9 His erroure in the placing of the luminares eodem A poynt what 55 Poynt vertical what 60 Pole of the Horizont 21. 60 Poles eleuation how to finde oute 91 92. 93. 94. 95. Polybius erroure touchinge the numbre of Zones 65 Pontus and her chiefe places 191 Porto sancto an Iland 188 Prasia 196 Printing first found where 181 Ptolomaeus 2 He first found out the. 9. heauen 12 His rule seruing to the obseruing of altitudes 88 He excused 118. 169 Pygmeans country 191 Physick who first found it oute 2 Pythagoras error touching vacuum 9 Pythia 184 Q QVadrate an instrumente of Nauigation 162 Qualitie of windes 158. 159 Quantitie of measures used in demensiō 56 Quiola 187 R REd seas 143. 194 Region elementary 40 The heauenly Regiō cōtein x. spheres 10 Regions gouerned of the signes and Planets 134 Regions Longitude how to find it out 103 Vnto 108 Regions Latitude how to find out 91 Vnto 95 Reward of learning in old time 111 Rome 182 Rio de grande 202 Rio. S. Iacobi eodem Rio de S. Lucia eodem Riqua the greater eodem Riqua the lesser eodem S SAmaria 194 Sardinia with her Cities and Townes eodem Sheubelius Algeber 5 Scotland and her description 174. 175 Scotora 198 Scythia without the hill Imaus 195 Seas and her diuision 143 Sepulcher of Mahomet 194 Shipmans Neadle whan it erre to correcte it 161 Shipmans compasse vnknowne to the olde Hydrographers 160 Shippe out of her course howe to come in it againe 166 Shadowes and ther diuersitie 69. 70 A Table of Shadowes 72 Sicilia an Iland with her chiefe places 176 Sidon 193 A signe what 25 Signes Meridionall 26 Signes Septentrionall eodem Sinus what 143 Smyrna 191 Snow ingendred where 42 Sogdiana 195 Somer Tropicke 33 Sonnes sphere in what order placed 11 Errours touchinge the same eodem The Sonne haue ij declinations 28. 93 A Table of his declination 31. 32 Whan he is in the tropick poyntes or Equinoctiall 53 Sonnes rising and settinge throughe all the yeare 148 South India 198 South Pole and his configuration 166 South windes hote and the cause 158 Sparades Ilandei 177 Spagnolla 202 Spaine and her description 177 Sphere what 14 Diuided in two partes 16 Shere haue x. Circles 18 Spoudaeus what it do the signifie 3 Spring tides 145 Strausborough 181 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 what and wherof so called 56 Stagnum what 144 Sulphur where great plenty 175 Syria and her Cities 193 T TAble of fixed sterres 27 Table of the sonnes declination 31 Table of shadowes 72 Table of Climates 78. 79 Table for tourninge houres of the daye into degr min. of th' equinoctiall 104 Tabrobana 198 Terestriall globe 114 Theodosius 5 Thinges sene longer in mìnde then onlye harde 7 S. Thomas Iland 187 Tides both spring and ebbe 143 Ther cause 146 Time the greatest treasure 1 The frutes of time well spent 2 Time bring all thinges to perfection 3 Times of the yeare where they take theyr beginning 35 Time tedious 142 Times of ebbing and flowing 151 Tingitana mauritania 185 Trallis 191 Tropicke circles 33 Somer tropicke what eodem Winter Tropicke 34 Tyrus 193 V Venemous beastes and wormes not in Ireland 172 Africke abound therewith 184 Vertical poynt what 21. 60 Vesandrea 198 W Winter tropicke what 34 Windes what 153 And ther numbre 153. 154 Windes tēperat vnder th' equinoctial 159 World what it is 9 The world earth not oue thing eodem The world made of ij cartes 9 Z Zenit what 21. 60 Zodiacke what 22 Zodiakes vse 26 Zone what 63 Ther numbre 64 Ther qualities 66. 67. That they are all habitable 67. 68 Zones deuided into climats paralleles 73 FINIS Faultes escaped in the Imprinting Fol. 2. the vi lyne Ingens reade Engeins Fol. 25. th' eightene lyne goeth ouerthwart them read goeth ouerthwart the Sphere Fol. 69. the xxi lyne Zolstitii reade Solstitii Fol. 121. the last lyne whose compasse read whose compositiō is in this wise Describe a Circle with your compasse Fol. 189. the ii columbe the last lyne it exten reade it extendeth ¶ AN EXTRACTE OF THE QVENES highnes gracious Priuiledge Licence ELIZABETH by the grace of God Quene of Englande Fraunce and Irelande defendour of the faith c. To all maner of Printers Booke sellers and other our Officers Ministers and subiectes greatyng VVe do you to vnderstand that of our grace especiall we haue graunted geuen priuiledge and licence And by these presentes for vs our heyres and successors do graunt and gyue Priuiledge and Lycence vnto our welbeloued subiect Iohn Day of the citie of London Printer and Stationer and to his assignes for the terme of his life to Imprint or cause to be Imprinted as well the Cosmographicall Glasse compiled by VVilliam Cuningham Doctor in Physicke as also durynge the tyme of vij yeares all suche Bookes and workes as he hath Imprinted or herafter shall Imprint being diuised compiled or set out by any learned man at the procurement costes charge only of the said Iohn Day Straitly forbiddyng and commaunding by these presentes all and singuler our subiectes as well Printers Bookesellers as all other persons within our Realmes Dominions what so euer they be in any maner of wise to Imprint or cause to be Imprinted any of the aforesaid Bookes that the said Iohn Day shall by authoritie of this our licence imprint or cause to be imprinted or any part of them But onely the said Iohn Day and his assignes vpon payne of our hyghe indignation And that euery offendor therin shall forfaite to our vse fourtie shillinges of lawfull money of Englande for euery such Book or Bookes at any time so Printed contrary to the true meanyng of this oure present Licence and Priuiledge Ouer and besides all suche Booke or Bookes so Printed to be forfayted to whom so euer shall sustayne the charges sue the sayd forfaiture in our behalfe c. Geuen at our Palice of VVestminster the xxviii day of October the firste yeare of our Reigne ¶ Imprinted at London by Iohn Day dwellyng ouer Aldersgate beneath Saint Martins 1559. Men happiest Time the grea test treasure Men most infortunate Why men in our age ar not so learned as thei wer in old tyme. The frute sprī ging of well spent tyme. What Spoudaeus signifieth The interpretation of Philonicus The olde wryters excused Arithmetick and Geometry necessary for this art Orontius Scheubelius Euclide Theodosius What Cosmographie is Lib. 1. cap. 1. What Geographie is The diference of Cosmographie and Geographie What Chorographie is and howe it difereth from the other two Thinges seene are lenger in mynde then only harde Cosmographie excelleth Geographie and Chorographie The argumēt of the whole worke Lib. primo in initio What the Worlde is Aristotle The Worlde and the earth not one thing Pythagoras error Plato Aristotle The Worlde made of two partes The number of the heauens An obiection Ptolomaeus Alphraganus Tebitius Archimedes Lib. 2.
is also in the mides of th' earth an Equino imagined vnder the tropick in the heauē two tropike Circles in th' Earth and finallye vnder the two polary circles in the Heauen two circles in th' Earth answering in like proportiō so that th' Earth is parted in v. equall portiōs which are called zones as this Figure doeth manifestly set out Spoud Do you not in this Figure call euery portion betwixt two paralleles à zone Phil. Yes verely as the space betwixt the tropike of Cacer Capricorn in Graeke is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 with vs the burning zone because the sonne goeth ouer th' inhabitauntes heades cōtinually Also betwixt the tropicke of Cancer the Circle Arctike 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or the temperate zone And the portiō betwixt the circle Arctick the north Pole 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 we call it Frosen In lyke maner with th' other two zones southe from th' Equinoctiall the temperate south zone is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and the frosen zone 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Spou. Yet by my computation your table sheweth sexe zones Two frosen zones two temperate and two burninge zones for the space betwixte the two Tropicke Paralleles is deuided equally of th' Equinoctiall Phi. You are in the same error that Polybius was as testifieth Strabo but Proclus hereto do aptly answer where he speke of zones and I will repeate his wordes of this burning zone only omitting the rest whereby it shal be euident vnto you that there are not two but one burning zone his wordes are these 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Reliqua quae inter memoratas quatuor medium locū tenet quod sub ipso Solistransitu iacet torrida nuncupatur à terestri equatore in duas partes diuisa Th' other zone saith Proclus which is in the mids of the. iiij aforesaid because it lieth vnder the course of the sonne is called burning and is deuided of th' earthly Aequinoctiall in two equall portions Spoud But what compelled Proclus to saye that it is but one zone Seinge it is deuided in two by the aforesaide earthlye Aequinoctiall I wil tel you because ther is no alteratiō of the quality tēperature of the heauēs betwixt the space and distance of the. ij Tropikes but continuallye hote al the yere by resō of the sōnes iornay in the zodiake as in the figure you may se therfore not only Proclus but also Plato Aristotle Strabo Ouide ād Uirgil yea al authors do make their accōpt but of v. zones Spo. It shuld seme that this burning zone for the feruēt heat the. ij frosen zones so far distant from the sōnes course shuld not be habitable as Ouide doth right excellently in these verses set out Vtque duae dextra coelum totidemque sinistra Parte secant zonae quinta est ardentior illis Sic onus inclusum numero distinxit eodem Cura dei totidemque plagae tellere praemuntur Quarum quae media est non est habitabilis aestu Nix tegit alta duas totidem inter vtrasque locauit Temperiemque dedit mista cum frigore flamma Like as the Zones into v. partes do right the Heauens diuide Euen so for th' Earth à nūbre like nature did well prouide The middest of thē all men eschew the burning is so fell In the zones next the Poles through could no creature long maye dwell Bitwixt these the burning Zone two other se you may For tempratnes replenished with liuinge thinges alway Philo. Well bycause I will not haue you to erre with Poëtes other that suppose these not habitable I will take the more diligence to driue this Heresie out of your heade althoughe Ptolomaeus Auicenna were of sufficient authoritie to make you credit this thing affirminge that they haue sene men whiche did inhabite betwixt th' Equinoctiall the tropike of Cancer yea that ther ar many notable Cities Villages yet I wil vse other reasons then testimonies in this behalfe And first answer me Is not the heate of the Sōne cause that in the Sūmer ceason he inclining toward our habitatiō that mens colour in ther faces hādes are made blacker then naturally they are Spoud Yes verely I haue sene some dwellers in litle Vilages as Plowmen Heardmen Shepehards maruelously sonneburnt Philon. What wil you cōiecture then of those people that are blacke face body all externe partes of them doeth it not come of the heate of the Sōne Spoud It muste nedes so be and I haue sene men of that colour we call them Aethiopians Philo. Very well do not you beleue that the countrey where they dwell must of force be vnder the beames of the Sōne Spou. Els it could not folow that ther colour should so much differ frō ours Philon. And there is no place vnder the perpendiculer Sōne beames but only this burning Zone Ara bia sumwhat frō the Sōne beames situated is the cause that th' inhabitauntes are not so blacke as the Aethiopians nor the Spaniardes as th' Arabians or Frēchmē as the Spaniardes Spoud And the Germaynes haue their skinne whiter then the Frenchemen we here in Englande then all these so that the furder from this burninge Zone the whiter the skie and the nerer th' Equinoctiall the blacker more adust burnt Philo. Moreouer the Nauigatiō to Calicute of which voiage Vesputius Columbus were the first authors nowe more frequented of the spanierdes then sayling into coūtreis nie adiacēt to vs do witnes beare that vnder this burning Zone there are inhabitaūtes Spou. by these wordes it is manifest that the burning Zone is not habitable onely but also inhabited And as touchinge the temperate Zones no man is so folishe or madde as to denie them to be replenished with all liuing creatures abūdantly wherfore if you can proue that the two Zones next the Poles are also habitable you shall as farre banish this errour frō me as the Sōne doth darkenes Philoni Although Ptolomaeus do not describe any parallele beyonde Thylim whiche is two degr more of this side of the Circle Arctike And that for the situatiō of it farre distant from the beames of the sonne and therfore the Waters cōtinually frosen and th' Earth with Snow couered Yet Erasmus Reignholt and that truley describeth a Parallele by Hielso an Ilād in Norway which is 9. degrees beyonde the polary or Arctike circle Also the grene lande and in diuers countreis there inhabited and the inhabitants are called in Greke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine Periscij and we may call them aptly inhabitantes which haue there shadowe daily declininge vnto all partes of the Horizont Spo. Then I perceiue that both the burning zone also the frosen are habitable and not that only but also inhabited although not so plentifullye as the temperate zone But nowe sence ther is offered good occasion to intreat of shadowes and
â—…5 36 48 85 41 294 15 11 308 40 11 13 16 11 39 41 12 56 40 28 56 38 15 88 57 322 57 12 282 16 12 12 10 12 45 42 45 57 38 57 57 39 45 92 23 357 35 13 259 53 13 11 5 13 51 44 21 58 37 29 58 41 16 96 1 400 16 14 240 38 14 10 0 14 57 46 0 59 36 3 59 42 50 99 51 454 12 15 223 55 15 8 56 16 4 47 41 60 34 38 60 44 26 103 54 524 34 16 209 14 16 7 52 17 12 49 24 61 33 15 61 46 5 108 14 620 17 17 196 15 17 6 48 18 20 51 11 62 31 54 62 47 46 112 50 758 8 18 184 39 18 5 45 19 29 53 2 63 30 34 63 49 30 117 45 974 1 19 174 15 19 4 42 20 39 54 56 64 29 15 64 51 17 123 0 1360 36 20 164 50 20 3 38 21 50 56 53 65 27 58 65 53 8 128 39 2253 44 21 156 18 21 2 35 23 2 58 54 66 26 43 66 55 1 134 45 6547 56 22 148 30 22 1 32 24 14 61 0 67 25 28 67 56 59 141 21 Infinite 23 141 21 23 0 29 25 28 63 10 68 24 14 68 59 1 148 30 numbre 24 134 45 24 0 33 26 43 65 25 69 23 2 69 61 6 156 18  25 128 39 25 1 36 27 58 67 45 70 21 50 70 63 17 164 50  26 123 0 26 2 38 29 15 70 11 71 20 39 71 65 32 174 15  27 117 45 27 3 41 30 34 72 43 72 19 29 72 67 52 184 39  28 112 50 28 4 44 31 54 75 21 73 18 20 73 70 18 196 15  29 118 14 29 5 48 33 15 78 7 74 17 12 74 72 51 209 14  30 113 54 30 6 52 34 38 81 0 75 16 4 75 75 29 223 55  31 99 51 31 7 56 36 3 84 2 76 14 57 76 78 15 240 38  32 96 1 32 9 0 37 20 87 13 77 13 51 77 81 9 259 53  33 92 23 33 10 4 38 57 90 34 78 12 45 78 84 11 282 16  34 88 57 34 11 8 40 28 94 5 79 11 39 79 87 23 308 40  35 85 41 35 12 14 42 1 97 49 80 10 34 80 90 44 340 16  36 82 34 36 13 19 43 35 101 45 81 9 30 81 94 16 378 49  37 79 37 37 14 25 45 12 105 56 82 8 26 82 98 0 426 55  38 76 48 38 15 32 46 52 110 23 83 7 22 83 101 58 488 39  39 74 5 39 16 40 48 35 115 8 84 6 18 84 106 9 570 51  40 71 30 40 17 48 50 20 120 11 85 5 15 85 110 37 685 48  41 69 1 41 18 57 52 9 125 39 86 4 11 86 115 23 858 2  42 66 38 42 20 6 54 1 131 30 87 3 8 87 120 28 1144 52  43 64 28 43 21 16 55 57 137 49 88 2 5 88 125 56 1718 10  44 62 8 44 22 27 57 56 144 40 89 1 3 89 131 48 3437 24  45 60 0 45 23 39 60 0 152 7 90 0 0 0 138 9 Infinite  Ther may many coÌ„clusions by this table be wrought as you shal know or we depart but now let vs furder proced coÌ„cerninge our talke of zones in which you must coÌ„sider that these zones of which we haue intreated ar deuided into climates regions Spo. How doth à climatand à zone differ they both wer for this cause first inuented to make diuision of the face of th' earth into soÌ„dry parts Philo. I confesse no lesse but they differ in this poynt that à Zone doth in it coÌ„tain the fift portioÌ„ of th' earth and à climate but only so much of th' earth the loÌ„gest day in that place do differ from th' equinoctial xxx minutes or half an hour and are named vii in numbre of all th' auncient Geographers Spoud Then the first climate shal be in latitude xvi degrees xliiij minutes from th' equinoctiall and the loÌ„gest day shall excede xij houres whiche is the quantitie of the daye vnder th' equinoctiall one houre for so saithe Ptolomaeus Philon. It is true but heare you muste consider that Ptolomaeus deuideth euery climate in iiij equall portions nameth them Paralleles euery one of them coÌ„teining in latitude iiij degrees xviij min. incresing the quantity of the longest day xv minutes so that Ptolomaeus making the first climate xvi degrees xliiij min. in Latitude from th' equinoctiall meaneth the middes and not the beginning of the climate Spou. I praye you or we anye further proceade shewe me the signification of a Parallele Philo. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greke whiche we also do call à Parallele is à Circle equally distaunt from that which is drawne next him and are described by the course of the sonne and starres of which the greatest is th' equinoctial for that he is furdest froÌ„ the Poles so that the nerer the poles the lesse is the parallele and the number of them Ptolomaeus maketh xxj as in this figure in which I haue made xxj paralleles froÌ„ th' equinoctiall vnto both the poles Arctike Antarctike and now to our matter againe from whence we did digresse You shall consider that euerye Climate hathe à proper name for the suerer difference of one from an other taketh his name of some notable Citye Mountaine or Riuer ouer which the mids of that Climate is drawn As for example The middes of the firste Climate goeth ouer a notable Ilande of Nilus called Meroë of that we name it Dia Meroes that is the climat going ouer Meroë The seconde Climat is called Dia Syënes of a citye in Egipt called Syënes The middes of the thirde climate is drawen ouer Alexandria an other Citye also in Egipt therfore called Dialexandrias The fourth goth ouer th' Iland of the Rodes now in subiection to the great Turke and is named Diarhodou The fift climate Dia Romes going ouer Rome somtime the head of the world at this preset the sinck of sin The sixte Climate is named Dia Pontou because it goeth ouer the Pontike seas named Euxinus The seuenth is draweÌ„ by Boristhenes a Citye so called therefore named Diaboristheneos not by the Riâ—…hean Mountanes as the vnlerned sort suppose seing that they ar at the lest x. deg froÌ„ this climate distaunte Spou. And what was the cause that they described no places beyoÌ„d the. 7. climate seing that ther are many inhabitaÌ„ts as by your words do appeare wher you made mention of the habitable places in th' earth Philo. It was ether because they supposed those places scaÌ„t or with muche paines habitable for th' extreme cold or els that they knew not the parts North froÌ„ theÌ„ situated as now we do Spou. And do they not make mention of