any other parts and why in tract of time it vanisheth of its own accord but yet wil not in the least yield unto those Remedies that cal it forth and such as we cal Alexipharmaca or Counterpoysons and lastly from whence it obtaineth that notable and altogether to be admired power of Conglutinating For neither can these be referred unto the manifest qualities of any one humor the first or second although true it is that according to the generating of these depraved humors more or less the evil may possibly creep more or less and be more or less confirmed This may wholly be said which is likewise usual in the explaining of al other poysons that those Waters and the exhalations thereof are infected with a poyson endued with this property that it is more annoying unto the head is fixed more pertinaciously unto the root of the hairs bindeth them together most strongly and wonderfully writheth them and most obstinately resisteth all kind of Remedies whatsoever by reason that the peculiar nature and generation of this poyson is altogether unknown insomuch that this Noble man seemed to have said but the very truth unto me that some Boors there were within his Territories that had discovered more of the original of Plica as also of the progress and Cure thereof than those Authors that had written concerning the same none of which have as yet been so successful as to restore unto perfect health any one that hath been afflicted with this Plica But for the Scurvy it is to be esteemed a far more grievous Malady in regard that it creepeth into the whol blood and the corruption thereof prevailing and getting strength may at length cause death unto the party therewith affected which the Plica if let alone without cure and not medled withal never yet did unto any So that this Noble person is not without good cause very much perplexed and troubled as touching this his Malady being in good earnest grieved that there is hardly any regard had unto this Affect in this City where there hath scarcely ever yet been seen at any time any one infected with the Scurvy And I for my own part although I have seen two Hollanders and one English man both at Venice and at Padua also al three of them affected with an exquisite Scurvy yet I neither expect nor desire that any Credit should be given unto what I say but yet notwithstanding from what I find written touching the Scurvy by Forestus Eugalenus and Sennertus most truly and according to what they had seen and found attested by many Histories I shal presume and that very confidently to affirm that this illustrious Lord is at present much afflicted with the Scurvy For excepting only the swelling of the Lips and the flagginess of the putrid Gums the Accidents of the Scurvy confirmed al other signs and tokens of the Scurvy are present to wit the much and long use in former time of salted and smoke-dried flesh unto which the Soldiery in the Septentrional parts are extreamly addicted add unto this the loosness of the Teeth with some kind of itching in the Gums the continual great lassitude and weariness of the parts and especially of the internal the extension of the left Hypochondrium and the Mesentery and the broad Efflorescencies one while wan and other whiles red budding forth continually here and there throughout the whol body without any Feaver which is conceived to be a Pathognomick Symptom of the Scurvy Unto this we may add that this illustrious person about some three yeers since was apparently affected with the Scurvy and that the Physitian who then had him in cure being most expert in the knowledg of the Scurvy told him plainly and freely at his departure that the reliques and remainders of the Scurvy were not in the least to be sleighted by him but upon al occasions opportunely to be prevented But perhaps the Italian Physitians do therefore sleight and but little account of the name of the Scurvy in regard that they are of opinion that al the aforesaid accidents may be al of them referred unto those causes that are evident and not called by unusual names and such as in former times were not so much as ever heard of For the redundance of the adust Melancholy which is much defiled with Ichores and thin Excrements which said redundance of Melancholy and other the said humors that they are at present to be found in this illustrious Lord is manifestly shewn by the boyling heat of his Liver the weakness of the Spleen the familiar flux of the Haemorrhoids and the frequent use of meats salt and earthy may possibly breed and produce a lassitude and litherness but more especially in the internal parts unto which the humor by its weight and heaviness naturally tendeth Unto al this it may be added that it much impaireth the strength and natural powers enervates and weakens the body and extenuateth the same by corrupting the Aliment it extendeth likewise the Natural Bowels by its great plenty and thickness and obstructeth the same by the admixture of the diffused Ichorous Excrements with the overhot blood Neither are we at al to wonder that various spots arise since that both by its own proper thinness that more hot part of the adust humor is easily carried forth unto the outside of the body and that the expulsive faculty of the internal Bowels being irritated it is no hard matter for it to be purged forth through the loose skin being porous and weak And therefore to me there seemeth to be no cause why we should abuse the new and unusual name of the Scurvy in the explaining of things so wel known But how many sick persons have been most miserably cast away through this kind of reasoning we may every where read in those Authors that have written touching the Scurvy who all of them with one consent affirm that never any yet being affected with the Scurvy and having had administred unto him only these remedies that have acted by a manifest quality and such as were proper to evacuate and temper Melancholy adust and to take away the obstructions of the Bowels although administred by the most able and expert Physitians was thereby perfectly cured in regard that the Melancholy blood in this Disease contracteth a corruption peculiar and such as cannon wel be expressed which ought to be removed and taken away by those Alexipharmaca that are fit and proper for it and that otherwise irritate and enrage adust Melancholy if we regard the manifest qualities For Spoonwort or Scurvy-grass Water Pimpernel and certain kinds of the Cresses and Water Parsley al of them being most sharp and unto which alone the Scurvy giveth place seeing that they attain unto the third degree of heat and greatly dry they would vehemently increase the vices of the adust Melancholy and al the causes thereof unless by their Alexipharmick quality they opposed the corruption of the Scorbutick blood And that the
parts are as I may so say embrued with blood yet notwithstanding there is a certain order observed to wit that some of the parts should sooner receive the fluxion and others of them not til afterward until that at length all of them come to be replenished and distended by the humor Now this kind of order wholly depends upon the natural distribution of the greater Vessels conteining the blood For whereas the Veins and Arteries when they first of all make their entrance into the aforesaid Vessels are evermore the larger and by how much the deeper they are distributed thereinto so much the less they are all this while there ariseth no Inflammation unless it so chance that the blood be emptied forth into those smallest Veins and again happen to fall out of them And this that hath been said manifestly appears unto those that by an exact and accurate inspection take a right view of those very little and almost imperceptible Veins that are branched forth and extended unto that Tunicle of the Eye which Oculists usually call Adnate or Conjunctive For these indeed do evermore convey blood unto the Eye for its nourishment and yet notwithstanding whilest that the Eye is free from distemper they are so exceeding smal that they can hardly be discern'd by the sharpest sighted Eye But then so soon as the Eye is inflamed those slender Veins are preternaturally replenished with blood then they shew themselves and become very conspicuous And it is most agreeable to truth that thus it should be also in al other Inflammations whatsoever they be But as yet there is no Inflammation present albeit the lesser Veins are even filled up with blood until that at length by and thorow them the blood be derived into the remaining substance of the parts which may be done two waies For in the first place the blood is emptied forth by those very smal and most inconsiderable orifices of the Veins by which the Veins do as it were gape open themselves into the surrounding substance of the part that so thereby the blood may through them the more easily drop forth for nutrition or nourishment Moreover likewise it strains and sweats through by the Tunicles of the Veins for even the Tunicles of the Veins are in like manner so framed by nature that they are not without their pores through which if not the blood it self yet certainly the ferosity or wheyiness thereof and its thinner part is exâ—udated or sweated forth by a kind of percolation From what hath been hitherunto spoken the distinction of the conjunct cause from the cause meerly antecedent in an Inflammation is sufficiently apparent For the blood which we have asserted to be the cause of a Phlegmone doth in a double respect take upon it self the virtue and Nature of a cause For either it is the next conteining and conjunct cause of which we have hitherto discoursed to wit as it hath already flown into the part and is irremovably impacted therein so far forth that it actually elevates that same part into a Tumor or else it is the antecedent foregoing cause to wit The antecedent cause of an Inflammation as by reason of its abounding in the body it hath a power of slowing into and by its influx of lifting up the part into a Tumor or Swelling The which antecedent Cause in an Inflammation like as also in other Tumors fals again under a twofold consideration to wit either in regard of the Affect simply considered as it is to follow upon this cause which it hath a power to excite although as yet it hath no being in the body And so a Plethory which is an extream and overgreat fulness of good and laudable blood is very frequently present in the body albeit an Inflammation doth not instantly ensue thereupon Or else secondly it is considerable as preceding and foregoing the affect that already hath a being and is already actually existent in the Body to wit when as the Blood now floweth to the exciting and augmenting of the Tumor Which to speak truth is more rightly stiled the antecedent cause then was the former since that this latter hath respect unto an effect already present but the former relates only unto an affect which hapneth in the future time But this antecedent cause that it may flow together unto the place affected it is thereunto moved and stirred up by other means whilst that it is either transmitted from some where else or else attracted by the part it self for those very causes we have hitherto been treating of and explaining But now for those Causes which we commonly term Procatartick The remote Causes more remote and primitive they are such as either conduce to the breeding of a copious and a plentiful blood as do al meats of good and much juyce an easie and idle kind of life and other such like requisites Or else they are such as render the blood more acrimonious and sharp as do all things that cause heat al acid and tart aliments wrath watchings stirrings and exercises in the extreme or else such as excite and stir up the blood to move unto the part affected as doth the overgreat heat of the part pain proceeding from a wound from a fall from contusion or beating from a fracture from disjoyntures and the like causes or else the weakness and imbecillity of the part affected receiving compared and considered in reference to the vigour and strength of those other parts which transmit the abundant store of hot blood unto the aggrieved part Notwithstanding an Inflammation never happeneth to be generated by a leisurely and gradual storing up of blood but it is evermore bred by a sudden and thronging affluence and influx of the said blood For although it may so chance that some kind of Humor may sensibly and by degrees be collected in some one part which being heaped up as aforesaid may afterward begin to excite a certain kind of pain in the part yet notwithstanding al this an Inflammation is never produced until such time as the pain gives cause sufficient that a more plenteous store of blood should forthwith and very easily make its approach Notwithstanding we are to take notice That although the Blood be the containing and antecedent Cause of an Inflammation yet notwithstanding we say that a Cacochymy or a depraved ill digestion and more especially sharp and cholerick humors are the prime and principal cause that the blood be moved unto the part affected in those Inflammations which are excited without any apparent cause as Wounds Contusions and such like For so it is That when Nature is twinged and pulled by such like Humors and yet notwithstanding is unable altogether to expel them out of the body to the end that she may free the principal parts from the danger impending by reason of them she assays to thrust them forth unto the external and less principal parts the which when it is not able to accomplish
and Chap. 8. maketh a twofold sort of this Tumor differing according to the Nature and quality of their Causes The one he deriveth from cholerick blood the other from a salt and nitrous Flegm but this more rare Others there are that assert that this kind of Tumor doth arise from an exhalation or vapour of hot fervent Blood or else the admixture of the Cholerick and Salt humors The Causes Whosoever knoweth and understandeth the Nature of serous wheyish humors wil not deny that such like Tubercles may possibly be excited from serous or wheyish humors being such as are sharp and easily moved and likewise such as without much ado vanish and are discussed Which appeareth and may be confirmed even from hence that this Malady may be and is removed especially by Venesection or blood-letting which said Venesection doth chiefly and principally qualifie and allay that extream and fervent heat of the serous and wheyish part of the blood Yet notwithstanding the itch that is somtimes greater and somtimes less likewise teacheth us that there is not one alone difference of this wheyish humor but that somtimes this said whey is more mild and moderate and somtimes again more sharp and hot somtimes thinner and somtimes thicker as likewise thus much which I my self have very often observed that these Tubercles while the the Patients are in a hot place they then break forth and appear and that when they expose themselves unto a cold Air the Essere then vanish and as soon again on the contrary to bud forth in the cold Air and to vanish in a hot place the former whereof seemeth from hence to happen to wit because the humor is very thin and moveable and therefore is instantly driven in again by the cold ambient Air but the latter because the Humor is not altogether so movable and thin but somwhat more thick which for that very cause cannot transpire in a cold Air but in a hotter Air it wil transpire or breathe through But this wheyish and thin Humor is for the most part generated from the fault of the Liver which from some preternatural cause is disposed to generate and breed this humor Now that said Humor waxeth extreamly hot from the Causes Procatartick as they cal them that stir and move the blood And this happeneth likewise in the Winter time and in cold Regions rather than in hot Signs Diagnostick It is easily known by those notes and marks that are above mentioned to wit there somtimes goeth before an Ulcerous Lassitude and then there break forth in the whol body itchy Pustules as if the party had been pricked by Bees or stung with Nettles The Prognosticks 1. These Tubercles vanish of their own accord within a very short space although there be no course taken for the curing of them and they are not suppurated neither doth there issue forth of them any humidity at al. And if this should somtimes so happen yet this chanceth rather by reason of the scratching of them and also from the vehemency of the Itch which is extream troublesom to the sick persons than by means of the Tumor 2. Somtimes these Essere go before Cholerick Feavers and therefore such as are very frequently molested and grieved with these Tubercles ought not in any case to neglect the Cure lest that they fal into Feavers and some more grievous Disease The Cure For the most part there is no need at al to administer Topicks but if the fervent heat of the Blood and Humors be by Venesection and the administring of Medicaments that alter qualified and kept under the Tubercles wil then soon vanish and the smoothness and Natural color will forthwith return unto the Skin To wit in the first place a Vein is to be opened and so much of the blood drawn forth as the state and condition of the body requireth And afterwards if there be any need at al thereof the Cholerick and wheyish Humor is to be drawn forth by Tamarinds Myrobalans Rheubarb afterward let there be administred the Juyce and Syrup of Pomegranates Ribes Syrup de Agresta or Varjuyce Whey with the Emulsion of the four cold seeds and the like Milk tart and sowr c. It is likewise very requisite to put the sick person into a Bath of warm Water Let his Diet likewise be cooling and moistening Chap. 27. Of Scabies or Scabbiness SCabies or Scabbiness ariseth likewise from adust matter as doth also the Itch that is as it were a certain Praeludium and forerunner of Scabbiness and the like Affects Now Scabies by the Greeks and Latines is called Psora an Affect sufficiently known in the which there is not only present some kind of foulness and deformity of the body but a distemper also even of the very Skin together with a swelling and exulceration from whence it is that the actions of the Skin are likewise hurt But more especially in the Scabies or Scabbiness the top and utmost part of the Skin is affected insomuch that out of it as Galen tels us in his fourth upon the Aphorisms and the 17. Aphor. there is some such like thing cast forth that beareth a likeness and resemblance with the casting of Serpents From whence it likewise differeth from the Itch for in the Itch there is only a roughness of the Skin in which there is nothing that fals off notwithstanding the scratching whereas in the Scabies there is not only a roughness of the Skin but likewise a distemper with a swelling from which by scratching the bran-like bodies are easily and readily separated and together with them divers Ichores likewise and filthy purulent Excrements The Causes But what the Cause of the Scabies is in this Authors seem not so wel to agree Galen in his Book of Tumors Chap. 1. 3. tels us that Sabies also and Lepra are Melancholick Affects and likewise in the seventh Sect. Aphor. 40. that Cancers Elephantiases Lepra's and Psora's are al of them Melancholy Affects and the same he also tels us in other places But Avicen in the seventh Book of his fourth Tome Tract 3. Chap. 6. writeth that the matter of Scabies is the blood with the which Choler is mingled and that converted into Melancholy or salt flegm and with him the other Arabian Physitians agree But the very truth is that although in the Scabies the humor be not alwaies one and the same yet in every Scabies there is some kind of mixture of the adust and melancholy hot and dry humor And furthermore there is one sort of Scabies that is moist another that is dry The moist in the which there sloweth forth a certain matter that is moist and withal rotten filthy and purulent but the dry is that in which there is but little or none of the aforesaid matter cast forth And concerning this latter it is that Galen seems to speak as being such wherein that melancholy humor doth more superabound But Avicen and the rest of the Arabian
oft as it is hot we may put it into cold water to cool it And whatsoever of the humor sweat forth out of that bone it is to be cleansed and wiped away with a Spunge or a Linen cloth lest that otherwise it corrupt the neerly scituated parts After the burning we are then in the first place to apply Rose-water with the white of an Egg for the preventing of the Inflammation and the moderating of the pain afterward we are to administer the Oyl of Roses with the Yelk of an Egg and then after this Butter with Honey of Roses But unto the bone that is burnt the Pouder of the Root of Sow-fennel of Aristolochy Euphorbium or some other of the forementioned Remedies is to be imposed and laid upon the corrupted bone until the said bone be separated and parted After the taking forth of the corrupted bone some drying Pouder and such as are called Cephalick Pouders is to be strewed upon the place After this the Ulcer is to be filled up with flesh and at length to be closed and shut up with a Cicatrice Chap. 14. Of Ulcers hard to be cured commonly called Cacoethe Telephium and Chironium THere are Ulcers likewise that are here and there in the Writings of Physitians termed Dysepulote Ulcers Cacoethe Telephia Chironia and Phagedaena which what they are we shal in this and the following Chapter explain unto you And in general al those Ulcers may be called Dysepulote or hardly healed that are not to be cured without much difficulty and such as are not closed up with a Cicatrice without much ado Touching the right curing of which Galen wrote both the fourth Book of his Method of Healing and his fourth Book of the Composition of Medicaments according to their kinds And this indeed happeneth for four causes as Galen tels us in his fourth Book of the Method of Healing Chap. 1. For of those Ulcers that are hardly cured and rebellious some of them are made such by reason of the distemper in the ulcerated part and others of them become such by means of the humor flowing in unto them But now this very distemper may again be said to be twofold since that the subjected flesh is somtimes such as hath exceeded the bounds of Nature in the quality only but somtimes likewise with a certain necessary Tumor or swelling And in like manner the afflux of humors admitteth of a twofold division to wit into First the bad and depraved quality and secondly the excessive quantity of the humor or juyce that floweth in But in the mean while either some or else al the aforesaid Affects are alike and indifferently mingled together Yet nevertheless the same Galen in the sixth of the Aphorisms Aphor. 45. addeth a fifth cause where he writeth That Ulcers retrain a long time not only because of the afflux of humors or by reason of any disposition in the Member contracted from the humors flowing in but also thirdly by reason of some passion of the bone that is corrupted in that place For although Ulcers that have a corrupted bone lying underneath them may somtimes be cured and covered over with a Cicatrice yet notwithstanding that foundness is not firm and of any continuance but the Ulcer is afterward again renewed and this happeneth so long as the rotten bone remaineth unhealed And yet nevertheless Galen in his first Book of the Composition of Medicaments according to their kinds Chap. 18. distinguisheth between these Dysepulote Ulcers that is to say such as are hardly brought to a Cicatrice Malignant ulcers and the Ulcers Cacoethe or Malignant and he calleth such of them Dysepulote that arise from the conflux of either many or sharp humors without this that the part affected hath already such a disposition that although that that floweth in should be good yet notwithstanding it corrupteth it now those Ulcers that have already gotten this aforesaid disposition he calleth Cacoethe or malignant So that al those Ulcers that are hardly cured from what cause soever it be may in general be called Dysepulote Ulcers and now in special likewise those that are so made without any depraved disposition of the part affected But in regard that al the differences and causes of Ulcers hardly cured have hitherto been explained there is no need that we add any thing more concerning them And yet nevertheless there is one cause of those Ulcers that are hardly curable that I have somtimes observed which I think it not fit here altogether to pass over in silence It happeneth very often that in long continued Ulcers the skin is extenuated and the fleshy panicle and fat is wasted which if it happen we may conclude that the Ulcer is not healed since that the skin can by no means be agglutinated unto the flesh lying underneath it for when the Capillary Veins tending to the skin are eaten asunder they cannot then convey unto the skin that blood that is necessary for consolidation This is known because that the skin is not only by the touch perceived to be extenuated Ulcers Chironia but the color is likewise changed and becometh wan and dark and the skin as it were withereth away There is in this case little or nothing to be performed by Medicaments but the skin is either to be corroded by some Caustick Medicament or else as I have sometimes caused it to be done the Ulcer is to be opened longwaies with the Iron and this may very easily be done As touching the Ulcers Chironia and Telephia the Chironian Ulcer hath its name from the Centaure Chiron though some there are notwithstanding that render another reason of the said appellation Zenodotus as Erasmus of Rotterdam relateth in Chil. 2. Cent. 8. Prov. 21. thought that Chiron received from Hercules a Wound in his Foot and that the said Wound being altogether incurable he perished thereof so that incurable Ulcers are hence called Chironian Ulcers But Pliny in his twenty fifth Book Chap. 6. and Ovid in the fifth Book of his Fasti are of opinion that Chiron was not wounded by Hercules who was his friend but that Chiron being entertained by Hercules Chiron his Arrow fel accidentally upon the Foot of Hercules and caused therein a most dangerous and envenomed Wound and that Chiron himself healed this Wound with Centaury which Plant was therefore by those that came after called Chironium and that this Chiron was the first Inventor of the ancient Chiturgery being a part of Physickâ— and that from Hands and the operation of those hands it received â—s name So that any contumacious and malignant Ulcer that by reason of its contumacy hath need of some Chiron to cure iâ— and which was at the first cured by the said Chiron may be called a Chironian Ulcer Celsus in his sixth Book and Chap. 28. defineth a Chironium Ulcer in this manner It is saith he great and hath lips that are hard callous and swelling The Sanies that issueth out of it is not much but
may be extended beyond its natural habit yet so that this notwithstanding its operations may not be impeded and that there be not the least sense of pain accompanying it in this case we say that such like Tumor or Swelling is nor besides Nature neither as yet is it to be termed a Disease but rather a symptom And hence it is also that Galen in his Book of Tumors entitles it not of Tumors simply so called but of Tumors preternatural And much less reason is there that the Breasts of Nurses when they are distended with the abundance of milk and hereupon are wont to appear far greater than in thoâ—â— that give not suck and likewise in child bearing Women that the lower belly though exceedingly dilated in such especially who are neer their time of Delivery should be said to be affected with a Disease in regard that these things happen according to the course and Laws of Nature But what a Tumor is A Tumor what it is and unto what kind of Disease it belongs is not altogether so manifest For many and differing definitions hereof we find given by several Authors which here particularly to recite is not requisite nor worth the while and Galen himself seems now and then to thwart himself and not alwaies to be of one and the same judgment in giving us the definitions of this Tumor we are now treating of For in his thirteenth Book and first Chapter of the Method of Physick he tels us that a Tumor is a Disease wherein the parts have receded from their natural habit and quantity And in his first Book of the causes of Symptoms and the second Chapter he refers Tumors unto organical Diseases for there he writes that Phlegmones or Inflammations Scirrhos or hard Swellings in the Skin Abscessus i. e. Impostumes or Ulcers and other affects of this nature are to be accounted Diseases of the parts instrumental But in his Book of the difference of Diseases Chap. 13. and of the Causes of Diseases Chap. 6. he reckons up Tumors among the distempers arising from the first qualities and the diseases of the similary parts The Physitians likewise that have written since his time differ in their Opinions Fallopius adheres to Galen's Opinion in his 13. Book Chap. 1. of the Method of Physick before mentioned and refers Tumors unto those Diseases we cal instrumental to wit when there is a preternatural magnitude or augmentation Hieronymus Capivaccius in the Chapter where he writes concerning a Phrensie tels us that every tumor must needs be a disease in the intemperies or distemper proceeding from the first qualities and that there is no necessity why it should be accounted an Affect arising from an ill constitution which Opinion of Capivaccius is assented unto by Hieronymus Fabricius ab aquapendente But others there are among whom Eustachius Rudius is one who assert that a Tumor is an evil compounded of magnitude augmented and a distemper alwaies accompanying it as its concomitant and that the augmentation of magnitude with this intemperies or distemper proceeding as before said from the first qualities is the formal cause of every tumor and Rudius determines that those tumors only which are caused in the parts by reason of a preternatural afflux of matter are Tumors properly so called but that the Tumors happening in disjoyntings or dislocations in the falling down of the Intestines into the Cods and in the Tumor Aneurisma are not properly so to be accounted But if we exactly weigh this Controversie and withal accurately sift out the signification of the word Tumor and Onchus and likewise if we wil heedfully inquire into the essence of a Swelling as it may be considered in it self we must then with Galen rightly define a Tumor under the notion of a swelling The definition of a Tumor that it is an affect or disease in the which the parts of our body recede from their natural state by an augmentation of their magnitude For the word Onchus with the Grecians sounds as much as the distance of the parts to wit by reason of their being extended in magnitude breadth and profundity as is observed by Galen in the first Chapter of his Book of Humors so that it may justly be reputed a grand absurdity in the definition of a Tumor to assert that it is this or that and in the mean time to omit the augmentation of magnitude this being all one as to affirm that a Tumor may be without a Tumor that is to say a Swelling For although it be a truth which erewhile we hinted and that which Galen likewise observes in his Book of the differences of Diseases the twelfth Chapter that a Tumor if it be not such and so great that thereby any hurt and detriment shal accrue to the Member affected in any one of its operations is not properly a disease but a symptom and that that preternatural Affect ought to be defined rather by the intemperies or distemper that accompanies it and very much annoyes the actions then by the swelling which in no wise impedes or offends them Yet notwithstanding it wil not therefore follow that a Tumor also which is a disease and which doth indeed so greatly hurt and hinder the operations is to be defined rather by the dyscrasie and intemperies than by the augmentation of magnitude And the truth is that very frequently Tumors when they have their original either from a fleshy or from a boney and hard substance or lastly from a flatulent Spirit which is not internally either hot or cold are altogether free from an intemperies or as we commonly term it distemper In the mean time notwithstanding we deny not but that other diseases that are no way essential to a Tumor may yet be joyned with and accompany this augmented magnitude which doth altogether constitute and make up the essence thereof For if the matter causing the Tumors exceed in heat cold driness or moisture it forthwith derives this distemper unto the part affected insomuch that hence it comes to pass that the disease also then concurs and is concomitant with the intemperies or distemper Moreover if the same matter shal either by corroding or distending any part disunite what before was close and compact then there immediately happens that which we call the solution of Unity Somtimes also it comes to pass that the figure and shape of some part is altogether marr'd or at least very much vitiated and somtimes likewise the Cavities Pipes and Passages are either compressed or at leastwise very much obstructed through the abundant afflux of matter the which accidents very frequently if not for the most part concurring with a Tumor hence it is also that in the difference and cure of Tumors we handle not only the augmented quantity but likewise even al those other concomitant Diseases Mean while it stands good for an undeniable truth That a Tumor as such that is a Swelling is an affect or disease in the magnitude augmented
Eczesma 2. Elcydrion sive Papilla 3. Sycon that is a Fig or pushes in the head resembling it 4. Exanthema that is an Ulcerous blowing out like a flower 5. Ganglion 6. Hydrocephalus 7. Syriasis 8. Phrenitis 9. Lethargus 10. Typhomania seu agrypnon coma 11. Catochus Pauli 12. Catalepsis seu Catoche 13. Carus 14. Apoplexia 15. Rhia alsabian 16. Sibare 17 Fatera 18. Sekakilos 19. Testudo 20. Talpa 21. Topinaria 22. Lactumen 23. Cornu 24. Alopecia 25. Ophiasis 26. Pityriasis 27. Phthiriasis Those properly belonging to the Eyes and the parts thereof Tumors of the Eyes and their parts 63. sixty three which in page 351. he reckons up in this order following 28. Proptosis Galeni sive ecpiesmos Pauli 29. Taraxis 30. Ophthalmia 31. Epiphora introductorii 32. Chemosis 33. Xerophthalmia 34. Sclerophthalmia 35. Scirrhophthalmia 36. Phlyctaena 37. Bothrion 38. Coeloma 39. Argemon 40. Epicauma 41. Encauma 42. Myocephalos 43. Melon 44. Clavus Pauli et Aetii 45. Clavus introductorii Celsi 46. Hypopyon 47. Onyx that is Vnguis a Nail 48. Hyposphagma 49. Achlys Aetii 50. Nephielion Aetii 51. Vla or Nephelion 52. Leucoma 53. Sebel 54. Bothor Avicennae 55. Hymene panastasis 56. Nyctalopia 57. Anthracâ—sis 58. Carcinoma 59. Synchysis 60. Mydriasis 61. Proptosis Pauli 62. Ptylosis 63. Madarosis or Milphosis 64. Pladarotes 65. Emphyspma 66 Symphysis or Ancylosis 67. Eutropion 68. Laâ— ophthalmos 69. Trachoma 70. Sycosis 71. Tylosis 72. Dasyma 73. Pachytes 74. Barytes 75. Hydatis 76 Psocophthaâ—mia 77 Truhe 78. Thalazion 79. Porosis 80. Litâ—iasis 81. Alanâ—isac 82. Sude Avicennae 83. â—arcosis 84. Lupia 85. Mydesis 86. Pustula Abenzoaâ—is 87. Scleriasis 88. Anchilops 89. Aegylops 90. Epinyctis Plinii And 〈◊〉 these he mentions many more in other parts Tumors in all other parts of the Body 97. to the number of ninety seven and in this following order he sets them down 91. Auritus 92. Parotis 93. Pherea 94. Ozaena 95. Sarcoma 96. Theluâ— Albuc 97. Alharbian Avicennae 98. Chaisum Arabum 99. Haemorrhoides Arabum 100 Batrachos 101. Glossomegethos 102. Ancyloglosson 103. Aphtha 104. Cynanche 105. Paracynanche 106. Synanche 107 Parasynanche 108. Gongrona 109 Folium 110 Bronchocele 111 Alhadal 112 Dionysisci 113. Hypopion 114 Jonthi or Vari 115 Montagra 116 Ephelis 117 Ignis sylvaticus 118 Noli me tangere 119 Buttizaga 120 Gutta rosacea 121 Sparganesis 122. Chondriosis 123 Trichiasis 124 Gynaecomaston 125 Pleuritis 126 Peripneumonia 127 Phtoe 128 Althahalop 129 Napta 130 Cyphosis or Cyrtosis hybosis 131 Lordosis 132 Scoliasis 133 Coeliacus 134 Aurys Rasis 135 Colica 136 Hâ—os 137 Condylomata 138 Haemorrhoides 139 Marisca 140 Hepaticus 141 Cachexia 142 Altherel Bellunensis 143 Thelegi 144 Altherbel Bellunensis 145 Splenicus Aureliani 146 Nephritis 147 Lithiasis 148 Satyriasmus Pauli 149 Cercosis 150 Mola 151 Nymphomegethos 152 Kion Hippocratis 153 Seliroma Pauli 154 Arthritis 155 Podagra 156 Cheiragra 157 Ischias 158 Lupia Guidonis 159 Tophi 160 Cornua Avicen 161 Ancylosis or Ancyla 162 Paâ—onychia 163 Pterigion Celsi 164 Condya 165 Perniones 166 Gemursa Plinii 167 Dentes muris Bellunensis 168 Alliathan 169 Lupus 170 Dactilia Haliab 171 Malum moriuum 172 Terminthos 173 Emphysema 174. Phlyctaena 175 Turmusios Avicen 176 Impeâ—go 177 Essere 178 Palmos 179 Clavus 180 Calli. 181 Aegritudo bovina Abenz Albuc 181 Dracontium 183 Syrenes or Pedicelli Guâ—don Argelatae 184 Variolae 185 Morbilli 186 Rubeola 187 Crystalli 188 Exanthemata 189 Ecthymata Fernel 190 Hidroa or Sudamina 191 Epinyctis Romanorum 192 Bothon lenes 193 Ganglia 194 Seps Hippocr 195 Spina ventosa 196 Bubasticon Vlcus 197 Hypersarcon 198 Cacoethes 199 Sepedon 200 Nome 201 Therioma 202 Herpes Esthiamenos Celsi 203 Herpes ecthiomenos Avicen 204 Thymion Celsi 205 Ignis sacer Celsi 206 Cerion Pauli 207 Paratrimmata 208 Aposirmata 209 Zerma 210 Rancula 211. Spina 212 Morsus Diaboli 213 Patursa that is Morbus Gallicus 214 Scopuli 215 Tincosati 216 Pinitae 217 Spili 218 Tusius Aviceâ—â— 219 Eparma Hippoc. 220 Rosboth 221 Cunus Rasis 222 Albothir Albucasis 223 Nakir Albuc 224 Alchalan Abenz 225. Arcella Abenz 226 Rosulae sataritiae So that the number of all the Tumors recited by Johannes Philippus Ingrassias amounts unto two hundred twenty six But that Entities should be multiplied in this manner without any cause is altogether unfitting For as al the affects which are here reckoned up under the name of Tumors are not properly to be accounted Tumors besides that one and the same Tumor is somtimes repeated under different names So again Ingrassias having not at this time compleated the remaining Sections of his Works concerning Tumors it is not sufficiently apparent what Tumors he would have us to understand under some of these names Now for the truth of this that I may give you an instance or two of what hath been said he reckons up among Tumors Sinus and Fistula Vlcus Chironium and divers other Ulcers But before or since Ingrassias who hath there ever been that hath taken the liberty or made so bold to enumerate among the Tumors that are properly so called such as are these following viz. Lethargus Typhomania Catochus Catalepsis Carus Apoplexia Lordosis Coeliaca affectio Colica Affectus hepaticus Splenicus and other such like Affects which relate either to Symptoms or the kinds of other Diseases rather than unto Tumors And in very truth many of the Tumors wherewith this Catalogue is stuft are not peculiar kinds of Tumors but only differences of their species according to the parts affected Tumors their Differences Now therefore we conceive that there are two main Differences especially to be heeded in Tumors one whereof ariseth from the variety of Causes and the other is by reason of the parts affected We have said before that the conteining cause of a tumor is threefold a Humor a Wind and a solid Substance Again the humors are various much different to wit Blood Phlegm Melancholy a black humor a waterish and wheyish humor and divers other thin excrements as also mixt humors and matter into which other humors degenerate and likewise malignant humors From the Blood there is caused an extraordinary Corpulency which the Greeks call Polysarcia and an Inflammation Their Cause containing There are likewise that refer a Gangrene a Sphacelus unto an Inflammation in regard that an Inflammation somtimes degenerates into them But because that a Gangrene and Sphacelus do very often proceed from other causes without an Inflammation and have not alwaies a Tumor to accompany them and are of neerer alliance unto Ulcers very usually degenerating into them we wil therefore treat further of them anon when we come to speak of Ulcers But with more right it is that unto an Inflammation we refer an Erysipelas or Rosa as it is commonly termed Bubo Furunculus Phyma Phygethlon Parotis Carbunculus Paronychia Perniâ—nes Ecchymosis as afterward from the special Explication of these Affects wil
any further enquiry thereinto we wil therefore make the more accurate search after thereby to find out the Cause of an Inflammation in this manner following There would be no Tumor at any time generated in any part of the Body were it not that either its substance as it were boyling over with heat is poured out or that from without some new substance makes its approach For there are but two only causes to be assigned of the augmentation of the bulk and quantity in any thing whatsoever For either the radical moisture through an internal or external heat is resolved into an aery substance which as it is wel known requires a far greater space room for dilatation then formerly it had or else as we said before some new substance is extrinsecally from some other place superadded thereunto Now therefore of necessity it is that one of these two causes must be present when as in that hot and burning Tumor which we commonly call a Phlegmone the part is lifted up into a greater bulk than is ordinary or agreeable to the intention of Nature But now that the fervency and boyling up of the natural moisture or the effusion thereof is not the Cause appears by this because that every thing that is poured forth and converted as it were into spirits when it is cooled it assumes again its pristine quantity and as we may so express it puts off and laies aside the Tumor as by common experience it is most apparent But as for the parts inflamed let them be never so vehemently cooled yet wil they never return into the former state and condition nor ever cast off the Tumor or Swelling Furthermore if by reason of the effusion of the part and its conversion into spirits a Tumor should be caused in the part inflamed then necessarily upon the incision of the part the spirit should appear which yet as we see is nothing so but that rather there follows an effusion of Blood and the whole place by its colour and the looks thereof seems altogether full of Blood It remains therefore that the accession of some new substance is the cause of a Phlegmone But now that this new substance is the Blood appears from hence to wit that the Phlegmone is exceeding red both within and without Now this red colour is only proper unto and inseparable from the Blood Blood the nighest cause of an Inflammation for there is nothing that waxeth red in the Body beside the Blood and the Flesh which later notwithstanding viz. the Flesh cannot by any means be the cause of a Phlegmone For if the increment of the flesh were the cause of an Inflammation there would be indeed a Tumor or Swelling in the part yet so as notwithstanding the internal heat should remain sound and in an healthful plight without the least distemper and that also it should not in the least vary its pristine nature when as in no one thing that is augmented according to its substance the heat may properly be said to be heightned and encreased so far forth that the increment of the substance and quantity should any way differ from the change or alteration of the qualities But now the case is otherwise in a Phlegmone wherein the colour is changed and the heat grown to be more intense the said colour evidently demonstrating not only the quantity but likewise the quality of the substance Moreover that the Blood is cause of a Phlegmone may be manifestly evidenced by this that the place in the greatest Inflammations especially which now and then happen in Ulcers appears and seems all bloody round about which certainly would never be if blood were not the cause of the Inflammation Furthermore that Blood is Cause of the Inflammation that generating of the Inflammation which happeneth in Wounds doth evidently demonstrate For in new and fresh Wounds the Blood its true at the first flows forth but then afterward being compressed and kept in either by the hand or else with Ligatures or Medicaments that stop the issuing forth of blood or else lastly being suppressed and staid of its own accord it is then reteined either in the Orifice or Cavities of the dissected Vessels and there it is compacted and so wrought that it grows together like as clotted blood useth to do and there by a continued heaping up of the blood abundantly flowing thereunto it lifts up the part into a Tumor or Swelling and causeth an Inflammation An Inflammation what it is Since therefore the Conjunct Cause of an Inflammation is proved to be the Blood preternaturally flowing thereunto it is no hard matter thence to collect that an Inflammation is a preternatural Tumor of the fleshy parts as Galen in the place alleadged takes and understands the name of Flesh arising from the preternatural afflux of the blood and that therupon it must necessarily be hot red extended and accompanied with a kind of renitency or resisting property pain and pulsation or beating The manner how an Inflammation is bred But now that there may not be left to remain any the least obscurity about the nature of an Inflammation we will here add the manner also how a Phlegmone is generated and this we wil do out of Galen who in his Book touching the unequal Intemperies Chap. 3. hath in these words described it it is saith he a hot fluxion or flowing the which when it hath seized upon and seated it self in some muscelly part at first the greater Veins and Arteries are fil'd up and distended and next after them the lesser and so it is carried on untill that at length it arrives even at the least of them In these when the matter of the fluxion is forcibly impacted and cannot therein be any longer conteined it is then transmitted unto the outward parts partly through their own Orifices and partly by a percolation as it were and straining or sweating out of it through the Tunicles and then the void spaces which are betwixt the most principal parts are filled full with the fluxion And so all those parts or places are on all sides very much heated and overspread Those parts or Bodies are the Nerves Ligaments Membranes the Flesh it self and before al these the Veins and Arteries For whereas the Veins and Arteries run along unto each particular part by the which is received both nourishment and vital Spirit so long as the blood flows in a due measure and just proportion and is conteined within those its receptacles the part is not wont to suffer any Inflammation at all but then only when at the length the blood is overcopiously and all on a huddle emptied and poured forth into the substance of the part by the Veins and Arteries By which very thing also a Phlegmone is distinguished from other fluxions in which the matter is diffused without the Veins into the whole substance of the part and there doth distend and dilate it For in a Phlegmone although all the
about it The Prognosticks In an Inflammation there are two things that it mainly and principally behoves us to presage to wit The termination of an Inflammation Which is threefold its event or termination and then the exact and punctual time of the said termination Now the Event is said to be good when Nature overcometh the matter that breeds the Inflammation which hapneth when either the Tumor is resolved and the matter insensibly exhaled which is the best kind of solution of an Inflammation or else when the matter is suppurated and turned into that which we term Pus being a thick and purulent matter Or otherwise secondly The event may be said to be evil or if ye wil worst of all when Nature doth not overcome and master he peccant matter which hapneth when the Inflammation if it be external suddenly vanisheth and retires back to the internal parts or when the natural heat being overcome and extinguished the Member thereupon becomes putrified and seized upon by a Gangrene insomuch that if it be not forthwith cut off ruine and death it self threaten the whol body Or else in the third place there follows a Neutral Event as some cal it which is absolutely evil when the Tumor is hardened and when upon the resolution and discussion of the thinner parts the more thick and gross parts remaining behind the Inflammation degenerates into a Scirrhus But now which of these events is to be hoped for or expected may probably be guessed at by comparing together the vigour and strength of Nature with the matter that causeth the Disease For if the matter be not overmuch not thick not over deeply scituated not shut up under a hard and thick skin if the body be not greatly impure and Nature be strong then a resolution and an evacuation by an insensible transpiration may be hoped for But if the matter more abound be more than ordinary thick be contained in a deeper place than usually and be pent up under a thicker skin then a suppuration is to be expected That the matter is retreated unto the inward parts may be conjectured by this token to wit When we perceive the Tumor to be diminished albeit there were no repulsive remedies administred and applied to drive back the matter That the extinction and overthrow of the heat is neer approaching may be presaged by this whenas the heat redness of color pain and the pulse or beating is lessened the Tumor notwithstanding still remaining touching which more hereafter when we shal come to treat of a Gangrene But then lastly an Inflammation for the most part then degenerates into a Scirrhus when the matter is over viscous and clammy and hard therewithal and when the Natural heat being strong and vigorous forthwith even in the very beginning of the distemper remedies that discuss and dissipate over forcibly are thereunto applied which said remedies disperse and scatter the thinner parts thereof and leave the thicker still remaining That the time of the Event may be known The times of an Inflammation it is requisite that the times of the Inflammation be first of all known and they are likewise heedfully to be observed by us upon our knowledg of them in relation unto the Cure For unless the times of an Inflammation be well known and considered we may soon run our selves into an Error whilst we administer and apply Remedies that are any waies improper or incongruous unto any one particular of those several times Now then Inflammations like as all other Tumors and Diseases have four times or periods its beginning encrease state or perfection and its decay or declination It commenceth or begins when the parts are replenished with blood and when the swelling pain and stretching out are encreased this we cal the augmentation The state or perfection is then when the Tumor Distension Pain and all the other symptomes are most vehement and in the heighth of their extremity And lastly the declination is then said to be when the matter generating the Tumor is diminished and the pain heat together with the other symptoms are become more remiss and gentle or otherwise the matter is converted into Pus or purulent matter But the truth is these times are some while shorter somtimes longer and the Inflammations are somtimes sooner and somtimes more slowly terminated For as Galen tels us in the sixth Book of the Aphorisms Aphor. 49. that which is of a thinner substance is in a shorter space digested and that which is thick or tough requires a longer time for its digestion but that which is thick and viscous requires a far longer time And that Inflammation which hath seated it self in the fleshy parts is terminated according to the period of acute Diseases to wit fourteen daies for the substance of the flesh is more soft and permeable by reason of its thinness But the substance of the Ligaments Tendons and Nerves being more thick and hard and thereupon with greater difficulty receiving the fluxion for the same cause also doth with more difficulty discharge it self therof and hereupon the Inflammation in those parts is the longer time ere it attain unto its state and perfection and is not so soon curable but yet notwithstanding the Cure is in this case seldom or never prorogued beyond the term of fourty daies if both the Physitian rightly in al points discharge his part and likewise the patient be in al things willing to submit The Indications and Cure Whereas the containing cause of an Inflammation is the blood which hath preternaturally i. e. beyond or besides Natures intention flown in unto the part the Cure is effected if that blood be removed out of the diseased part and then great caution be had that it thenceforth flow no more unto the part affected that so by this means as wel the containing as the antecedent cause may be wholly taken away For whenas the affect cannot possibly be removed without a first removal of that which causeth it and the case so standing that the causes ought to be taken away in the very same order that they follow one the other in therefore we say that the Fluxion must first of all be extirpated The Cure of a fluxion or flowing of the blood Now this intention may be accomplished if care be taken to prevent the bloods abounding in the body and that that which is there in great plenty flow not unto the part affected The benefit of blood-letting in an Inflammation and this with most safety and speed is to be effected by opening a Vein For by this Venesection or blood-letting the great store of abounding blood is diminished and the same is likewise drawn back from the aggrieved place hence it is that there is an exceeding great benefit arising from and following upon this opening of a vein in an Inflammation so that it is seldom or never to be omitted if the strength of the patient wil permit it to be done And indeed hardly can
is not the original efficient cause of this said Tumor but rather of that which we usually call Herpes And in his Chap. 9. concerning Tumors he asserts that Herpes is bred or caused when a cholerick fluxion being indeed purely and exactly such happens to be excited and to exulcerate the Skin but that when this said cholerick flux is mingled with a waterish matter and with blood so is less sharp and when it rather swels up the part into a Tumor then exulcerates it that then an Erysipelas is excited But contrariwise in his Book of black Choler Chap. 5. in his fourteenth Book of the Method of Physick Chap. 1 2 3. and B. 17. Chap. 2. in his Book of the Differences of Feavers Chap. 5. and in his Book of the way of curing by Blood-letting Chap. 8. and in divers other places asserts that Choler is the cause of this Tumor which latter opinion of Galen most of our Physitians follow But truly if we lay aside the Authorities and Opinions of the Ancients and look wel into the thing it self and if we confer the name of an Erysipelas upon that Tumor that is so well and commonly known unto our Country-men and lastly if we take good notice of those things that dayly befall the sick Persons in a Disease so well known we shall then without any scruple judg the Opinion of Galen which he propounds unto Glauco in his second Book and Chap. 1. and in his Book of Tumors Chap. 9 to be by far the more true and probable For the very colour it self of the part affected being altogether rosie instructs us that Blood rather than Choler is the cause of this Tumor And although this kind of Tumor doth now and then from red or ruddy become yellowish yet notwithstanding this is not altogether true of every Erysipelas but only of some one certain species and difference thereof Moreover the humor that excites and causeth this Tumor is not altogether so sharp and tart as is Choler and for this cause doth neither exulcerate nor produce extream heat or over vehement pain Notwithstanding the Blood that excites this Tumor is the thinnest and most intensely hot and it is vulgarly said to be bilious or cholerick the same that Galen also tels us in his second Book to Glauco Chap. 1. where he writes that Choler alone when it lieth hid and secret and consists in some one member doth excite and cause the Tumor Herpes But then if so be that the fluxion shall be mingled and consist of blood and yellow choler being both of them hotter than is meet or else from the blood in this manner waxing hot and being according to its substance most thin we then call it an Erysipelas For albeit that Galen in very many other places asserts an Erysipelas to proceed from Choler yet not withstanding what he means and intends by Choler he hath sufficiently declared in the place before alleadged And if we consult experience and those accidents that betide the sick Parties we shall then find that he could not intend any thing but that Choler which they term natural and alimentary or nourishing that is to say the hottest and thinnest part of the blood but such as is now grown extreamly hot therefore the neerest that may be to Choler But now whatsoever kind of Choler we assign to be the cause of this Tumor whether yellow or pale or like the rust of Brass or Leek-coloured they wil not any of them agree with those things that happen in this Tumor Furthermore this humor hath conjoyned with it a depraved quality and a peculiar sort of corruption and before such time as it breaks forth it exciteth and causeth exceeding great streights not much unlike to those that the Plague upon the first invasion is wont to produce and therefore the same kind of Alexipharmaca or counterpoysons that we make use of in the Pestilence are here likewise to be administred for the expulsion thereof Notwithstanding the words of Galen and of other Authors that affirm the original of this Tumor to spring from yellow Choler may be drawn to a better sence I mean that they may be more rightly interpreted if we say that by Choler is to be understood the natural part of the blood which is more thin and hot and which is very commonly called Choler but it were more fitly and properly named a bilious or cholerick blood the which so soon as it begins to wax intensly hot and to boyl it then excites this kind of Tumor And very frequently there is also herewithal mingled a certain portion of a most subtile thin and intensly hot whey the which if thou hast a mind and art pleased to cal it a bilious cholerick whey I wil not gainsay or oppose thee and then there is bred an exulcerated Erysipelas yet only superficially like as oftentimes it is wont to happen in the Face when there arise and appear little bladders ful of a waterish humor and then the Skarf-skin alone is affected and parts assunder But if together with it the Skin it self shal be exulcerated which ever and anon chanceth in the Thighs then we may conclude that adust humors are therewith mingled and this kind of Erysipelas is said to be not pure or if you will impure But of this Tumor enough hath been spoken in the second Book of Feavers Chap. 16. which here we judg it not fit to repeat in regard that there the Reader may by perusal be fully acquainted with what hath been written I wil only repeat this that the first rise of this affect is from a Feaver or move plainly that the affect is primarily and originally a Feaver For neither doth an Erysipelas or Rosa invade the part but with a Feaver which oftentimes a day or two before it breaks forth is wont exceedingly to afflict and excruciate the sick Person But this Feaver is critically determined as we wont to express it and the Patient freed therefrom by means of this Tumor and thereupon it is that oftentimes a pain or some kind of swelling is perceived in the Glandules under the Arm-pits or else in the Groyns until that at length Nature shall have driven forth the matter unto some extream part of the Body for then the Feaver is wont to cease albeit the Tumor is wont to stick and continue in the part affected for a certain space after Touching the Cure this likewise is to be observed like as it hath been more at large declared in the place before alleadged that it ought to be altogether perfected and compleated and we must use the utmost of our endeavor that the humor the conteining cause thereof may be called forth and not retained therein since that by the deteining thereof greater evils are wont to be introduced and made way for which may sufficiently appear even by the example of that Country-man or Peasant mentioned by Gulielmus Fabricius in his first Century Observ 82. who having
an Erysipelas in his left Hand and by the advice of a Barber-Chirurgeon for some daies anoynting his Hand and Arm with Oyl of Roses a Pain an Inflammation and other symptoms were from day to day more and more augmented insomuch that at length the whol Hand was corrupted and altogether rendred incurable by a Gangrene Chap. 8. Of a Bubo A Bubo likewise appertains unto Inflammations For a Bubo as Galen defines it in his Book of the Difference of Feavers Chap. 5. and in his second to Glauco Chap. 1. is an Inflammation of the Glandules in the Groyns For the Glandules being by Nature ordained and appointed that unto them the superfluous Humors should be expelled from the principal parts if they and together with them the blood shal chance to be thrust forth altogether and as it were by heaps unto the Glandulous parts then an Inflammation is excited and this happens most an end and especially in the Groins and somtimes also under the Arm-pits and behind the Ears which latter Inflammations behind the Ears are commonly termed Parotides But now The Humors that stir up and provoke Nature unto the aforesaid expulsion being very various hence it is that the differences arising from Bubo are likewise exceeding various and different For one while the Humors are said to be simply vitious or vitiated so that they have no malignity conjoyned with them and from these originally proceed those Bubo's that are not malignant but then again otherwhiles the matter is malignant and thence the malignant Bubo is produced and this again according to the variety of the malignant matter is either pestilent or else that which we call venereal But in regard that we have already treated of the Pestilent Bubo in our Book of Feavers and that the other which we call Venereal belongs unto the Tract touching the French Pox therefore we wil discourse of the Bubo at large only and handle it as it is in the general The Causes Now every Bubo whatsoever hath its original from a preternatural effusion of the blood into the Glandules in the Groyns or the Arm-holes the which notwithstanding hath evermore conjoyned with it some certain vitious and corrupt humor of what sort soever it be that excites and stirs up Nature into the aforesaid excretion or as we usually term it expulsion From whence also the antecedent yea and the external causes likewise which make for the generation of that humor are very various Notwithstanding the strength of the principall parts is for the most part evermore conjoyned therewith which expel forth whatsoever is offensive and burdensom unto themselves unto these ignoble parts and to the Emunctories Hieronymus Fabricius ab Aquapendente determines that some kind of Bubo's have their beginning and original only from the store of Blood and that certain of them by the way of expulsion are bred from the vitious blood and that the other Diseases follow and are excited at the time and Instant of the Crisis But in very truth I cannot think that a Bubo may be excited from the abundance of blood only but that it hath evermore conjoyned vitious humors which provoke Nature to the expulsion This notwithstanding is most true and certain that one while a Bubo doth follow upon another Disease and is excited by the Crisis whether perfect or imperfect and as soon again without any other Disease preceding it For although only those Tumors which follow upon other Diseases may properly be said to be caused by the Crisis yet notwithstanding even those likewise thâ— arise without any other Diseases are excited by Nature in her expulsion of the depraved and buâ—densome humors The Signs Diagnostick The Bubo is known by this to wit that in the Groyns or under the Arm-holes there appears a Swelling or Tumor with a certain kind of renitency or resistance with a redness of color and likewise with pain and for the most part also a gentle Feaver accompanieth it And this is most certain and sure if the Bubo happen to be by the Crisis that then a Feaver or some o her Disease went before which upon the appearing and breaking forth of the Bubo is lessened and abated and then the signs of a good and hopefull Crisis preceded the which if so be they are absent then the Bubo is to be accounted for symptomatical And then truly if there appear no signs at all of the Pestilence or of the French Disease then it is a single and simple Bubo and not malignant and contagious But if there be conjoyned the signs of the Plague the Bubo is then to be accounted for malignant and contagious and evermore Bubo's are to be suspected where the Pestilence invades the Patient In like manner if the sick Person be infected with the French Pox commonly termed likewise the Neopolitane Disease the Bubo is then also to be held for and esteemed Venereal Malignant and Contagious Prognosticks 1. Bubos that are not malignant and those likewise that are not contagious are not in the least dangerous since that they are resident in the external parts and are caused by Nature in her expelling forth the vitious and corrupt blood unto the weak and ignoble parts and especially if they be forthwith suppurated and then opened 2. But if they belong delaied and that their maturation be not speeded there may be great danger in regard that they very easily pass and degenerate into dangerous Fistula's 3. Those Bubo's that are bred or excited under the Arm-holes are sooner maturated since that they arise from a hotter kind of blood such as is that which the greater Vessels neer neighboring unto the Heart do extrude and thrust forth for as much as that part by reason of the Hearts vicinity hath more than ordinary heat which is altogether necessary and requisite for maturation 4. But Bubo's that have their original in the Groyns are longer ere they come to a supputation in regard that they are excited by a blood that is lets hot and thick and likewise because they are scituatâ— in a place more remote from the heart and which is but meanly hot 5. The slowest of them all in their maturation are those Bubo's that are behind the Ears upon this account namely that they proceed from a colder kind of matter and have their residence in a colder place 6. What we are to think and judge of Pestilential and Venereal Bubo's hath been already shewn in its own proper place The Cure When a Bubo that neither is Pestilent nor Venereal is excited Nature unburdening her self of that whatever it be that is offensive and troublesome unto her and expelling it unto the external ignoble parts Natures operation and endeavor is by no means to be hindred nor the matter to be driven back again unto the internal parts And first of al we must duly weigh whether or no Nature hath excited the Bubo by the Crisis and that a perfect one and that thereupon the sick Person be discharged of the
that are less noble and worthy Which likewise happeneth when the Blood is infected and corrupted by reason of some external Corruption from whence it is that a Carbuncle is never excited by the Congestion or heaping up of blood but is evermore generated by a defluxion that is al at once made and thereupon it is deservedly accounted among Inflammations and is said to be very neer neighboring unto a Phlegmone or Inflammation Neither is it only generated of black Choler like as a Cancer but it is bred by adust and burnt blood degenerating into black Choler or else having black Choler mingled therwith Now the aforesaid adust blood is generated from an ill and unwholsom course of Diet and from meats of a depraved and viâ—ious quality affording and supplying the whol matter of all the blood And this is likewise much more promoted and furthered by the external Constitution of the Air overheating burning and corrupting the humors and especially its occult and malignant Constitution depraving the humors and indeed there is hardly any Carbuncle to be found that is altogether void of and free from malignity The Differences Yet notwithstanding in regard that this Malignity is somtimes greater and somtimes less and that some Carbuncles invade very many in a Pestilent constiâ—ution of the Air and others again here and there seiz upon the sick without any such pestilent constiâ—ution of the Air Carbuncles therefore are to be distinguished into Pestilent and noâ— Pestilent Moreover some of them arise with a Pustule or with such Pushes as are caused and raised by the fire which if they be broken there lieth underneath within a Crusty Ulcer and this happeneth if not alwaies yet for the most part and such as these are in special by Avicen called Pruna or Ignis Perficus Others of them arise and appear without Pustules Signs Diagnostick The Carbuncle beginneth as hath been said for the most part from a smal Pustule but somtimes there is not only one of the greater Pustules breaking forâ—h but likewise many smal one like Millet seeds rising and appearing very thick in the particle which when they are broken the Ulcer becometh crusty such as is excited by a red-hot Iron But before these Pustules break forth there is a certain itching felt in the part and therby there is one or more Pustules arising and appearing yet notwithstanding the Carbuncle somtimes beginneth without any manner of Pustule and a crusty Ulcer is excited the crustiness being one while somwhat blackish another while having in it the resemblance of the color of Ashes and then again in a very short space after it groweth forth and becometh like unto Bubo's after a round acute figure with an extraordinary great heat burning and pain al which are especially exasperated about the Evening and then they so vex the sick party that he can hardly withhold his hands but that he must be rubbing of the part from which rubbing there afterward arise very many of the aforesaid Pustules The flesh that lieth round about them waxeth hot and hath in it at the heighth an extream great and burning heat it likewise obtaineth a color somwhat blacker than is that in an Erysipelas and a Phlegmone like as if there were somthing of black choler mingled together with the red There happen moreover other Symptoms besides the former to wit a Feaver which as Galen also testifieth in his fourteenth Book of the Method of Physick Chap. 10 infesteth those that are surprized with a Carbuncle more than those that are affected with a Phlegmone or Erysipelas a nauseousness likewise a vomiting a dejection of the Appetite a trembling with a panting and beating of the heart frequent faintings and swoundings dotage all which said symptoms do so much the more afflict and grieve the party by how much the matter is the more malignant For there is a certain difference even of those Carbuncles themselves not only in regard that with the aforesaid adust blood which is the conjunct cause of the Carbuncle there is somtimes this another while that humor mingled but more especially in that one Carbuncle is Pestilent and another not Pestilent For albeit every Carbuncle be malignant by reason of the hot Matter being adust and putrefying which hath in it a power and quality to corrupt the flesh and cannot wel return into any more benign or better nature neither may it wel be suppurated yet notwithstanding every of them is not Pestilent neither hath every of them any adventitious Malignity but sometimes only besides the Native malignity of the Carbuncle there chanceth likewise another kind of malignity from the common state or the contagion of the Air. But now a Pestilent Carbuncle is discerned from that that is not Pestilent first of al by the present Pestilent constitution of the Air. For it is hardly possible that a Carbuncle should arise at such time as the said Pestilent Constitution is predominant which in it self should not be Pestilent Moreover al the symptoms and signs that appear in the Carbuncle are both more frequent and more grievous in a Pestilent Carbuncle than in a Carbuncle that is not pestilent For even the Feaver also which is adjoyned unto the Carbuncle resembleth and carrieth along with it a Pestilent nature and although it seem outwardly to be more moderate and gentle than that which appeareth in the Carbuncle that is not Pestilent yea somtimes so that it can hardly be perceived yet notwithstanding at that very time it the more burneth the inward parts and is by far the more dangerous the fresh color of the face is changed the tongue becometh black and is dry the excrements of the Belly are liquid and cholerick the appetite is dejected there is likewise present a nauseousness and a vomiting of the most offensive and the worst humors a difficulty of breathing a stinking breath and there is also much sweat and this is either somwhat hot or else as we term it a cold sweat The sleep is somtimes very sound and somtimes watchings infest the sick party dotings also accompany the same as likewise faintings and swooning fits And hereupon it is that there is more danger threatned by one Carbuncle than there is by another For although every Carbuncle be not pernicious yet notwithstanding as Galen testifieth in the 3. of his Epidem Comment 3. tit 2. the most pernicious of al is the Pestilent or that which besides its own proper and particular malignity hath also adjoyned with it that which the constitution of the Air bringeth along with it and which is attended with all those pernicious symptoms which if they remit very much of their former intensness and vigor there is then left remaining some hope of safety and recovery but if from day to day they are heightened and become more vehement there is then no safety or hopes of escape to be expected The Prognosticks 1. By how much the blacker the Carbuncle is by so much the worse is
cleansing it is to be filled up joyned together and at length with a Cicatrice to be shut up But touching the cure of a Carbuncle see more in the fourth Book of Feavers and the fourth Chapter Chap. 14. Of the Tumor Paronychia UNto Inflammations there also belongeth that Tumor that the Greeks call Paronychia because that it is generated in the Confines or sides of the Fingers the Latines term it Panaritium the Germans Der Wurm Oder Das Vngenandte For the Vulgar are of Opinion that in this Tumor there lieth hid a Worm that by gnawing exciteth and causeth those so great pains and that when it is mentioned and spoken of it is thereby exasperated and that therefore it ought not to be so much at named but these things are meerly fabulous What a Paronychia is Now a Paronychia is a hot Tumor or Swelling arising from blood adust and atrabiliary in the extream part of the Fingers at the sides of the Nails and by reason of the neighborhood of the Nerves exciting most grievous and intollerable pains The Causes For this Tumor hath its original from adust and for the most part likewise malignant blood which Nature thrusteth forth unto the Fingers ends and there it causeth an Inflammation The Signs Diagnostick It is known by the Swelling Redness and pain appearing in the Fingers ends about the Nails together with a most extream and intense pain by reason that the neeâ— adjoyning Nervous parts are affected which wil not permit the sick Person to sleep or take any rest neither night nor day and this pain in regard of the Nerves consent is oftentimes extended throughout the whol Arm and it hath to accompany it a continuall Feaver and somtimes by reason of the over-great pain a Lipothymy which we term fainting or swounding Prognosticks 1. According to the benignity and inoffensiveness of the humor the malady is somtimes more mild and tollerable and somtimes again more grievous and intollerable For if the matter be benign or moderate and favorable the symptoms are then the less vehement 2. On the contrary if the Matter be Malignant the Malady is dangerous for it oftentimes so corrupteth the Ligaments and the neighboring Nerves that the utmost Joynt together with the Bone Impostumateth and somtimes the whole Finger is corrupted The Cure The Vulgar as they have superstitious Opinions touching the Cause so they have likewise concerning the Cure of this Tumor For they think that if any one thus affected shall in the Spring time wash and besmear his hands with the Eggs otherwise called the seed or Sperm of Frogs shal then suffer them to dry leisurely of their own accord and shal afterward hold in this Hand that Finger that is grieved with this Inflammation he shal by this means asswage and qualifie the said Inflammation And some there be also that every yeer hold in their hand a live Mole and then having conceived and mumbled over a certain form of words with squeezing hard they kill the Mole they have in their hand and then they brag and boast that for the yeer following they are able to kil and destroy all those Worms But to omit these sopperies the right and due way of Cuâ—ing this Evil is then taken when after the general evacuation of the humors by Blood-letting and Purgation hath been premised in the first place we impose upon the part affected those things that moderate the pain and mitigate the servent heat of the humors and such Medicaments likewise as help forward and further suppuration But Repelling and Astringent Remedies are by no means to be imposed upon the grieved part lest that by this means the humor should be the more impacted into the part the pain augmented and the Nerves and Bone corrupted If yet notwithstanding the Asslux be over great then let Repellers be laid on very nigh unto the part next above it And therefore in the very beginning the following Cataplasm is to be imposed Take Barley meal and Bean meal of each one ounce Camphire one scruple the Mucilage of the seed of Fleabane as much as will suffice Mingle all these with Vinegar over the sire and so make a Cataplams Oâ— Take the juyce of Nightshade of Plantane of Navelwort of each half an ounce the Mucilage of Fleabane seed extracted with the Water of Nightshade three drams Bole armenick half a dram Camphire five grains Oyl of Roses and Myrtle of each half an ounce Mingle them c. Or Take the Mucilage of Fleabane seed extracted with the juyce or water of Plantane two ounces Bole armenick one dram Vinegar half an ounce Mingle them c. Or else let the white of an Egg mingled with the Oyl of Violets be imposed There are likewise commended those little Worms that are found in the middle of the utmost â—ind of the Teazel or Fullers Thistle if while they are alive they be bound about the Nails affected Where the matter tendeth to Suppuration Take the Meal of Fenugreek seed and Linseed of each half an ounce the Yelk of one Egg fresh Butter one ounce the fat of a Hen three drams Mingle them without sire and make an Vnguent Or Take the Mucilage of the juyce of Fleabane one ounce the meal of Linseed and Fenugreek of each three drams the Yelk of an Egg Saffron one scruple the fat of a Hen and Butter unsalted of each one ounce Mingle them and make a Cataplasm When the Pus is bred the Impostume is forthwith to be opened and the Pus or Snot-like filth being seldom good but rotten and corrupt is to be drawn forth The Pus being thus evacuated such a like Abstersive and Incarnative is then to be made use of Take Aloes Hepatick three drams Myrrh Frankincense Sarcocol of each one dram pure and cleer Turpentine half an ounce Honey of Roses two drams Mingle them c. Gulielmus Fabricius in the first Century of his Chirurgical Observations Observ 97. doth not stay to wait for the Inflammation or for any notable swelling up and suppuration but in a Woman that was afflicted with a most grievous pain in the end of her finger together with a Feaver a fainting and swounding a nauseousness and vomiting and other symptoms he thus ordaineth his Cure He first of al a little fomenteth the finger with Cows Milk in which Camomil flowers Melilot flowers the seeds of Fenugreek and Quinces were first boyled And then by little and little he dissected the superficies of the Skin The Skin being shaven away there appeared smal red spots which being cut with the edg of a knife he findeth under the Skin a drop or two of red Water That being evacuated he applied a Linen Cloth dipt and moistened in Aqua vitae in which there was dissolved a little Treacle By thus doing he soon qualified and quite took away the pain and by this one only Remedy the very next day the finder was healed And likewise in another Matron that for three
or else likewise the Natural Melancholly Excrement or else also thirdly a thick humor arsing from an hardned Inflammation the which if any one shal please to term Preternatural I wil not in that gainsay him But by Flegm we are not to understand that Natural Flegm or the Flegmatick humor which is moist and thin and from which the Oedema proceedeth but a thick Flegm extraordinary dry Glutimus Visciâ— and Clammy Of both these humors reâ—â—â—ed in the part over long whenas the more subtile and thin parts thereof are vanished and gone and the more thick and gross parts left behind is the Scirrhus generated For although some humor that is thick may flow unto some certain part yet notwithstanding a humor so thick and glutinous that it instantly causeth and produceth a Scirrhus doth not easily flow unto any part whatsoever but it by degrees and after some time becometh such in the very place affected whenas the thinner part of the humor being wasted and consumed the thicker and grosser are left to remain behind From whence it is that for the greatest part the Scirrhus followeth upon other Tumors as for instance Inflammations Erysipela's and Oedema's when they are not sufficiently and rightly cured and that the thinner parts by means of heating Medicaments are either unseasonable or overmuch and excessively dissipated or else are by Repellers and Astringents repressed so that the more thick and gross parts only are left behind which being further incrassâ—â—ed and thickned do cause and produce this Tumor that as we said before is hard and without pain and sense From all which Premises it may easisily be collected that this Tumor is not suddenly all at once generated but by little and little Yet notwithstanding Paraeus dissenteth from this common and received Opinion and asserteth that the Scirrhus is caused not from the excrementitious humors but from an alimentary juyce yet such as is more thick than is fit and convenient for the nourishing of the flesh when it becometh hardened unto which notwithstanding there is saith he another humor adjoyned and this hardening proceedeth as from divers other causes so likewise from an Inflammation not that the blood that is not discussed or suppurated is thus hardened or condensed by the over frequent and unseasonable application of cold things but that the blood being discussed by the vehement heat of an Inflammation the juyce and moisture of that part that was inflamed is thickned and hardned But now a Scirrhus is twofold viz. Legitimate as we may so term it and Illegitimate Which said distinction as Fallopius truly tels us is not taken from the diversity or the matter and the conteining Cause but from the divers and different accidents and proprieties of the matter For before such time as all the more subtile and thin parts are either dissipated or consumed there is as yet no absolute Scirrhus neither do all things then want sense neither is there as yet any perfect hardness appearing But if al the thinner parts being wasted and consumed only the thicker shal remain behind and these shal harden even almost unto the hardness of a Stone and that the part is void not only of al pain but likewise even of al sense then the Scirrhus is now already absolute and perfect But perhaps there can nothing be said to the contrary why we may not term the Scirrhus that is not as yet absolute impure likewise and bastard or spurious Or if this distaste and please not the Scirrhus we say may furthermore be divided into that which is pure and truly so called and that that is impure and spurious or counterfeit and that may be called pure which hath its Original from melancholy alone or from thick flegm and that impure and spurious which hath another humor mingled together with it from whence it is called Scirrhus Phlegmonodes or Scirrhus Cancrosus There be some certain Authors that give us also another difference of a Scirrhus from the parts wherein it resideth For although in very many parts it hath no peculiar appellation but it only defined by adjoyning to it the name of the part affected aâ— we say the Scirrhus of the Liver and the Scirrhus of the Spleen yet notwithstanding in 〈◊〉 certain parts it hath a proper appellation for in the Nâ—â—es it is called Ganglion in the Glandulâ—â— or kernels Struma in the Joynts Porus of which in their proper places Signs Diagnostick The Scirrhus is known from two signs especially to wit the hardness and the absence or want of pain unto which this may likewise be added That when it is pressed it wanteth sense and then we say that the Scirrhus is altogether absolute and confirmed And it is not to be wondred at that the part thus affected should have no sense or that there should be so little if any sense at al in a Scirrhus for both the influx of the natural spirits is hindered by the matter that is impacted and fast fixed and also the very temper it self of the Member is so changed that the part becometh altogether stupid Others there are that add other signs also viz. a Color somwhat black and wan which yet notwithsanding is only a sign of that Scirrhus that ariseth from the Melancholy Humor and if the temper be very cold by reason of a thick and cold Humor it is then likewise perceived by the touch The Differences The Differences are taken from the Sense either dull or none at al. For if there be no sense at al present the Scirrhus is now Legitimate and absolute but if there be yet any manner of sense left remaining it is not Legitimate and absolute There are some likewise that add this that in a Legitimate Scirrhus there grow hairs upon the part The color wil inform us whether it hath its original from flegm or from Melancholy this color in flegm is somthing white but in Melancholy blackish and wan Prognosticks As for what concerneth the Event that Scirrhus that is altogether destitute of al sense is incurable 2. But that Scirrhus that is not destitute of al sense although it be not altogether incurable especially if at the beginning fit and proper Remedies be applied yet notwithstanding it is not very easily cured especially if it stick in any one of the more noble parts as the Liver or the Spleen likewise since that the Liver and the Spleen wil hardly bear or admit of those so strong Medicaments which are requisite in a Scirrhus that is perfectly hardened and those that are weak avail but little or nothing 3. If there be any hopes of a Cure in a Scirrhus yet this is not to be brought unto perfection but in a long time For to mollifie and soften the matter that is thick cold and hard is a thing that is not easily done neither indeed can it be done at al but by little and little and in a longer time than ordinary 4. But when they may be cured it is to be done
the moisture be consumed and then with a sufficient quantity of Wax and adding thereunto Ammoniacum and Galbanum dissolved in Vinegar of each three drams and Flowerdeluce Root wel bruised two drams make an Emplaster Or Take Ammoniacum Bdellium Galbanum Opopanax Styrax liquid dissolved in Vinegar of each one ounce Litharge of Gold ten drams let them boyl in Vinegar afterwards add Pellitory live Sulphur of each half an ounce Oyl of white Lillies and Wax of each a sufficient quantity Make an Emplaster But now in the administring of these Medicaments we ought alwaies seriously to observe whether the Scirrhus arise from flegm or else in truth from a Melancholick humor For if it hath its original from this last it is then more warily and cautelously to be handled than if it proceeded from flegm lest that it turn into a Cancer and especially if it incline toward a suppuration we must have a care that it be not too much irritated by hot Medicaments Chap 20. Of a Cancer THe Cancer by the Greeks called Carcinos and Carcinoma so termed because it resembleth the Water-Crab or Crevish is generated from an adust Humor or black Choler And yet notwithstanding Celsus seemeth to put a difference between Carcinoma and Cancer For in his fift Book and 28. Chapter he calleth the disease that we treat of in this Chapter only Carcinoma But in the same Book and 16. Chapt. he giveth the name and appellation of a Cancer in general unto certain creeping Ulcers under which he likewise comprehended the Erysipelas that is exulcerated the Gangrene also and the Sphacelus But yet notwithstanding al other Physitian whatsoever use the words Carcinoma's and Cancers as Synonyma's that is as words signifying one and the same Disease For a Cancer is a Preternatural Tumor arising from black Choler round of a wan color or somwhat blackish painful and which when the Veins every where round about are filled and strut out resembleth the feet of the Crab Crevish or Crawfish The Causes The Cause of a Cancer is black Choler in which either yellow Choler or the Melancholy Humor hath degenerated by reason of its being burnt For the Melancholy Humor while it yet continueth to be Natural and is not yet burnt doth never cause or produce a Cancer but another Species or kind of Scirrhus But from the black Choler alone if it be burnt which sticketh fast in the Veins neither can it by reason of its thickness penetrate into those streight and narrow passages as the Melancholy humor doth that causeth the Scirrhus the Cancer is excited and generated But now of this black Choler there is a certain difference for some of it is more mild and moderate or less hot and sharp but then another sort of it is very sharp and hot That which is more mild causeth a secret hidden Cancer that is not exulcerated but that that is more hot and sharp exciteth an exulcerated Cancer Now the said black Choler is more or less sharp according as it is more or less burnt or arise from a humor that is more or less sharp Whereupon it is That that which proceedeth from yellow Choler adult and burnt is worse than that which hath its original from a Melancholy humor And leek by how much the longer it abideth in the place affected and by how much the more it is putrefied and burnt by so much the more it is rendered the worse And hence it is that the Natural Melancholy humor also which first exciteth a Scirrhus if it stick and abide long in the part and especially then when it is not handled with al care and caution in the applying of heating and moistening Medicaments it afterward exciteth and causeth a Cancer But whether the Cancer be without any Ulcer or no and whether the black Choler be mild and moderate or else exulcerated and the cause more sharp yet however notwithstanding in and of it self it is alwaies without a Feaver although accidentally a Feaver may happen thereupon In the mean time we say the Cancer it self is a hot Tumor For although some there be that doubt whether a Cancer be to be ranked and reckoned up among the hot or the cold Tumors as there be likewise that question whether black Choler be a hot or a cold humor and although by the Arabian Physitians a Cancer is accounted and reckoned up among the cold Tumors and Galen seem to incline thereunto in his Book of black Choler Chap. 4. and in his 2. to Glauco Chap. 10. yet notwithstanding it is by the same Galen in his Book of Tumors Chap. 8 10 11. most rightly and truly reckoned up among the hot Tumors since that it hath its original not from the Melancholy humor cold and dry but from black Choler hot and dry For albeit the Melancholy Humor may possibly give the first occasion of this Tumor yet however notwithstanding the Cancer is not generated from it unless the said Melancholy Humor degenerate and turn into black Choler whether this happen in the Vessels or in the part affected like as somtimes a Scirrhus as ere while we told you that is produced from a Melancholy Humor may pass and turn into a Cancer And this is the conjunct cause of a Cancer to wit black Choler a humor hot and dry sharp Salt corroding and corrupting al things generated and bred from the heat of other humors the heat now ceasing or at least being not so vigorous that it may excite and cause a Feaver as it is wont to be in a Phlegmone and Erysipelas It is likewise generated from other Causes For now and then a hot distemper burneth up and inflameth the Humor and so generateth black choler and somtimes the Food Meat and Drink being such as hath in it a disposition and tendency unto the generating of such a like humor by the frequent use thereof and in process of time becometh the Cause of black Choler and somtimes the very Spleen it self being grown weak and not able to attract and draw unto it self that that is generated of the Melancholly humor doth thereupon leave this humor in the Body which after it hath been for a while deteined in the Body is inflamed and burnt up The very same likewise happeneth if either the monthly Courses in Women be suppressed or the Hemorrhoids obstructed And in truth the Cancer is generated and bred in all the parts both external and internal and yet notwithstanding it especially appeareth as Celsus tels us in his fifth Book Chap. 28. in the superior parts about the Face Nosethrils and Ears Lips the Paps or Breasts of Women which chiefly by reason of their laxity and loosness do very easily receive that humor and then again in regard of the consent and agreement it hath with the Womb they readily admit of those vitious and naughty humors that ought to have been purged forth through the Womb. The Signs Diagnostick At the first beginning the Cancer is not so easily
Physitians understand hereby al kind of Scabies whatsoever Now albeit the next cause of Scabies be a humor sharp and salt yet notwithstanding Avicen doth not altogether absurdly assert that blood is the matter of the Scabies For seeing that Scabies is an Univerversal Affect of the whol Body it cannot therefore easily proceed from any other humor unless that blood be likewise therewith mingled and yet notwithstanding the blood cannot properly be said to be simply the cause of Scabies to wit so long as it retaineth its benign and tempeperate Nature For whilest it continueth benign and good it can in no wise excite and cause the itching neither yet those Ulcerous Tumors or Swellings Wherefore before such time as the blood can possibly produce and breed the said Scabies it must of necessity be corrupted and other humors that are sharp and biting there with mingled And true it is indeed that yellow Choler is sharp and corroding but then it scarcely floweth in so great abundance or is of that thickness as to excite such like Tumors But black Choler and salt Flegm are Humors very fit and most apt to produce the said Scabies For these Humors being thick hot and dry and withal biting and corroding if they chance to be thrust forth unto the Skin there they stick fast in it and there they excite a hot and dry distemper an itching a swelling and an exulceration But now as for the primitive Causes and more especially for the generating and breeding of those salt biting and sharp humors the kind and ordinary course of Diet that is kept doth exceedingly advance and further the same Meats to wit of a bad juyce and that afford an unwholsom and corrupt aliment such as are salt sharp and that are easily corrupted And hence it is that the poorer sort of people who live upon these kind of unwholsom corrupt meats are most frequently infested with the Scabies or Scabbiness as likewise Children and yong people in general in regard that these are altogether careless and heedless in their Diet whereupon they contract great store of excrements that being retained in the outward part of the body are there corrupted and so they get an acrimonious quality But then from these bad and naughty meats those sharp and salt humors are the more easily bred if there be present a hot and dry distemper of the Liver And hitherunto likewise relateth the uncleanness and nastiness of the body to wit when there is altogether a neglect in the keeping it sweet and clean and if the foulness and impurities of the Skin be not duly washed off or the garments not shifted and changed often enough whereupon it is that filth and impurities sticking in the superficies of the body do not permit so free a passage forth unto the excrements and by this means the said excrements acquire a certain acrimony and so corrupt the other humors The Scabies ariseth likewise somtimes after a Crisis and after Diseases both acute and those also that are of a long continuance to wit when Nature expelleth forth unto the Skin those naughty and depraved humors which it is not able any other way to discuss and evacuate And lastly Congium is likewise accounted and reckoned up among the principal causes of Scabies which cause Galen also acknowledgeth in his first Book of the Differences of Feavers Chap. 2. and Book 4. of the Differences of Pulses Chap. 3. For in the Superficies of the Skin of those that are Scabby there is a certain viscous and clammy moisture gathered together which being either by the Apparel oâ— by some other means communicated to the body corrupteth the humors therein after the like manner and produceth the like Affection and that especially in these bodies that are now already disposed unto the Scabies And indeed the humid or moist Scabies is the more contagious in regard that in this there is generated more of the aforesaid viscid and clammy humidity The Differences Some there are that reckon up very many Differences of Scabies as that one is new another old and inveterate and that one seizeth upon the whol Body another upon the Hands only and the Thighs but the main and special Difference is that which is taken from the Difference of the Humors that one ariseth from a black and melancholy humor and this is called a dry Scabies in which although there be a concurrence of other humors yet notwithstanding the greatest part thereof is of this last mentioned humor from whence it is that out of the parts affected with this Scabies either there is nothing at all sent forth or if there be any thing issuing our it is thick dry and the Ulcers themselves as likewise the prints and footsteps as we may so term them of these Ulcers are wan and pale and somtimes black another is humid and moist in which there aboundeth a salt flegm out of which there plentifully floweth forth much moist filth and corruption that is thin and subtile sharp and now and then likewise it wil be thick Signs Diagnostick The Scabies or Scabbiness is an Affect very wel known and it may easily be discerned as may also its Differences and from those signs and tokens especially that we but even now mentioned And yet notwithstanding those signs do now and then vary and are somthing changed according as the aduition of the other humors is greater or less Prognosticks 1. Now although the Scabies be in this respect troublesom to wit in regard of the foulness and deformity that it causeth in the Skin rather than that it bringeth with it or threateneth any other danger nigh at hand and that in youth it oftentimes preserveth and likewise freeth from other Diseases yet notwithstanding it is not alwaies secure and safe For if it be of any long continuance it may and somtimes doth turn into the Lepra or Leprosie and in Ancient persons it is contumacious and stubborn and hard to be cured 2. And among the several species and kinds of them the dry is more difficult in curing than the moist And therefore whatever kind or sort it be of it is not at any hand to be neglected but by a due and fit Cure even for the very deformities sake if there were no other cause speedily to be taken away and removed Of the Scabies retiring inwardly That Scabies that hath its rise and original not from any contagion but from some internal default of the humors for the most part breaketh forth as it were critically and ariseth from some internal vice of some one or other of the Bowels in which so soon as any vitious humors are generated they are immediately by Nature thrust forth unto the outward part of the body the which motion if Nature be not able to perfect and accomplish it or in case she be by Medicaments administred unseasonably hindered in her operation divers Diseases are from hence excited Many Diseases proceeding
Leuca or the inveterate Alphus hath continued white From what hath hitherto been said it is apparent and manifest that by reason of the color there is truly an alliance and neer relation between these two Affects Leuca and Alphus and yet notwithstanding in other respects they much differ the one from the other since that in Leuce there is a change not only in the color of the Skin but of the flesh likewise yea also a change in the very substance whereas in Alphus only the Skin or rather indeed the Scarf-skin is changed in color The Causes For touching the generation of Leuca Galen in his third Book of the Causes of Symptoms and Chap. 2. thus writeth When the flesh saith he hath for some long time been nourished with blood both flegmatick and withal glutinous and clammy the flesh indeed as yet remaineth but yet notwithstanding its form it changed and turned into another species and it becometh in a certain mean betwixt flesh that hath blood and that that is altogether bloodless But when it is become such it then so beâ—alieth it that for the nutriment that is brought unto it from the rest of the body it doth no more so much as attempt the converting thereof into the red species of flesh but rather into the likeness of the flesh of Locusts And so it cometh to pass that very speedily it is rendered and becometh both white and flegmatick and that not only in part but wholly in regard that it cannot convert the nutriment into a redness and because that withal that flegmatick humor continually floweth thereunto And therefore what kind of flesh even from the beginning the Locusts have and almost al kind of Oysters the like from this transmutation have they that are defiled and fouled with Leuca For so they cal this vice of the flesh imposing to wit the name from the white color like as they give the name unto black and callous flesh from the Elephant But as touching the generating of the Alphi Galen immediately subjoyneth that the generation of them together with the vices aforesaid are of the like kind but yet so notwithstanding that under them the whol flesh is not vitiated but only in the superficies of the body there are as it were certain scales fixed and fastened But now Alphus is twofold the white that proceedeth from flegm and by the Arabians it called the white Morphaea and the black that it generated from a melancholy humor and is called the black Morphaea But yet notwithstanding some there are that constitute other colors also and they say that the Skin is somtimes changed unto a citrine yellowish color and somtimes likewise unto a red according unto the diversity of the corrupt humor And indeed what they say is not altogether â—rivolous and to no pupose for the Skin true it is is changed oftentimes no only noâ—◠〈◊〉 â—â—â—re color or a black color alone but also 〈…〉 unto a citrine and yellowish color The Antecedent causes of these Vices are Humors of the same kind heaped up in the Veins and by Nature driven forth unto the circumference and superficies of the Body But now those humors proceed from a default and error in the sanguification which happeneth either by reason of an ill course of Diet or else from some sickness and distemper of the Liver And yet notwithstanding unto the black Alphus there concurreth likewise and that more especially the vice and distemper of the Spleen But now with this malady men are more usually surprized and set upon than women Foe in women those vitious humors are wont to be evacuated together with the monthly or menstrual purgation Children are likewise less infested with this malady in regard that their bodies are hot and moist and therefore the less apt to breed these kind of Humors their bodies are likewise open and permeâ—ble and consequently most sit for insensible transpiration Signs Diagnostick Those Diagnostick Vices are known by the change of the color of the Skin And indeed the signs of the black Alphus are manifest in regard that there are broad blackish spots scaly as it were here and there spread and dispersed up and down throughout the Skin But because in Leuce and the white Alphus there is every where and on al sides a white color these two vices are therefore to be distinguished In the white Alphus the hairs in the place affected retain their natural color but in Leuce there arise white hairs like unto the soft and tender woolly hairs in yong Children And likewise in Leuce the Skin is more depressed Moreover in the Alphi if the Skin be pricked with a Needle there issueth forth blood but in Leuce that which floweth forth is not altogether blood but a certain waterish and white humor And lastly in the Alphus the spots are not continued but disjoyned but in Leuce they are altogether continued by reason of the equal vice of the Skin underneath and the flesh Prognosticks 1. The Vitiligo to tel you the truth hath in it no danger of death and yet notwithstanding it is a very filthy and loathsom affect 2. If it be cherished by any default of the Liver or the Spleen the Malady is then the harder to be cured 3. Leuce is more difficult to be cured than Alphus and the Alphus likewise that hath been of long continuance is more easily cured than Leuce that is but newly beginning 4. That Leuce which waxeth not red when it is rubbed and being pricked doth not bleed is incurable 5. That Leuce likewise is incurable which seizeth upon and possesseth a large and spacious room is of long continuance and groweth and encreaseth every hour and also when all the Aliment that floweth thereunto is corrupted 6. On the contrary that Leuce that hath yet some kind of redness left in it and is but smal is curable 7. That Leuce that is in the hand or the foot is of difficult Cure 8. The white Alphus is likewise more easily cured than the black And in the general look by how much the color recedes from the Natural color of the body by so much the more is the Malady the harder to be cured The Cure This Malady is cured if the Humor that exciteth it be wasted and consumed and if a course be taken to hinder the further afflux of the like humor unto the skin and this is done if care be taken that the humor that is already present in the body may be evacuated and such a course likewise taken that may preveâ—t the generating of any new humor for the future In Leuce and the white Alphus there is no need at al of Venesection For the blood doth not here superabound but that which too much aboundeth is the thick and cold humors which are to be prepared by those Medicaments that heat cut and cleanse and such as these are made and provided of Hysop Betony the opening Roots Steechas and others of this kind and they are
is but seldom that it happeneth in these parts The Causes That it hath its original from a blow or from hard labor Paulus and Aetius teach us which is indeed to be understood of the evident cause But how these evident causes come to produce those Tumors is not so evident and manifest Vulgarly the greater part determine that they arise from a dull sluggish thick flegm or else from Melancholy But others assert and that more rightly that by means of some fal by reason of extension or of some extraordinary hard labor and over working by al or any of which either a Nerve or a Tendon is too far extended or likewise according to the Membrane even as is were broken the nutriment of the Nervous part doth as it were sweat forth and adhere neer about the Fibres and the substance of the same Nervous part and so becometh changed into this substance by reason of the formative faculty of the said parts and then covered with a peculiar Membrane After which manner if the Periostium be opened even in the Bones their nutriment is turned into a boney knot as Platerus giveth us to understand For look as it is in Trees if their Rind or Bark be wounded or in any other manner opened Nature sweating forth the aliment suffereth it not rashly to diffuse it self al abroad but changeth it into a knot so in like manner albeit the Membranes that wrap about the Bones or Nervous parts may be broken yet Nature permits not the aliment rashly to flow abroad through the open passages but from thence under the Skin formeth a Tumor included and shut up in a peculiar Membrane But now that Ganglion that Platerus describeth happeneth not from the default of one only Nerve or Tendon but chiefly in those places where there is a concourse of Tendons Ligaments and Nerves and especially about the knee either when those parts by reason of their overgreat motion are very much exercised or else while Wounds are in curing For if the juyce of these parts to wit of the Tendons Nerves Membranes and Ligaments shal chance upon the occasion of the aforesaid Causes to flow forth abroad out of the said parts and shal withal begin to be luxuriant and to abound and shal likewise adhere unto the Fibres of the same parts it is then changed into such a like fungous or Mushrom-like matter which oftentimes overspreadeth the whol joynt and is thereupon by the Germans called Der Gliedshevva And yet notwithstanding it may likewise so chance that a vitious humor abounding in the body may flow in into such a like weak part and may be mingled together with the said thick juyce that nourisheth these parts and may through that open passage flow together with it unto the aforesaid parts and may there augment the Tumor Signs Diagnostick This Tumor is bred in those parts that are not covered with much flesh but only by the Skin and therefore it lieth not hid very deep and it is now hard now soft now greater now less and somtimes it is in bigness equal unto and many times greater than an Egg it is void of al pain and yet notwithstanding if it be forcibly pressed together it then manifesteth a certain kind of dul and stupid sense it may be thrust and moved unto the sides but neither forward nor backward That Ganglium which Platerus describeth is a Tumor for the most part arising in the Knee soft without pain and of a different color from smal beginnings somtimes encreasing to so great a bulk and magnitude that it comprehendeth the whol joynt from whence it chanceth that the sick person can neither stand upright no go straight neither is he able in going to tread upon the ground or at least as it were only on tiptoe Prognosticks 1. This Disease is of long continuance and oftentimes lasteth for many yeers and accompaninieth the sick parties even unto their dying day 2. Those of them that are in the very junctures of the joynts impede and hinder the motion of the whol Member 3. The Ganglium likewise that is neer about the Joynt unless it may be taken away by Medicaments is altogether incurable For it admitteth not of Section or cutting in regard that it may easily happen that by Section a Nerve Tendon or Ligament may be hurt The Cure Universal or general Remedies having been first premised it is requisite that the Tumor be mollified and discussed or if this cannot wel be done that it be suppurated or cut out Therefore if Ganglium or Nodus the Knot be recent and new and the little Bladder within which it is included be yet tender we must then in the first place do our endeavor that the said bladder may be broken And therefore the Tumor is to be rubbed with the hand so long until it wax hot and become softer and afterward let it be close pressed together with some thin plate or some other solid thing so long that the bladder may be broken and that the matter therein included may be thereby dispersed And therefore let a thin plate of Lead be imposed upon the place affected and bound close upon it with a Swathe which is not to be removed until after ten daies Others there are that first of al anoint the Tumor with Ammoniacum dissolved in the form of an Emplaster and then after they apply a thin plate of Lead Oribasius made use of this that followeth Take Ceruss Pitchy Rosin old Oyl Ammoniacum Galbanum of each one ounce Wax four ounces mingle them c. Or Take Aloes and Myrrh of each six drams Litharge of Gold one ounce Ladanum half an ounce Ammoniacum the Fat of a Calf and of a Fox of each six drams Oyl of white Lillies two ounces Wax as much as wil suffice make an Emplaster Or Take of unslaked Lime the Fat of a Goose of each one ounce Ammoniacum half an ounce Turpentine one ounce mingle them c. Or Take of the Emplaster Oxycroceum one ounce the Mucilage of Marsh-mallow seed and Fenugreek seed of each half an ounce Galbanum Sagapenum and Ammoniacum dissolved in Vinegar of each three drams Rosin six drams white Wax half an ounce Mingle them and make an Emplaster Or Take Gum Ammoniacum Bdellium Galbanum dissolved in Vinegar of each one ounce and half Oyl of white Lillies of Camomile of Bays the Spirit of Wine of each half an ounce the pouder of the Flowerdeluce Root and live Sulphur of each half a dram mingle them and make an Emplaster If the Ganglia give not way unto these Medicaments we must then betake our selves unto those Remedies that cause suppuration As for Example Take the Roots of white Lillies and Marsh-mallow Roots of each an ounce and half the Root of Fern one ounce fat dried Figs in number ten the Root of Squils or the Sea Onion one ounce the Flowers of Melilote and Elder flowers of each one smal handful boyl them in the Broth of a
Wether-Sheeps Feet adding thereto a smal quantity of Vinegar Afterward let them be wel bruised together and then pass them through a hair sieve and then add of Wheat flour and the flour of Lupines of each half an ounce the fat of an old Sow Ducks fat and Goose fat of each two ounces the Dregs or Lees of the Oyl of white Lillies three ounces and so make a Cataplasm Ganglia and Nodi may likewise be taken away by Section Section such alone of them that consist in the Head the Forehead and other places without the Joynts But those of them that consist in the Joynts are not safely to be cut there being cause to fear lest that the Nervous parts that lie underneath be hurt thereby and so consequently the motion of the Member quite taken away As in like manner it is not fit to cut those Ganglia that are neer about the Jugular Veins for fear of an Hemorrhage or flux of blood Now for the manner of Section it is this First of al there must be made a smal Wound in the Skin even unto the bladder wherein the matter of the Tumor is included through which a Probe of the thickness of a finger and round at the end but hollow in the midst is to be conveyed in betwixt the Skin and the bladder and then to be drawn about even unto the very Root of the Ganglium and then after this upon it the Skin is to have an Incision made therein deep enough in the form of the letter X and from the corner of the Bladder it is to be drawn along towards the Root and if there arise any Hemorrhage from the thicker Vessels upon their being cut about the Root it is in a fit and convenient manner to be stanched and stopt and then upon this the whol Tumor together with the Membrane is to be extracted and drawn forth and no part thereof to be left remaining behind or if haply there should be any thereof left behind it is then to be consumed with Caustick Medicaments Callous or Boney Nodi by Platerus so termed in special are hardly cured and not at al if they be inveâ—erate and hardened Such of them as are curable are to be cured by those or such like Emollients as were even now propounded Here likewise those Cataplasms are very useful that are made of Mandrake Root the Leaves of Hemlock Henbane the dead Nettle boyled in Vinegar and mingled together with Emollient Greases If these Nodi tend towards the Joynts and so hinder their motion and have their abode in those places that are naked and only covered with the Bones then the Skin is to be opened and with a sharp Iron the Nodus by a continued stroke is to be cut away from the Bone and the Wound is then to be cured in a fit and convenient manner Ganglia in special so called or those Mushrom-like spungy Tumors that arise about the Joynts and especially the Knees somtimes wholly comprehending it and hindering its motion are not to be cured without much difficulty For Section in regard that it cannot be administred without hurting the Tendons Ligaments and Nerves hath here no place And therefore we ought to assay that by Emollients and Digestives they may be discussed but yet notwithstanding we ought evermore to beware that there follow not any suppuration hereupon which in these places is wont to excite incurable Ulcers by which the Nervous parts neer about the Joynts are corrupted In this case the Medicaments before propounded are likewise very useful and profitable Or else let a Fomentation be provided of the Roots of Marsh-mallows white Lillies Briony the wild Cucumber Sowbread the Leaves of Mallows Marsh-mallows dead Nettle Henbane Ground-pine Sage Primrose the flowers of Camomile Elder Wall-flowers Melilote Linseed Fenugreek seed Bayberries Or Take the Kernels of Wallnuts three ounces the meal or flour of Lupines one ounce and half the pouder of Flowerdeluce Root and Earth-worms of each an ounce Honey as much as wil suffice and make a Cataplasm Or Take Ship-Pitch two ounces dissolve it in the Oyl of Earthworms and the Oyl of Flowerdeluce of each one ounce and half and then ad thereto of Ladanum and Mastick of each two drams Bdellium and Styrax Calamite of each one dram the pouder of Earthworms half a dram mingle them c. The Diasulphur Emplaster of Rulandus is likewise here very useful and of singular benefit but especially and in the first place Natural Sulphury Baths Chap. 35. Of Meliceris Atheroma and Steatoma THese kind of Tumors have this one thing proper and peculiar unto them to wit That the matter that is contained in them is shut up in a peculiar Tunicle or little Bladder And they take their name from the matter contained in them For if the matter that is shut up within be like unto Honey it is then called Meliceris and the Latines usually cal it Mellifavium if it be like to Frumenty which the Greeks term Atheria we then cal it Atheroma and lastly if it be like unto Suet it is then by the most called Steatoma Meliceris what it is For Meliceris as it appeareth out of Galen in his fourteenth Book of the Method of Physick and Chap. 6. and out of Aetius Tetrab 4. Serm. 3. Chap. 7. as also out of Paulus Aegineta in his sixth Book Chap. 36. and lastly out of Celsus in his seventh Book and Chap. 6. is a Tumor without pain containing a matter like unto Honey that is shut up in a little Nervous Skin Atheroma what it is But Atheroma is a Tumor without any pain containing in a Nervous Tunicle a Humor like unto Prumenty or a Pultiss steatoma what it is And Steatoma is in like manner a Tumor containing within a peculiar Membrane a Humor like unto Suet. But now touching Meliceris it is here to be noted That it is a Disease not one and the same with Meliceria of which Aetius maketh mention in his fifth Book and Chap. 28. but a disease different from it For Meliceria as Celsus himself hath it is a kind of Ulcer that is so called from the resemblance it hath with a Bee-hive which said Disease we have already explained in the secund part and Chap. 3. of Infants Diseases and by others it is likewise called Kerion Favus or Bee-hive and it is an Ulcer that is very ful of holes chiefly peculiar unto the Head pouring forth at those holes a corrupt matter like unto Honey and it hath its original from flegm that is salt or nitrous But Meliceris touching which we are here treating without any hole at al in whatsoever part of the body it happeneth to be it containeth within under a Nervous Membrane a substance like unto Honey The Causes Now all these Tumors are referred unto the Pituitous or Flegmy and they are vulgarly said to be excited from a Pituitous or Flegmy humor which in progress of time is by degrees and slowly changed
Palate that the sick party could hardly breathe neither could he speak distinctly and so as to be understood This Gulielmus Fabricius in his third Century and Observat 1. tels us yet likewise of another Fungus that he had seen growing out of the Ear and that he cured the same And in his fifth Century and Observat 62. he mentioneth yet another Fungus that sprung and was bred out of the very Center of the Navel This kind of Tumor Gulielmus Fabricius in his third Century Observat 36. conceiveth that it is to be referred unto those that we cal Nattae or Naptae But what these Naptae are we have before declared in the thirty sixth Chapter And although there be somthing of Fungus contained in the aforesaid Tumor Natta and albeit these Tumors may in the general be said to be Fungus yet notwithstanding that is covered over with the skin but Fungi properly so called and of which we are now â—reating hang forth al naked and bare without the skin and there they grow and encrease And therefore likewise they breed not in the whol and sound Membranes of the brain but they are bred in them when they are wounded bruised together and hurt The subject of these Tumors is a Membrane that is any waies hurt or wounded or bruised The Causes Johannes Philippus Ingrassias touching the Cause and the manner of generation of these Fungi writeth that this Fungus is wont to be bred in like manner as in Candles lighted or Lamps we see the Fungus in the Winter time especially that is wont to arise and appear in the top of the Wick of the one and the match of the other and which is with weak and simple Women a notable presage of Rain suddenly to follow even as Virgil in the first of his Georgicks and Pliny likewise in his eighteenth Book about the end thereof do both of them attest For when the Air begins to be moist the sparkles that were wont to pass forth with the smoke being now prohibited and hindred by reason of the thickness of the Air do there reside in the Lights and there they represent as it were certain resemblances and Images of Fungi And just so it is in the Membrane of the Brain when it is discovered and laid open at the first there is a certain substance that representeth the likeness of that soft and Cotton-like tender Hair that is found upon the heads of new born Infants But then afterwards the vapors being discussed by exhaling and the Fumes being made to assume a round form in that substance by the coldness of the Air they are by little and little burnt and extreamly dried by the more inward heat until at length there appear also a substance like unto the said Fungus signifying that the Membrane is altered by the Air. But in very truth it is indeed to be granted that these kind of Fungi are generated from a superfluous humor as it were sweating forth thorow the hurt Membranes but that this matter may be even deteined there by the coldness of the Air and that it may likewise be there exsiccated meerly and only by the heat is altogether false and therefore not to be granted For these Fungi cannot possibly be so suddenly generated after this manner and get such a growth But it is most agreeable unto truth that the humor destilling forth into the soft Flesh that is spungy like to the Mushrom in Trees is changed by the formative faculty of the part and that Nature which is never idle doth change and form into this substance the humors flowing thereunto which by reason of their abundance as likewise their unfiâ—ness for motion and the debility of the part it can by no means possibly convert into the aliment and substance of the said part Signs Diagnostick This kind of Tumor is very easily known For out of a Membrane hurt and bruised or wounded there shoots forth a soft Flesh spungy and pale and not covered with the Skin and suddenly it attaineth unto a great and exraordinary growth Prognostick This Malady is very dangerous and hard to be cured and if it be not handled aright it easily turneth into the Nature of a Cancer The Cure Universals having been first premised the which it is not our purpose here to mention the Fungus it self is to be taken away which is done either by Medicaments that exsiccate and corrode or else by excision and cutting it out Medicaments that exsiccate and dry are far more safe then those that corrode and eat through in regard that by Corrosives the matter is easily exasperated and so obtaineth the nature of a Cancer Now such are made of round Aristolochy the roots of it and of the Florentine Flower-de-luce Angelica the true and right Acoruss the Leaves of Savine of Card. Benedict of Rosemary of Plantane Horstail Storks-bil the Flowers of Red Roses Mastick Frankincense Myrrh prepared Tutty burnt Lead Sugar of Saturn Lapis Calaminaris the Ashes of Froggs and Sea-Crabs But they are to be cut out either by a Silken Thread tying it about therewith or else any other strong Thread otherwise it is done by an Iron So soon as the Fungus is taken away either by the aforesaid Ligature or Iron then there ought to be strewed and sprinkled thereupon Powders of the before mentioned Medicaments As touching these operations see further in Gulielm Fabricius in the place alleadged to wit Century 3. Observat 1. and Century 5. Observat 62. Chap. 40. Of Tumors Malignant and Poysonous and in special of Elephantiasis WE are at length come to treat of a certain kind of Tumors arising from the humors that have joyned with them a Malignity Among the which the first we meet withall are the smal Pox and Measils But because we have already handled them in the fourth Book of Feavers Chap. 12. we shal here add no more as touching them but rather refer the Reader thither for his further information And then the next we meet withall are those we call Bubones and pestilent Carbuncles touching which we shall likewise here in this place spare our pains in the further treating thereof in regard that we have also spoken of them in the place alleadged to wit the sixth Chapter There likewise belong hither in the third place those Tumors that we term Venereal of which we shall hereafter treat further in its proper place among the malignant Tumors And lastly there is this Elephantiasis touching which alone we intend here to discourse That Affect which the Arabians call Lepra we have told you above in Chap. 28. that it is by the Greeks called Elephantiasis Elephantiasis Now it is called Elephas Elephantiasis and Elephantia from the Elephant by reason of the likeness and resemblance that this Disease hath with that Creature the Elephant to wit as some conceive because such as are affected with this Disease become great as the Elephants but this is but a weak and simple conjecture
of theirs since that those who are affected with the Elephantiasis are not made hereby ever a whit the greater unless haply we have respect not so much unto the greatness of the body in such as are thus affected as unto the greatness of the danger of death thereby threatned to wit that look as the Elephant is the greatest of al the four-footed Creatures even so among diseases this appeareth to be the greaâ—est and an Affect almost remediless and incurable touching which thing Macer in his Book of the virtues of Herbs and Chap. 15. speaketh unto the same purpose Or else this Malady is so called because that creeping along upon the Thighs it causeth them to become as are those of an Elephant rough and unequal or else because that among other Diseases this is exceeding vehement strong and violent like as is the Elephant or otherwise it is so called and this indeed seemeth to be the most true and genuine reason thereof because the members the skin of those that are affected with this Disease are rendered tumid and swoln scaly rough and rugged ful of swellings and unequal like unto the skin of Elephants Galen in his Book of Tumors Chap. 14. writeth that this Malady when it first beginneth is likewise called Satyriasmus in regard that the face of those that are afflicted with this Disease is rendered like unto the face of the said Satyres For the lips of such as are troubled with Elephantiasis are thereby made thick and the Nose swelleth and thereupon it seemeth as if it were pressed down the Ears become flaggy and much wasted the Jaw bones are colored as it were and overspread with a certain kind of redness and in the Forehead there appear here and there Tumors or Swellings like as if they were certain Horns although there be others indeed that think the Satyriasmus to be so called even for this very cause that in the beginning of this Malady the sick parties are extreamly libidinous and lustful like as are the said Satyres And yet notwithstanding Aetius in Tetrab 4. Serm. 1. Chap. 120. out of Archigenes rendereth another kind of reason of this resemblance and that indeed different from the former to wit because the Cheeks and face in such as are thus affected are lifted up together with a certain redness and the Chin it self is dilated upon the Convulsion as it were of the Muscles of the Jaws even as we see it likewise to befal those that laugh in a certain kind of likeness and resemblance unto the Pictures of Satyres which Coelius Rhodiginus in his 19. Book of the reading of Antiquâ—ties and Chap. 25. conceiveth to be â—o called from the Greek word Seserenai because that these Satyres sing and sport themselves with their mouths wide open and gaping and their lipâ— drawn forth like unto those that laugh A d there are some that give us a thâ—â—â— reâ—son and ground of this appellation to wit b cause thâ—â— those who are affected wiâ—h thiâ— Elephantiasis are like unto Satyres in their propension unto Venery and lustfulness It is likewise termed Leontiasis either in regard that this Malady is inviâ—â—ible like as the Lyon or else because as Aetius hath it in Tetrab 4. Serm. 1. Chap. 30. the forehead of the sick person is with a certain swelling rendered and made more loose after the resemblance of the flexile skin of the Lions Eye-brows or else because the breath and the very spiriâ—s of such as are affected with this Malady do even stink like unto the breathing of Lions and their very excrements also or else because those that are affected with this Disease have a most filthy and terrible face insomuch that like as do Lions they strike a terror into those that come suddenly and unawares to behold it This Malady is by our Physitians called the Malady of St. Lazarus because that such as are Elephantiack do so abound and are ful of Ulcers like as was that Lazarus the beggar of whom there is mention made in the Evangelical History Luke Chap. 16. Now this is a very sad and grieâ—ous Malady and as it were an Universal oâ— Cancer of the whol body whereupon it comprehendeth under it many more sorts and kinds oâ— Diseases For fi st of al there is present magnitude augmented and a â—â—â—lling up and down in the body especially in the external parts whose beauty feaâ—ure and 〈◊〉 likewise is hereupon corrupted there is likewise present a hot and dry distemper by which the parts are so exulcerated and corrupted that as length they fal off Celsus in his third Book and Chap. 25. thus describeth the whol Idea of this Malady The whol Body saith he is affected so that the very Bones likewise may in a manner be said to be vitiated and corrupted The highest and utmost parts of the body have in them both spots and swellings that stand thick and close one by the other The redness of these parts is by little and little converted into a black color The top of the skin is unequally both thick and thin hard and soft and is exasperated by certain scales the body waxeth lean the mouth the calves of the legs and the feet swel and are puffed up When the disease comes once to be old the fingers and toes are quite hidden under the swelling there ariseth also a light and gentle Feaver that easily consumeth and wasteth the sick person that is already overwhelmed with the aforesaid evils and mischiefs The Causes The containing cause is black Choler and this not without malignity diffused and spread abroad throughout the whol body Now we find touching the generating of this humor viz. black choler a long and tedious dispute among Authors and we find them holding divers and different Opinions In this the truth is they al agree that this humor is generated from the adustion and burning of other humors but then in this they differ viz. from the adustion of what humors this proceedeth Avicen in the third Section of his fourth Book Tract 3. Chap. 1. seemeth to have comprehended them all whiles he mentioneth five Species or kinds of this humor The first is that which proceedeth from the Blood the second that from the melancholly humor the third that which is from the adustion of bitter Choler the fourth that which ariseth from Flegm burnt the fift and last that that proceedeth from the thick and hot part as being very apt to be burnt of the Chyle as to Instance from all salt Flesh Fish and the like But although it cannot be denied that there is here in this case an adustion of humors present and that salt humors are the cause of this Malady yet notwithstanding since that there are very many other Tumors and Ulcers that have their original from adust humors here therefore the very specifical cause is altogether to be sought for which notwithstanding cannot easily be explained but it consisteth in an occult i. e. an hidden and secret Malignity But
and the very natural flesh it self wanting and that Ulcer is no simple and single Disease but a Compound one such as is conjoyned with magnitude augmented There may likewise together with an Ulcer be conjoyned divers other Diseases a Distemper an Inflammation an Erysipelas an Excrescent Flesh and other Diseases which yet notwithstanding belong not unto the Essence of an Ulcer but may be taken away the Ulcer stil remaining the essence whereof doth consist only in the solution of Continuity together with some kind of diminution of the part affected The Subject of an Ulcer is a part soft or fleshy The Subject the word Flesh being here taken in a large acceptation viz. not only for the Musculous flesh but for that likewise that comprehendeth the flesh of which the Intestines the Bladder and other of the Bowels consist and herein lieth the difference between it and the rottenness that is in the Bones The Causes The neerest Cause is any matter whatsoever it be that hath in it any corroding quality which comprehendeth under it not only the sharp humors that are bred in the body but likewise all those external Causes that have in them a corroding power such as are corroding Medicadicaments and poysons for it is false that which some assert that the very same Ulcers arise only from internal Causes since that experience teacheth us that the very same Ulcers may be excited also from external Causes And so Galen himself being witness in his fourth Book of the Method of Physick and Chap. 9. it is most apparently known even by experience it self that by the Fire scalding hot water Oyl and other the like fervent juyces in burnings and scaldings they are not Wounds that are excited but Ulcers like as also Medicaments and Poysons that cause putrefaction and burning excite Ulcers And so poysonous and contagious vapors breed Ulcers like as Scabbiness by contagion and infection breedeth Scabbiness to wit whilest the Contagion that is imparted and communicated unto the Skin corrodeth it And in the very same manner the vapors that are drawn in by breathing from the Lungs of Phthisical Persons do exulcerate the Lungs and by contagion do breed a Phthisis or Consumption And in the like manner upon the very same ground Venome and Venereal Poyson being rub'd and chaf'd into any body or by any means communicated thereunto infecteth and exulcerateth the same Neither is it of any weight or moment that Eustachius Rudius endeavoreth to reduce such like Ulcers as these rather unto Wounds then unto Ulcers For by this means he confoundeth altogether the Difference that is betwixt Ulcers and Wounds in regard that Ulcers Wounds do not differ only in this that Ulcers are evermore with a loss of some of the substance whereas Wounds may be without any such loss but likewise in that Wounds arise from some Cause that either cutteth into the part or pricketh it or breaketh or bruiseth it but these to wit the Ulcers proceed from a Corroding Cause whether it be external oâ— whether it be internal And this is also manifest in Medicaments that putrefie for who can deny that to be an Ulcer that is excited from the Juyce of Spurge from the which said Medicaments that Contagion that is in Scabies the French Pox and the Phthisis or Consumption differeth but very little For although as Rudius there Objecteth we do not deny that such like Poysons have likewise in them a power of infecting the humors which being corrupted may afterward also promote these Ulcers yet notwithstanding we say that all power whatsoever of corroding is not to be denied unto this very Contagion it self although afterward when the corruption of the humors happeneth in the body the increase of the Ulcer be thereby much promoted and furthered The Differences The Differences of Ulcers some of them are Essential others of them only Accidental The Essential are those that are taken from the very form of the Ulcer from the Subject and from the efficient Cause thereof Those that are taken from the form of the Ulcer are drawn from its figure its magnitude and the like For some Ulcers are great others but smal some of them long others short some of them broad others but narrow some straight others again oblique wreathed in and fistulous some of them equal in which the flesh in all the parts of the place affected is equally wasted others unequal in which there is a greater part of the flesh consumed in this place and a less portion in another place of the same Ulcer From the part affected some Ulcers are said to be External others Internal some sleight and superficial others of them profound and deep and they may be in this or in that part The Differences arising from the Causes shall he shewn in the next following Chapter wherein our purpose is to treat of the Causes of Ulcers But now the Accidental Differences of Ulcers are those that are taken from such things as are without the Nature Constitution of the Ulcer and they are such as are taken from the scituation of the Ulcer or else from their time viz. that some of them are Recent and new others of them old and inveterate And hither likewise there may not unfitly be referred those Differences that are taken from Causes accidental and such as are not common unto all Ulcers to wit that some Ulcers are joyned together with a fluxion but that others of them want the said afflux that some of them are pure others of them sordid and soul corroding eating up and Creeping along For these Differences depend upon the Causes And hitherto likewise belong those Differences that are taken from the Accidents and Symptoms of the Ulcers to wit that some of them are altogether void of pain others of them accompanied with a pain an itching pricking and burning some of them easie to be cured others difficult and rebellious by the Greeks called Dysepulota some of them benign and favorable others such as have contracted a most pestilent and malignant quality And hither likewise are to be referred those Ulcers that they commonly call Chironia and Telephia And yet nevertheless besides these Differences that may be properly called such there may yet some others be given that are improperly so called and such as may rather be termed the Complications of Ulcers with other Diseases then Differences and such like Differences are these to wit that some Ulcers are conjoyned with Pain a Distemper a Phlegmone a Callous or Brawny Flesh a Gangrene a Cancer Worms and the Rottenness or Corruption of the Bones And the truth is the Differences and Distinctions of Ulcers are drawn from the Springs aforesaid But it being a truth likewise that some of the sorts of Ulcers are taken and drawn from divers and several Fountains that so we may not treat of Ulcers without any Method I conceive that our Discourse touching these Ulcers will be most Methodical if we handle them in the
order following to wit 1. If we first of all treat of a simple Ulcer or an Ulcer considered in the General 2. Of an Ulcer with a Distemper 3. Of an Ulcer with an afflux of humors 4. Of a sordid and foul Ulcer 5. Of an Ulcer with Tumors 6. Of Flesh growing forth luxuriant and proud 7. Of an Ulcer that is wan or Leaden coloured and withall Callous 8. Of an Ulcer that is hollow and fistulous which we commonly call the Fistula 9. Of an Ulcer with Worms 10. Of an Ulcer with a rottenness of the Bones 11. Of the Ulcer by the Greeks called Dysepulot Malignant the Ulcers Telephia and Chironia and Phagedaena 12. Of pain with an Ulcer 13. Of the Ulcers of the Legs and other parts 14. Unto which we wil add something touching Burnings 15. We wil conclude all with a short Discourse touching a Gangrene and Sphacelus Chap. 2. Of a simple or single Vlcer IN the first place therefore we wil handle a simple Ulcer and shew you what are the Causes of an Ulcer considered in the general and what differences it hath according to its form its causes and the place affected by what signs the Ulcer and its essential differences may be known and what is to be pre-advised as touching the cure and what the Ulcer in general indicateth and pointeth out and lastly what kind of Method and course it requireth for the curing of it The Causes We have already told you in the precedent Chapter that the neerest cause of an Ulcer is a matter that hath in it a corroding quality whether it be bred in the Body or whether it happen unto the body from without Of the first sort are al Humors whatsoever that are sharp and endued with a corroding Faculty bred in the body But now this humor is either bred without the part affected or else it is generated in the very part it self that is affected Without the affected part there is generated a cholerick humor a salt flegm a Whey that is salt nitrous and sharp and black Choler or Melancholy For these if they be bred in the body and flow unto any one part they may corrode and exulcerate the said part But from what Causes such like humors may be generated in the body we have already shewn you in the second Book of our Institutions touching the causes of Diseases and elsewhere Now they flow unto the part affected either by transmission or by attraction both which from what causes they proceed we have declared above in the first Part and Chap. 5. of an Inflammation And more especially in the Spring time various Ulcers are wont to arise from some internal vice of the Humors as likewise from unseasonable and immoderate exercises For if as Galen writeth in his third Book upon the Aphorisms Aphor. 20. in the Spring the Body be impure there happeneth indeed then some such like thing in the Spring time even as we see there is wont to be in the exercises of the Body For although these exercises be never so safe and healthful in themselvs yet nevertheles if you bring forth a man that is full either of flegm or yellow choler or black choler or even also of blood it self to exercise you shal undoubtedly by this exercising of him procure unto him either the Falling-sickness or the Apoplexy or if not these yet most assuredly the rupture of some Vessel in the Lungs or a most acute and violent Feaver But unto such as have had exercise enjoyn'd them for the purging out of humors that lie low and deep this their exercise drawing forth unto the skin a Gacochymy that is to say abundance of bad and offensive humors and scattering it throughout the parts doth for the most part excite and cause Vlcers and the Scabies or Scabbiness For this is that which Hippocrates hinteth unto us when he saith That if we exercise an impure and impurged body Vlcers wil from thence arise And so indeed in the very like manner in the Spring time the heat of the ambient Air dissolving the humors calleth them forth unto the skin by an effect altogether like unto that of exercises For the effects of the Spring do not only resemble the effects of Exercises but they are also most like unto the works and operations even of Nature her self For indeed the parts that the Spring time acteth like as doth Nature her self are as wel to cause that occult and secret perspiration throughout the whol body by the which all the superfluities of the body are emptied forth as throughly to purge the body also by diseases after a various and different manner Thus â—aâ— Galen But then these Humors get their acrimony in the part it self by reason of some distemper in the said part And after this manner like as even the Pus or puâ—â—lent matter it self by its concoction and long abode in the part becometh more sharp and stil so much the sharper and corroding by how much the humor out of which it is generated is more tart and sharp so likewise doth the blood which is corrupted by the part affected and so putrefieth But now the Causes that happen unto the body from without are Septick or putrefying and Caustick Medicaments Neither do I here exclude the very actual fire it self from bearing a part in the number of the external causes in regard that the Eschar that is left remaining appertaineth rather unto ulcers than unto wounds And hither likewise is to be referred that contagion by means whereof the vapors exhaling from the Lungs of Phthisical persons by others attracted drawn in with the breath do likewise exulcerate their Lungs and so cause in them a Phthisis or Consumption and also the nastiness and infections of such as are scabbed Leprous and affected with the foul Disease being communicated unto the skin do exulcerate it and there generate a like disease But that attraction which is caused in gauling interfairing or in wearing of the skin by the wringing and streightness of the shoo is not rightly and fitly referred unto and reckoned up amongst the nighest and most immediate Causes For by the said attrition the humor only is attracted that afterwards corrodeth the Skin and exciteth therein little bladders or blisters But now what the special causes of special Ulcers are we shal afterwards shew you in its proper place where the peculiar causes of each particular Ulcer shal be explained of the Ulcer cannot be filled up neither can there flesh enough grow forth from whence it is that an hollow Cicatrice is caused 19. If the Ulcer after such time as it is filled up with flesh and that a Cicatrice ought to have been brought thereupon wax crude and raw again there is then great cause to fear that the Ulcer wil turn into a Fistula 20. Ulcers that are in the Feet and in the Hands are wont somtimes to hasten on Inflammations of the Glandules in the Arm-pits or in the
encrease and so the Cicatrice should thereby be raised the higher For in regard that the Skin is a Nervous substance it cannot therefore be so generated anew as the flesh but in place and stead thereof there is somthing generated that is like unto the skin and this we cal a Cicatrice This is likewise to be taken notice of That Epulotick Medicaments ought to be endued both actually and potentially with a drying faculty and that therefore for the producing and causing the Cicatrice Emplasters are most fitly and commodiously administred and applied Gabriel Fallopius in his Book of Ulcers Chap. 13. propoundeth this Unguent which he termeth de Tutia Magistrale and he there writeth that of al that he had ever seen this is absolutely the best Viz. Take Oyl of Roses and Oyl Omphacine of each six ounces Oyl of Myrtle and the Vnguent Populeon of each three ounces Plantane Leaves and Garden Nightshade of each two handfuls Let the Herbs be cut very smal and let them be mingled altogether for the space of eight daies shaking and stirring them wel together every of those daies Then strain them and to the straining add of Wax four ounces mingle it with the rest upon the fire until that they be al melted after this mingle them better with a Wooden Spatter and while it is yet blood warm add of the Litharge of Gold or Silver six ounces Ceruss two ounces Tutty prepared two drams burnt Lead six drams Brass burnt unto a redness three drams Camphire one dram and half stir them wel about in a Mortar by the space of two hours An Epulotick Pouder Take the Roots of Tormentil Bistort Round Aristolochy Acorn Cups Egg-shels burnt Frankincense Dragons blood of each half an ounce Lapin Calaminaris one dram Litharge two drams and make a Pouder This following Emplaster is likewise very useful the which I have oftentimes made trial of and that with very good success Viz. Take of the Vnguent Diapompholyx the Emplaster Diapalma and the Emplastrum Gryseum of each one ounce Gum Elemi two drams Sugar of Saturn one scruple Wax as much as wil suffice and make an Emplaster Chap. 3. Of an Ulcer with a Distemper BUt it many times so happeneth that the ulcer is not solitary and alone and pure but that other preternatural Affects are conjoyned therewith whereupon also the Cure is varied And therefore we intend in the next place to treat of these ulcers in special An ulcer with a Distemper And first of al there is indeed oftentimes a distemper conjoyned with an ulcer which when it happeneth the Cure of the ulcer is then much hindered For in regard that the Nature of the part is the Efficient cause of the Cure of the ulcer and that the blood is the matter if the part be intemperate neither of these can be in that right temper that they ought to be neither can the ulcer be filled up with flesh nor closed with a Cicatrice unless the flesh lying underneath it be in its natural temper as Galen tels us in his third Book of the Method of Physick Chap. 8. But what the differences of the Distempers are we have already acquainted you in the second Book of out Institutions Part 1. Chap. 3. which here also have their place and there may concur together with the ulcer a difstemper that is hot or cold moist or dry a distemper hot and moist hot and dry or cold and moist cold and dry and indeed the distemper may be either with or without mater But of the distemper with matter we shal speak in the following Chapters Here therefore in this Chapter we shal treat only of a Distemper without matter The Causes Now such a Distemper as this either it was present before the rise and appearance of the ulcer or else it was excited even in the very time of the ulceration But for the Causes of these Distempers what they are we have likewise told you in the place before alleadged Which that we may apply unto ulcers a hot distemper in ulcers is excited by a hot Air by too many Swath-bands and bindings and by Medicaments that are over hot And on the contrary a cold distemper is caused by the cold Air from the not sufficiently fencing and guarding the ulcer with Swathbands and warm Rowlers against the coldness and injuries of the external Air as likewise it is excited by cold Medicaments The moist distemper is produced by the moist Ambient Air and hence it is that in some places the Air is greatly hurtful unto ulcers and by the â—fflux of humors touching which more in che Chapter following A dry distemper is caused by a dry Air by Medicaments that are over drying and by the want or scarcity of Aliment Of Compound Distempers the Causes are likewise compound Signs Diagnostick The signs of a hot Distemper are that heating Causes went before and also that not only the Lips but even the very flesh it self of the ulcer appeareth more red than usual and the sick person himself perceiveth a great heat in the ulcer which for the most part a pain followeth Cold Medicaments being thereunto applied do exceedingly refresh and delight and withal do greatly benefit the Patient and on the contrary hot Medicaments are greatly hurtful the excrements of the ulcer are sharp and biting A cold distemper cooling Causes went before it in it the Lips of the ulcer decline unto a whiteness or unto a wan leaden color and they are soft and hot things are helpful and agreeable unto the ulcer but cold Medicaments are on the contrary very hurtful If the Distemper be moist then moistening Causes had their precedence the flesh is soft and appeareth lank and flaggy and somtimes it groweth forth overmuch the excrements of the ulcer are many such things as are drying do benefit and those Medicaments that moisten do greatly hurt And lastly A dry distemper is known by this That drying Causes went before the Lips of the ulcer appear dry and squallid and hard the excrements of the ulcer are but few or none at al. Moisteners are profitable but drying Medicaments cause much hurt unto the sick person Prognosticks 1. Whereas as Galen tels us in his fourth Book of the Method of Physick Chap. 1. for the healing and curing of ulcers the flesh that lieth underneath them ought to be altogether temperate therefore it is that these ulcers become hardly curable by reason of the distemper in the part lying next under it 2. Ulcers with a distemper either hot or cold or moist are cured without any great difficulty For with one and the same pains and at the same time and with the very same Medicaments we may both remove the distemper and cure the ulcer 3. But those ulcers that are attended with a dry distemper are the hardest of al to be cured because that the cure of the ulcer being for a while neglected and laid aside it behoveth the Physitian to be altogether intent and
it may thus be known If that which is touched by the Instrument be soft and the Pus that floweth forth be white and in great abundance it then sheweth that the Fistula sticketh in the Skin alone But if it penetrate and reach even unto the Nerve then there wil be great pain perceived when the depth of the Sinus is searcht unto and the Pus that is evacuated is indeed white but then it is very thin and in less plenty and the action of that Member unto which the Nerve tendeth is rendred more difficult If it penetrate unto a Bone there is then present a pain in the very time of making the tryal and discovery and that unto which the lowest end of the searching Instrument reacheth is hard and maketh resistance And the Bone is then indeed found and perceived to be equal and smooth if it be not as yet become rotten and corrupted but if putridness hath seized even upon the Bone it self also it then appeareth rough and unequal unto the touch and the Pus flowing forth waxeth black and is of a very ill savor But if the Sinus reach unto a Vein or an Artery and this Vein or Artery be not indeed corroded and eaten through then there is somthing issuing forth that is like unto Feces or Dreggs For the Blood sweating through by the Pores of a Vein or an Artery is mingled together with the humidity of the Ulcer and thence it is that what floweth forth appeareth feculent or dreggy But if the Vein or the Artery be eaten through then sometimes there wil blood break out and flow forth and this wil be very red and with a kind of leaping or dancing motion and with a tickling if it come from an Artery but more thick and dark if it issue forth from a Vein Prognosticks 1. Simple or single Fistula's that are yet but new begun which are in the fleshy parts alone not deep in young vigorous bodies and such as are of a good Constitution are easily cured but more difficultly those wherein many parts are corroded and eaten quite through such as are old and inveterate without any sense and feeling deep ful of turnings and having divers and different hollow Nooks such as are neerly situate unto noble and principal Members and when they are in old and decaied bodies and such as abound with ill humors 2. And so are those in like manner very dangerous and hardly cured or rather indeed altogether incurable that reach even unto the heads of the Muscles unto the Veins unto the Arteries unto the Nerves the Bones the Joynts and the very Vertebrae of the Back that reach and extend unto the Cavities of the Bellies as the Thorax or the Abdomen or Paunch or even such as penetrate likewise unto the very Bowels themselves as the Lungs Womb Intestines and also unto the very Bladder it self For why such like Fistula's as these either they wil not bear nor admit of any Medicaments or it may happen likewise that the Medicaments cannot possibly attain and reach unto them 3. Yea some certain Fistula's there are that indeed ought not to be cured to wit such as are old and inveterate as having been of long continuance and such as are removed from the noble parts and such as by the superfluous and vitious humors have now of a long time been accustomed to be purged and emptied forth For such like Fistula's as these in regard that they preserve men from divers Diseases are by no means to be closed up because that when they are shut up they cause and procure very many Diseases as Hippocrates hath it in his sixth Book of Epidem Comment 3. Text 39. But on the Contrary if they shal at any time chance to be closed and shut up they are then again to be opened The Cure Now the Cure of these Fistula's is twofold one the true and perfect Cure the other only palliative as they call it or imperfect to wit such as wherein the Fistula is dryed up within and consolidated without the Sinus nevertheless stil remaining Which kind of Cure Galen seemeth to hint unto us in his Book of Tumors Chap. 4. where he hath these words Yet nevertheless saith he the Sinus is streightned and closed together as being throughly dryed by the Medicaments insomuch that the part may seem to have attained unto a soundness no way to be found fault with For evermore indeed if any one continually using an exact and accurate Diet cometh by this means to have his Body very healthful and sound and very free from superfluities the Sinus then remaineth restrained and kept in But so soon as any superfluity is collected and gotten together it is again filled up and so there appeareth to be again the same Impostume that there was from the very first and so again it is evacuated as is fitting with Medicaments and then it is dried and by these means it is restrained and kept in and all this is evermore done with much more ease unto the sick Party then in those that have the Impostume newly begun in them For neither do the parts that are so far divided and separated yet feel or are in the least sensible of pain for now although they are far distant one from another yet nevertheless they are very speedily filled up the Sinus easily and soon receiving that that floweth unto it And the truth is Hieronymus Fabricius ab Aquapendente is of Opinion that this kind of Cure is not altogether to be despised and contemned For sometimes as he writeth this succeeded wel unto him although not alwaies Now the Cure is performed the body being first of all purged and a fitting Course of Diet ordained and afterwards the Tents and Fistula being taken away and a new Spunge throughly soaked in a liquor that is strongly drying being applied and fast bound upon the place such as is the water of hot Baths Ley Lime-water and the like For by this means the mouth of the Fistula shutteth again together so that the Fistula may seem whol and sound which indeed somtimes by the benefit only and operation of the Native heat doth altogether coalesce and grow together again but for the most part it remaineth closed up only so long as there are no superfluous humors collected and gotten together in the body for after that there is any humor again gotten together in the Sinus the Fistula is likewise again opened But now the true and genuine Cure of a Fistula is thus accomplished Universals in the first place are not to be omitted but a Diet is rightly to be instituted and the body throughly purged from all superfluous humors and especial care is to be taken that there may no more of the humor flow in unto the part affected Which being done before we descend unto Topical Remedies there be some that administer certain Potions that may dry the Interior parts and strengthen them and that may prepare the Fistula for Consolidation and
Medicament either the Tents may be dipped in it or else it may in some other manner be administred unto the Fistula There is extant in St. Augustines 22. Book of the City of God and Chap. 8. a most miraculous Cure and such as is wel worth the reading of a Fistula by devout Prayers Chap. 11. Of an Ulcer with Vermine or Worms breeding therein ANd somtimes likewise Worms are generated in Ulcers But now what the cause is of the breeding of these Worms we have already told you in the second Book of our Institutions Chap. 9. and in the third Book of our Practice Part 2. Sect. 1. Chap. 5. What was there spoken hath here place likewise for Worms are generated in Ulcers that are sordid and foul and which were not cleansed as they ought to have been neither purged from their Pus and Sanies and this especially if it be in the Summer time and the Air being hot and moist Signs Diagnostick If the Ulcer be open then the Worms appear unto the sight but if by reason of the streightness and narrowness of the Ulcer the Worms cannot be seen they may yet be known by other signs by a certain biting both of pricking and pain and by the sense of motion And there is most commonly likewise a certain stink perceived in those Ulcers The Cure The whol business and substance of the Cure consisteth in this to wit that the Worms be taken away and the putridness of the Ulcer be hindered and prevented If therefore the Worms lie open and may be discerned they are then to be drawn forth with Instruments sitted for the same purpose but if they lie hid or stick so close and fast unto the part that they cannot be drawn forth they are then to be killed with Medicaments that may likewise withal take away the putridness and the overgreat humidity of the part and this is done by Medicaments made of Wormwood Horehound Dittany Fern Scordium or Water Germander Featherfew Centaury the less the Leaves of Peaches Lupines Gentian the Gall of a Bull Aloes and Myrth As Take Wormwood Centaury the less Horehound of each half a handful boyl them in ordinary Spring Water and strain them Take of the straining half a pint Honey two ounces Aloes two drams Mingle them c. Or Take Gentian Root half an ounce white Hellebore two drams Dittany of Candy Wormwood Centaury the less of each half a handful boyl them in a sufficient quantity of Water then take of the straining six ounces the Elixir of Propriety two drams Mingle c. Or Take Vnslaked Lime a sufficient quantity extinguish it with Wine Vinegar and afterward let it be stirred wel about with Oyl of Roses that so a Cataplasm may be made hereof Or Take Aloes two drams Myrrh poudered one dram the meal of Lupines two drams Bulls Gall half an ounce Flour of Brass one dram Honey as much as wil suffice and make a Liniment Or Take Meal or flour of Lupines three drams Elixir propriet two drams Buls Gal three drams Honey a sufficient quantity and make hereof a Liniment Chap. 12. Of a Varicose Ulcer TOuching Varices we have indeed spoken above in the first part Chap. 44. yet notwithstanding it somtimes so happeneth that an Ulcer may be joyned with and accompany these Varices and this Ulcer they cal a varicose Ulcer Which Malady is easily known from the signs of a Varix and from Ulcers Now this varicose Ulcer cannot be healed unless the Varices be first of all healed as Galen teacheth us in his fourth Book of the Method of Physick Chap. 2. And therefore whensoever at any time we are minded to take in hand the Cure of such an Ulcer in the first place the Cure must be directed unto and look toward the said Varices which how it may be accomplished we have told you in the place before alleadged Now there is extant in Gulielmus Fabricius his fourth Century and Observat 85. a History of this varicose Ulcer how it was cured the History he relateth in these very words In the yeer 1589. saith he when I returned home unto my Fathers House out of France I was called unto a certain Patient here in the Neighborhood The History of a monstrous Vlcer a man about fourty yeers old very strong and able of Body and of the best Constitution Adolphus auff dem Bruch by name This man was sorely troubled with a malignant and inveterate Vlcer in his left Leg together with a Varix of an extraordinary great bigness for it was as thick as my Arm neer unto the Hand-wrist and almost a span long But it began in his Ham and thence descending downward toward the Feet it fetcht a ring and made two circumvolutions But it was notable to observe that so soon as ever he lifted up his Leg on high the blood immediately retired but the Leg being set again upon the ground the blood again descendeth and that in a very moment and that I may tel you in a word the blood ebbed and flowed no otherwise then as if in some hollow Pipe or Conduit it had been cast first into this and then into that part thereof Moreover it being so that varicose Vlcers can by no means be consolidated unless the Varix be first cut forth I therefore thus set upon the Cure Having appointed my Patient a good and wholsom Course of Dyet and now and then also throughly purging his Body and opening the Arm-Vein of the same side and putting the sick Person upon a Bench I then easily and gently separated the Skin in the Ham from the Vein it self And then with a Thread twice doubled which I conveyed in by a Needle that I crooked on purpose I laid hold on the Varix and in the lower part of the Varix I proceeded in the very same manner But before ever I would draw the Thread close and tie the knot I commanded that his Leg should be again set upon the ground from off the Bench and this I did to this end that the blood might in manner as aforesaid flow downward for I much feared lest that the Blood by reason of its ebbing and flowing being made very thin and subtile should here cause some inconvenience or other c. See what further followeth in this History in the first part of this fifth Book Chap. 44. in the Conclusion of the said Chapter in which we treat of Varices Chap. 13. Of an Ulcer with the rottenness of a Bone IT happeneth likewise somtimes that a rotten and corrupted bone lieth under the Ulcer Now Bones are corrupted and contract a rottenness either from internal Causes to wit the long afflux of the excrementious humors unto the bones or else the venomous quality and acrimony of the Sanies or else by some hidden propriety like as it often happeneth in the French Disease that the very bones become rotten the Skin in the mean time remaining whol and sound The external causes are
more corrupt the same Chap. 16. Of an Ulcer with pain BUt now the Causes do not only cherish and encrease the Ulcers and there are likewise certain Diseases therewith joyned to accompany them but there happeneth likewise oftentimes a pain unto these Ulcers which is therefore immediately to be mitigated in regard that pain attracteth augmenteth the Ulcer and causeth Inflammations and the Erysipelas to arise Now as touching pain in general we have already spoken in the first Book of our Practice Part 3. Sect. 1. Chap. 2. So that we are here only to treat of the pain of Ulcers This pain therefore in ulcers ariseth for the most part from a sharp and corroding humor But now whereas the pain is to be taken away either by taking away the cause or properly by mitigating the pain or by taking away the sense thereof as we have shewn you in the fifth Book of our Institutions Part 2. Sect. 3. Chap. 8. and likewise in the place alleadged the last of these waies is not so safe because that it cannot be administred without great detriment unto the part and therefore it is not to be put in practice but only in case of urgent necessity For this reason it is most safe to take away the cause of the pain or if this cannot be done but in a long time and that there be cause to fear that in the mean time the Ulcer may be encreased and made worse then in this case Anodynes are to be made use of which what they be we have shewn in the place alleadged Those things that here much benefit are the Yelks of Eggs Saffron Turpentine Oyl of Roses Rosin of the Fir-tree out of which mingled together Liniments may be made to be imposed upon the ulcer But upon the Compass or Circuit of the ulcer the Fat of a Hen of a Goose of a Duck the Mucilage of Linseed of Fenugreek of Marsh-mallows the Oyl of sweet Almonds of Cammomile of Dil and of Violets are to be imposed Or Take Mallows Marsh-mallows of each one handful boyl them to a softness and then bruise them wel when they are bruised and passed through a hair sieve add of Barley meal one ounce Linseed and Fenugreek of each one ounce Oyl of Roses two ounces Oyl of Camomile and white Lillies of each one ounce the Mucilage of Marsh-mallow seeds the extracted Water of the Elder flowers an ounce and half Saffron one scruple the Yelks of two Eggs Make a Cataplasm Or Take Crumbs of white Bread two ounces soften them in Milk and then add of Barley Meal and Linseed of each one ounce the pouder of Camomile flowers half an ounce Oyl of Roses an ounce and half Water-lilly half an ounce the Yelk of one Egg Saffron one scruple mingle them and make a Cataplasm But if at any time we have a mind to fit the Medicaments unto the cause in regard that most commonly in ulcers the pain ariseth from hot and sharp humors therefore to take away this pain we may administer the juyce or the water of Nightshade Plantane Henbane Sengreen Oyl of Roses Whites of Eggs with Rose water of his those Cataplasm that are made of Mallows Plantane Nightshade and Oyl of Roses are to be said on or else an Unguent of the white of an Egg Oyl of Roses and Licharge wel bruised and mingled together in a Leaden Mortar and afterwards boyled with the Juyce of Sengreen until al the juyce be consumed or a whol Egg carefully mingled together with the Oyl of Roses and Turpentine in a Leaden Mortar or else the white Camphorate Unguent If necessity drive us unto Narcoticks then the Oyl of Poppy of Henbane of Mandrake of Frogs or the juyce of Henbane al or any of these may be applied with Milk Chap. 17. Of the Ulcers of the Legs and other particular Ulcers ANd these things we thought fit in a compendious way to speak of Ulcers in the general which any one may easily apply unto the ulcers of particular parts Neither do we conceive it to be at al needful that we should speak any thing more of the ulcers of al the particular parts since that we have already treated of them in our former Books as we shal by and by tel you And therefore in this Chapter we wil speak only of the ulcers of the Legs in special The Ulcers of the Legs For it oftentimes happeneth that bad and depraved Humors especiall the Melancholly as wel by their own weight tending unto the Thighs as by nature thrust and driven down thither as unto the external part do excite ulcers and this especially happeneth after Erysipelas's that very frequently intest the skin and chiefly in Women where without doubt there is a concurrence of somthing amiss in the Womb and I know that in some certain Families such ulcers are so familiar that al the Women therein although they seem to be otherwise very wel have of these long continued ulcers in their Thighs And therefore by al means possible we are timely to meet with and prevent these ulcer For unless they be speedily healed Nature wil accustom her self to send away al the vitious humors that are bred and heaped up in the whole body unto these parts which afterwards if the ulcer be closed up and the body be not diligently and often purged wil excite other more grievous Diseases especially in those that are aged for if they be neglected they are wont likewise to gain growth and encrease to corrupt the parts that lie neer and to become callous so that if some speedy course be not taken for the healing of them they afterwards become altogether incurable Now that these ulcers may be rightly cured first of al the body is to be throughly purged from the vitious humor and the fault of the Spleen which for the most part is here present it to be corrected and a Purgation oftentimes to be repeated And afterward the Unguent Diapompholyx is to be imposed which I have ever found to be most efficacious in this kind of ulcer so long as until there appear a Pus good and white and then this Emplaster Take of the Vnguent Diapompholyx the Emplaster Diapalma the Emplaster Gryseum of each one ounce Gum Elemi two drams Sugar of Saturn one scruple mingle them wel in a Leaden Mortar With which two Medicaments I have oftentimes happily and successfully cured the long continued ulcers of the Thighs Or Take Ceruss two ounces Litharge one ounce Oyl of Roses one pint Wax two ounces let them be carefully mingled in a Leaden Mortar afterwards add Tutty prepared with the Water of Nightshade of Frankincense and Lead burnt of each one ounce and let them be again stirred about in the Mortar and then make an Vnguent Or Take Wax Rosin of each one ounce the Suet of a gelt Pig two ounces Ship Pitch Oyl of each three ounces Mastick Frankincense and Myrrh of each three drams Litharge one ounce and half Ceruss half an ounce
cold is made soft and flaggy so that it yieldeth unto the touch when it is pressed by the fingers which yet nevertheless after it is throughly dried becometh black wan and altogether deadned and it yieldeth a noysom and stinking savor like that of a dead Carkass and the skin if it be taken up with the fingers seemeth to be separated from the flesh lying underneath it And here Ambrose Parry adviseth every Physitian that when he hath discovered by these signs that there is a Gangrene and a Sphacelus he no longer defer the doing of what is to be done neither suffer himself to be deceived by the motion some whereof is oftentimes stil left remaining even in a mortified and dead Member For in a Sphacelus the corrupted parts are moved not by the motion of the whol and entire Muscle but because the Head and no more of the Muscle is yet whol the which while it is moved it doth together with it draw the Tendon that is inseparable from it and the tayl likewise thereof although it be now wholly dead and without any true and proper motion And these signs that appear in a perfect corruption and Sphacelus are stil the same in every one of them whatsoever the cause be that it draweth its original from whether it be from cold or from a poysonous quality or from transpiration hindered or from an extraneous heat or lastly from the defect of Aliment unless it be in this only that such like Symptoms in a Sphacelus that hath its original from an occult cause and such as is poysonous as for example the Delirium or dotage the Syncope and the like are greater and more grievous But in a Gangrene and mortification that is but yet now beginning there is observed a diversity of the signs and symptoms according as the Gangrene hath its original from divers and different causes For in a Gangrene that ariseth from cold there suddenly appeareth an acute and pricking pain and a redness in the part which soon after is changed into a black color and the heat that was in the part is extirguished and there is perceived a coldness and stupidity with a certain kind of horror as it useth to be in Quartan Agues And moreover in a Gangrene that proccedeth from a poysonous and malignant humor in the body which Nature thrusteth forth unto the external parts there is present a continual Feaver and a strong conflict of Nature with the Disease from whence the Syncope Dotage and the like have their original and such a Gangrene as this ariseth for the most part in the external Members and the extream parts thereof as for instance the great Toe of the Foot with a certain Pustule or Bladder under which there is present a black spot which oftentimes is suddenly derived into the whol Leg and Thigh But that Gangrene that followeth upon great and extraordinary Inflammations that proceed most usually from the hinderance of Transpiration is known by this That the fresh and flourishing color that is wont to appear in Inflammations is turned into that which is pale and wan that beating pain which before did infest now ceaseth the sense is become dul and there arise very great Pustules that are ful of a thin ichorous excrement like unto that that cometh from the washing of raw flesh Which appear almost the same when the Gangrene hath its original from an extraneous heat If lastly the Gangrene seize upon the part by reason of the want of Aliment or through a dry distemper then there is present neither pain nor inflammation nor swelling but rather a leanness and the body is immediately cooled and this Gangrene happeneth for the most part in those places of the body that are the utmost and extream as for instance the Ankles and Toes But when at length the Pustules arise and the part becometh pale and wan then the pains likewise appear and the Feaver is excited But if the Gangrene happen by reason of hard tying and Ligatures then the part swelleth and it distended and there arise greater Pustules ful of a thin excrement resembling the washing of raw flesh but the evident Causes we may easily learn and understand from the sick person himself Prognosticks 1. That the Gangrene is a Malady very dangerous is sufficiently manifest unto every one For unless it be speedily cured it degenerateth in a very short time into a Sphacelus and the part becometh altogether dead For this cause therefore there is not any the least delay to be made but help is to be afforded with al possible speed which may be done with less difficulty in a body that is as yet young strong and vigorous where the vital spirits are as yet entire and especially where the Muscles and Nerves are as yet unhurt 2. But that Gangrene which is with an afflux of poysonous humors and an occult quality is more difficult to be cured than that which is without any such afflux for there are but very few that recover of such Gangrenes 3. There are Gangrenes that are yet more dangerous and these are they that begin in the moist parts for the innate heat is sooner suffocated in such parts by the great store of humors abounding therein 4. And for this cause it is that the Gangrene that ariseth in Hydropical persons is likewise very seldom cured but most usually it degenerateth into a Sphacelus and that which ariseth from the Antecedent Cause is likewise ever more dangerous than that which hath its original from the primitive Cause in regard that in the former the Bowels are more affected 5. But a Sphacelus is yet far the more dangerous Malady For the part that is taken with the Sphacelus can no way be restored and made sound again but it is forthwith to be cut off and separated from the part that hath life which if it be not speedily done then the sound parts that lie neer wil likewise be infected and the putridness wil at length creep into the rest of the body from whence there wil be extream danger of present death before which there usually precede Dotings Watchings the Syncope Convulsions Ructures and Belchings Sobbings and a cold Sweat breaking forth over all the Body and some of them die while they ate yet speaking and others of them die being as it were oppressed with sleep The Cure The Cure of the Gangrene that it may be rightly proceeded in first of al regard is to be had unto the Dyet and the Antecedent Cause if it be present in the body before ever we come to Topicks Most Physitians prescribe and command a Diet that is cool and drying which albeit that it be most true of that Gangrene that is accompanied with an afflux of Humors and followeth great Inflammations yet nevertheless the Diet is somtimes also to be varied according to the variety of the Causes as anon in the species or several kinds of Cure we shal further shew you And so also
arise thereupon the Trunk or Stump of the part that hath been cut assunder yea and the Neck likewise and all the Spinal Marrow is to be anoynted with those Medicaments that are otherwise also wont to be applied unto affects of a Nervous Nature made of Sage Rosemary Marjoram Rue Lavender Dil Camomile St. Johns wort Bayberries the Oyl of Earth-worms the Oyl of a Fox Turpentine and the like We must not here pass by in silence the Scoâ—butick Gangrene The Scorbutick Gangrene touching which we have already spoken something in the third Book of our Practise Part 5. Sect. 2. Chap. 4. Which most usually beginneth about the extream part of the Foot with black and purple spots and a little after this there appeareth from hence a crusty and Gangrenous Ulcer dry and yielding forth neither the thin Excrement Sanies nor yet the thicker which we term Pus and then one or other of the Toes beginneth to die and then there appear red lines and purple spots upon the juncture of the Foot according to the length of the Leg. I have my self seen some examples of this Disease But both this Gangrene and Sphacelus differ from that Gangrene and Sphacelus that are both of them wel and commonly known and that in many things For that Gangrene that is so wel and commonly known hath its original for the most part from Causes that are manifest and apparent and there alwaies floweth forth of the Member that is dead in such a like Sphacelus a stinking and waterish humor the Member becometh soft and putrid and it sendeth forth from it a grievous and noysom stench like unto that of a dead Carkass and it creepeth much in a very short time and most commonly it soon destroyes and kils the man that hath it But now the Scorbutick Gangrene almost ever appeareth and invadeth the person without any manifest cause creepeth forward but very gently and slowly and doth not destroy the person therewith affected until after a long time for I knew a Noble-man that lived above three months but a certain School-Master I saw that lived above six months notwithstanding this Malady The part affected with this Gangrene is altogether dry so that there floweth out of it nothing at al and when the corrupt part is taken away by the Iron although a red flesh offer it self unto the view yet nevertheless that same red color is withal somwhat dark and blackish and the day following it likewise is even found to be dead also and there is here no stink at al perceived that offendeth And moreover so soon as ever the Malady hath first of al seized upon one of the feet only then presently after without any manifest cause at al there begin to appear in the other Leg and Foot also certain spots and blemishes of a red or purple color and then likewise not long after this one or other of the Toes of that Foot becometh wan and leaden colored and in a very short time it is found to be quite dead and at length most commonly the party as it befel that Noble person before mentioned being taken either with the Apoplexy or with the Epilepsie upon the first approach thereof dieth And yet notwithstanding this Malady somtimes invadeth suddenly to wit when the peccant humors are by wrath terror or the like Cause first disturbed and then afterwards thrust down suddenly and as it were in a moment unto the Toes and first of al to some one of them only after the very same manner as the Erysipelas or Rosa is wont suddenly to arise and this humor in regard that it hath in it a very bad and destructive quality or else hath received it from some affect of the mind causeth that part that it seizeth upon instantly to die and hence it is that by some this kind of Gangrene and Sphacelus is in special called Syderatio whereas otherwise the Gangrene is wont in the general also to be termed Syderatio Now this said humor seizeth upon the Tendons most usually from whence there arise most terrible and intolerable pains that torment and grieve the sick person both day and night which said Tendons in regard that they do not so easily and soon putrefie as doth the flesh hence it is that this Gangrene likewise or repeth on so slowly that somtimes unto the external view it is a whol months space in overspreading one only joynt and ere it seize upon another albeit that within almost al the Tendous of the Foot are already infected and this Malady continueth somtimes a quarter of a year before it kil the person and it is seldom or never cured in regard that this depraved humor hath insinuated it self more deep than usually into the Tendons and therefore cannot be so easily taken away So a certain Noble person that had otherwise a Cacochymical and foul body and was subject unto the Erysipelas upon a fear and terror Nature then suddenly thrusting down the vitious humors unto the little Toe was surprised with a Gangrene which afterwards by little and little overspread likewise al the rest of the Toes and almosâ— the whol Foor with extream great pain upâ— which after the space of three months 〈◊〉 died Of this kind was that Gangrene also with which a certain Citizen here about thirty yeers of age was taken in the month of January 1633. He first of al complained of a pain in his left Arm neer unto the Elbow which he making light of the pain descended unto his Hand and it was presently taken with a cold Tumor or Swelling and at length became suddenly overspread with a purple color so that now there appeared manifest signs and tokens of mortification and a Gangrene Yet notwithstanding upon the administring of fit and proper Medicaments of which we shal speak more hereafter his Hand had its natural color again restored unto it and the swelling vanished away so that there was nothing further to be seen but only in the very tip of the little Finger the Scarf-skin appeared to be somwhat wrinkled upon the opening of which here flowed forth a little of an humor and the Skin underneath appeared pale and so the very tip of the finger was taken with a Gangrene which yet nevertheless without any diminution of the Joynt was cured In the curing whereof we found this one thing wel worth our observation that from the said finger most sharp and exquisite pains were extended into the whol Hand insomuch that the sick person was even afraid to betake himself unto his bed but that rest and sleep he took was in the night time as he sate When his finger likewise was handled by the Chirurgeons the pains that he felt were so great that he could not endure the least touch the feet moreover swelled much and his face was somthing more swoln than usually Neither indeed wil any man that is not a stranger unto what is done in the practice of Physick admire that some vitious
their Conception The Cure Indeed it is very requisite that the depraved humors that are the Antecedent Cause of this Affect and are wont to nourish the same should be evacuated but in regard that in Women with Child we may not safely make use of those evacuations we ought therefore to content our selves with Topical Medicaments And here there is to be commended the use of Bayberries if their rinds be taken off and then they be beaten into a pouder and so mingled with Honey and made into the form of an Unguent and the Face therewith anointed in a Bath Or Take Pouder of Lawrel Berries as much as you please and with Mushrom Water make it into the form of a Pultiss with which let the Face be anointed in the Bath Or Take Camphyre one dram Nitre two drams Mingle them with Honey and let the Face be anointed with the said mixture The Emulsion likewise that is made of the Seeds of Hemp is very useful For the spots that are in the Faces of Maidens while their Courses are upon them and whilst they yet flow Take the Juyce that is pressed forth of the root of Bugloss sliced and with it anoint the Spots Chap. 3. Of Lentigines Pimples or specks in the Face ANd hither belong likewise the Lentigines which the Germans from the color of dry Leaves cal Sommer strossen Sommer flecken and Lauf flecken and they are spots in color resembling Lentiles with the which in Women especially the Face principally and somtimes likewise the Hands Arms and upper part of the Thorax being exposed unto the Air is aspersed and overspread they somtimes standing thicker and somtimes thinner like unto so many drops as it were without any pain and trouble in some appearing indeed only in the Summer time and vanishing again in the Winter and in some likewise they keep their course from yeer to yeer The Causes But now they have their original from adust burnt blood seizing upon the Scarf-skin And this happeneth more especially in ruddy bodies that are of a Cholerick temperature and especially in the Summer time when that vapor of the blood is more burnt And hence it is that in the Winter for the most part these spots vanish but then they return again and appear in the Summer And they break forth chiefly in those parts that are exposed unto the external Ambient Air the Face the Neck the Hands and the superior part of the Thorax because that the Scarf-skin is more burnt by the Sun and the Ambient Air detaineth those burnt vapors in the Skin Platerus is of opinion that the Juyce that should nourish the hairs that are fixed in the Skin being brought unto the pores of the Skin do cause these spots For this humor saith he being first of al assimilated by them and agreeing somwhat with them in color before they are put unto the Roots of them if it be by them further dispersed any whither else into the superficies and circumference of the pores it then produceth those kind of spots and that dark and duskish color somwhat more or less inclining unto that color of the hairs that it had gotten while it was assimilated by them Which diffusion of this Juyce into the Pores proceedeth somtimes from the external heat overstrongly attracting it and withall dilating the Pores if then the Juyce nourishing the Hairs doth not only affix it self unto the roots of the Hairs but diffusing it self further also and there subsisting causeth those Dusk Dark and Brown spots more or less according to the diversity of the colour of the Skin But since that the Face wanteth Hairs it is not credible that the Juyce ordained by Nature for the nourishing of the Hair should breed such kind of spots but for the breeding of these like spots there sufficeth a portion of the adust blood degenerating as it were into a Melancholly humor Platerus also is of opinion that the overgreat Natural loosness of the Pores contributeth its furtherance so that even by reason of them the said Juyce doth not only nourish the Hairs but likewise produce these spots But I had here rather assent with Eustachius Rudius who thinketh rather that the Lentigines do arise from the thickness of the Skin and therefore because that the Cheeks are more thin than other parts therefore it is that although there come into them very many of these adust vapors yet notwithstanding they are not detained in them but are from thence gently evaporated and so the Lentigines that are in them are but few but because the Skin of the Fore-head is thicker and that the vapors are not easily received in it but being once received are the more detained there therefore the Fore-heed doth the more abound with these Lentigines or Dusky spots Signs Diagnostick These Lentigines are easily known because that they are Spots of the bigness a of Lentile of a dark brown and dusky color dispersed up and down in many drops as it were standing close and thick together and very familiar unto such as are of a red Hair and they annoy the Face the Neck the Hands and those parts that are exposed unto the Sun and the Air. The Prognostick Those Lentigines as they have in them no danger at all so for the most part they vanish in the Winter but yet notwithstanding in some bodies they alwaies return again in the Summer and in some they are Annual and return constantly from yeer to yeer The Cure Galen for these Spots commendeth the Herb Costmary with Honey and Water as also the seed of the Cabbage Bitter Almonds are likewise very useful and so is the Oyl of Eggs likewise But most effectual is the Water of great Figwort distilled out of that wel known Plant as also the Water drawn out of the flowers of the spotted Satyrion and lastly the Oyl of Tartar by draining O Take of Eldern flowers and Bean flowers of each a like proportion pour in unto them Goats Milk blood-warm Let them stand for a daies time in some cold place and afterwards let them be destilled and then Take Bean meal as much as you think fit let it be moistened with the said water and in the evening let the Face be anoynted with that mixture In the morning let the Face be washed with the water of Elder flowers and Bean flowers unto which there may be added a little Camphyre dissolved in the Spirit of Wine Or Take Honey four ounces Oyl of sweet Almonds one ounce Pouder of the Flower deluce root two drams Borax half an ounce make an Vnguent The Virgins Milk likewise as it is called is here very good and it is thus prepared Take of Litharge four ounces boyl it in three pints of the best Vinegar unto the wasting of a third part when it is cooled let it be strained through a filtring bag and afterwards Take Sal Gem three drams boyl it in cleer water unto the Consumption of a third part then strain it after
Species of the shedding of the Hair as we shal hereafter shew you As for Baldness in the first place look what Patos that is to say the falling down of the Leaves is in Trees the like is baldness in Animals yea also in the very Trees themselves whereupon Aristotle in his sixth Book of the generation of Animals and Chap. 3. writeth Men saith he of all living Creatures are mostly subject unto baldness and they evidently become so sooner then any other Creature whatsoever Which kind of Affect is in a manner general For of Plants likewise some of them have allwaies green Leaves others of them lose their Leaves The like Affect is baldness in those men unto whom it happeneth that they should be Bald. For whenas by little and little some now some then both the Leaves and the Feathers and the Hairs all off when this same Affect shal happen universally then it receiveth these words Baldness falling of the Leaf and shedding of the Feathers And Columella in his fourth Book of Husbandry Chap. 33. saith that the young and tender Chesnut Tree that is infested by Mice and Moles doth oftentimes become bald Now baldness in a man is a certain smoothness Baldness what it is or defect of Hair in the fore part of the Head taking its original from the want of Aliment And this most commonly chanceth naturally in the progress of yeers but yet nevertheless unto some it happeneth preternaturally which is thereupon to be accounted preternatural and vitious The Causes Touching the Causes of Baldness Physitians do indeed very much differ in their Opinions But if we wel weigh the manner how Hairs are generated in the Head the business in Controversie wil not seem at all difficult For whereas both the matter and the Aliment is sent and supplied unto the Hairs from the Brain more especially therefore we say indeed that the defect of the necessary Aliment is the neerest cause of this shedding or falling off of the Hair yet nevertheless this Affect proceedeth oftentimes from the Constitution of the Brain to wit if it become more dry then is meet Hippocrates tels us the same in the sixth of his Epidem Comment 3. Tit. 1. where he thus writeth the Consumption of the Brain and by reason thereof baldness c. Where as Galen tels us in his Comment upon the place by the Consumption of the Brain that diminution thereof is to be understood that happeneth unto old men from its extraordinary driness For if the Brain once become extreamly dry then there will be nothing superfluous therein remaining that may suffice for the nourishing of the Hairs And Aristotle teacheth us the same who in his fifth Book of the Generation of living Creatures Chap. 3. writeth that baldness is caused from the scarcity of the moist heat and fatness that is to say of the moist Aliment For there is in old People an excrementitious humidity that is rather too much abounding then any want thereof And indeed as we have already said baldness is natural unto the most because that in the progress of their yeers and as old age comes on the Brain in every one becometh more dry then is meet but yet unto some this baldness happeneth in their Youth and green yeers to wit unto those that from some preternatural or violent cause have their Brains overdried before the time which Causes may be many The Chief and most principal of them al is the immoderate use of Venus that powerfully drieth the Brain Whereupon it is that before the use of Venus none groweth bald Neither are Eunuchs bald at all in the sixth Sect. of the Aphorisms Aphor. 28. in regard they lose not neither cast forth any Seed and so the like may be said of Youths and until they attain unto ripeness of yeers Women likewise are seldom or never bald and yet nevertheless Albertus Magnus testifieth that he saw two Women that were bald in his nineteenth Book of Animals Chap. 6. in regard that their Constitution is naturally more moist and therefore the Brain also in them is not so easily and soon dryed and because that Women eject not such store of Seed as the Men do The Brain is likewise overmuch and oversoon dried by too much Watching Study and Cares As for that opinion of Actaurius who in the first Book of his Method Chap. 5. assigneth overmuch humidity for the Cause of baldness if any one hath a mind to reconcile it with the opinion of Hippocrates Galen and Aristotle he cannot more fitly explain it then by saying that the defect of Alimental humidity is indeed the Cause of Baldness and yet notwithstanding that excrementitious humidity causeth that this baldness happeneth so much the sooner and more easily after the very same manner that Leaves of Trees fal off indeed by reason of the want of necessary Aliment and yet nevertheless they fal off sooner and faster if any adventitious and Accidental humidity Rain or the like happen Signs Diagnostick The very Truth is that baldness of self appeareth sufficiendy unto the Eyes But yet nevertheless in what respect it differeth from the other species of the falling away of the Hairs we shal now explain unto you This Baldness we now speak of differeth from the Apolecia and the Ophiasis or Area in this that these Vices are fleeting from place to place neither in them do the Hairs fal off from any certain parts of the Head whereas baldness happeneth evermore in the fore-part of the Head But from the falling off of the Hair in special so called this baldness differeth because that in the shedding and falling of the Hair the Hair al generally or at least the greater part of them here and there up and down throughout the whole Head fal off but in baldness this falling of the Hair is only in the fore part of the Head Prognosticks 1. Baldness indeed in it self bringeth no danger at all but that it causeth that the Head lieth the more open to be hurt by the externall injuries of the Air and that it is as it were the forerunner and sign of the hastening of our Mortall Nature towards her dissolution and yet notwithstanding it causeth a great deformity and unsightliness especially if it happen early in the time of Youth and that that is resented and disliked by the most of those that behold it and it is reported that Caâ—us Julius Caesar the Emperor famous both for his learning and likewise for his warlike exploits could so il brook and bear the baldness wherewith he was affected that after his making triall of very many Remedies to no purpose it was at length granted unto him by the Senate that he might perpetually wear the Lawrel who if he were now at this day living might easily cover his baldness with a Coveting of Hair made of other mens Hair we in England cal it a Perriwig which is now adaies in very great and common use 2. But that baldness that ariseth
either from old age or immaturely in the time of Youth wil admit of no Cure like as neither doth the shedding of the Teeth in such as have attained unto their ful growth since that the defect of that Alimentary humidity cannot by any means be restored 3. Those that are Bald have not the Varices viz. the crooked swoln Veins in the Hipps c. very great but those that during their baldness have these Varices coming upon them these again recover their Hair as Hippocrates tels us in the sixth of his Aphorisms Aphor. 34. But this Aphorism is false as Galen in his Commentary teacheth us since that we are none of us ignorant that Baldness is an incurable Affection and that it is likewise false that great Varices never happen unto those that are bald and also that upon the arising of the Varices the baldness ceaseth unless haply as some wil have it he cal that Calvitium or baldness that Physitians term Madarosis that is the falling off of the Hair For this indeed in regard that it hath its Original from vitious humors like as that we call Ophiasis and Alopecia these very deprived humor being translated into the Thighs may cause the Varices and so the man may possibly recover and receive his Hair again For if there were at first a loss of the Hair by reason of their roots being corrupted by the said vicious humors then good ground there is to believe that this Hair wil again now return unto its Naturall state upon the translation of the aforesaid humors unto some other place The Cure But although that baldness when it is arrived at its height can no waies be cured yet nevertheless in regard that baldness doth both exceedingly incommodate the health and cause deformity we must therefore do our endeavor al that may be to prevent and retard it Which can by no other means be done than by repairing the aliment of the hair that beginneth to fail and attracting it unto the skin of the head And therefore we must do our utmost that the fat and hot humidity by which the hairs are nourished may be preserved and drawn unto the skin There are some likewise that add moderate astringents if the skin be become thin through the heat of the head But whenas baldness doth arise from the defect of Aliment and whenas by reason of driness the pores and passages of the skin are closed and altogether shut up there is no need at al of Astringents for if they be administred then the Aliment that floweth unto the hairs wil be altogether repressed Now what kind of Medicaments they are that correct the distemper of the head and the driness of the brain we have already shewn you in the first Book of our Practice Part 1. Chap. 4. But that the Aliment may be attracted unto the roots of the hairs frictions are to be first used before the Medicaments which yet notwithstanding ought to be moderate that they may only attract the Aliment and not discuss it But these Medicaments ought to be hot and so attracting with a moderate astriction by which the Aliment may be drawn unto the roots of the hair and there detained Dioscorides in his first Book Chap. 110. and Galen in his seventh Book of the faculty of Simples § Cistus commend Ladanum and yet more in case of the falling of the hair than in baldness yet nevertheless very many there are that use the same likewise for baldness and especially the Oyl thereof which they prepare in this manner Take of the best Ladanum cut into smal pieces one pound pour thereunto of Rose water six ounces Oyl of sweet Almonds four ounces boyl them together and strain it often until it be cleer Or let the Ladanum be dissolved in the Oyl of Mastick and then strained It is very good likewise to wash the head with the Decoction of Fenugreek See more of these Medicaments for this use in Galen his first Book of the Composition of Medicaments according to the places Chap. 1. And we shal also mention some more of them in the following Chapter The Dyet And first of al a right Course and Order of Diet conduceth very much unto the retarding of baldness Let the meats therefore that the Patient eateth be of a good juyce and nourishment that is to say such as affordeth a fat juyce and of easie concoction Let him abstain from meats that are salt sharp sowr and austere such as are most of the Summer Fruits that yield but little aliment and that also very fluid Let his drink likewise be such as yieldeth a good juyce But let him abstain from strong and old Wine having in it a power to dry overmuch Venery is especially hurtful in this Affect Watchings griefs cares and the anxieties of the mind are also hurtful in this Affect The want of a Beard We said before that the Beard was an Ornament unto a Man and therefore if this be wanting in Men it causeth a very great deformity Now this may fail either altogether as in Eunuchs and certain others that are womanish and have altogether effeminate bodies or else it breaketh forth very slowly or groweth not so thick as it is wont Al which happen either from a defect of the matter or else by reason of the thickness of the Skin out of which it is to break forth or from such a Constitution as hindereth the appearing and growth of a Beard Now whereas the want of a Beard in men of that age wherein Beards are wont to bud and grow forth doth breed some kind of unseemliness and deformity and that such as are at their ful age that they may hereby procure unto themselves both gravity and respect from others do much desire and endeavor after a Beard it is therefore very usual upon this very account to cal in the help and assistance of the Physitian But the truth is the event seldom answereth the desire or at least but very slowly to wit when Nature of her own accord attempteth the production thereof But yet nevertheless I think it not amiss here to give you a Medicament or two for the aforesaid purpose and more you shal have in the Chapter following Take Oyl in which Southernwood hath been boyled two ounces the ashes of Bees or Wasps one dram Mous-tirds one scruple Honey one ounce Ladanum three drams Bears fat as much as wil suffice Make a Liniment Or Boyl Mugwort in Oyl and let the place be anointed with the Oyl which maketh very much for the forwarding of the slow growth of the Beard Of Take Pouder of the seed of Nightshade as much as you please and Oyl of Eggs a sufficient quantity mingle them c. Or let the place be often washed with the Decoction of Southernwood Maidenhair Golden Maidenhair Rosemary and the Reed root and afterward let it be anointed with the Unguent that is made of Ladanum And if it be true as some there are that think it
the natural bowels somtimes the Liver by its heat elevating many vapors and somtimes the stomack naturally cold and affected likewise with an Adventitious humidity corrupting with a more crude juyce the aliment of the whol body and filling the head and then withall the Spleen and obstructed Mesentery sending upwards many fumes So that the flegm heaped up in the head partly by its great plenty and its own weight maketh it self a way and passage unto the parts lying underneath and partly thrust forth by the strength and act of the expulsive faculty it rusheth unto the mouth and stomach looseneth the teeth in the Gums and besides exciteth and causeth very much trouble and pain in the swallowing The same being much encreased in the stomach by reason of its own proper distemper causeth in him the loss of his Appertite and from the agitation and weakness of the heart it produceth extream windiness as also a pain of the Intestines with a Costiveness of the belly by reason especially of the hindered contraction of the transverse fibres distended by windiness by which said Contraction the descent of the Dreggs is very much furthered But the hotter habit of the adust blood and both the Cholers arising from the Liver and the obstructed places greatly disturbeth his sleep especially in the night time by which it cometh to pass that from the retâ—â—ing of the Spirits and the blood unto the internal parts the Evaporations become so much the greater Neither it is any wonder at al that somtimes likewise there is kindled a Feaver not only an every day Feaver by reason of the vehemency of the pain but also a Periodical Feaver resembling the Nature of a spurious Tertian in regard that the obstructions being somtimes augmented great store of excrements and those very different one from the other of al sorts miâ—gled together one with another are very easily corrupted And moreover also the smal sand and gravel may very wel happen to grow together from this manifold filth communicated unto the over hot Kidneys and there retained by the wasting of the more thin parts by the ex raordinary great heat and the Nephritick pain may likewise be generated by the abundant matter impacted in the Uterers and not having an easie and speedy motion But of the occult and hidden Diseases some of them are simply such touching the existence whereof we may very wel doubt and others of them are occult only in regard of their Essence and Nature since that it is not in the least to be controverted whether or no this illustrious Lord be afflicted with them a truth so obvious and manifest Simply occult is that Witchcraft of which this illustrious person hath very rational and probable grounds to suspect that it hath been practised upon him in regard that as he relateth there have been often found in his bed strange and admirable Magical Figures of Bones of Wax and of other matter as also such like Signs and Characters as Enchanters and Wizards are wont to abuse in destroying those they bewitch and in regard likewise that he had most powerful and most implacable Enemies by whom he doubteth not but that his ruine and destruction hath by al kinds of wiles wicked arts and inventions been attempted Since therefore it is confessed by al that by Witchcraft bodies may in a various manner be changed and that thereby there often happen the very same effects that are wont to follow likewise upon the natural motions of the humor in the body ill affected hence it iâ— that Physicians can have no proper signs whereby they may constantly discover and absolutely determine whether there be any Witchcraft practised or not And this is now altogether the case of this most illustrious person For there is non I suppose unless he be eiâ—her a mere Dolt or one that hath no good opinion of Christian Philosophy that will dare to doubt whether or no the related suspicions may not frequently accompany Witchcraft so that hereupon that there is in this present case no practice of Magick and Enchantment can by no evident Argument possibly be convinced But if haply any one shal object and say That the aforesaid doubt is altogether needless and impertinent since that al those Accidents that the Patient suffereth may very wel be referred unto the various and those likewise sufficiently manifest vices of the humors let such a one know that such as are variously affected from a supernatural Cause although the effects proceeding therefrom may seem to be natural yet notwithstanding they cannot by the aid and assistance of the Physitians so easily be corrected and kept under as those may that are vitiated and derive their depraved power and violence from some Natural and sensible Cause so that albeit the knowledg of Witchcraft maketh not much for the attaining of the next and immediate Cause of the Disease yet nevertheless it helpeth very much in foretelling the facility of the Cure and presaging the issue and event of the Disease I would to God that this noble person were altogether free from this infection which doth indeed render the Cure of the Disease most pertinacious in al respects and most intricate and difficult But there are two other occult Maladies with the which I plainly affirm that this noble person is affected to wit the Scurvey and the Plica the Nature of which Maladies as it is abstruse and hitherunto never sufficiently demonstrated by any so the accidents therein happening are most manifest And in very deed that so for brevities sake I may pass over the many other notes and signs al men generally acknowledg and confess that the Plica ariseth from the inexplicable and intangled Locks of the Hair but yet they are altogether ignorant of the proper Cause thereof although they speak somwhat that is probable touching the common Cause which yet nevertheless cannot be sufficient for the constituting of the perfect Cure of the said Malady But certain it is that their hairs are conglutinated frizled and entwiâ—ted from some dull and sluggish excrement of the third Concoction of the head sweating through the Sutures and Pores which being restrained and kept in by the cutting off the hair the Air more freely getting into the said open pores there ensue thereupon most grievous Accidents It is also certain that by the drinking of vitious Waters or else from exhalations mingled together with the Air after a long abode and continuance therein this Malady may at length be contracted and therefore it is that this evil is almost Epidemical unto the Inhabitants of those places that abound so much with these like Fountains and Rivers that are so wel known unto this noble person Neither can it be doubted that such as have weaker heads are sooner and more grievously infected But of what kind that excrement is and with what poyson infected that seemeth a thing altogether occult and hidden as likewise for what reason it doth infest the head rather than
made long but they likewise become thick unequal and rugged And this happeneth from strong and hard labor by which the Nails about the roots of them are as it were moved together and so they attract the aliment in greater abundance This Vice cannot easily be amended unless that the external Cause cease But if the said external Cause be removed then in process of time those thick and unequal Nails being by degrees cut off other that are better wil succeed in the stead of them The Roughness of the Nails Moreover the Nails also become rough and ill colored and thick Scabrities and Lepra of the Nails which Vice is called the Scabrities and Lepra of the Nails in which Vice not only the magnitude but likewise the figure and Conformation of them is vitiated This Vice is generated from the vitious and excrementitious humors mingling themselves with the aliment of the Nails Now those humors are more especially Melancholick which is shewn even from the color it self of the Nails they having in them somthing of Tartar from whence the said hardness proceedeth This Vice is manifest unto the Eyes and bringeth along with it rather a deformity than any dang r and yet nevertheless it may hurt and hinder the laying hold upon any thing which is wont to be done by the Nails and it likewise sheweth withal that there is some vitious humor lying hid and concealed in the body that Nature thrusteth forth unto the Nails like as we have before told you that those who are affected with Plica Polonica have also this evil befalling them This Vice is cured if what cannot be amended be by degrees pared away and the excrementitious humor discussed If the Vice be but new begun then the Decoction of the Vetch Orobus and Lentiles wil be very convenient or else a Cataplasm formed of their meal or else let Sulphur with Oyl and Vinegar be laid upon them Pliny writeth that Orach or Arrach wil take away the Nails without any Ulcer as we find it in his 20. Book and Chap. 20. And the lesser Celandine with Pitch doth perform the very same Or else let an Unguent be imposed or an Emplaster made of Pitch Wax Rosin Mastick Burgony Pitch or else lay on Raisins with Opopanax or Cresses with Lin-seed stronger are the Roots and Leaves of Crowfoot Or Take Rosin half an ounce Turpentine two drams new Wax and Goats Suet of each five drams Mastick one dram and half Frankincense two drams Make an Emplaster See more of these in Paulus Aegineta his second Book and 81. Chapter And in Avicen in the seventh part of his fourth Book last Tract and 14. Chapâ— The color of the Nails changed But somtimes only the color of the Nails is vitiated so that they become leaden colored yellow and black Which Vice happeneth nor only by reason of the change of the color of the flesh lying underneath as some have thought but because the very aliment of the Nails is vitious and endued with such a color And now and then likewise the Nails ar here and there marked wi h certain smal white spots especially in the younger sort of people which arising for the most part about the Roots of them together with the growing Nail they change their place until at the length they are pared off with the Nail and they have their original from the thick juyce that mingleth it self with the aliment In Curriers also by reason of their handling of Lime and Ley and in Dyers by means of their handling their Dying stuff the Natural color of the Nails is frequently changed into another which oftentimes lasteth and continueth long This Vice indeed bringeth with it no danger at al but yet it causeth a deformity and is very offensive and troublesom unto Men but especially unto Women But now that this Vice may be taken away the vitious humors if they lie hid in the whol body are to be evacuated and then after they are to be taken away out of the Nails themselves This may be done if the new growing nails be very often pared until al that is viciated be quite taken away And unto the Nail it self that Emplaster that ere while we mentioned in the Lepra of the Nails is to be applied But there is then a peculiar change of the color of the Nails when by reason of a Contusion there is blood shed forth under the Nail and when shining through the Nail it produceth a red or a blackish color as it is wont to happen in Suffusions Which if it chance Avicen adviseth to make a hole through the same and so to let out the blood that lieth underneath the Nail And yet nevertheless there is in thus doing great care to be had lest that in the perforation the nervous skin lying underneath be hurt and so a pain be thereby excited The Nail having a hole made through it or if it hath not it maketh no matter lay upon it Candy Dittany with the Glue or Gelly of fish Or the Basilick Emplaster of the Root of Solomons Seal wel bruised Or Take Sagapenum as much as you please mingle it in a Mortar with the Oyl of Nuts that an Emplaster may be made and laid thereon The Crooking of the Nails There are some likewise that make mention of the crooking of the Nails among the Vices of the Nails and indeed it is of that crooking wherein the Nails in their extremities are rendered crooked and as it were hooked lâ—ke as we see it to be in Birds and this crooking they say proceedeth from a driness that doth overmuch contract the substance of the Nails But this Affect is very rare neither when any such there is doth it proceed from driness but from a vitious matter by reason of the abundant flowing of which the Nails come to grow in that vitious and uncouth manner and this as we have already told you happeneth in the Plica Polonica And therefore there is no other way or method of Curing of this Evil than that of Rough and Leprous Nails This is not unusual especially in the Feet that the Nails grow forth too much at the sides and make a hole through the skin lying underneath upon which the flesh there in that place beginneth to grow luxuriant and to become proud and proveth a very great impediment both in putting on of the shoos and also in going Which if it happen we are then to sprinkle upon the place burnt Alum which taketh away whatsoever of the flesh is superfluous and afterwards the Nail that hath grown forth too long is to be pared off The Cleaving of the Nails And now and then likewise solution of Unity happeneth unto the Nails so that they are cleft either longwaies or else transversly and as it were cut into two thin plates And this cometh to pass either from Causes external as Wounds or else from the vitiousness of the Humor which somtimes falleth out in the French Disease
and convenient and that yet notwithstanding the sick party by the help and assistance of Nature recovered and became sound again But now as for those Reasons that he objecteth against the Ancient way the first of them is this that the wounded part is too often exposed unto the Ambient Air from whence its heat is weakned and so thereupon great store of Excrements bred and treasured up But as for this that is so often imputed unto the Ambient Air frequently admitted into the Wound and that for this cause alone the greater abundance of Excrements are collected this is only said but no waies proved For these Copious and abundant Excrements do not proceed from the Air but they have other causes For that smal and inconsiderable appulse of the Air which yet notwithstanding as I have said is by all means possible and as much as may be to be avoided and the operation therefore to be performed in a warm place it cannot cause so great an alteration And moreover also the Excrements are likewise collected because that the Blood and Humors faln forth of the Vessels are necessarily converted into Pus and Sanies that is to say thick and thin Excrements although the temperament of the part be sound and unhurt But that the very temperament of the part may be hurt even by the Wound it self as also by the cutting and opening of the Vessels and likewise by the efflux of the Blood and Spirits is a truth that cannot be denied and Caesar Magatus himself in his first B. and 9. Chap. taketh upon him to prove the same at large And this very weakning of the part by Reason of the wound inflicted and the change and alteration of the temperament is the cause that not presently and on the very first day the Pus is generated in the Wound but for the most part on the fourth day to wit when Nature hath recovered and gotten her strength again and the heat of the part is renewed And furthermore the Bodies on which Wounds are inflicted are not evermore exactly found and pure but oftentimes Cacochymical albeit they may seem exactly sound which although they receive but some very light and sleight wound yet this in these Cacochymical bodies degenerateth into an Ulcer by reason of the vitious humors that abundantly flow unto the wounded part As for what is in the Second place objected that from the frequent loosening of the wound the often handling and moving of the part a pain and thence a fluxion may be caused in the part affected with the Wound unto this objection we have already before given an Answer To wit that the experienced and skilful Chirurgeon may very easily prevent the said pain and although that some pain should chance to be excited from the uncovering of the Wound yet nevertheless the inconvenience and pain that would arise from the reteining and not cleansing away of those Excrements might prove far greater and of a more dangerous Consequence Thirdly Magatus although without cause feareth lest that in the uncovering of the Wound there should happen a dissipation of the spirits and Native heat For if there be any such dissipation of the Spirits and heat this happeneth together with the very effusion of the blood But then so soon as this flux of the Blood stoppeth the orifices of the Vessels do again shut close so that there needs no fear at all of any such dissipation of the Spirits and Nature being otherwise sollicitous and careful about the preservation of the spirit and the Radical heat expelleth the offensive and hurtful Excrements and stil reteineth those that are useful as we may plainly see it to be done in Critical Evacuations Fourthly and lastly they object this also that as often as wounds are unbound and opened so often is Nature disturbed and distracted from her proper Office and Work But there is no ground at all for this fear For Nature cannot in so short a space of time as while the Wound is opened and bound up again possibly be disturbed unless there happen a very great and extraordinary alteration But it will be rather disturbed if the Wound be not cleansed from those Excrements III. Caesar Magatus and Ludovicus Septalius do not solidly confute those causes by which the Ancients and all the Chirurgeons even unto our very times were moved and drawn unto this often opening and unbinding of Wounds For First of all that they determine and conclude that Wounds are therefore often to be uncovered that so those Excrements that are necessarily generated may be evacuated this say these is not indeed Requisite and altogether needful in regard that the thin Excrement may partly be digested by exhalation and partly be driven out of the wound by the heat but as for the thick if any such be generated it is confounded and mingled together with the Pus and so by Nature expelled together with the said Pus But experience it self teacheth us that this is most false that the thin Excrement is alwaies digested by exhalation seeing that oftentimes we find that it rendereth the Wound exceeding moist and that there floweth forth great store thereof And for the thick Excrement although it be mingled with the Pus yet notwithstanding it is not of its own accord wholly evacuated or if it be evacuated it is but very slowly and therefore being retained it acquireth an Acrimony and so causeth a pain and a new afflux and therefore it is speedily and seasonably before this shal happen to be evacuated and cleansed away and for this Reason the Wound is to be uncovered as oft as need shall require For neither indeed doth Nature her self expel these Excrements Nature the truth is doth separate the useful Excrement from that that is altogether unuseful But when the Excrements are thus separated the useful from the unuseful and stick in the Cavity of the wound Nature hath then no more that she can do for it is not in her power to expel them but the Excrement either of its own accord and by reason of its weight floweth forth or else it is thrust out by the flesh growing underneath it and this if it be not done it is left stil to remain in the wound Neither also can the wounded part be alwaies kept in such a Scituation and so placed that the Pus by its weight tending downward should of its own accord flow forth For all wounds whatsoever that are inflicted in the fore parts of the Body are altogether unfit for such a Scituation as is requisite for a Spontaneous efflux of the Pus or Noisom purulent Mattier seeing that it is no waies convenient that the Patient should lie upon his face And so likewise the Wounds of the hinder part although that they be so Scituated that the Pus may easily flow forth from them yet nevertheless a lying upon the wounded part is no waies fit and convenient but painful and troublesom in regard that the whole bulk of
likewise that it may be a very hurtful dangerous covering Fourthly Whereas it is the common Tenet and that we are usually taught that therefore likewise Wounds ought often to be uncovered that so the virtue and effect of the Medicament may be known what it is and whether the Wound be moist yea or no that so Convenient driers may be laid thereto according as there shal be occasion unto this Caesar Magatus answereth that there is no need at all of any such ado or that we trouble our selves so much thereabout in regard that the whol business and the issue therof is to be committed to Nature But he doth not well in so determining For the truth is that Nature doth indeed evermore intend that which is best but yet notwithstanding she cannot alwaies obtain what it intendeth either because she is weak or else in regard that she is oppressed and overwhelmed with too great an abundance of that Object on which she acteth and therefore both the temperament of the wounded part is to be cherished with Medicaments and these indeed some at one time and some at another and the Excrements also by which Nature is oppressed and overburthened are to be dried up and evacuated And therefore we conclude that it is overrash and altogether unsafe to Commit the whole business unto Nature and to stand looking on as an idle Spectator since that it may easily so happen that overmuch Humidity abounding in the Wound it may soon degenerate into an Ulcer Fifthly And for this Cause likewise somwhat the more frequent uncovering of the Wound is held to be necessary that so the State of the Wound may be known and the Symptoms likely to happen thereupon may be prevented Caesar Magatus rejecteth also this Cause and asserteth that from other Signs to wit Itching Pain and the fear scent that cometh from the Wound we may give a shrewd guess and he positively determineth that an Artificial Conjecture is the best and that we may more rightly make our conjecture by the Eyes of our mind then by those of our Body since that they are sharper sighted then these But those conjectures are oftentimes very uncertain yea somthings may now and then happen unto a Wound that will no way be taken Notice of but only by ocular inspection and such are the Fungi of the Brain Worms in Wounds and flesh growing upon them And though it be true that at the length there will some certain signs discover themselves yet it is no way safe that the Physitian stand as an idle Spectator until such time as those signs to wit Pains Feaver Noysom smels and the like shall happen and manifest themselves For when these once come upon the Patient he is then most commonly in the greatest danger which by ocular Inspection might have been easily foreknown and safely prevented and oftentimes in the space of one day yea of a few hours some grievous evil may befal the sick person And so Paraeus relateth that he had seen Wounds in which unless they were daily opened and new Medicaments laid on Worms would continually be breeding Sixthly And for this cause also the wound is to be frequently uncovered that so the Swaths little Pillows and Linen Clothes may be made clean But Caesar Magatus and Ludovicus Septalius sleight and account of this as of a thing of no reckoning or if we may a any time change the Swathes they allow it only with this Proviso that the wound be no uncovered But these should have considered with themselves that if the Swathes be soul and unclean much more the Wound and the coverings neerer unto the same must needs be Nasty and unclean since that the sanies or thin Excrement doth first and most of all defile those things that do neerest touch upon the Wound Seventhly And Lastly whereas even for this cause the more frequent opening of the Wound seemeth to be necessary as is also the change of the Swathes and little Pillows that so the stinking Vapors in the Wound bred of the Pus and Excrements may the better exhale which if they be stil detained shut up in the wound they affect the wounded part and much change and alter the same unto this Septalius Answereth that the Wound is not to be bound up with so many and such Linen Clothes that those Vapors should be suppressed and if that the Pus find a passage forth he thinks then that those Vaporous Excrements may much rather be blown abroad and dissipated and if they be altogether retained that they are not likely to bring so much damage unto the Patient as may befal him from the uncovering of the Wound and the alteration of the Ambient Air. But in whatsoever manner the Wound is bound up which yet notwithstanding they themselves grant that it ought so to be bound up that it may be defended from all external injuries those Vapors may easily be detained yea they may insinuate themselves into the Linen Clothes and the Swathes and hence they may offend the wounded part by their stench and noysomness And this is that very thing that is now in Question whether all the Pus may be evacuated unless the Wound be often uncovered The alteration also that is caused from the external Air cannot be so hurtful and offensive in regard that it partaketh not of any ill quality as is that which proceedeth from those putrid and stinking vapors arising from the Pus and Sanies Whether there be any use at all to be made of Tents or Pensils in the Curing of Wounds The other thing where in Caesar Magatus and Ludodicus Septalius dissent from the Ancients and from other Physitians and Chirurgeous is this that they assert and endeavour to maintain this their opinion that there is no use at all to be made of Tents in the Curing of Wounds Magatus to prove this in his 1. B. and 5. Chap. useth these Reasons The Reasons the move Magatus to reject the use of Tents The First Reason is this because that Tents are neither therefore to be instituted that they may keep open the mouth of the Wound neither that by them Medicaments may stick unto the sides of the Wound The former of these he proveth in this manner that before the Wound is conglutinated the orifice thereof is alwaies patent and open so indeed that if we desire and endeavour it never so much yet we are not able to shut close the mouth of the Wound And he thinketh likewise that there is no need of Tents for any other use or purpose since that the Medicaments may be so melted that they may very conveniently be instilled into the Wound The Second Reason is this because that they are injurious and by their weight very troublesom and grievous unto the Nature of the wounded part whereupon it is likewise that Nature is alwaies laboring to expel them The Third is because that they distend the part press it together excite pain
together with other running sores out of which when they gaped and were opened either with the Needle or Medicaments there issued forth a thin pituitous or Flegmatick matter wheyish and rotten as also a snotty Sanies and in others this thin pituitous matter was likewise sharp and corroding then the Flesh al of it that was comprehended within the Circumference of the Cupping-Glass being corroded and putrifying sent forth a stinking savour such as is wont to arise from the Telephian Phagedaenical Vlcers Where it was worth observation and to be wondred at in the very beginning that of so many Cupping-Glasses as were affixed some having had ten or there about and others also not above three of these Cupping-Glasses fastened and affixed unto their Flesh only one of them or two at the most of all these brought forth any of the said filth and Corruption the Mother in Law of one Laurentius a Taylor only excepted who of fifteen that were applied had three that produced of the aforesaid impostumated matter You might have seen some of them with their whole bodies all overspread with Pustules or Pushes as we cal them their Face deformed their Countenance sad and dejected their looks terrible and frightful their Back Breast Belly Feet even all places from the Head to the Foot of them polluted and defiled with a scurfie scabbiness and with Crusty Vlcers lifted up a little above the Skin as broad at the Nail of ones Thumb with a red Circle and a white superficies and outside And out of these Vlcers also did continually run a kinde of Fat liquor and other Excrementitious filth and corruption that did more resemble the thin and cleer Sanies then the thicker Excrement that we cal Pus Yea and moreover the scabbiness being removed and cured there stil remayned certain black spots somewhat differing from those that appear in the Impetigo and the Vitiligo which are of a dark Leaden and Duskie colour In the progress of the Disease there grew together in the Head certain Callous or hard Crusts which being with the greatest pain broken or diffected did sweat forth a kinde of matter not unlike unto Honey and very tenacious such a kinde of Juyce as we may see to destil from those Trees that bear a fruit like unto the Pine Apple a certain substance I say thick and clammy and therefore an Argument of the ripening and withering away of the flegm These sordid and filthy impostumes they being indeed of the worst sort of all others were no sooner throughly cleansed and purged with a great deal of trouble and much difficulty and no sooner were those parts grown together with a little flesh brought over them but out there breads a new Symptom The Limbs of the whole Body the Arms Shoulders Shoulder-Blades Elbows Calves of the Legs Ankles and bottom of the Feet they were all extreamly twinged and pulled with a certain kind of pricking like unto stings and as if they had been sawn assunder with some Iron Instrument The members were all of them so heavy by reason of their weight that they needed somthing to underprop them and bear them up yea and many of them also that had a palsie threatened unto them were fain of necessity to be born up and carried upon mens Shoulders And yet for all this they had no rest day nor night being wracked with continual and incessant pains And these tormenting pains were not for a day or two but they lasted commonly for the space of a whole moneth And the Head likewise that was not free For besides the Achores above mentioned together with the Gummy and Callous risings therein not unlike unto great warts it was grievously infested with vehement pains and especially about the hinder Region thereof which by reason of the weakness and decay of the Parties strength as also through the want of due rest and sleep caused many of them to be Mad which said Madness of theirs left them not until for a long while together very much of the aforesaid purulent snot and filth of a most offensive and stinking Savour had run forth from the Head by the Nosethrils And all the whol time that the Disease had its course they took no pleasure at all in the gifts and comforts of Ceres or Bacchus that is say they were not at all delighted with their Food whether Meat or Drink They abhorred likewise and shun'd all manner of converse with others either out of shame or else for Anger and Indignation when they beheld themselves without any desert on their part as they thought quite over spread with a horrible and Contagious Disease and of which they had smal hope to be recovered This Disease continued the whole Winter long even until the spring Equinoctial that is the Suns Entrance into the sign of Aries about which time it manifestly declined and was Judged to be quite ceased about Easter because that after that time there was none found to be wholly overspread with this strange and until then unheard of Disease As touching the rise and original of this Disease there were two Opinions especially For some there were that thought it to be a new kind of the French Disease by Contagion or infection propagated in the hot House or Stove of the Bath but others conceived that this poyson was communicated by the Scarification The Chief Magistrate of the Town made a very diligent and strict enquiry as touching the Cause of this Disease but he could finde very little or nothing of a certainty Johan Sporischius in his Tract before alleadged admits of neither of these Causes before mentioned but he conceiveth that this Malady had its original from a Pituitous and Flegmatick Cacochymy heaped up in the Body by the unhealthy Constitution of that year and withal that overmuch and Unseasonable Scarification drew these vitious Humors unto the Scarified places And that he may the better prove this he writeth many things touching the Scituation of this Town and concerning the Dyet and the Diseases of the inhabitants and from all these put together he proveth that there was collected great store of this Flegmatick Humor And the truth is that it is not altogether so plain and evident from whence that Disease was at first contracted For if it had its original from Scarification then the Cause is not evident wherefore this infection continued only from the Winter until the vernal or Spring Aequinoctial and no longer unless haply any one wil render this for a cause that after this time none durst by reason of the fear they apprehended of a danger make use of these Baths or else because that this Bath was almost destroyed and then again renewed and why all the parts unto which the Scarified Cupping-Glasses were affixed were not exulcerated For in the Histories of the infected Thomas Jordanus taketh notice that a certain person who had five of these Cupping-Glasses affixed unto several places of his Body yet that only two of all
already spoken in our first B. of Feavers and especially that in the Quotidian the Signs of putridness disappear in the Urine whereas in putrid Feavers they appear therin And so the heat in putrid Feavers is far greater and sharper then in Quotidians and so are also the Symptoms more grievous and withal there is a greater dejection of the strength and powers of the Body Prognostick Now these Feavers in regard that they wholly depend upon the Inflammation they are therefore greater or less according to the greatness of the inflammation and so likewise more or less dangerous Cure These Feavers are taken away and Cured upon the removal of the Inflammation like as al other Symptomatick Feavers touching which we have already spoken in their proper place And therefore we ought in the first place to do our endeavour that by coolers and other convenient altering Medicaments this Feaver may be Cured lest that otherwise a putridness be excited in the Humors or if there be now already present any putridness that it may be restrained and kept under And Fourthly There happen likewise feavers unto Wounds Feavers from the putridness of the Humors kindled even by the putridness of the Humors that are in the Wound it self as being neerly related and allied unto those things that are raised and have their rise from the Pus or thick purulent matter Signs Such Feavers as these are known from the Quantity quality of the Excrements of the wound For there floweth forth great store of Sanies and this resembleth somthing that is putrid rather than good laudable Pus and it is of a various and evil colour and of a very unsavoury and offensive smel And although there should not flow forth any great store of Pus or Sanies yet nevertheless if the matter that floweth forth be naught and corrupt if the colour of the part be changed and if there be present any pain and heaviness in the part it is then indeed a sign and token that there is present a vitious matter and that it hath not been sufficiently purged forth But in the mean time there will be present and appear the signs of a Feaver which will shew unto us in the Urine the Notes and Marks of putridness or it may be they shew us none according as the matter is more or less communicated unto the Veins and Arteries Prognostick And as for these kinde of Feavers they are more or less dangerous according as the putridness is greater or less and likewise as it is in a part more or less noble and accompanied with more milde and gentle or else more sad and grievous Symptoms and according as there may be made a passage for the more easie or more difficult flowing forth of the vitious matter Cure The Cure consisteth in this especially that the putridness in the part affected be with all speed and as much as may be restrained and kept under and that by all means possible there be a way and passage made for the vitious matter to flow forth For the putridness being taken away and removed the Feaver soon after easily vanisheth of its own accord And Lastly There is also a kinde of Feaver A Feaver from the vitious preparation of the Humors which ariseth in wounded persons from the storing up and the great provision that hath been made of vitious and naughty Humors and the ill preparation of them For if the wounded Body be impure it may then easily be that a Feaver may be kindled in it upon the occasion of the Wound Now this is done in a twofold manner and upon a double account First of all from the commotion and disturbance of the Spirits and Humors after the receiving of the Wound For as in Bodies otherwise impure there are Feavers oftentimes kindled from the passions of the minde and Commotion of the Body even as we see it to befal Women that have hard labour in Child-bed so the very same may likewise happen in those that are wounded And furthermore a Feaver is also kindled from a putridness in the wounded part For as in Child-bearing Women there are Feavers oftentimes kindled from the retention of the Secundine and the blood that usually floweth from them after the Childe is born and this so much the more easily if their Bodies be impure even so if any putridness be kindled in the wounded part and that the depraved Vapors communicated unto the Veins do finde any vitious Humors in these Veins then a Feaver ariseth thereupon Now these Feavers are various according to the different preparation of the vitious Humors somtimes intermitting and sometimes continual according as this treasury of the vitious Humors is laid up either without the Vena Cava viz. the great hollow Vein or else sticketh fast in the same and indeed for the most part they are Tertians either continued or intermitting single or double and very rarely Quotidians and most seldom Quartans Signs These Feavers are known in that both the heat and the Urine and the pulse do all of them discover sure signs and tokens of a putridness But now whether these Feavers are kindled only by the commotion and disturbance of the Humors or else from the putridness in the wounded part it is known by this to wit that if the Feaver proceed meerly and only from the Commotion of the Humors then such a Feaver invadeth the person immediatly and in the very beginning and there is no vitiousness or fault at all to be found in the Wound But if it proceed from any putridness in the Wound then the Feaver appeareth not instantly and at the very first but after a short time and then there are Signs and tokens of Putridness in the Wound it self But then for the Nature and Quality of the Feaver it is to be known from the proper Signs of Feavers Prognostick Of these Feavers some of them are more dangerous then other some as we have already told you before in its proper place touching Feavers and intermitting Feavers they are of themselves altogether void of danger but the Continual are somwhat more dangerous and that likewise more or less according to the quality and condition of the putridness But yet because that these Feavers happen and follow upon Wounds they al of them therefore bring some danger along with them more or less For whereas the wounded part was weak before now the Feaver happening thereupon increaseth the debility and so augmenteth the danger thereupon depending and thus it may very easily come to pass that at the part affected there may be a fluxion excited or else by reason of the heat weakned upon the aforesaid Cause very many Excrements may be generated in the part and from hence other evils may be excited Their Cure Now as for the Cure of these Feavers albeit that they are occasioned by the Wound yet nevertheless because that the vitious provision of Humors is the principal cause of them therefore these Feavers are
fetcht and brought unto him from heaven it self And thus the senses of Men being possessed and lying under a threefold Obligation hath increased and grown up unto so great a heighth that even at this day it is very prevalent in most Nations and in the East especially it hath a commanding power over such Kings as have Kings for their subjects The Reconciler Difference 101 from that of Ptolomy in his Centiloquy that the faces of sublunaries are subject unto the Celestial Aspects that is to say the species of the Living Creatures of this inferior world are subject to the Caelestial images concludeth and positively determineth that the Caelestial sign Scorpio hath the predominance over al inferior Scorpions and the Serpent over all Serpents here upon Earth But grant indeed that it be so which yet Nevertheless they have no way proved that these inferior Earthly Scorpions are subject unto the sign of the Scorpion in the Heavens yet what is all this to the Scorpion carved and engraven upon the precious Stone Certainly a Dog or Scorpion engraven or pictured is not of the same kind nor under the same Genus with the living Creature Dog or Scorpion There are others that say that this virtue is instilled into these Seals from Heaven and the Stars and that the Astral Spirit that hath its influence and is sent upon them doth not only accommodate it self unto those Metals precious Stones and those plants but that it doth likewise secretly intermingle it self even with their very substance and that in the very first Creation it obtained a Mutual and Sympathetical consent with them then a Familiarity and Lastly soon after a Continuation also with them But let it indeed be granted that the Heavens and the Stars do not only as Erastus will have it in this Quest Part 1. Disputat against Paracelsus Page 151. warm these inferior Bodies and enlighten them and that in this manner they do as a Common and general cause at all times produce one and the same effect in all things here below but let it likewise be determined that there are some certain peculiar Stars that work upon these inferior Bodies by their secrets and occult influences and that they do peculiarly affect those things with which they have the aforesaid familiarity and that one Star hath a familiarity with the Adamant another with the Rose and a third with some other Plant But I pray what maketh all this for the engraving and inscribing of Figures and Characters seeing that the Stars communicate their virtues unto things here below in a meer Natural way without any prescript or Artifice of ours And wherefore do not the Stars and Constellations infuse those their virtues equally and indifferently into Metals or precious Stones whilest they are whole and entire and before they are engraven and inscribed with any Characters as they do afterwards if these men speak truth into those that have such like Characters Carved and Engraven upon them And certain it is that Paeony gathered at such a fit season of the year as also other Plants and all things else whatsoever that are made use of instead of Natural Amulets do put forth their virtues and so likewise the Load-stone draweth the Iron and is moved unto the Pole without any kinde of Figure or Character engraven thereon And hereupon Galen rightly determineth that the Jasper stone hath the very same virtues whether the sign of the Scorpion be carved upon it yea or no. And Henricus Cornelius Agrippa seemeth to differ but very little from this opinion who in his 1 B. of occult Philosoph and 33. Chap. thus writeth touching the thing in Controversie All the Stars saith he have their own proper Natures Proprieties and Conditions the Signs and Characters whereof they do by their Raies and Beams produce likewise even in these inferior Bodies to wit in the Elements in pretious Stones in Plants in Animals and their Members Whereupon it is that every thing whatsoever from its Harmonical disposition and from its own Star Iradiating and Darting its Beams upon it obtaineth some special Sign and Character imprinted upon it that is significative of that Star or Harmony and containing some special virtue in it self differing from others either in general or in special or in the number of the matter praeexistent Every thing therefore hath its own Character imprinted upon it for the working of some peculiar effect by its own Star and especially by that which above all other things hath the sovereign power and predominance over it and these Characters contein within themselves and so also they likewise retein these proper Natures of their own Stars as also their virtues and Roots and they produce the like operations with them on other things upon which they are reflected and they also draw forth and help forward the influences of their own Stars whether Planets or even fixed Stars also and Celestial signs and Images to wit as often as they are wrought and fashioned in a due and fit matter in their own due and proper time and with due and fitting Solemnities And there he also delineateth very strange and admirable letters and Characters proper and peculiar unto each of the Planets And therefore if any one desire and seek after the virtues of any Star the thing that is subject unto that Star is to be engraven upon somwhat that he wears about him As for instance if any one desire to have the virtue and influence of the Sun let him then take Gold and engrave upon it the Character of that Planet at that very time when the virtues of the said Planet are most strong and vigorous But these are all meerly grounded upon a false supposition whereas they take that for granted which indeed was never yet by us neither will it ever be granted unto them For first of al Agrippa and others do attribute unto these Seals many such like virtues as we may see frequently in divers places of their Descriptions which in very truth cannot be the Natural virtues of any Star And Paracelsus in the fourth B. of his Archidox Magic teacheth us how we may make a Bodkin and paint and inscribe upon it certain Characters and then he affirmeth that if any one shal with Chalk make a circle against a wal and in the very Centre thereof fix the sayd Bodkin all the flies neer that place wil come and sit upon the sayd Circle and these remain until such time as the Bodkin shall be again pulled out of the Wall But let Apella the Jew believe this for indeed I shal not And yet notwithstanding there are at this day those that do not only believe this but endeavour likewise by their publique writings to perswade others hereunto and these conceive that this virtue is by those Characters derived from the Constellations But let them shew us what Star it is that hath this commanding power over these Flies Beelzebub is indeed called the god of Flies And without all
broken it is very hardly Cured because that there is here need of a greater Extension and the sick person is much longer ere he dare adventure to walk 4. But now these bones for the most part are consolidated within fourty daies and very seldom sooner The Cure And therefore whether only one or both the bones be broken the Leg is as much as may be to be extended that so the bones without any damage at all may again be restored unto their own places and there joyned together Which most commonly is to be done by two strong able men who are to draw the Leg toward them they standing on both sides of the same one into the superior part and the other into the inferior part And it will be but a Vain-glorious act in them to make use of any kind of Engines when the Case doth not require it But if they cannot accomplish it otherwise let them then make use of the Reins and Engines that we so often have described and which are so generally well known And when the Leg shall be sufficiently extended the broken bones are then to be setled in their places And afterward convenient Medicaments are to be imposed and the Leg is then to be rowled and wrapt about with Swathes as in general we have already told you which ought to be both broader and longer then in the Arm and the Leg is so altogether to be Scituated and composed that it may not be turned awry unto any part and that the broken bones may not be disordered when he goeth to his bed or to ease Nature Touching the Scituation of the Shank or Shin-bone see likewise further hereof in Guilhelm Fabricius his 1. Centur. Observat 93. And at length the Leg when it is extended and stretched forth straight is to be placed upon a Cushion or some other soft and plain thing and so the Splinters and Pipes are then to be administred as in general we told you before in the first Chapter in which thing we are to observe that they be not applied upon the extremities of the bones sticking out or upon that Tendon which tendeth and passeth along from the Leg unto the Foot and is there knit unto the Heel For these parts having in them a very exquisite sense will not endure compression but if they be pressed together they are then pained and inflamed And there is here also somtimes need of blood-letting and purging as in the Fracture of the Arm. As for matter of Dyet we ought altogether more and longer to extenuate the body of the Patient as Hippocrates commandeth when the Legg then when the Arm is broken by how much that is greater and thicker then this and because there is also a Necessity that the body should rest and lye still Chap. 11. Of the Fracture of the Thigh THe Thigh bone of all the bones in the body of man is absolutely the biggest thickest and longest and this may also chance to be broken either in the midst or in the Excremityes thereof and the places neer adjoyning Prognosticks 1. Touching the Fracture of the Thigh Celsus in his eighth Book and Chap. 10. writeth thus If the Thigh be broken it must of necessity be made shorter because that it never more returneth into its old place But yet notwithstanding there is much more weakness in the Thigh where the Negligence of fortune is likewise added unto the fracture Which opinion of Celsus is according to Peccettus in his fourth Book Whether the Fracture of the Thigh do necessarily cause lameness Chapt. 24. thus to be understood by us not that by no means the broken bones may be restored unto their wonted seat in the Thigh and there be wel sitted together that therefore the Thigh bone must necessarily be shorter but when the part is less distended then need requireth and when the bones are not wel and most exactly set and sitted together since that we see from day to day Many who have suffered a Fracture of the Thigh it having been wel fastned together with Iron instruments have yet walked straight upright without any lameness at al. And the very same we are taught by Avicen Book 4. fen 5. tract 3. Chap. 14. by Guido de Cauliac in his 5 tract Doct. 1. Chap. 7. by John de vigo in his sixth Book and 14. Chapt. by Andreas in his second B. of Chirurgery and 14. Chapt. and divers others But Guilhelm Fabricius in his 5. Cent. and 86. Observation writeth that he never saw nor knew any that after this kind of Fracture escaped without a lameness besides one young Mayd only unto whom he administred a new and peculiar kind of Cure And this especially happeneth if the Thigh be broken nigh unto the Hip. And of this kind of Fracture the Authors alleadged are to be understood But if the Thigh bone be broken toward the knee or in the midst that there be diligence used care taken in the curing thereof the fracture may then be healed without any great difficulty or lameness But that if the sayd thigh bone be broken toward the Hip lameness for the most part followeth these are the causes as Guilhelmus Fabricius reckoneth them up The first is this because that the Thigh bone is not straight as the shin and Arm bones are but that it is naturally dilated into the external part as it were into a bow wherefore if it shal chance at any time to be broken it is easily bowed and bended toward the inward part but then toward the external part it buncheth forth as it were into a bow Secondly there are present the greatest and strongest Nerves and Muscles from the inward part of the Thigh which so soon as the bone is broken they drawing the said bone which as we have said was now before naturally bowed toward their original to wit the place where they have their first beginning do easily and in such a manner indeed draw it into a bow that the extremityes thereof about the Fracture do disjoyn themselves and stick forth toward the external part Thirdly because that it is but one only bone wherefore it is not so easily to be detained in its own place as if it had some other bone adjoyned with it as the shin and the Arms have Fourthly because that the part is very fleshy and the bone situated as it were in the midst of a pillow experience teacheth us that it can very hardly be kept in its own proper place by the benefit of the splinters and the Splema Coverings and especially if the Fracture be made obliquely For those very strong Nerves and Muscles do again notwithstanding that they were from the very first rightly set and replaced draw the bones out of their proper places But yet nevertheless if any one wil follow that Method propounded by Guilhelm Frabricius himself he writeth that it may very easily be avoided that the Leg shal not at al become shorter or that any
somwhat weak in its motion and the above mentioned causes went before What to be done for the breeding of a greater Callus But now that there may be generated a greater Callus we are to allow unto the sick person a full dyet and meats that breed a thick and viscid Juice the swathes are likewise to be loosened and the part to be plyed with warm water untill it appear to be very red For in this manner there is drawn unto the part affected a greater store of blood that so there may be supplyed a more plentiful matter for the generating of the Callus There are likewise Medicaments to be imposed Dropacisms as they call them that are moderately heating and attracting a more plentiful Aliment unto the place affected There is likewise to be administred one dram of the Stone Osteocolla with the Water of the greater Comfry ground smal upon a Marble in Prisan flesh broth or Wine which hath a singular virtue to generate the Callus as by examples Guilhelmus Fabricius proveth in his First Century and Ninetyeth Observation The Callus bigger then it justly should be But then somtimes on the contrary the Callus is generated bigger then what justly it should be which proceedeth from the over-abundant afflux of the Aliment especially when it is too thick as also by the giving of the Osteocolla Stone hand over head which although it hath indeed a notable virtue in generating the Callus yet Nevertheless it is more sutable and convenient for aged persons and such as are of riper years then for such as are very young For if it be administred unto these there is then generated a Callus greater then what justly it should be as by an Example Guilhelm Fabricius teacheth us in the place before alleadged Signs thereof Now this Callus is known by the very touch by which it is easily discovered as also by the pain which ariseth from the Compression of the Muscles and the Nervous parts whereupon the part also is rendered unfit for motion and especially if the fracture be made neer unto the Joynt The Callus how it is to be made less Now the Callus if it be over-great is diminished and made less by discussive and digestive Medicaments as by frictions of Sâ—â— Nitre and Oyl and by a perfusion and fomentation made of Salt water or a decoction of the Leaves of Beets Mallows Pellitory of the wal Sage flowers of Camomile and of Melilote or else a Cataplasm made of these is to be layd on Or else let the part be anoynted with this Unguent Viz. Take Goose fat Bears fat Mans fat of each two ounces Juice of Earth-worms one ounce Ammoniacum a dram and mingle them But yet if the Callus be harder then ordinary then let Emollients be added unto Digestives and before the application of Cataplasms let the place affected be fomented with some Decoction As Take Roots of Marshmallows one ounce Roots of white Lilyes and Bryony of each half an ounce Flowers of Marshmallows and Mallows of each one handful Camomil and Melilote of each half a handful Linseed and Fenugreek of each half an ounce boyl them for a fomentation and of the mass make a Cataplasm But let these fomentations be used not only until the part wax red and begin to swel but that also the part may again fal and become lank and wrinkled Let this Dyet be very sparing neither let him eat much food that yieldeth a thick and clammy Juice Guilhelmus Fabricius in his 1 Century and Observat 21. maketh use of these Medicaments for one whose Callus was grown too great by the use of the Stone Osteocolla First of all he twice a day fomented the Callus with the following Emollient Decoction Take the Roots and Leaves of Marsh-Mallows Bryony white Lillies Bears Breech Flowers of Camomile and Melilote of each one handful Common Worm-wood and Red Roses of each one ounce boyl them in Vinegar one part and Water four parts unto the Consumption of the third part After this he anointed the Callus with the following Unguent Take Mans fat Bears fat and Goose fat of each two ounces the Juyce of Earth-worms and Vinegar of Squils of each one ounce Mingle and make an Vnguent After the Inunction he applied the following Emplaster spread upon Leather Take the Emplaster of Frogs with Mercury and of the Mucilage of each one ounce and mingle them In this manner he proceeded for six daies until he saw that the Callus was not only much mollified but also most manifestly diminished And afterwards instead of the Plaister he fitted unto it a Leaden Plate and with a Swathe he bound it fast and firmly upon the Callus And by the use of the Remedies and the blessing of God upon them the Callus was softened Resolved Extenuated and Depressed and the sick person restored again unto his former health Chap. 7. Of the Slenderness and Weakness of the Member ANd furthermore it happeneth oftentimes that after a Fracture the Member remaineth slender and weak which is caused either through the scarcity of the Aliment whiles that by the long and various bindings of the Swathes the Veins carrying the Aliment unto the part are streightened and welnigh closed up or else when the sick person hath not food enough allowed him to Eat and Drink and that likewise which maketh very much hereunto is a long continued rest of the Member and its Cessation from Motion And therefore we must by all means endeavour that a more plentiful Aliment may be attracted unto the part And therefore as much as is fit the Member is to be moved and reduced unto its wonted and accustomed motions and to be fomented with Decoctions that only attract the Aliment unto the part affected and do not any waies scatter it And Dropacisms are here likewise of singular use Or Take Oyl of Costus and of Camomile For broken bones that grow not together as formerly of each half an ounce Oyl of Castor and the Martiat Vnguent and Mans fat of each one ounce and mingle them And somtimes also it happeneth especially in aged persons that the broken bones will not be brought to grow together again of which thing Guilhelm Fabricius in his 1 Cent. Observat 92. hath a History The very like whereunto there happened here of late in a very learned man who is yet living This man was in the very same case with the other mentioned and described by Guilhel Fabricius For he can indeed write with his right Hand but if at any time he desire to list up his whole right Arm which he had broken either forward or backward he then needeth the assistance and support of his left Hand Now this cometh to pass if the bones after they be set be not kept in their places steady and unmoved and this likewise was the cause of what happened unto that learned person we but even now mentioned For he being very Fleshy and
Corpulent and his Shoulder that he had broken being not possibly to be bound up in a right manner and hard enough and he in the night time sleeping very unquietly and continually turning himself in his bed and moreover by reason of his extraordinary sweating in his Shoulder the Medicaments applied thereto being continually kept so wet and moist that they could not stick close enough to put forth their virtue the bones could not be consolidated nor brought to grow fast and firm together but they lay at a certain distance one from the other But now such Fractures as these are afterward very hardly to be cured unless it be so that they are new and of no long standing in which the usual way of Curing is to be administred and the Osteocolla Stone to be given the Patient as we have already shewn you how and in what manner of which very thing we finde an example in Guilhelmus Fabricius his third Cent. Observat 90. in regard that a Callus is drawn over the extremities of the broken bones by reason of which the bones can no more be brought to grow together Yet some there are that think that such inveterate Fractures as these may likewise be Cured And Cornelius Celsus in his 8. B. and 10. Chapt. writeth of them in these very words If saith he the Fracture to wit of the bones that grow not well together be inveterate the Member is then to be extended that it may be somthing hurt The bones are with the Hand to be divided one from the other that by coming together again they may be exasperated so that if there be any thing fat it may by this means be taken away and that it may wholly become new as it were and yet great care ought here to be had that the Nerves and Muscles be not hurt And then the Member is to be fomented with Wine in which Pomegranate Rinds have been boyled and the same is likewise to be laid on mingled with the white of an Egge The third day it is to be loosened and fomented with Water in which Vervein hath been boyled On the fifth day the like is to be done and Splinters are to be placed round about it And as for all the rest that is to be done both before and after it is the very same that we wrote before But this way of Curing is very dangerous and which Celsus himself likewise feareth by thus doing the Nerves and Muscles may easily be hurt and thereupon an Inflammation or Convulsion excited Chap. 8. Of the Fracture of the Arm. ANd thus much in general may suffice to have been spoken touching Fractures But now because that the bones which are broken are various and in regard that according to the variety of the broken bones the Cure doth somthing differ we shal now therefote speak somthing of Fractures in their species and particularly But as for the rest of the differences in regard that they make very little or nothing at all either for the knowledg or Cure and that all that may be said of them is conteined in those things which we have hitherto spoken of Fractures in general we shall therefore pass them over and shall treat only of those differences that are taken from the subject and the diversity of those broken bones And because that very frequently the Arm Shoulder Leg and Thigh are broken we shall therefore in the first place speak of them and afterwards we intend to treat likewise of the Fractures of the rest of the bones And indeed as touching the Fracture of the Arm The Fracture of the Arm in regard that the Arm together with the Hand is the Organ or Instrument of laying hold on things and of many labors and is likewise exposed unto external injuries it is wont to be often broken Now the Arm or that part which is from the Shoulder to the Wrist consisteth of two bones of which the greater that lieth lowermost is called Cubitus or Vlna but the less which lieth above the Elbow is termed Radius Now somtimes both these bones are broken and somtimes but only one of them Prognosticks 1. The Fracture of the Arm is more easily Cured when but only one of the bones is broken then when they are both broken as we told you above in the first Chapt. and sixth Prognost 2. If only one of these Arm-bones be broken the Cure is more easie if the upper bone or Radius then if the lower bone or Cubitus be broken for the upper needeth less extension then the lower and if the lower to wit the Cubitus be preserved sound it serveth instead of a Basis and prop as it were to keep the broken bone from being moved out of its place And Secondly Because that it is more easie to be set in its place again unless it be in that part next the Hand And thirdly Because that the Elbow bone being kept safe and sound it is carried more safely in the Scarf or Linen Swathe 3. But the worst Fracture of all is if both the bones be broken together For first of all they have no prop nor any thing at all to sustain them And then again Secondly They need a greater Extension since that the Nerves and Muscles are more contracted toward the place from whence they spring in regard that there is nothing whereby when they are extended they may be so kept And Thirdly because that the neer neighbouring parts aâ—e more hurt 4. But now the bones of the Arm are for the most part made to grow together within thirty daies although as we said before there may be great difference in the Age and Nature of the Patients The Cure Whatsoever things they are that are required unto the Curing of the Fractures of the other parts they are here likewise necessary But as for the Extension there is less need of strength and force when the Radius is broken then when the Cubitus or Elbow is broken but the greatest need of all when both the bones are broken And indeed if both the bones are broken the Extension that is made ought to be equal but if only one of the two bones be broken the greatest and strongest Extension ought to be in that part where the bone is broken The Extension being made the broken bone is again to be directed into its proper place and there set fast The broken bone being thus replaced the Fracture as we told you before is in a convenient manner to be bound up and rowled about with Swathes and all other things are here to be performed that were before spoken of in the Cure of a Fracture in general and then at length the Arm is to be fitly placed and Scituaced And indeed as Hippocrates adviseth in his first B. of Fractures Text 22. in the placing thereof there is great care to be had that the Hand be not lower then the Elbow lest that if the Arm hang down the Blood should flow toward