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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
cause_n	air_n	cold_a	heat_n	1,490	5	8.2077	4	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A14328	Via recta ad vitam longam, or A plaine philosophical discourse of the nature, faculties, and effects, of all such things, as by way of nourishments, and dieteticall obseruations, make for the preseruation of health with their iust applications vnto euery age, constitution of bodie, and time of yeare. Wherein also, by way of introduction, the nature and choice of habitable places, with the true vse of our famous bathes of Bathe is perspicuously demonstrated. By To: Venner, Doctor of Physicke, at Bathe in the spring, and fall, and at other times in the burrough of North-Petherton neere to the ancient hauen-towne of Bridgewater in Somerset-shire.; Via rectam ad vitam longam. Part 1	Venner, Tobias, 1577-1660.	1620 (1620)	STC 24643; ESTC S101771	142,320	216

VIA RECTA AD Vitam longam OR A PLAINE PHILOSOPHICAL DISCOVRSE OF THE Nature faculties and effects of all such things as by way of nourishments and Dieteticall obseruations make for the preseruation of Health with their iust applications vnto euery age constitution of bodie and time of YEARE WHEREIN ALSO BY WAY OF Introduction the Nature and Choise of Habitable Places with the true vse of our famous BATHES of BATHE is perspicuously demonstrated BY To VENNER Doctor of Physicke at Bathe in the Spring and Fall and at other times in the Burrough of North-Petherton neere to the ancient Hauen-Towne of BRIDGEWATER in Somerset-shire LONDON Printed by Edward Griffin for Richard Moore and are to be sold at his shop in St Dunstans Church-yard in Fleet-street 1620. TO THE RIGHT HONORABLE FRANCIS LORD VERVLAM LORD High Chancellour of England c. Right Honorable I Often meditating with my self to whom I should according to the ancient and well approued custome of the best learned of all ages consecrate these my labours I at length resolued in testimonie of my deuoted affections to your Honour as also in regard of the worthines and vtilitie of the subiect which is the Dieteticall part of Physicke that for preseruation of health appertaines to all men but to none as I suppose more then to your Honour who vnder his Maiestie doth cheifly weild the state of our Reipublique to commit them to your Honours protection Whereunto your benigne Nature excellent learning and singular respect towards learned men haue not a litle also encouraged me If the worke shall yeeld any manner of delight or profit to your Honour I haue my ayme and contentment The God of Heauen grant you a long and healthy life with a prosperous fruition of your Place and Dignities to his Glory your owne Comfort and the Good of his Maiesties subiects Thus referring both my self and this worke to your fauourable acceptance I in all obseruance humbly rest At your Honours seruice and command TOBIAS VENNER OF THE NATVRE AND CHOISE OF HABITABLE PLACES Whether a temperate aire be the best and wholsomest for the preseruation of life SEeing that for the continuance of life and health there is so great respect to be had of the ayre for without it we can scarcely liue a moment of time and place of habitation as of the meats we eat I therefore thought it meete to expresse by way of Introduction the knowledge of those things that demonstrate the salubritie of habitable places which is expended cheifely in three things in purnesse of the aire qualitie of the soyle and situation and wholsomnes of the water from which euery man may easily gather and conceiue of the healthfulnes of his habitation And first as concerning the ayre that is the best and wholsomest to preserue life which is subtile bright and cleare not mixt with any grosse moisture or corrupted with filthy or noysome vapors which also with calme pleasant winds for great boisterous winds are to the lungs eyes and eares hurtfull is gently moued for such aire is in substance pure in qualities temperate and therefore most wholsome But the aire that is infected with corrupt filthy vapors euaporating or breathing out of standing pooles channels or other impure places or which is so shut vp with hills or mountaines that it cannot be freely perflated and purified with the winds is not fit for preferuing of health like as neither that which is affected with too much heat or cold or suffereth often and suddaine mutations For as a pure cleare and temperate aire is good for euery age and constitution euen so impure grosse cloudie and intemperate aire is to euery age and constitution hurtfull Therefore touching the knowledge of the goodnes of the aire it must be considered that it be not vaporous moi●… or putride not too hot or too cold not ouer-moist or dry for a vaporous cloudy grosse or putride aire doth cause theumes annoy the lungs corrupt the humors infect the heart deiect the spirits and subuert the habit of the whole bodie Aire too hot doth relaxe the ioints resolue the humors and spirits cast downe the strength greatly weaken the concoction with all other functions of the vegetall facultie because it dissolueth and draweth out the naturall heat Moreouer it maketh the colour yellow because it corrupteth the bloud which rubifieth the colour and causeth choler to exceede other humors Last of all it heateth the heart with an vnnaturall heat it dissolueth wasteth and consumeth the humors and causeth them to putrifie and flow to the concauities and weake parts of the bodie and therefore it is not agreeable to healthy bodies Notwithstanding it is auaileable for ouer cold moist hydropicke and paraliticke bodies and such as are affected with the crampe proceeding of too much cold and moistu●…e But aire temperately hot doth maintaine the naturall heat confirme the strength and maketh all the operations of the bodie more liuely it is very comfortable and agreeable to euery constitution Aire too cold is of a congelatiue power and therefore weakneth the sinewes and greatly hurteth the braine breedeth catarrhes and asthmaes and extinguisheth the naturall heat especially in weake bodies by congealing the substantiall moisture thereof and consequently it being not able to actuate as it ought putrifieth It is lesse hurtfull nay sometimes profitable to bodies that are exceeding hot and to sound bodies it is more conuenient and agreable then aire that is ouer hot But aire meanely cold is healthfull because it impelleth the naturall heate into the inner parts and so causeth a strong digestion prouoketh the appetite and maketh all the hidden operations of nature more effectuall For such a coldnesse is proportionably contrary to the naturall heate by reason whereof the naturall and genuine heate is by an Antiperistasis fortified and the digestion which is the roote of life confirmed Aire too moist such as is commonly in marish low places is to all bodies most hurtfull because it too much lenifieth and moistneth the bodie and filleth it with excrementall humors and causeth distillations the very roote almost of all diseases of the braine and sinewes as cramps palsies c. with paines in the ioints and to speake all in a word a generall torpiditie both of minde and bodie But that aire which is meanely moist especially in the summer time is agreable to most complexions for it maketh a good colour softneth the skin and openeth the pores whereby is caused the better difflation and discussion of vaporous superfluities but yet it somewhat maketh the humors prone to putrefaction This aire verily is very agreable to bodies of a dry constitution but vnto other by reason that it soone causeth putrefaction of humors it is far lesse conuenient A dry aire is contrary vnto this and it is most agreable to moist constitutions Now these things which I haue hitherto declared concerning the election of aire being considered

affects to the sinewes ioynts and bowels But snow water is of some in these daies greatly esteemed of to coole and extinguish thirst Perhaps in hot countries and in hot seasons it may bee for some bodies agreeable but in our northerne countries it is at no hand to be allowed except to such as are impensiuely hot for it is onely profitable to a stomacke that estuateth with heat Whether in waters that are naturally warme which wee call hot Bathes it be healthfull for healthy men to bathe WAters naturally hot and of a medicinable faculty such as are our famous bathes of Bathe are of singular force not onely against diseases gotten by cold or proceeding from a cold and moyst cause but also bring in time of health exceeding comfort and profit to all cold moyst and corpulent bodies for they open the pores resolue attenuate digest consume and draw forth superfluities and withall strongly heat and dry the whole habit of the body They are of excellent efficacie against all diseases of the head and sinewes proceeding of a cold and moyst cause or of a cold only or moyst only as rheumes palsies epilepsies lethargies apoplexies cramps deafnesse forgetfulnesse trembling or weaknesse of any member aches and swellings of the ioynts c. They also greatly profit windie and hydropicke bodies the paine and swelling of any part of the bodie so that it proceede not from an hot cause the sluggish lumpish heauinesse of the bodie numnesse of any member paine in the loynes the gout especially the Sciatica cold tumors of the milt and liuer the yellow Iaundice in a bodie plethoricke or phleg●…aticke They are also very profitable for them that haue their lungs annoyed with much moisture because they consume and drie vp that moisture and to make slender such bodies as are too grosse there is nothing more effectuall then the often vse of these waters Wherefore let those that feare obesitie that is would not waxe grosse be carefull to come often to our Bathes for by the often vse of them according as the learned Physition shall direct they may not onely preserue their health but also keepe their bodies from being vnseemingly corpulent They are also singularly profitable to women for they helpe them of barrennesse and of all diseases and imperfections of the matrice proceeding of a cold and moyst cause They also cure all diseases of the skin as scabs itch old sores c. All which to be true we daily finde with admiration to the exceeding great comfort of many who with deplored diseases and most miserable bodies resort to our baths in Bathe and are there by the helpe of wholsome physicke and vertue of the Baths through the blessing of Almighty God recouered to their former health But hot bathes to bodies naturally hot and dry are generally hurtfull and so much the more as the bodie is drier and the bathe hotter because it distempereth and consumeth the very habit of the bodie and maketh it carraine-like leane Wherefore seeing that naturall bathes are not indifferently agreable to euery constitution I doe aduise that not any one goe into them rashly or vpon an approperous iudgement but that he be first aduised by some faithfull iudicious and expert Physition and to him expose the state of his bodie whereby he may vnderstand whether or no it may be expedient for him to attempt the same And whereas in Bathe there are diuers bathes and they differing in their heate he must also from the learned Physition be directed in which to bathe neither must he onely vnderstand which Bathe to vse as most conuenient for his present state of bodie but also when and how often to vse the same Besides this he must according as his state of bodie shall require be purged before he enter into the bathe and be also directed in other things how to order himselfe before he goe into the bathe while he is in the bathe and after that he is come out of the bathe and when he leaueth the bathe And must also in the intermitting times of bathing and sweating take such physicke as his disease and present state of bodie shall require The neglect of all these or of some of them either through ignorance or voluntarie wilfulnes may be the cause that some that take great paines to come to the bathes are not by them healed of their infirmities but oftentimes neuer returne to their homes againe or if they doe it is most commonly with new diseases and the olde worse then euer they were Whereas many of a generous and religious vnderstanding vsing the true helpes of physicke with the bathes are of their diseases perfectly cured And here I exhort the Physitions in regard that the Bathes which proceed from Sulphur or from it take their chiefest vertue and strength as our Bathes in Bathe doe doe weaken and subuert the stomacke especially of some bodies that they haue an honest care to corroborate the same by such meanes as shall be best fitting for the present estate of the bodie Here also I aduertise such as in the declining or fall of the yeare which we call the Autumne shall for the health of their bodies repaire to our Bathes that they deferre not their comming till the middle of September or after as many ignorantly doe but that they rather be there by the end of August that they may haue the commoditie of the Bathes before the aire grow to be too cold for bathing in hot Bathes as commonly it is in October especially toward the end thereof for if they shall make vse of the Bathes when the aire is cold and moist or very inclinable thereunto they shall receiue the pores of the bodie being open by reason of the efficacie of the Bathe farre greater hurt then commoditie But perhaps some out of an ignorant timorousnes will obiect that to come to the Bathes at the end of August is too soone vpon the Dogge-dayes Herein they are more scrupulous then iudicious but to yeeld them satisfaction I answer besides the alteration of seasons from their ancient temperature in this decrepit age of the world that though the middle part of the day about the beginning of September shall be hot yet the mornings and euenings which are the times for bathing are rather cold or declining to a temperature and the heat of the day following vpon bathing is that which we specially respect for the health of our Patients for whom we approue the vse of the Bathes And verily whosoeuer shall but consider the great variablenes and inconstant disposition of the Spring from its ancient temperature especially of later yeares must in my opinion confesse that the moneth of September is most commonly in regard of the disposition of the aire so fit for bathing in hot Bathes as any in the Spring Wherefore such as for the health of their bodies repaire to our Bathes shall if they be there by the end of August receiue a double commoditie For

other affects of the sinewes Verjuce which is made of soure or vnripe grapes or of crabs or other vnripe soure apples is like to vinegar in operation sauing that it is of a more cooling nature therfore more agreeable for hot and cholericke bodies It refresheth an hot stomack and liuer represseth cholericke fumes and raiseth vp the appetite deiected through much heat labour or exercise wherefore it is very profitable for hot and cholericke bodies to be vsed in way of sauce and for hot and cholericke diseases in way of medicine but it is hurtfull to the aged and to all cold and phlegmaticke bodies Eisell or the vinegar which is made of Cyder is also a good sauce it is of a very penetrating nature and is like to Verjuce in operation but it is not so astringent nor altogether so cold Mustard is a sauce in common vse with sundry meats both flesh and fish especially those of the grosser sort It is hot in the fourth degree and is of a dissoluing attracting extenuating and dissipating faculty It very strongly heateth the stomacke cutteth extenuateth and scattereth grosse and phlegmaticke humours openeth the obstructions of the breast helpeth the concoction and distribution of meats of grosse substance comforteth the stomack and drieth vp and consumeth the superfluous moysture in it Moreouer it vehemently pearceth the braine and wonderfully purgeth it from superfluities and therefore the vse of it is very profitable for them that bee subiect vnto cold diseases of the head and sinewes as the Epilepsie Lethargie and Palsie for it openeth the passages and dissipateth and consumeth the humours oppilating the nerues wherefore as it is a good sauce so is it also very medicinable It is a most wholsome sauce for them that bee phlegmaticke and that haue cold and moyst stomacks especially in a cold and moyst season but the often and much vse thereof is hurtfull vnto cholericke and dry bodies Orenges differ in their temperature according to the sweetnesse or sourenesse of their iuyce for the sourer the iuyce is the colder it is and the more penetrating but yet with the greater astriction following and the sweeter it is the more hot and lesse penetrating without any or little astriction concurring The sweet Orenges are not fit for sauce because they subuert the appetite and cause loathsomnesse in the stomacke yet to such as are of a melancholike temperature they are by reason of their temperate heat and sweetnesse somewhat profitable The soure Orenges are cold and dry in the second degree they quench thirst excite the appetite and represse cholericke vomitings they coarctate the breast and astringe the belly which are two pernicious properties wherefore they are greatly hurtfull to the phlegmatick and melancholike and them that are straight chested But sugar correcteth their aciditie and bringeth them to a better temperament They are conuenient for hot dry bodies so they be not affected with coarctation of the breast or astriction of the belly Those that are of a meanetaste betweene both that is neither too sowre nor too sweet are cold in the first degree and temperately dry they are best for sauce because they are more acceptable to the taste and more profitable to the stomacke They are profitable in feuers to extinguish thirst and inhibit the putrefaction of the humors Orenges sliced and sopped in Rose-water and sugar are very good to coole and refresh the stomacke in feuers and so they are also at other times for an hot and cholericke stomacke the pulpe or medullary substance of the Orenge is not good to bee eaten except of them that haue very hot and cholericke stomacks but the iuyce onely because it breedeth a crude and ill iuyce and is not easily digested Therindes of Orenges are hot in the first degree and dry in the second being preserued in sugar and taken in small quantity after meat they very greatly comfort a weake stomacke Limmons are like in nature vnto Orenges sauing that as they are sourer so are they colder ore pearcing wherfore the iuyce of them hath an admirable force of cutting penetrating extenuating and cooling it stirrtth vp the appetite comforteth the stomacke restraineth vomiting and is therefore very good for them that haue nauseatiue stomacks It mightily cutteth and attenuateth grosse humors asswageth thirst mitigateth the sharpnesse of choler and inhibiteth the encrease of it It also excellently cooleth and refresheth an hot liuer corroborateth the heart and is of singular efficacie against acute and malignant feuers for it defendeth the humours from putrefaction and correcteth those that are putrified There is not so pleasant a sauce to be found as this of the Limmon and it giueth a grace to all other sauces it is sourer then vinegar more cooling and more pearcing free from any acrimonious or mordicant quality and therefore more delectable and more wholsome then it It is for hot and cholerick stomacks the best sauce and against the vehemencie of choler there is not a better medicine for it mightily represseth and extinguisheth the feruent heat of it It is hurtfull to them that be phlegmatick and also to the aged except choler shall happen to domineire in their stomacks The Citron is like in nature to the Limmon but it is thought to haue a more speciall propertie against malignant and pestilentiall feuers and to comfort the heart The rindes and also the white pulpe of Citrons and Limmons preserued doe comfort the stomacke helpe the concoction corroborate the heart and are very good against melancholy Oliues if they be ripe are temperately hot they are eaten with salt of the inhabitants where they grow but they are neither good for sawce nor for meate for they weaken the stomacke and breed a putrible and vnwholsome nourishment But the greene and vnripe Oliues are cold and dry of an astringent facultie and these are the Oliues which are vsually eaten with meate to excite the appetite They are gathered while they be greene preserued in pickle and so transported They excite the appetite clense phlegme from the stomacke corroborate the mouth of it and stay vomiting but they are hardly digested excite thirst breed grosse and melancholicke humors and being abundantly eaten they cause headach and make the belly cosliue especially those that are preserued onely in salt wherefore they are not so wholsome a sawce as they are esleemed They are preserued onely in salt or in a pickle of salt and vinegar Those that are preserued in salt are hotter then the other for they are hot in the second degree and of greater force in clensing of phlegme from the stomacke and therefore they are best for them that be phlegmaticke and worst for the cholericke But those that are preserued in a pickle of vinegar and salt are of a more temperate nature they represse choler and stay vomiting more then the other doe and are conuenient for euery age and constitution especially for the cholericke and therefore they are

prouokè vrine the smell of them is comfortable to the braine Costmary is also called Alecoast and it doth well answer to the name for if it be ste●…ped a while in Ale or put into a vessell and Ale tunned thereunto as is vfually done in the making of Sage Ale it maketh a pleasant drinke and very comfortable to the stomacke braine and sinewes They are good for the aged and phlegmaticke but hurtfull to such as are young and of an hot and cholericke temperature Tansie is hot and dry in the beginning of the third degree it strengthneth the sinewes and is very profitable to the stomacke for it concocteth and scowreth downwards crude and phlegmaticke humors which adhere and cleaue thereunto From hence may be gathered that Tansies in the spring-time are very wholsome and good for the stomacke for the clean sing away of phlegme bred therein by the vse of fish in the Lent-season And heere many may see their errour detected that for the making of Tansies doe confusedly vse to giue onely vnto them a delightfull greene colour beside the iuyce of Tansie the iuyce of other hearbes perhaps altogether vnwholsome or at leastwise vnfit for the purpose But if any please to adde to the making of Tansies the iuyce of Sorrell they shall willingly haue my assent especially if they make them for such as are of a cholericke temperature The seede of Tansie is of singular force against wormes for in what sort soeuer it bee taken it killeth and expelleth them Tansie is conuenient for the phlegmaticke and the aged but hurtfull to young and cholericke bodies Clarie is hot and dry in the third degree the onely vse thereof is for the imbecility of the reines and for stopping of seminall fluxions for which it is very profitable being boyled in broths or any other way vsed Rocket and Tarragon are neere of one nature and quality hot and dry in the third degree but Tarragon in regard of the aromaticall and cardiacall sauour of it is to bee preferred before Rocket Among all hearbs of an acrimonious sauour and that are vsed insallads they may haue the preheminence especially Tarragon for by reason of its aromaticall and cardiacall quality it is much more comfortable to the stomacke heart and head then Rocket is They cut and extenuate phlegme in the stomacke excite the appetite and helpe the concoction They are good in sallads but not alone but ioyned with Lettuce Purselane and such colde hearbes for the qualifying of their acrimonious heat otherwise being eaten alone they distemper the liuer and cause head-ach Wherefore the best way to makesallads is to mingle hot hearbes and colde together except you will make them of purpose to coole or heat as the nature of the stomacke and temperature of body shall require Rocket and Tarragon are conuenient for the aged and phlegmaticke not not for the cholericke and such as are of hot temperature Towne-Cresses or as the vulgar sott doe pronounce Towne-karse is more biting in taste then Rocket or Tarragon and therefore more hot and drie It is eaten with other sallade hearbes but what way soeuer it be vsed it notably heateth a cold stomacke and liuer cutteth and attenuateth grosse humors mundifieth the lungs helpeth the Asthmaticke openeth and strengthneth the melt and is well neere as good and as effectuall against the Scuruie as Scuruie grasse It may not be eaten in sallads but in small quantitie and that with Lettuce and other cold hearbes for it will quickly offend the stomacke distemper the liuer inflame the bloud and annoy the head Water Cresse or Karsse is altogither of like nature and facultie as Towne-Karsse is and is also very effectuall against the stone They are good for the phlegmaticke aged and such as are subiect to obstructions Auens are hot in the end of the first degree and drie in the end of the second with a kinde of scowring or clensing qualitie they are very wholsome in pottage or physicall broths though they make them looke blacke for they clense away such things as adhere to the entrails and are good against cruditie or rawnesse of the stomacke windinesse of the belly or sides stopping of the liuer and clottered bloud in any inward part of the bodie especially being decocted in wine The roots of Auens are in the Autumne and Winter very profitable in physicall broths or other decoctions for all the purposes aforesaid They are good for euery season age and temperature sauing onely for the cholericke which are free from winde and obstructions of the entrailes Filipendula is hot and drie euen in the third degree of an opening and clensing qualitie and yet with some litle astriction adioyned Although this hearbe be in physicall vses cheifely profitable for the stone and strangurie yet I thought it meete because it is common in gardens not here to omit it Wherefore such as are subiect to the stone and strangurie may to their ease and comfort vse the herbe in their pottage broths or possets Cheruill is of a temperate heat and moderate drinesse it is an hearbe exceeding good and wholsome very pleasant to the taste delightsome to the stomacke and comfortable to the spirits and senses It may be vsed in pottage broths and sallads c. In sallads with other hearbs it is most acceptable by reason that it giueth vnto them a very pleasant and delicate relish but for sallads the seeds while they are greene or the round tufts ór heads which conteine the seede doe farre excell the leaues which for pleasantnes of taste sweetnes of smell and wholsomnes for euery age and temperature do also excell all other sallade hearbes And to be eaten by themselues as a sallade with Oyle omphacine vinegar and pepper they exceede any other sallade for a cold and feeble stomacke The roots of Cheruill boyled and after dressed as the cunning Cooke best knoweth or onely eaten in manner of a sallade with oyle and vinegar are singularly good and wholsome for weake and aged people and for such as are dull and without courage for they delight the stomacke reioyce and comfort the heart increase strength excite Venus and depell old age Wormewood is hot and drie in the end of the second degree it hath a clensing facultie with some astriction adioyned it is marueilous profitable to a weake stomacke that is troubled with choler for it clenseth it through its bitternesse and by reason of the binding qualitie it also strengthneth and comforteth the stomacke Moreouer it is good against windinesse and griping paines of the stomacke and belly it strengthneth the liuer and riddeth it of obstruction and the bloud of putrefaction clensing by vrine naughtie cholericke and superfluous humors It also helpeth the spleene when it is ouer-charged or filled with grosse feculent bloud by causing it to passe downeward by the stoole togither with the excrements Wherefore in regard of the great commoditie that Wormewood bringeth

the meats Wherefore you must consider whether the meat be correspondent to the stomacke or not As whether a drie meat be taken into a drie stomacke or a moyst for if a drie meat be receiued into a drie stomacke then the drinke is to be increased but if it be receiued into a moyst stomacke then the drinke is to be taken in the same measure as if both stomack and meat were of an indifferent temperature In like manner the substance of the meat ought to be considered whether it be grosse or thin if grosse then a larger quantitie of drinke for the concocting and distributing of it is necessarie if thin then a lesse portion will susfice The like Indication may be taken from the disposition of the stomacke which if it be subiect to laxitie then a lesse portion of drinke if to stypticitie then a greater is to be assumed The second thing that is to bee obserued in the vse of drinke is that the drinke be attempered to the temperature of the aire of the season of the countrey of the meats and of the person receiuing it for by this meanes the natiue heat will bee the better moderated and the body consequently preserued in a sound and healthy temperature The third thing which concerning the vse of drinke those that are studious of their health ought to obserue is that they wholly betwixt dinner and supper abstaine from drinke excepting onely a Dilutiue draught whereof I will heereafter speake because it breedeth crudities except necessity as sometime in them that bee cholericke or custome shall require it the later of which notwithstanding is vicious and therefore by little and little to bee relinquished Whether the drinking of wine at meales onely betweene the eating and not also before and after meale bee expedient and profitable for the body THE wholsomnesse of wine in helping the concoction nutrition and exhilarating the spirits and heart moderately taken at meale as the temperature of the body and time of yeere shall require is so well and commonly knowen as that it needeth not any demonstration But whether it bee expedient to drinke wine presently before and after meale it is a matter not so euident In my iudgement the whole determination of this doubt is to bee gathered from the nature of the wine and from the temperature of the stomacke and disposition of the body that taketh it For example sake The drinking of wine before meale is not conuenient for them that are young or for any that haue hot stomacks because it will distemper the liuer cause in flammations and consequently marre the concoction of the meats But for olde men and all such as haue colde stomacks a little draught of Sacke or of any other wine of like nature is very profitable before meales because it discusseth windy crudities exciteth the appetite and fortifieth the naturall heat for concoction yet with this prouiso that they euen forthwith goe to their meale for otherwise it will by euaporation greatly offend the head But verily I suppose the drinking of White or Rhenish wine with a Limmon sliced and macerated therein and a little also of the choycest sugar added thereto especially if the Drinker bee of a tender pallate to bee very wholsome and good as a preparatiue draught before meales for all bodies except for such as are subiect to a defluxion of humours or else abound with much moysture and crudity especially for such as are subiect to obstructions because it cleanseth away slimie humours adhering to the stomacke openeth the obstructions of the mesaraicke veines of the milt of the liuer and of the reines exciteth the appetite and erecteth the digestiue faculty of the stomack As concerning the drinking of wine immediately after meale there are some that do altogether prohibit it and not without good reason becauseit hurteth the braine and sinewes by euaporating from the stomacke yet by their leaue a little draught of Sacke or of any other wine of like nature may not be hurtfull but rather oftentimes very profitable to them that haue colde and weake stomacks so they bee not affected with infirmities of the head and sinewes because it helpeth the concoction by comforting the stomacke and repairing the naturall heat But the drinking of a great draught is in no wise expedient because it subuerteth the concoction by causing the meat to passe from the stomacke indigested and greatly also offendeth the head with acute vapours Whether it be profitable or in any sort necessary for such as are in health to drinke betweene meales I Answer that it is very hurtfull to drinke betweene meales so long as the meats that haue beene taken remaine vndigested in the stomacke and not past the first concoction except great thirst and siccity of the stomacke and throte shall require it and then onely a little is to bee taken that the drinesse may bee somewhat mitigated because it interrupteth and confoundeth the concoction by disturbing the naturall heat that is in working and consequently maketh the body to abound with crudities But after that the meat is concocted and descended from the stomacke which will bee in three or foure houres after the meale it is good to drinke one meetly large draught of White or Rhenish Wine or stale Beere or of Sacke so the person that take it be of a colde constitution and so much the rather if hee bee aged and the season of the yeere also colde to wash and cleanse out of the stomacke the reliques of the meats and to cause a more facile and speedy distribution or passage of the meats concocted through the mesaraicke veines vnto the liuer Wherefore this drinking of Wine or Beere betweene meales as the constitution of the body shall require may well bee termed both dilutiue and dilatiue and is good for all men especially for such as are subiect to obstructions of the stomacke and mesaraicke veines that conueigh the alimentary chyle or iuyce which commeth of the meats concocted in the stomacke to the liuer to be made bloud Whether the custome of drinking fasting in the mornings and and like wise evenings even at the time of going to bed bee to be approoued and consented vnto THE custome of drinking in the mornings fasting a large draught of White wine of Rhenish wine or of Beere hath almost with all men so farre preuailed as that they iudge it a principall meanes for the preseruation of their health whereas in very deede it is being without respect had of the state or constitution of the body inconsiderately vsed the occasion of much hurt and discommodity For conuelling therefore of this vaine custome I answer that the drinking of a large draught fasting of the aforesayd Wines or of stale Beere if it shall be more agreeable to the body is onely good for them that are of an hot and dry constitution or subiect to obstructions so they be not of a very cold and moyst temperature that the siccity of the stomacke may bee

it doth plainely appeare that of the same a temperate mediocritie in caliditie frigiditie humiditie and siccitie as much as possibly may be besides the lucide and cleare substance of it is for the preseruation of health to be desired because such aire doth cause and conserue the health of the inhabitants For nothing verily causeth the bodie more liuely and iocunde and lesse dull and vnapt about the voluntarie and animall motions then to liue in a pure cleare and temperate aire which hath in it no mixture of any filthy or offensiue vapour And there are two things that doe plainely manifest the wholsomnes of such aire as first places free from very low valleys and moores and foggie mistes in the night then the bodies of the inhabitants as an acute wit a sound and liuely colour a stable integritie of the head quicke sight perfect hearing sound smelling cleare voice and no difficultie of breathing or vnlustinesse of the limmes For by these signes the wholsomnesse of the aire is approued and by the contrary the offensiue and noisome breath thereof is detected But seeing that it is not euery mans lot to liue in a pure and healthy aire and such is the necessitie of the aire that euen for a moment of time it cannot be eschewed it must needs follow that from it our bodies receiue very great alterations Wherefore the euillnesse of the aire being knowne and the alteration which it maketh in our bodies considered it may be easie in our meat drinke exercise c. to obiect the contray which may much hinder infringe and attemper the action and power of the aire but yet I counsell all such as are truly generous that they make their habitations so much as may be remote from low fennie and moorish places for the health of the bodie ought to be preferred before any pecuniarie profits Whether the habitation that is somewhat eminent be for health the best approued WIth good reason did our Auncestors build their houses towards the South and the North because through the northerne windowes the north winde might in the summer passe in to coole the bloomie aire in them and that the sunne which rectifieth the aire might through the southerne windowes in the winter enter into euery roome For otherwise they cannot haue the benigne and sweet aspect of the sunne and the pleasant and healthfull blasts of the North winde at those distinct times of the yeare But they did for the most part euilly set them more regarding their commoditie then health in deepe and crooked places because in such places they cannot be freely perflated and purified with the winds Neither is that house or place of ha●…itation to be commended that lyeth open to the West because it is perpetually subiect to the moist and excrementall blasts of the West winde But in mine opinion those houses and habitations are best which are somewhat eminently situated on pure firme ground far off from low marish or other filthy places for there the aire is for the most part temperate subtile and pure seldome infected with vaporous blasts hauing springs or brookes of pure water neere adioyning lying open to the South and East with hills which may somewhat hinder and keepe backe the vaporous West winde and the sharpe North winde in the winter a little remote on the West and North side hauing windowes looking not onely towards the South and North for the reasons aforesaid but also so much as may be towards the East because the sunne in the beginning of the day arising vpon them doth excellently clarifie and purge the aire of them and is all the day after better exposed to the most wholesome blasts of the East winde But here aduertisement must be giuen that the Easterne windowes or casements be not set open before the Sunne hath somewhat purged the aire and dissipated the clowds especially in moyst seasons for the morning aire by reason of the coldnesse and moysture of the night is grosse and impure very hurtfull to them that haue weake braines subiect vnto rheumes vntill it be illustrated by the presence of the Sunne and purified by his heat and splendor And heere I would not that the Reader should so conceiue me as that I iudge the West-winde to be at no time wholsome verily I thinke nothing lesse for it is somtimes wholsome enough as if in the time of its blowing the aire be bright and cleere especially if it blow in the declining of the day and the beginning of the night for then it is the purer and lesse grosse by reason of the presence of the Sunne in the west part which attenuateth the blasts of it Wherefore I doe conclude that in an house to the end it may be perflable it is expedient to haue windowes on euery side which may ad placitum bee opened and shut vp againe Why are those that inhabit eminent places in a free and open aire of a more long and healthy life and also of a more acute generous and magnificent minde then those that inhabit crooked low and marish places THis question consisteth of two parts the reason of the first is because the aire in eminent and open places both by reason of the continuall motion of it as also of the firme solidity of the earth is more subtill and pure whereby it commeth to passe that the inhabitants are euen to extreme old age seene to enioy very good and perfect health But in crooked low and marish places for such verily are the spirits as is the aire which is inspirated the Inhabitants are sickly and haue turbid and obfuscated spirits by reason of the grosnesse and impurity of the aire For impure grosse and intemperate aire doth corrupt the spirits and humours from whence proceede infinite diseases and vntimely old age Therefore eminent Regions because they are with pure windes freely perflated are more healthy then low and marish places and in them men liue not onely more healthfully but also longer and from hence it was that Plato wrote that hee euer found the longest liuers in high and temperate Regions Therefore hee that desireth to liue a long and healthy life must dwell in an eminent and champion countrey or at least in a place that is free from muddie and waterish impurities for it is impossible that a man should liue long and healthily in a place where the spirits are with impure aire daily affected Wherefore I counsell them that wish to enjoy true health and a firme state of body to take speciall care that they liue not in waterish places or in a grosse corrupt and filthy aire or otherwise subiect to vaporous blasts which annoy the spirits breede rheumes and are very pernicious to the lungs Now the reason of the second is euident by that which hath beene shewed concerning the former for those that liue in eminent and champion countries by reason of the tenuitie puritie and wholsomnesse of the aire in such places haue cleare

although it be to some mens pallats very pleasant and acceptable yet it is to the bodie vnprofitable because it breedeth flatulent and obstructiue humors In like manner bread that is stale and growne dry because it hath lost his naturall temperature is vnprofitable for it is hardly digested and yeeldeth litle nourishment and the same not good but melancholick Wherefore it followeth that the bread ought not to be too olde nor too new and to auoide all the aforesaid discommodities I hold that the bread ought to be kept the space of 24 houres or at least one night in some cold place after the baking before it be eaten and also that it be not aboue two or three dayes olde in the summer especially if it be made in the forme of manchet or smaller loaues nor aboue foure or fiue dayes olde in the winter for by how much more it is dryed and indurated by so much the worse it nourisneth and is of harder concoction Whether Bisket Bread yeeld to the bodie any profitable nourishment BIsket bread is onely profitable for the phlegmaticke and them that haue crude and moist stomacks and that desire to grow leane because it is a very great dryer and therefore let such as are cholericke and melancholicke beware how they vse it The like may be said of the crust of bread for it is also very hardly digested and breedeth choler adust and melancholike humors Wherefore let the vtmost and harder part of the crust be chipped away of which let such as are by nature cholericke and melancholicke haue speciall care But it is good for the phlegmaticke for such as haue ouer-moist stomacks and yet healthy and desirous to grow leane to eat crusts after meat the very superficiall and burnt part of them onely chipped away because they presse downe the meate and strengthen the mouth of the stomacke by drying vp the superfluous moisture of it OF THE DIVERS kindes of Drinke SECT II. Whether it be wholsome for northerne people that inhabit cold countries to drinke water at their meales in steed of Beere ALthough Water bee the most ancient drinke and to those that inhabit hot countries profitable and familiar by reason of the parching heat of the ambient aire which doth exceedingly heat inflame and dry their bodies yet to such as inhabit cold countries and especially not accustomed therunto nor the constitution impensiuely hot requiring and forcing the same it is by the contrarie in no wise agreeable for it doth very greatly deiect their appetite destroy the naturall heat and ouerthrow the strength of the stomacke and consequently confounding the concoction is the cause of crudities fluctuations and windinesse in the bodie What in generall are the commodities of wine MAnie and singular are the commodities of wine for it is of it selfe the most pleasant liquour of all other and was made from the beginning to exhilarate the heart of man It is a great encreaser of the vitall spirits and a wonderfull restorer of all powers and actions of the bodie it verie greatly helpeth concoction distribution and nutrition mightily strengtheneth the naturall heat openeth obstructions discusseth windinesse taketh away sadnesse and other hurts of melancholy induceth boldnesse and pleasant behauiour sharpeneth the wit abundantly reuiueth feeble spirits excellently amendeth the coldnesse of old age and correcteth the tetrick qualities which that age is subiect vnto and to speake all in a word it maketh a man more couragious and liuely both in minde and body These are in generall the commodities of wine which are so to be vnderstood as that a meane and frugality bee had in the vse of it notintemperancie and drunkennesse otherwise what can be more hurtfull then wine seeing that the same immoderately taken destroyeth the life and prosperous health disturbeth the reason dulleth the vnderstanstanding confoundeth the memorie causeth the lethargie palsie trembling of the hands and a generall weaknesse of the sinewes Wherefore let wine bee moderately vsed that neither distillation nor inflammation nor exiccation or drunkennesse follow for if it be taken beyond measure it will not be a remedie and confort for the strength but rather a poyson and vtter ouerthrow But seeing that there are diuers sorts of wine and the same not indifferently agreeable to euerie age and constitution I will therefore that euery man may make choyse of those wines that are best agreeable for him speake of the particular differences of them according to their seuerall qualities especially of such wines as with vs are most vsuall White-wine and Rhenish-wine doe least of all wines heat and nourish the bodie they consist of a thin and penetrating substance wherefore they are quickly concocted and very speedily distributed into all parts of the body and therefore they lesse annoy the head then any other vrine They cut and attenuate grosse humors prouoke vrine and cleanse the bloud by the reines They moysten the bodie and canse sleepe mitigate the paines of the head proceeding from a great heat of the stomacke but especially the Rhenish wine They are most accommodate for those that are young for hot constitutions for hot countries and for the hot times of the yeere and for those that would bee leane and slender They are lesse hurtfull for such as are feuorous then other wines are but being well mixed with water they are very profitable for all hot distemperatures It is verie expedient to drinke White-wine or Rhenish-wine in the morning fasting and also a little before dinner and supper with a limmon macerated therein and the iuyce pressed forth especially for them that haue hot and drie stomackes or are subiect to obstructions of the stomacke of the mesaraicke veines of the liuer and of the reines for it greatly refresheth an hot and dry stomacke stirreth vp the appetite cleanseth away the sl mie superfluities of the stomacke mesaraicke veines and other obstructiue matter in the passages by way of vrine But it is very hurtfull to drinke White-wine or Rhenish-wine with meat or at the meales or presently after meale except for such as are affected with too much astriction of the stomacke because they deturbe the meats from the stomacke before they are concocted and so cause them to passe crude and indigested whereby it commeth to passe that the whole bodie doth greatly abound with flateous crudities White and Rhenish wines are very pernicious for such as are rheumaticke and subiect to fluxion of humors into the ioynts or other parts of the body and therfore let such very carefully eschew the vse of them Claret wine is very neere of a temperate nature and somewhat of an astringent faculty as the sauour of it doth plainely shew it breedeth good humours greatly strengtheneth the stomacke quencheth thirst stirreth vp the appetite helpeth the concoction and exhilarateth the heart it is most profitable for them that are of an hot constitution for young men and for them that haue hot stomackes which it doth excellently

and fluxes of the belly There are also other sorts of wines altering according to the diuers nature of the vine soyle and aire whose differences may by their colour taste and consistence easily bee discerned And heere I would haue you generally to obserue in the vse of wines that those wines which are more milde temperate and least assaulting the head are more wholsome for the body and those more hurtfull that are strong acute and vaporous especially if there bee not a meane in the vse of them and a respect also of the age complexion and time of the yeere Moreouer it is to be vnderstood that wines differ very much according to their age for wines that are new are vnwholsome and the more new the more vnwholsome for they haue in them little heat and consist of a grosse and excrementall substance wherefore they doe not help but much hinder the concoction and distribution cause fluctuations in the body and cholick-torments and abundantly breede obstructions of the liuer milt and reines But their superfluous and excrementall moysture is in processe of time concocted and ouercome of the heat and then they become more hot more pure and much more wholsome And heere it is to be obserued that all wines haue not the same time of continuance for there are some which by reason of the weaknesse of their heat cannot long bee kept as Whitewine Rhenish wine and Claret for these and such like doe in six or seuen moneths or within according to the smalnesse of them attaine vnto the height of their goodnesse and after a yeere doe begin to decline and lose much of their goodnesse especially the smaller sort of them But the stronger sorts of wines as Sacke Muskadell Malmesey c. are best when they are two are three yeares old for these by reason of their strong heat doe a long time reserue their perfect vigor And as these wines being too new are vnwholsome so bee they also if they be too old as when they haue passed foure or fiue yeeres because they heat beyond measure for the older they grow the more heat they acquire and in processe of time the siccitie of them is correspondent to their heat Wherefore such wines are rather meerely to bee reputed among medicaments then aliments because they haue a farre greater faculty of altering the bodie vnto heat and siccity then they haue of nourishing The vse of them especially if it be often is hurtfull to the sinewes and an enemy to procreation because they dry vp the geniture perturbe the vnderstanding and by reason of their tart and vehement fumes affect the membranes of the braine with a cruell pungitiue paine They are only in the way of physicke good for weake and moyst bodies that are decayed of their naturall heat Wherefore wines that are ouer old or too new are to bee eschewed for those doe too much heat and these doe nothing at all so long as they bee new and are so farre away from helping the concoction as that euen themselues are with difficulty digested It remaineth therefore that neither the wine which is too new nor that which is too old but that which is a meane betweene both to be the most wholsome But whereas it hath beene sayd before that new wines breede obstructions it is not so generally to bee taken as that all new wines doe breede obstructions but that is to be vnderstood of the must of sweeter wines which haue in them no mixture of nitrous or biting lees for such verily doe breede grosse flateous and obstructiue humors But those wines of which sort are White and Rhenish wines that haue in them any mixture of nitrous lees are so farre off from breeding obstructions as that nothing can be more contrary to their nature because ●…hey prouoke vrine and strongly moue to stoole which they performe especially through the acrimonie of the lees and also through the aboundance of winde which they breede Wherefore those new wines alone are drunke without hurt or with least which consist of a thin substance with nitrous lees of which sort as I haue said are White and Rhenish wines and these by reason of their qualitie of cooling moistning and of mouing the belly may be good for young men that haue hot stomacks and such as are cholericke by constitution but are very hurtfull for olde men and such as are phlegmaticke so long as they are new and not perfectly purged from their dregs Very well therefore said Galen that must or new wine hath no other vse but to moue the belly which facultie if it want it is extreamely ill and hurtfull to the bodie How many precepts ought there to be obserued in the exhibiting of pure wine in respect of the age FIue The first is that it be not giuen vnto children for this will be as if you should adde fire vnto fire for they being of hot and moist temperature would thereby become ouer hot and their heads also filled with vapors whereof ensue many euills and sometimes the falling sicknesse The second is that it be not giuen to youths as from 14 yeares of age vnto 25 for wine is vnto them most repugnant because it doth aboue measure heate their hastie hot and agitating nature and extimulate them like madde men vnto enormious and outragious actions The third is that it be very moderately giuen and that not too often vnto young men as from 25 yeares of age vnto 35 and that it be also of the smaller sorts of wines as Claret c especially if they are of hot constitution for otherwise it will make them prone vnto wrath and vnlawfull desires dull the wit and confound the memorie The uforth is that it be more liberally giuen vnto them that are in their manhood and constant age as from 35 yeares vnto 50 and let such when they are past forty yeares of age begin to make much of the vse of wine and yet if they be of hot constitutions let them abstaine from the stronger sorts of wines especially from the often vse of them because they will be offensiue vnto the head and sinewes The fifth is that it be giuen with a liberall hand vnto olde men and that also of the stronger sorts of wines especially when they are in the latter part of old age as from 60 yeares vpward vnto the end of their life For vnto old men there come foure excellent commodities by the vse of pure wine The first and greatest commoditie seeing that they are cold and for the most part almost without good alimentall bloud is because it greatly correcteth the coldnes of their age and bringeth them vnto a better temperature of heat with increase of bloud The second because it expelleth sadnes and melancholy whereunto that age is most subiect The third is because it maketh them to sleepe well which by reason of the siccitie of the braine and paucitie of vapors many olde men