultanian fields They will also sometimes drive in waters and cause great Inundations 43. Sometimes winds will dry up Rivers and leave the Channels bare For if after a great drought a strong wind blows with the Current for many days so that it as it were sweeps away the water of the River into the sea and keeps the Sea water from coming in the River will dry up in many places where it doth uot use to be so Monition Turn the Poles and withal turn the Observations as concerning the North and South For the presence and absence of the Sun being the cause it must vary according to the Poles But this may be a constant thing that there is more sea towards the south and more land towards the North which doth not a little help the winds Monition Winds are made or engendred a thousand ways as by the subsequent Inquisition it will appear so to fix that Observations in a thing so various is not very easie Yet those things which we have set down are for the most part most certain Local beginnings of Winds To the eighth Article Connexion TO know the local beginnings of winds is a thing which requires a deep search and Inquisition seeing that the Whence and Whither of winds are things noted even in Scripture to be abstruse and hidden Neither do we now speak of the Fountains or beginnings of particular winds of which more shall be said hereafter but of the matrixes of winds in general Some fetch them from above some search for them in the deep but in the middle where they are for the most part engendred no body hardly looks for them such is the custom of men to enquire after things which are obscure and omit those things which lie as it were in their way This is certain that winds are either in-bred or strangers For winds are as it were Merchants of vapors which being by them gathered into Clouds they carry out and bring in again into Countreys from whence winds are again returned as it were by exchange But let us now enquire concerning Native winds for those which coming from another place are strangers are in another place Natives There are three local beginnings of them They either breath or spring out of the ground or are cast down from above or are here made up in the body of the Air. Those which are cast down from above are of a double generation for they are either cast down before they be formed into Clouds or afterwards composed of rarified and dispersed Clouds Let us now see what is the History of these things 1. The Poets feigned Eolus his Kingdom to be placed under ground in Dens and Caves where the winds prison was out of which they were at times let forth 2. Some Philosophical Divines moved by those words of Scripture He brings forth the winds out of his Treasures think that the winds come out of some Treasuries namely places under ground amongst the Mines of Minerals But this is nothing for the Scripture speaketh likewise of the Treasures of Snow and Hail which doubtless are engendred above 3. Questionless in subterraneal places there is great store of Air which it is very likely sometimes breaths out by little and little and sometimes again upon urgent causes must needs come rushing forth together An Indirect Experiment In great droughts and in the middle of Summer when the ground is cleft and chopped there breaks out water many times in dry and sandy places Which if waters being a gross body do though it be but seldom it is probable that the air which is a subtile and tenuous body may often do it 4. If the Air breaths out of the earth by little and little and scatteringly it is little perceived at the first but when many of those small emanations or comings out are come together there is a wind produced as a River out of several Springs And this seems to be so because it hath been observed by the Ancients that many winds in those places where they begin do at first blow but softly which afterward grow stronger and increase in their progress like unto Rivers 5. There are some places in the Sea and some Lakes also which swell extreamly when there is no wind stirring which apparently proceeds from some subterraneal wind 6. There is great quantity of subterraneal spirit required to shake or cleave the earth less will serve turn for the raising of water Wherefore earthquakes come but seldom risings and swellings of waters are more frequent 7. Likewise it is every where taken notice of that waters do somewhat swell and
that will set all the air which is in a room in motion as appears by the blazing of the lights which are in the same room 24. As Dews and Mists are ingendred here in the lower air never coming to be Clouds nor penetrating to the middle region of the Air in the like manner are also many winds 25. A continual gale blows about the sea and other waters which is nothing but a small wind newly made up 26. The Rain-bow which is as it were the lowest of Meteors and nearest to us when it doth not appear whole but curtailed and as it were only some pieces of the horns of it is dissolved into winds as often or rather oftner than into rain 27. It hath been observed that there are some winds in Countrys which are divided and separated by hills which ordinarily blow on the one side of the hills and do not reach to the other Whereby it manifestly appears that they are engendred below the height of the said hills 28. There are an infinite sort of winds that blow in fair and clear days and also in Countrys where it never rains which are ingendred where they blow and never were Clouds nor did ever ascend into the middle region of the air Indirect Experiments Whosoever shall know how easily a Vapour is dissolved into air and how great a quantity of vapours there are and how much room a drop of water turned into air takes up more than it did before as we said already and how little the air will endure to be thrust up together will questionless affirm that of necessity winds must be every where ingendred from the very superficies of the earth even to the highest parts of the air For it cannot be that a great abundance of vapours when they begin to be dilatated and expanded can be lifted up to the middle region of the air without an over-burthening of the air and making a noise by the way Accidental generations of Winds To the Ninth Article Connexion WE call those Accidental generations of winds which do not make or beget the impulsive motion of winds but with compression do sharpen it by repercussion turn it by sinuation or winding do agitate and tumble it which is done by extrinsecal causes and the posture of the adjoining bodies 1. In places where there are hills which are not very high bordering upon Valleys and beyond them again higher hills there is a greater agitation of the air and sense of winds than there is in mountainous or plain places 2. In Cities if there be any place somewhat broader than ordinary and narrow goings out as Portals or Porches and Cross streets winds and fresh Gales are there to be perceived 3. In houses cool rooms are made by winds or happen to be so where the Air bloweth thorow and comes in on the one side and goeth out at the other But much more if the Air comes in several ways and meets in the corners and hath one common passage from thence the vaulting likewise and roundness doth contribute much to coolness because the air being moved is beaten back in every line Also the winding of Porches is better than if they were built straight out For a direct blast though it be not shut up but hath a free egress doth not make the air so unequal and voluminous and waving as the meeting at Angles and hollow places and windings round and the like 4. After great tempests at Sea an Accidental wind continues for a time after the original is laid which wind is made by the collision and percussion of the air through the curling of the waves 5. In gardens commonly there is a repercussion of wind from the walls and banks so that one would imagine the wind to come the contrary way from that whence it really comes 6. If Hills enclose a Country on the one side and the wind blows for some space of time from the plain against the Hill by the very repercussion of the Hill either the wind is turned into rain if it be a moist wind or into a contrary wind which will last but a little while 7. In the turnings of Promontory Mariners do often find changes and alterations of winds Extraordinary Winds and sudden Blasts To the tenth Article Connexion SOme men discourse of extraordinary winds and derive the causes of them of Clouds breaking or storms Vortice Typhone Prestere Or in English Whirl-winds But they do not relate the thing it self which must be taken out of Chronicles and several Histories 1. Sudden blasts never come in clear weather but always when the sky is cloudy and the weather rainy That it may justly be thought that there is a certain eruption made The blast driven out and the waters shaken 2. Storms which come with a Mist and a Fog and are called Belluae and bear up themselves like a Column are very vehement and dreadful to those who are at sea 3. The greater Typhones who will take up at some large distance and sup them as it were upward do happen but seldom but small whirl-winds come often 4. All storms and Typhones and great Whirlwinds have a manifest precipitous motion or darting downwards more than other winds so as they seem to fall like Torrents and run as it were in Channels and be afterward reverberated by the earth 5. In Meadows Haycocks are sometimes carryed on high and spread abroad there like Canopies Likewise in Fields Cocks of Pease reaped Wheat and cloaths laid out to drying are carried up by Whirl-winds as high as tops of Trees and Houses and these things are done without any extraordinary force or great vehemency of wind 6. Also sometimes there are very small whirl-winds and within a narrow compass which happen also in fair clear weather so that one that rides may see the dust or straws taken up and turned close by him yet he himself not feel the wind much which things are done questionless near unto us by contrary blasts driving one another back and causing a circulation of the air by concussion 7. It is certain that some winds do leave manifest signs of burning and scortching in Plants But Presterem which is a kind of dark Lightning and hot air without any flame we will put off to the Inquisition of Lightning Helps to Winds namely to Original Winds for of accidental ones we have enquired before To the 11 12 13 14 15 Articles Connexion THose things which have been spoken by the Ancients concerning Winds and their causes are meerly confused and uncertain and for the most part untrue and it is no marvel if they see not clear that look not near They speak as if wind were somewhat else or a thing several from moved air and as if exhalations did generate and make up the whole body of the winds and as if the matter of winds were only a dry and hot exhalation and as if the beginning of the motion of winds were but only a casting down and percussion
cast down from above So that the opinion of the Ancients in this is not altogether unprofitable but only that it pleased them as in a manner dividing the inheritance to assign rain to Vapours and to winds exhalations only which things sound handsomly but are vain in effect and substance 22. Winds brought forth out of the resolutions of Snow lying upon Hills are of a mean condition between Water and Land winds but they incline more to water yet they are more sharp and moveable 23. The dissolution of Snow on Snowy Hills as we observed before always brings constant winds from that part 24. Also yearly Northern winds about the rising of the Dog-star are held to come from the frozen Ocean and those parts about the Artick Circle where the Dissolutions of Snow and Ice come late when the Summer is far spent 25. Those masses or mountains of Ice which are carried towards Canada and Greenland do rather breed cold Gales than moveable winds 26. Winds which arise from chalky and sandy grounds are few and dry and in hotter Countrys they are soultry smoaky and scorching 27. Winds made of Sea vapours do easilier turn back into rain the water re-demanding and claiming its right and if this be not granted them they presently mix with Air and so are quiet But terrestrial smoaky and unctuous vapours are both hardlier dissolved and ascend higher and are more provoked in their motion and oftentimes penetrate the middle Region of the Air and some of them are matter of fiery Meteors 28. It is reported here in England that in those days that Gascoine was under our jurisdiction there was a Petition offered to the King by his subjects of Burdeaux and the Confines thereof desiring him to forbid the burning of heath in the Counties of Sussex and Southampton which bred a wind towards the end of April which killed their Vines 29. The meeting of winds if they be strong bring forth vehement and whirling winds if they be soft and moist they produce rain and lay the wind 30. Winds are allayed and restrained five ways When the Air over-burthened and troubled is freed by the vapours contracting themselves into rain Or when vapours are dispersed and subtilized whereby they are mixed with the air and agree fairly with it and they live quietly Or when vapours or Fogs are exalted and carried upon high so that they cause no disturbance until they be thrown down from the middle Region of the Air or do penetrate it Or when vapours gathered into Clouds are carried away into other Countrys by other winds blowing on high so that for them there is peace in those Countrys which they flie beyond Or lastly when the winds blowing from their nurseries languish through a long voyage finding no new matter to feed on and so their vehemency forsakes them and they do as it were expire and dye 31. Rain for the most part allayeth winds especially those which are stormy as winds contrariwise oftentimes keep off rain 32. Winds do contract themselves into rain which is the first of the five and the chiefest means of allaying them either being burthened by the burthen it self when the vapours are copious or by the contrary motions of winds so they be calm and mild or by the opposition of mountains and Promontories which stop the violence of the winds and by little and little turn them against themselves or by extream colds whereby they are condensed and thickned 33. Smaller and lighter winds do commonly rise in the morning and go down with the Sun the condensation of the night Air being sufficient to receive them for Air will endure some kind of compression without stirring or tumult 34. It is thought that the sound of Bells will disperse Lightning and Thunder in winds it hath not been observed Monition Take advice from the place in Prognosticks of winds for there is some connexion of causes and signs 35. Pliny relates that the vehemence of a Whirl-wind may be allayed by sprinkling of Vinegar in the encounter of it The Bounds of VVinds. To the 16 17 18. Articles 1. IT is reported of Mount Athos likewise of Olimpus that the Priests would write in the ashes of the Sacrifices which lay upon the Altars built on the tops of those hills and when they returned the year following for the Offerings were Annual they found the same letters undisturbed and uncancelled though those Altars stood not in any Temple but in the open Air. Whereby it was manifest that in such a height there had neither fallen rain nor wind blown 2. They say that on the top of the Peak of Teneriff and on the Audes betwixt Peru and Chile snow lyeth upon the borders and sides of the hills but that on the tops of them there is nothing but a quiet and still Air hardly breathable by reason of its tenuity which also with a kind of Acrimony pricks the eyes and orifice of the stomack begetting in some a desire to vomit and in others a flushing and redness 3. Vaporary winds seem not in any great height though it be probable that some of them ascend higher than most clouds Hitherto of the height now we must consider of the Latitude 4. It is certain that those spaces which winds take up are very various sometimes they are very large sometimes little and narrow winds have been known to have taken up an hundred miles space with a few hours difference 5. Spacious winds if they be of the free kind are for the most part vehement and not soft and more lasting for they will last almost four and twenty hours They are likewise not so much inclined to rain Straight or narrow winds contrariwise are either soft or stormy and always short 6. Fixed and stayed winds are itinerary or travelling and take up very large spaces 7. Stormy winds do not extend themselves into any large spaces though they always go beyond the bounds of the storm it self 8. Sea winds always blow within narrower spaces than earth winds as may sometimes be seen at sea namely a pretty fresh gale in some part of the water which may be easily perceived by the crisping of it when there is a calm as smooth as Glass every where else 9. Small whirlwinds as we said before will sometimes play before men as they are riding almost like wind out of a pair of bellows So much of the Latitude now we must see concerning the lastingness 10. The vehement winds will last longer at Sea by reason of the sufficient quantity of vapours at land they will hardly last above a day and an half 11. Very soft winds will not blow constantly neither at sea nor upon the land above three days 12. The south wind is not only more lasting than the west which we set down in another place but likewise what wind soever it be that begins to blow in the morning useth to be more durable and lasting than that which begins to blow at night 13. It is
subtilness of the Putrefaction And let this be the first Vindemiation or inchoated interpretation of the Form of heat made by the permission of the understanding And by this first Vindemiation the Form or true Definition of heat namely of that heat which in respect of the Universal not only relative to the sense is in few words this Heat is an Expansive Motion cohibited and striving by the lesser parts and Expansion is modified that expanding or spreading it self out in circuit it must notwithstanding incline somewhat upward and that striving by parts is likewise modified that it ought not to be altogether slow but somewhat swift and with some violence And concerning what belongs to the Operative it is the same thing for the Designation or Description is this If in any natural body you can excite a Motion to dilatate and spread out it self and can stay back that motion and so turn it against it self that dilatation may not proceed equally but partly proceed and partly be beaten back you will questionless engender a heat not any way regarding whether it be an Elementary body as they call it or imbrued by the Celestial whether luminous or dark whether thin or thick whether locally spread abroad or contained within the inclosures of the first dimension whether tending to dissolution or remaining in the same state whether Animal or Vegitable whether Mineral or Water whether Oil or Air or any other substance whatsoever so it be susceptible of the foresaid motion A hot thing to the sense is the same but with such an Analogy as is fitting for the sense The Division of Heat IT seems to be a customary and authentical division that there are three kinds of heat Namely the heat of Celestial things the heat of Animals or living creatures and the heat of fire and that these heats especially one of them compared to the other two are in their essence and kind or their specifical Nature meerly different and altogether heterogeneal For the heat of heavenly and animal things ingenders and cherishes whereas contrarariwise the heat of the fire corrupts and destroys There is therefore an Instance of contract and that is a common trial when we take a branch of a Vine into a room where there is ordinarily a fire by it Grapes will ripen sooner than they will abroad by a month So that the ripening of fruit even when it hangs upon the tree may be effected by fire which seems to be a proper work of the Sun So that from this beginning the understanding easily raiseth it self rejecting the essential Heterogeneosity to enquire what or which are those differences which are really and truly found between the heat of the Sun and that of the fire from which it proceeds that their operations are so diverse and different though they themselves participate in a common nature which differences we shall find to be four The first that the Heat of the Sun in respect of the heat of the Fire is in degree much softer and milder Secondly that it is especially as it is conveyed to us thorow the Air of a much more moist quality Thirdly which is the very chiefest of the business that it is extreamly unequal and drawing near and increased and then receding or going back and diminished which is of no small moment or improvement in the generation of bodies For Aristotle did most truly affirm that the principle cause of generations and corruptions which are here with us upon the superficies of the earth is the oblique way of the Sun thorow the Zodiack whereby the heat of the Sun partly thorow the vicissitudes of day and night partly by the successive seasons of winter and summer proves wonderfully unequal Neither doth this man end there but presently spoils and makes bad that which he had rightly found out For as an Arbi trator of Nature which is his common practice he Magistrate-like assigns the cause of Generation to the approach of the Sun and the cause of corruption to the receding and going away of it When both namely the access or recess of the Sun not respectively but in a manner indifferently yield cause as well for Generation as Corruption forasmuch as the inequality serves onely to the Generation and Corruption of things and equality to the preservation of them There is also a fourth Difference between the heat of the Sun and the heat of the fire which is of great moment namely that the Sun insinuates its Operations in long spaces of time whereas the Operations of Fire Mens impatiencies forcing it thereunto do bring things to an issue in a shorter time For if any man shall carefully attempt to temper the heat of the Fire and reduce it to a more moderate and mild Degree which may be done many ways and sprinkle it and mix it with some moistness especially if he imitate the heat of the Sun in its inequality and lastly tolerate or suffer delay patiently not such a delay as shall be proportionable to the operations of the Sun but more than that which men use to have in the operations of the Fire he will quickly lay aside that Heterogeneositie of heat and either he will or equal or in some things even exceed the operations of the Sun by the heat of the Fire The same Instance of Covenant is the reviving of Butter-flies stupified and as it were dead thorow Cold with a little luke-warmness of fire Whereby you may easily discern that the Fire may as well vivisie living things as ripen Vegitables Also that famous Invention of FRACASTORIUS of a Frying-panne strongly heated which Physicians hold about the Heads of those who are sallen into a desperate Apoplexie which manifestly dilatates and extends the Animal Spirits contracted and pressed together and almost extinguished by Humours and Obstructions of the Brain and excites them to Motion even as Fire doth Water or Air and consequently vivifieth Likewise Eggs are sometimes hatched by the Heat of Fire and many such like things are done whereby no man can question or make a doubt but that the Heat of fire in many subjects may be Modified to the Image of Celestial and animal Heat The Lord FRANCIS BACON of Verulam of the several kinds of Motion OR Of the active Vertue Of Divers Kinds of Motion LET the first Motion be of the Antitype of matter which is in each parcel and portion thereof whereby it will not be quite annihilated and brought to nothing so that no burning no weight or depression no weight nor no violence nor any age or length of time can reduce any the smallest portion of matter to nothing but it must still be something and take up some place and free it self into what necessity soever it be brought either by changing form or place or if it can do no otherwise subsist as it is Neither doth it ever come to that pass either to be nothing or no where Which Motion the Schools which almost always name and
they have 57 Cardinal Winds 6 Caravels what manner of ships they are 34 Chymists principles 49 Circles about the Planets or Stars presage winds 39. about the Moon likewise on that side where they break 19. 38 Clear weather in Summer presages a windy Autumn 41. and a clear Autumn a windy winter 41 Clouds presages concerning winds 40. the higher ones sometimes outfly the lower 30. and are for the most part carried from East to West 7 Coals shining bright and sparkling presage wind 41 Coaches moving with the wind 61 Colder weather then the season requireth 58 Columbus judged there was a continent towards America by the certain and stayed winds which blew from thence towards the shores of Portugal 9. 29 Cold causeth a kind of burning 54. 62 Comets effects for increasing heat are not perceivable 56 Convenient instances in the nature of hot things 53 Conjunctions of Planets are followed by winds 39. and great ones 23 Conflicts of winds 4. 30. 33. being strong do produce vehement whirling winds 25 Constantius his excessive heat 63 Contributing towards winds and raising and appearing of them 3 Cooling of summer rooms 42. artificially done by induction of Winds 21 Coruscations give light but do not burn 56 Coruscations about a sweating horse 57 Crows presage Winds 41 Currents in the sea 9 D. DIssolution of snow about the frozen sea raiseth Northern Winds in Italy and Greece 29 Divers Motions of Winds 4 Divers qualities of Winds 2 Duckers and Ducks against Wind cleanse their feathers with their bills 41 Dung or whatever else fattens soil is of a hot nature 63 E. EArth the first cold thing 18 Earth-quakes bring in noxious and forreign Winds 18. they happen but seldom 17 East Wind drie and piercing 14. in England surmised to be mischievous 12. in Europe generally drying 8 East North-East Wind draws the clouds to it 15. and is compared to Usurers 15 Ebbings and flowings of the sea 90. Acosta's observation concerning them 90 Eclipses of the Moon preceded and followed by Winds and the Suns with fair weather 22 39 Eggs sometimes hatched with the heat of fire 75 Enlightnings or ostensive instances what they are 71 Exciting of Motions in winds 28 Excrements of Beasts newly made are hot 54 Experiment of Wind in a close Tower 23 27 Experiment of the Suns heat on a glass 56 Extraordinary Winds 2 F. FEathers swimming upon the water presage Wind. 41 Feathers what kind of heat they cause 63 Fervent vapour 34 Fervent heats in the Solstice end with Thunder 39 Fire how kindled amongst the Indians 54. upon a hearth how it presageth winds 40 Fired things that look red are perpetually hot 57. and have divers degrees of heat 65 Fiery Meteors appear more in winter then in summer 57 Fishes entrails not very hot 63. when they stink their scales shine 58. there is in them a degree rather then a privation of heat 60 Firmament opening betokens Winds 19 Flames have many degrees of violence 64. sometimes seen blazing about childrens heads yet not burn the hair 57 Flints by percussion yield sparkles 59 Form of a thing is the thing it self 62. it ought to be absent where the primary nature is absent and present where it is present 54. what our Author means by form 68 Fracastorius his invention with a frying-pan 75 Free winds 1. are least attendant in summer 10 Froth upon a calm sea presages wind 41 Full Moon touching circles and colours gives the same presages as it doth at four days old 39 Furrowing winds 4 G. GAles blow continually about the sea 20 Generation simple what it is 83 Generations accidental of Winds 2 Generations and corruptions principal causes 75 General Winds 1 7 Gilbertus his electrick operation 80. he is reprehended 49 Glow-worms 58 Great English ship have some four some five masts 31 Green herbs laid up together will fire 54 Great Winds are inundations of the air 43 In great storms what is to be done 33 34 Groenland 10. 56 Gun-powder 43 H. HAy cocks blown up in the Air. 22 Hand fans 42 Heat is an expansive motion by which the body strives to dilatate it self 71. ascending upward 71. by the lesser parts of the body 73. somewhat swift 73 74. that of celestial things is increased there ways 64. it will not burn any dry thing 64. how it is in the brain 63. in what things it is strongest 64 Heats definition 74. is a Peripatetical one 57. its division 75. its first tactible degree seems to be in animate things 63. in vegetables it is not tangible 63. what bodies are most subject to it next to Air. 67 Helps to winds 22 Hernes flying high presage Winds 41. Kites fair weather 41 Hils capped with clouds presage tempests 24 History of heavy and light 48 History concerning a childs apron 57 History of Density and Rarity 47 History of Sulphur Mercury and Salt 49 History of the Simpathy and Antipathy of things 49 History of life and death 50 Hoary frosts and Snow cause South Winds 14 Hot and heating two different things 71 Hot Baths 57 58 Horse dung 62 Hyades and Pleiades their power concerning Winds 23. at their rising they cause rain 39 I. IGnis Fatuus hath not much heat in it 75 Ignis grecus 65 Indians have a web made of feathers which will melt butter 63 Imitations of Winds 5. 42 Indirect experiments what they are 8 Inductious first work 68 Inquisition of Forms how it proceeds 53 Instance of the cross what it is 90 Instances convenient in the nature of hot things 53 Iron dissolved with strong waters is hot 54 Irritation by cold encreaseth heat 66 Island 57 L. LEaves fall off the trees soonest on the South side 14. they and straws playing in a calm presage Winds 41 Lesser ships farr swifter then great ones 30. how far one of them may sail in a day 34 Lightnings what they presage concerning Winds 39. they seldome happen in Winter 56 57 Lime 62. being unslackt water being cast upon it gathers heat 57 Liquid hot things 56 Local beginning of Winds 2 64. hard to be known ib. they are three 17 Longitude of Winds 29 M. MArch Winds drie more then any summer winds 16 Masts how many in a ship 31 Median Winds 6. major and lesser ibid. which of them fairest and which fowlest 15 Mezentius his torment 51 Moons presages touching winds 38. its and the Comets and stars beams cast no sensible heat 55. next to the Sun it is most operative 22 its fifth day terrible to mariners 38. an upright one is always threatning and hurtful 38. being red the fourth day it presages winds 16 Motion of Liberty according to Democritus is called Motion of the coast 78 Motion of the wind in sails 31. hath three chief heads of impulsion 34. the first ibid. the second 34. the third 35. in which motion is considerable both impulsion and direction 33. the nearer it comes to the beak the stronger it is 32 Motion of Windmils 35.
their sails 32 Motions of the Winds diverse 4. 28. in engines of mans invention 35 Motion of winds and direction to be enquired of 28. the first is motion of the antitypie of the matter 77. the second of Connexion 77. the third of liberty 77. the fourth of Hyles 78. the fifth of continuation 79. the sixth is the motion to gain or of indigency 79. the seventh of the greater congregation 80. the eight of the lesser 80. the ninth the Magnetick 82. the tenth of flight 83. the eleventh of assembling 83. the twelfth of excitation 84. the thirteenth of impression 84. the fourteenth of configuration or scituation 85. the fifteenth of pertransition 86. the sixteenth the regal motion 86. the seventeenth the spontaneal motion of rotation 87. the eighteenth of trepidation 87. the nineteenth of Exhorrency on abhorring 88 Murmure in the hils and Element belongs to winds and is prodigious 41. murmure in wood before winds 19 N. NAmes of winds 1 6 Natural Magick 49 Natural motion according to the ancients 41 New Moons foreshew the disposition of the air 5 Nights hotter in Europe 23 North Wind high and blows from above 13. is the days attendant 11. suspicious blowing from the Sea but from the Land healthfull 13. noxious to Physical people 14. it rises oftentimes while a North-East or North-West Winds are blowing 14. it alters not the Weather 13. if it rise in the night it lasts not above three days 14 Nova Zembla 55 Nurseries of Winds are where vapours abound 28 O. OYl of Origanum Sulphur and Vitriol execute the operations of heat 54 61 Olimpus the Mountain 26 55. what strang things hap on the top of it ib. Orions rising is accompanied with Winds 23 39 Overburthening of the Air. 19 Owls presage change of weather 41. with us when they chatter in Winter it is a sign of fair Weather 41 42 P. PAracelsus confuted 83. his school found no place for the East wind 16 Particular Winds matrixes 16 Peake of Penariffe 26. 55 Permission of the understanding what it is 71 In Peru Winds blow most at a full Moon 22 Physitians dreams touching radical humours 21 Pliny reprehended 57 Poets feign that in the deluge Boreas was kept in prison and the South Wind let out 12 13 Power of Winds 5 Praestar a dark lightning 22 Prognosticks of Winds 16. 36. 39 Promontories turnings an windings cause alterations of Winds 21 Proportions of masts and sails vary 63 Putrefaction hath heat in it 28 Q. QUicksilver killed 83 84. hath a flatuous and expansive spirit 12 Qualities and powers of winds 43 R. RAdical differences of Winds 13. their accidental generations 2. and imitations 5 Rainy springs presage clear summers 40 Rains engendring 14 Rainbows when they are not entire do commonly dissolve into Wind. 20 Repercussions of Winds in Gardens 21 Returns of Winds 10 Rocky hils are full of Wind 17. Icy hills engender cold gales rather then Winds 24 Rotten wood gives a lustre in the night 57 S. SAils how to be spread 34. with a side wind they must be stretched out stiff 33. ten belong to a ship 31. in a forewind how they must be trimmed 33. length of sails in Wind-mills conduces much to motion 34. the lower Sails swell more then the rest 32 A Scripture place expounded 17 Seawater violently stirred gives alight 57 Sea looks blewish in a South wind 14. in a Northern Wind it looks darker 14. when it presages Winds 41. some places of it swell without Winds 17. European Seas have sometime soft gales and no Wind. 7 Sea Winds moister then Land Winds 11. and more vehement 12. and either lukewarm or cold 11 Sea lungs 57 Sea compass divided into two and thirty points 33 Semicardinal Winds 6. are not so stormie as the median 15 Silver dissolved excites a little heat 60 Shepherds should feed their flocks against the South 14 Shores how they presage Winds 40 Small whirlewinds happen oft 21. and sometimes in clear weather 22. great ones come but seldom ib. Snowy Winds come from the North. 15 Snow blown down whole from tops of hills hath choaked up the valleys 16 Sounds do last longer then resoundings 85 Suddain blasts are always in cloudy weather 21 South nor West Winds engender no vapours 13. South Wind for the most part blows alone 14. rises oftner and blows stronger in the night 14. when it begins or ceases there is change of weather 13. when it blows softly it is clear weather ib. from the sea it is most healthful 13. from the continent not so ib. in England it is unhealthful 13. in Africk clear and healthful ib. wandring and free low and lateral ib. Sowre things laid on a place where there is no upper skin cause smarting 54 Spices and hot herbs chewed burn and bite the tongue 54. 61 Spiders work hard before winds 42 Spirit of wine hot in operation 54. 61. what kind of flame it makes 64 Stars some hotter then other 64. shooting stars of a slimy substance 56. they presage Winds 19. small Stars are not perceiveable before rising of Winds 19 Stayed Winds what 1. 8. in Europe 10. they do not blow in the night 9. they blow where high and snowie Mountains are 9. they are itinerary 26. and weak in winter they are scarce noted 10 Stormy Winds go not far 26 Storms with what winds they come 15 Storms with fogs ominous to sea-men 21 Subterraneal places full of air 17 Successions of Winds 4. 26 Sugar broken or scraped in the dark shineth 57 Sun begetter of Winds 22. setting red presages Winds 19. is like a prince 16. its heat varies 64. in the generation of Winds its heat must be proportionable 45. its small heat doth not excite vapors 24. prognosticates winds 37 seq Suns beams of small force in the middle region of the air 55. and their reflection weak about the Polar circles 55 Swellings of water frequent 17 Swine terrified at the approach of winds 41 T. TEpidity in wool skins and feathers whence it comes 59. and in all woolly things 54 Thales his monopoly of Olives 45 Three leaved grasses prognostick of Winds 42 Thunders and lightnings in what winds most frequent 15. what they presage touching Winds 39 Trees growing in cold countries are most apt to fire 57 Tropaei Winds 12 True wayes of a natural death 51 U. VAcuity why introduced by Leucippus and Democritus 89 Vanes of Steeples and Weather-Cocks in calm weather likely stand continually West 7 Vaporary winds 24. their efficient cause ibid. their height 26 Vapours quantity and quality to be considered 24 Vaulting of rooms adds much coolness to them 21 Ubiquitary winds 30 Vegetables feel not hot 61 62 63 Vehement winds are inundations of the air 16 Vessels we eat in may presage wind 42 Vinegar thrown against a whirlwind by Pliny 46 Vine stalks sprout most towards the South 14. they will ripen sooner within doors then without 75 Virgil skilful in Philosophy 30 31 Undulation and furrowing of winds
free noise for the most part signifies fair weather especial in winter 72. Birds pearching in trees if they flie to their nests and give over feeding betimes it presages tempest But the Hearn standing as it were sad and melancholy upon the sand or a Crow walking up and down do presage wind onely 73. Dolphins playing in a calm sea are thought to presage wind from that way they come and if they play and throw up water when the Sea is rough they presage fair weather And most kinds of fishes swimming on the top of the water and sometimes leaping do prognosticate wind 74. Upon the approach of wind Swine will be so terrified and disturbed and use such strange actions that Country people say that Creature onely can see the wind and perceive the horridness of it 75. A little before the wind spiders work and spin carefully as if they prudently forestall'd the time knowing that in windy weather they cannot work 76. Before rain the sound of Bels is heard further off but before wind it is heard more unequally drawing near and going further off as it doth when the wind blows really 77. Pliny affirms for a certain that three leaved grass creeps together and raises its leaves against a storm 78. He sayes likewise that vessels which food is put into will leave a kind of sweat in Cupboards which presage cruel storms Monition Seeing rain and wind have almost a common matter and seeing alwayes before rain there is a certain condensation of the air caused by the new air received into the old as it appears by the sounding of the shoars and the high flight of Hearns and other things and seeing the wind likewise thickens but afterward in rain the air is more drawn together and in winds contrariwise it is enlarged of necessity winds must have many Prognosticks common with the rain Whereof advise with the Prognosticks of rain under their own title Imitations of Winds To the three and thirtieth Article Connexion IF men could be perswaded not to fix their contemplations over-much upon a propounded subject and reject others as it it were by the bye and that they would not subtilize about that subject in infinitum and for the most part unprofitably they would not be seized with such a stupor as they are but transferring their thoughts and discoursing would find many things at a distance which near at hand are hidden So that as in the Civil Law so we must likewise in the Law of Nature we must carefully proceed to semblable things and such as have a conformity between them 1. Bellows with men are Aeolus his Bags out of which one may take as much as he needeth And likewise spaces between and openings of Hills and crooks of buildings are but as it were large bellows Bellows are most useful either to kindle fire or for Musical Organs The manner of the working of Bellows is by sucking in of the air to shun vacuity as they say and to send it out by compression 2. We also use Hand Fans to make a wind and to cool only by driving forward of the air softly 3. The cooling of Summer rooms we spake of in Answer to the ninth Article There may other more curious means be found especially if the air be drawn in somewhere after the manner of bellows and let out at another place But those which are now in use have relation only to meer compression 4. The breath in mans Microcosmos and in other Animals do very well agree with the winds in the greater world For they are engendred by humours and alter with moisture as wind and rain doth and are dispersed and blow freer by a greater heat And from them that observation is to be transferred to the winds namely that breaths are engendred of matter that yields a tenacious vapour not easie to be dissolved as Beans Pulse and Fruits which is so likewise in greater winds 5. In the distilling of Vitriol and other Minerals which are most windy they must have great and large receptacles otherwise they will break 6. Wind composed of Niter and Gun-powder breaking out and swelling the flame doth not only imitate but also exceed winds which blow abroad in the world unless they be such as are made by thunder 7. But the forces of it are pressed in as in humane Engines as Guns Mines and Powder-houses set on fire But it hath not yet been tried whether in open air a great heap of Gun-powder set on fire would raise a wind for certain hours by the commotion of the air 8. There lies hidden a flatuous and expansive spirit in Quick-silver so that it doth in some mens opinions imitate Gun-powder and a little of it mixed with Gun-powder will make the Powder stronger Likewise the Chymists speak the same of gold that being prepared some way it will break out dangerously like to Thunder but these things I never tried A greater Observation THe Motion of winds is for most things seen as it were in a Looking-glass in the motion of waters Great winds are Inundations of the air as we see Inundations of waters both through the augmentation of the quantity As waters either descend from above or spring out of the earth so some winds are cast down and some rise up As sometimes in Rivers there are contrary motions one of the flowing of the Sea the other of the Current of the River yet both become one motion by the prevailing of the flood so when contrary winds blow the greater subdues the lesser As in the Currents of the sea and of some rivers it sometimes falls out that the waves above go contrary to the waves below So in the air when contrary winds blow together one flyes over the other As there are Cataracts of Rain within a narrow space so there are Whirlwinds As waters however they go forward yet if they be troubled swell up into waves sometimes ascending grow up into heaps sometimes descending are as it were furrowed so the winds do the same but only want the Motion of Gravity There are also other similitudes which may be observed and gathered out of those things which have already been enquired about Moveable Rules concerning Winds Connexion RUles are either particular or general both with us are moveable for as yet we have not affirmed any thing positively Particular Rules may be taken and gathered almost out of every Article We will cull out some general ones and those but a few and adde thereunto 1. Wind is no other thing but moved air but the air it self moved either by a simple impulsion or by commixion of vapors 2. Winds by a simple Impulsion are caused four ways either by the natural Motion of the air or by expansion of the air in the Suns ways or by reception of air thorow a sudden cold or by the compression of the air by external bodies There may be also a fifth way by the agitation and concussion of the air by stars But let these
things be a while silent or be given ear unto with a sparing belief 3. Of winds which are made by immixion of vapours the chief cause is the over-burthening of the air by air newly made out of vapours whereby the mass of the air grows bigger and seeks new room 4. A small quantity of air added causeth a great tumor of the air round about it so that new air out of the resolution of vapours doth confer more to motion than to matter But the great body of wind consists in the former air neither doth the new air drive the old air before it as if they were several bodies but being both commixt they desire larger room 5. When any other beginning of Motion concurs besides the over-burthening of the air it is an accessory which strengthneth and encreaseth that Principal which is the reason that great and violent winds do seldom rise by the simple over-burthening of the air 6. Four things are accessory to the over-burthening of the air The breathing out of subterraneal places the casting down out of as it is called the middle region of the air Dissipation made out of a Cloud and the Mobility and Acrimony of the Exhalation it self 7. The Motion of the wind is for the most part lateral But that which is made by meer over-burthening is so from the beginning that which is made by the expiration of the earth or repercussion from above a little while after unless the Eruption or Precipitation or Reverberation be exceeding violent 8. Air will endure some compression before it be over-burthened and begins to thrust away the adjoyning air by reason whereof all winds are a little thicker than quiet and calm air 9. Winds are allayed five ways either by the conjunction of vapours or by their sublimation or by transporting them or by their being spent 10. Vapors are conjoyned and so the Air it self becomes water four ways either by abundance aggravating or by colds condensing or by contrary winds compelling or by obstacles reverberating 11. Both Vapours and Exhalations but wind very frequently from vapours But there is this difference that winds which are made of Vapours do more easily incorporate them selves into pure air are sooner allayed and are not so obstinate as those winds which are engendred of Exhalations 12. The manner and several conditions of heat have no less power in the generation of winds than the abundance or conditions of the matter 13. The heat of the Sun ought to be so proportioned in the generation of winds that it may raise them but not in such abundance as that they gather into rain nor in so small a quantity that they may be quite shaken off and dispersed 14. Winds blow from their Nurseries and the Nurseries being disposed several ways divers winds for the most part blow together but the strongest either quite overthrows or turns into its current the weakest 15. Winds are engendred every where from the very Superficies of the earth up into the middle Region of the air the more frequent below but the stronger above 16. The Countries which have retaining or trade-winds if they be warm have them warmer that according to the measure of their Climate if they be cold they have them colder A Humane Map or Optatives with such things as are next to them concerning Winds Optatives 1. TO frame and dispose sails of ships in such a manner that with less wind they might go a greater journey a thing very useful to shorten journeys by sea and save charges Next The next invention precisely in practice I have not as yet found yet concerning that look upon our greater observations upon the six and twentieth Article 2. Optative That we could make Wind-mills and their sails in such manner that they may grind more with less wind A thing very useful for gain Next Look concerning this upon our Experiments in the answer to the seven and twentieth Article where the thing seems to be as it were done Optative To foreknow when winds will rise and allay A thing useful for Navigation and for Husbandy especially for the chusing of times for Sea-fights Next To this belong many of those things which are observed in the Inquisition and especially in the Answer to the two and thirtieth Article But a more careful observation hereafter if any shall apply their mind to it will give far more exact Prognosticks the cause of the winds being already laid open 4. Optative To give judgment and make Prognosticks by winds of other things as first whether they be Continents or Islands in the Sea in any place or rather a free open sea a thing very useful for new and unknown voyages Next The next is the observation concerning constant and trade-winds that which Columbus seemed to make use of 5. Optative Likewise of the plenty or scarcity of corn every year A thing useful for gain and buying before-hand and fore-stalling as it is reported of Thales concerning a Monopoly of Olives Next To this belong some things specified in the Inquisition of winds gither hurtful or shaking winds and the times when they do hurt to the nine and twentieth Article 6. Optative Likewise concerning Diseases and Plagues every year A thing useful for the credit of Physicians if they can fore-tel them also for the causes and cures of Diseases and some other civil considerations Next To this likewise belong some things set down in the Inquisition to the thirtieth Article Monition Of Predictions by wind concerning corn fruits and diseases look upon Histories of Husbandry and Physick Optative 7. How to raise winds and to allay them Next Concerning these things there are some superstitious opinions which do not seem worthy to be inserted into a serious and severe Natural History Nor can I think of any thing that is near in this kind The design may be this to look throughly into and enquire about the Nature of the air whether any thing may be found whereof a small quantity put into air may raise and multiply the motion to dilatation or contraction in the body of the air For out of this if it might be done would follow the raisings and allayings of winds Such as that Experiment of Pliny is concerning Vinegar thrown against the Whirlwinds if it were true Another design might be by letting forth of winds out of subterraneal places if so be they should gather together any where in great abundance as it is a common and approved opinion of the Well in Dalmatia but to know such places of prisons is very hard and difficult 8. Optative To work many fine pleasant and wonderful conceits by the motion of winds Next We have not leisure to enter into consideration touching these things Next to it is that common report of the Duels of winds Questionless many such pleasant things might very well be found out both for Motions and Sounds of Winds An Entrance to the Titles appointed for the next five Months The History of Density and