woulues is as comon to the females as the males so it might perhappes be called by reason of the woulfe that brought vp Romulus For we see those which ronne vp down the cittie that daye they call Luperci doe beginne their course in the very place where they saye Romulus was cast out Howbeit many things are done whereof the originall cause were hard now to be coniectured For goates about a certaine time of the yere are killed then they bring two young boyes noble mens sonnes whose foreheads they touch with the knife bebloudied with the bloude of the goates that are sacrificed By by they drye their forheads with wolle dipped in milke Thē the yong boyes must laughe immediately after they haue dried their forheads That done they cut the goates skinnes make thongs of thē which they take in their hands ronne with them all about the cittie starck naked sauing they haue a clothe before their secrets and so they strike with these thonges all they mete in their waye The yonge wiues doe neuer shonne them at all but are well contēted to be striken with them beleeuing it helpeth them to be with childe and also to be easely deliuered There is another thing yet in this feast that these LVPERCIANS which ronne about the cittie doe also sacrifice a dogge Cōcerning this feast the Poet named Butas dothe write somewhat in his elegies where shewing the occasion of the fond customes and ceremonies of the Romaines he dothe saye that Romulus after he had slayne Amulius did runne straight with great ioye to the very place where the wolfe gaue him his brother sucke in memory of which rūning he sayeth this feast of Lupercalia was celebrated that the noble mens younger sonnes doe runne through the cittie striking laying on them which they meete in their way with their goate thongs in token that Remus and Romulus ranne from ALBA vnto that place with their drawen swordes in their hāds And that the touching of their forehead with a bloudy knife is in remēbrance of the daunger they stoode in at that time to haue bene slaine Last of all the drying of their foreheads with wolle dipped in milke is in memorie of the milke they sucked of the woulfes But Caius Acilius writeth that Remus and Romulus before Rome was built did happen to lose their beasts on a daye after they had made certaine prayers vnto Faunus for the finding of them they ranne here there starcke naked as they went a seeking of thē for feare they should haue bene troubled with ouermuch heate sweatīg And this is the cause he sayeth why the LVPERCIANS doe at this daye ronne about naked And if it be true they make this sacrifice for a purging a man might saye they might offer vp a dogge for that purpose like as the Graecians in their sacrifices of purgatiō doe vse to carie out all their doggs And in many places they doe obserue this ceremonie to driue out the doggs which they call Periscylacismes Otherwise if it be of a thanckfullnes to the woulfe that gaue Romulus sucke saued him from perishing that the Romaines doe solemnise this feast it is not impartinēt they sacrifice a dogge bicause he is enemie to the woulues Onles a man would saye it was to punishe this beast which troubleth and letteth the LVPERCIANS when they runne Some saye also it was Romulus who first instituted it a religion to kepe holy fire that first ordeined holie virgines which are called Vestales other doe ascribe it to Numa Pompilius Notwithstanding it is most certaine otherwise that Romulus was a very deuoute man greatly skilfull in telling of things to come by the flying of birds for which cause he did ordinarilie carie the augurs crooked staffe called in Latin Lituus It is a rodde crooked at the end wherewith the augurs or soothsayers when they sit down to behold the flying of birds doe poynte out marke the quarters of the heauen They carefully kept it within the pallace howbeit it was lost in the time of warres with the GAVLES when the cittie of ROME was taken Afterwards when these barbarous people were chased and driuen out it was founde againe as it is sayed all whole within a great hill or heape of ashes hauing no māner of hurte where all things els about it had bene consumed and marred with the fire He is sayd to haue made certaine lawes among which there is one that seemeth somewhat harde which is that the man is suffered to put awaye his wife and in some case to geue her nothing and like libertie is not geuen to the wife to put awaye her husband As if she maye be proued to haue consented to the poysoning of her children or to haue counterfaited her husbands keyes or to haue committed adulterie But if he put her awaye for any other cause then the one halfe of the goodes is adiuged to the wife and the other moytie to the goddesse Ceres and he that putteth away his wife after this sorte is commanded further to sacrifice to the goddes of the earth This also was notable in Romulus who hauing ordeined no payne nor punishement for parricides that is for those that kill their parents called yet all murder parricide to shewe how detestable that murder was and as for parricides he thought it vnpossible And it seemed a great while he had reason to thincke so that such wickednes would neuer happen in the worlde For in sixe hundred yeres together it was not knowen that any man in ROME committed suche an offence and the first parricide with them was Lucius Ostius after the warres of Hanniball But enough touching this matter Furthermore in the first yere of the reigne of Tatius some of his kynsemen and friendes met by chaunce on the waye certeine ambassadours comming from the citie of LAVRENTVM vnto ROME whom they set vpon and ment to haue robbed them The ambassadours resisting them and not willing to deliuer their money they made no more a doe but slewe them This haynous deede being thus committed Romulus was of opinion they shoulde be executed openly in the highe waye for example But Tatius deferred it still from daye to daye and dyd allwayes excuse the matter vnto him which was the only cause they fell out one with the other For in all things els they caried them selues as honestly as might be the one to the other ruling and gouerning together with a common consent and good accorde But the parents kynsefolkes of those who were murdered when they sawe they could haue no iustice bicause of Tatius watched him one daye as he sacrificed with Romulus in the cittie of Lauinium and stabbed him in without offering Romulus any violence but rather praysed him for a good and righteous prince Romulus caused the bodye of Tatius to be straight taken vp and buried him very honorably in mount Auentine about the
curiositie then offend or mislike them for their falsehood Nowe after he had founded his cittie he first and foremost dyd diuide in two coÌ„panies all those that were of age to carie armour In euery one of these companies there were three thousand footemen and three hundred horsemen and they were called Legions bicause they were sorted of the chosen men that were pyckt out amongest all the rest for to fight The remaine after these was called Populus which signifieth the people After this he made a hundred counsellers of the best and honestest men of the cittie which he called Patricians and the whole company of them together he called Senatus as one would saye the counsell of the auncients So they were called Patricians as some will saye the counsaill of the fathers lawfull children which fewe of the first inhabitants could shewe It may be some will saye this name was geuen them of Patrocinium as growing of the protection they had by the sanctuarie of their cittie which worde they vse at this daye in the selfe same signification as one that followed Euander into ITALIE was called Patron bicause he was pitiefull and relieued the poore and litle children and so got him selfe a name for his pitie and humanitie But me thinckes it were more like the trothe to saye that Romulus dyd call them so bicause he thought the chiefest men should haue a fatherly care of the meaner sorte considering also it was to teache the meaner sorte that they should not feare th' authoritie of the greater nor enuie at their honours they had but rather in all their causes should vse their fauour and good will by taking them as their fathers For euen at this present straungers call those of the Senate lordes or captaines but the naturall ROMAINES call them Patres Conscripti which is a name of fatherhed and dignitie without enuie It is true that the beginning they were only called Patres but sithence bicause they were many ioyned vnto the first they haue bene named Patres Conscripti as a man should saye fathers of recorde together which is the honorablest name he could haue deuised to make a difference betwext the Senatours and the people Furthermore he made a difference betweene the chiefer cittizens and the baser people by calling the better sorte Patroni as muche to saye as defenders and the meaner sorte Clientes as you would saye followers or men protected This dyd breede a marueilous great loue and good wil lamong them making the one much beholding to the other by many mutuall curtesies and pleasures for the Patrons dyd helpe the clients to their right defended their causes in iudgement dyd geue vnto them counsaill and dyd take all their matters in hande The clients againe enterchaungeably humbled them selues to their patrons not onely in outwarde honour and reuerence towardes them but otherwise dyd helpe them with money to marrie and aduance their daughters or els to paye their dettes and credit if they were poore or decayed There was no lawe nor magistrate that could compell the patron to be a witnes against his client nor yet the client to witnesse against his patron So they increased and continued all other rights and offices of amitie and friendshippe together sauing afterwards they thought it a great shame and reproache for the better and richer to take rewarde of the meaner and poorer And thus of this matter we haue spoken sufficieÌ„tly Moreouer foure moneths after the foundation of the cittie was layed Fabius writeth there was a great rauishement of women There are some which laye it vpon Romulus who being then of nature warlike and geuen to prophecies and aunswers of the goddes foretolde that his cittie should become very great and mightie so as he raysed it by warres and increased it by armes and he sought out this culler to doe mischief and to make warre vpon the SABYNES To proue this true some saye he caused certaine of their maydes by force to be taken awaye but not past thirtie in number as one that rather sought cause of warres then dyd it for neede of mariages which me thinckes was not likely to be true but rather I iudge the contrarie For seeing his cittie was incontinently repleanished with people of all sortes whereof there were very fewe that had wiues and that they were men gathered out of all countryes and the most parte of them poore and needâ—e so as their neighbours disdayned them much and dyd not looke they would longe dwell together Romulus hoping by this violent taking of their maydes and rauishing them to haue an entrie into alliance with the SABYNES and to entise them further to ioyne with them in mariage if they dyd gentely intreate these wiues they had gotten enterprised this violent taking of their maydes and rauishing of them in suche a sorte First he made it to be commonly bruited abroade in euery place that he had founde the altar of a god hidden in the grounde and he called the name of the god Consus either bicause he was a god of counsaill wherupon the ROMAINES at this daye in their tongue call Consilium which we call counsell and the chief magistrates of their cittie Consules as we saye counsellers Other saye it was the altar of the god Neptune surnamed the patron of horses For this altar is yet at this daye within the great listes of the cittie and euer couered and hidden but when they vse the running games of their horse race Other saye bicause counsell euer must be kept close and secret they had good reason to kepe the altar of this god Consus hidden in the grounde Nowe other write when it was opened Romulus made a sacrifice of wonderfull ioye and afterwardes proclaymed it openly in diuers places that at suche a daye there should be common playes in ROME and a solemne feast kept of the god Consus where all that were disposed to come should be welcome Great numbers of people repaired thither from all partes He him selfe was set in the chiefest seate of the showe place apparelled fayer in purple and accompanied with the chiefe of his cittie about him And there hauing purposed this rauishement you haue heard of he had geuen the signe before that the same should beginne when he should rise vp and folde a playte of his gowne and vnfolde the same againe Hereupon his men stoode attending with their swordes who so sone as they perceyued the signe was geuen with their swordes drawen in hande and with great showtes and cryes ranne violently on the maydes and daughters of the SABYNES to take them awaye and rauishe them and suffered the men to ronne awaye without doing them any hurte or violence So some saye there were but thirtie rauished after whose names were called the thirtie linages of the people of ROME Howbeit Valerius Antias writeth that there were fiue hundred and seuen and twentie and Iuba sixe hundred foure
we ought to consider in them the diuersities of manners and passions seeing anger is vnreasonable and wrathe rashe and passionate then can we not clere the one nor excuse the other of extreme rage and passion in the facte committed by the one against his brother and by the other against his naturall sonne Howbeit the occasion and beginning of anger doth muche excuse Theseus who moued with the greatest cause that might be was put into suche choller and passion But if Romulus variaunce with his brother had proceeded of any matter of counsell or cause of the common weales there is none so simple to thincke that his wisdome would so sodainely haue set vpon him Where as Theseus in contrarie manner killed his sonne prouoked by those passions that fewe men can auoyde to wit loue ielousie and false reporte of his wife Moreouer Romulus anger went to the effect whereof the issue fell out very lamentable Theseus anger stretched no further then to roughe wordes and olde folkes curses in their heate For it seemeth cursed fortune and nought els was the cause of his sonnes only mishappe as forespoken and wished for somewhat by his father These be the speciall things maye be alledged for Theseus But for Romulus this was a noble thing in him First his beginning being very lowe and meane and his brother and he taken for bonde men and the children of hoggeheards before they were them selues all free they set at libertie in manner all the LATINES winning at one instant many titles of glorie and honour as distroyers of their enemies defenders of their parents Kings of nations founders of newe citties and no ouerthrowers of the olde where as Theseus of many habitations and houses made onely one and dyd ouerthrowe and plucke downe diuers states bearing the names of auncient Kings princes and halfe goddes of ATTICA All these also dyd Romulus afterwards and compelled his enemies whom he had ouercome to distroye their owne houses and to come and dwell with their conquerours And in the beginning he neuer chaunged nor increased any cittie that was buylt before but buylt him selfe a newe cittie out of the grounde getting all together land countrie kingdome kinred and mariages without losing or killing any man and to the contrarie rather he dyd good to many poore vacabonds who had neither countrie lands nor houses and desired nothing els but to make a people amongest them and to become cittizens of some cittie Also Romulus bent not him selfe to follow theeues and robbers but subdued by force of armes many mightie and puissant people he tooke citties and triumphed ouer Kings and Princes which he had vanquished in battell And touching the murder of Remus it is not certainely knowen of whose hands he dyed The most parte of authors doe charge other with the death of him But it is certaine that Romulus deliuered his mother from apparant death and restored his grandfather to the royall throne of AEneas who before was deposed and brought from a King to seruill obedience without any regarde of honour or dignitie to whom he dyd many moe great pleasures and seruices Besides he neuer offended him willingly no not so muche as ignorantly Contrarylie I thincke of Theseus who fayling by negligence to put out his white sayle at his returne cannot be cleared of parricide howe eloquent an oration soeuer could be made for his excuse yea though it were before the most fauorable iudges that could be Wherefore an ATHENIAN very well perceyuing that it was an harde thing to excuse and defend so fowle a faulte dothe fayne that the good olde man AEgeus hauing newes brought him that his sonnes shippe was at hand dyd ronne in so great haste to his castell to see his sonne arriue a farre of that as he ranne his foote hit against some thing and ouerthrewe him as though he had none of his people about him or that neuer a man seeing him ronne so hastely to the sea side dyd make haste to attende and wayte vpon him Furthermore Theseus faults touching women and rauishements of the twaine had the lesse shadowe and culler of honestie Bicause Theseus dyd attempt it very often for he stale awaye Ariadne Antiope and Anaxo the Troezenian Againe being stepped in yeres and at later age and past mariage he stale awaye Helen in her minoritie being nothing neere to consent to marye Then his taking of the daughters of the TROEZENIANS of the LACEDAEMONIANS and the AMAZONES neither contracted to him nor comparable to the birthe and linadge of his owne countrie which were at ATHENS and descended of the noble race and progenie of Erichtheus and of Cecrops dyd geue men occasion to suspect that his womannishenes was rather to satisfie lust then of any great loue Romulus nowe in a contrarie manner when his people had taken eight hundred or thereabouts of the Sabyne women to rauishe them kept but onely one for him selfe that was called Hersilia as they saye and deliuered the reste to his best and most honest cittizens Afterwardes by the honour loue and good entertainment that he caused them to haue receyue of their husbands he chaunged this violent force of rauishement into a most perfect bonde and league of amitie which dyd so knyt and ioyne in one these two nations that it was the beginning of the great mutuall loue which grewe afterwards betwext those two people and consequently of the ioyning of their powers together Furthermore time hath geuen a good testimonie of the loue reuerence constancie kyndenes and all matrimoniall offices that he established by that meanes betwext man and wife For in two hundred and thirtie yeres afterwards there was neuer man that durst forsake or put awaye his wife nor the wife her husband And as among the GRECIANS the best learned men and most curious obseruers of antiquities doe knowe his name that was the first murderer of his father or mother euen so all the ROMAINES knewe what he was which first durst put away his wife It was one called Spurius Caruilius bicause his wife was barren and had no children The effects also doe agree with the testimonie of the time For the Realme was common vnto Kings of both nations and through the alliance of these mariages that beganne first of rauishements both nations liued peaciblie and in equalitie vnder one ciuill policie and well gouerned common weale The ATHENIANS contrariewise by Theseus mariages dyd get neither loue nor kynred of any one persone but rather they procured warres enmities the slaughter of their citizens with the losse in the ende of the cittie of APHIDNES and yet very hardely and by the mercie of their enemies whom they honored as godds they escaped for him the daunger which the TROIANS suffered afterwards for the self acte done by Alexander Paris So it fell out at the last that his mother was not only in daunger but euen feelingly suffered like miserie and captiuitie which Hecuba dyd
they should throwe their goods out after them Howbeit this was the least parte of Tarquines intent to seeke his goodes againe but vnder pretence of that demaund he secretly corrupted the people and practised treason which his ambassadours followed pretending only to get the Kings goodes and his fauourers together saying that they had already solde some parte and some parte they kept and sent them daylie So as by delaying the time in this sorte with such pretences they had corrupted two of the best and auncientest houses of the cittie to wit the familie of the Aquilians whereof there were three Senatours and the familie of the Vitellians whereof there were two Senatours all which by their mothers were Consul Collatinus nephewes The Vitellians also were allied vnto Brutus for he had maried their owne sister had many children by her Of the which the Vitellians had drawen to their stringe two of the eldest of them bicause they familiarly frequented together being cosin germaines whom they had intised to be of their conspiracie allying them with the house of the Tarquines which was of great power and through the which they might persuade them selues to rise to great honour preferment by meanes of the Kings rather than to trust to their fathers willfull hardnes For they called his seueritie to the wicked hardnes for that he would neuer pardone any Furthermore Brutus had fayned him selfe mad and a foole of long time for safety of his life bicause the tyrannes should not put him to death so that the name of Brutus only remained After these two young men had geuen their consent to be of the confederacie and had spoken with the Aquilians they all thought good to be bounde one to another with a great and horrible othe drincking the bloude of a man and shaking hands in his bowells whom they would sacrifice This matter agreed vpon betweene them they met together to put their sacrifice in execution in the house of the Aquilians They had fittely pickt out a darke place in the house to doe this sacrifice in where almost no bodye came yet it happened by chaunce that one of the seruants of the house called Vindicius had hidden him selfe there vnknowing to the traytours and of no set purpose to spye and see what they dyd or that he had any manner of inckling thereof before but falling by chaunce vpon the matter euen as the traytours came into that place with a countenaunce to doe some secret thing of importaunce fearing to be seene he kept him selfe close and laye behinde a coffer that was there so that he sawe all that was done and what they sayed and determined The conclusion of their counsell in the ende was this that they would kill both the Consuls and they wrote letters to Tarquinius aduertising the same which they gaue vnto his ambassadours being lodged in the house of the Aquilians were present at this conclusion With this determination they departed from thence and Vindicius came out also as secretly as he could being maruelously troubled in minde at a maze howe to deale in this matter For he thought it daungerous as it was in deede to goe and accuse the two sonnes vnto the father which was Brutus of so wicked and detestable a treason and the nephewes vnto their vncle which was Collatinus On the other side also he thought this was a secret not to be imparted to any priuate persone and not possible for him to conceale it that was bounde in duety to reueale it So he resolued at the last to goe to Valerius to bewraye this treason of a speciall affection to this man by reason of his gentle and curteous vsing of men geuing easy accesse and audience vnto any that came to speake with him and specially for that he disdained not to heare poore mens causes Vindicius being gone to speake with him and hauing tolde him the whole conspiracy before his brother Marcus Valerius and his wife he was abashed and fearefull withall whereupon he stayed him least he should slippe awaye and locked him in a chamber charging his wife to watche the doore that no bodie went in nor out vnto him And willed his brother also that he should goe and beset the Kings palace round about to intercept these letters if it were possible and to see that none of their seruants fled Valerius selfe being followed according to his manner with a great traine of his friendes and people that wayted on him went straight vnto the house of the Aquilians who by chaunce were from home at that time and entering in at the gate without let or trouble of any man he founde the letters in the chamber where king Tarquines ambassadours laye Whilest he was thus occupied the Aquilians hauing intelligence thereof ranne home immediately and founde Valerius cōming out at their gate So they vould haue taken those letters from him by force and strong hande But Valerius and his company dyd resist them and moreouer hudded them with their gownes ouer their heads and by force brought them doe what they could into the market place The like was done also in the Kings palace where Marcus Valerius founde other letters also wrapt vp in certaine fardells for their more safe cariage and brought away with him by force into the market place all the Kings seruants he founde there There the Consuls hauing caused silence to be made Valerius sent home to his house for this bondman Vindicius to be brought before the Consuls then the traytours were openly accused and their letters redde and they had not the face to aunswer one worde All that were present being amazed honge downe their heades and beholde the grounde and not a man durst once open his mouth to speake excepting a fewe who to gratifie Brutus beganne to say that they should banishe them and Collatinus also gaue them some hope bicause he fell to weeping and Valerius in like manner for that he held his peace But Brutus calling his sonnes by their names come on sayed he Titus and thou Valerius why doe you not aunswer to that you are accused of and hauing spoken thryse vnto them to aunswer when he sawe they stoode mute and sayed nothing he turned him to the sergeants and sayed vnto them They are now in your handes doe iustice So soone as he had spoken these wordes the sergeants layed holde immediately vpon the two young men and tearing their clothes of their backs bounde their hands behinde them and then whipped them with roddes which was such a pittiefull sight to all the people that they could not finde in their hartes to behold it but turned them selues another waye bicause they would not see it But contrariwise they saye that their owne father had neuer his eye of them neither dyd chaunge his austere and fierce countenaunce with any pittie or naturall affection towards them but stedfastly dyd beholde the punishment of his owne children vntill they were
fortuned in the ende to taste of the wine which was first brought out of ITALIE vnto them Which drinke they found so good and were so delited with it that sodainely they armed themselues and taking their wiues and children with them they went directly towards the ALPES to goe seeke out the country that brought forth such fruite iudging all other countries in respect of that to be but wilde and barren It is sayed that the first man which brought wine vnto them and that dyd procure them to passe into ITALIE was a noble man of THVSCAN called Arron and otherwise of no ill disposed nature howbeit he was subiect to this misfortune following He was tutor vnto an orphan childe the richest that was at that time in all the countrie of THVSCAN and of complexion was wonderfull fayer he was called Lucumo This orphan was brought vp in Arrons house of a childe and though he was growen to mans state yet he would not goe from him fayning he was so well and to his liking But in deede the cause was that he loued his maistres Arrons wife whom secretly he had enioyed a long time and she him that made him like his continuance there Howbeit in the ende loue hauing so possessed them both that neither parte could withdrawe from other much lesse culler that they had long enioyed the young man stole her away from him and kept her still by force Arron put him in sute but he preuayled not for Lucumo ouerweyed him with friends money giftes and charges But he tooke it so greuously that he left his country and hauing heard talke of the GAVLES he went vnto them and was their guide to bring them into ITALIE So they conquered at their first coming all that country which the THVSCANS helde in olde time beginning at the foote of the mountaines and stretched out in length from one sea vnto the other which enuironneth ITALIE as the names them selues doe witnesse For they call yet that sea which looketh vnto the northe the Adriatick sea by reason of a cittie built sometime by the THVSCANS which was called Adria The other which lieth directly ouer against the South is called the THVSCAN sea All that countrie is well planted with trees hath goodly pleasaunt pastures for beastes and cattell to feede in is notably watered with goodly ronning riuers There was also at that time eighteene fayer great citties in that country all of them very strong and well seated aswell for to enriche the inhabitants thereof by traffike as to make them to liue delicately for pleasure All these citties the GAVLES had wonne and had expulsed the THVSCANS but this was done long time before Now the GAVLES being further entred into THVSCAN dyd besiege the cittie of CLVSIVM Thereupon the CLVSIANS seeking ayde of the ROMAINES besought them they would send letters and ambassadours vnto these barbarous people in their fauour They sent vnto them three of the best and most honorable persones of the cittie all three of the house of the Fabians The GAVLES receyued them very curteously bicause of the name of ROME and leauing to assaulte the cittie they gaue them audience The ROMAINE ambassadours dyd aske them what iniurie the CLVSIANS had done vnto them that they came to make warres with them Brennus king of the GAVLES hearing this question smiled and aunswered them thus The CLVSIANS doe vs wrong in this they being but fewe people together not able to occupie much lande doe notwithstanding possesse much and will let vs haue no parte with them that are straungers and out of our country and stande in neede of seate and habitation The like wrong was offered vnto you ROMAINES in old time by those of ALBA by the FIDENATES and the ARDEATES and not long sithence by the VEIANS the CAPENATES and partly by the FALISCES and the VOLSCES against whom ye haue taken doe take armes at all times And as ofte as they will let ye haue no parte of their goods ye imprison their persones robbe and spoyle their goodes and distroye their citties And in doing this ye doe them no wrong at all but followe the oldest lawe that is in the worlde which euer leaueth vnto the stronger that which the weaker can not keepe and enioye Beginning with the goddes ending with beastes the which haue this propertie in nature that the bigger and stronger haue euer the vauntage of the weaker and lesser Therefore leaue your pittie to see the CLVSIANS besieged least you teache vs GAVLES to take compassion also of those you haue oppressed By this aunswer the ROMAINES knewe very wel there was no waye to make peace with king Brennus Wherefore they entred into the cittie of CLVSIVM and incoraged the inhabitants to salye out with them vpon these barbarous people either bicause they had a desire to proue the valliantnes of the GAVLES or els to shewe their owne corage and manhoode So the cittizens went out and skirmished with them harde by the walles in the which one of the Fabians called Quintus Fabius Ambustus being excellently well horsed and putting spurres to him dyd set vpon a goodly bigge personage of the GAVLES that had aduaunced him selfe farre before all the troupe of his companions He was not knowen at the first encounter as well for the sodaine meeting and skirmishing together as for that his glistering armour dimmed the eyes of the enemies But after he had slaine the GAVLE and came to strippe him Brennus then knewe him and protested against him calling the goddes to witnesse howe he had broken the lawe of armes that coming as an ambassadour he had taken vpon him the forme of an enemie Hereupon Brennus forthwith left skirmishing and raising the seige from CLVSIVM marched with his army vnto ROME gates And to the ende the ROMAINES might knowe that the GAVLES were not well pleased for the iniurie they had receyued to haue an honest culler to beginne warres with the ROMAINES he sent an Herauld before to ROME to demaunde liuerie of the man that had offended him that he might punish him accordingly In the meane time he him selfe came marching after by small iourneys to receyue their aunswer The Senate hereupon assembled many of the Senatours blamed the rashnes of the Fabians but most of all the priestes called Faciales For they followed it very earnestly as a matter that concerned religion the honour of the godds declaring how the Senate in discharge of all the residue of the cittie of the offence cōmitted should laye the whole waight and burden of it vpon him alone that only had done the facte Numa Pompilius the iustest and most peaceable of all the kings of ROME that had bene was he that first erected the colledge of these Faciales and dyd ordeine that they should be the keepers of peace and the iudges to heare and allowe all the causes for the which they should iustely beginne any warres Neuertheles the
yet but a young man and was ruled altogether by Cleandrides counsell and direction whom the Ephores had placed about him to counsell direct him he sought priuilie to corrupt Cleandrides When he had wonne him sone with his money he persuaded him to drawe backe the PELOPONNESIANS out of their countrie of ATTICA and so he dyd But when the LACEDAEMONIANS sawe their armie cassed that the people were gone their waye euery man to his owne cittie or towne they were so mad at it that the King was condemned in a great some The King being vnable to aunswer his fine which was so extreme great he was driuen to absent him self from LACEDAEMON Cleandrides on the other side if he had not fled in time euen for spight had bene condemned to death This Cleandrides was Gylippus father that afterwards ouercame the ATHENIANS in SICILIA in whom it seemed nature bred couetousnes as a disease inheritable by succession from father to the sonne For he being shamefully conuicted also for certen vile partes he had played was likewise banished from SPARTA as we haue more amply declared in the life of Lysander And Pericles deliuering vp the accoÌ„pt of his charge and setting downe an article of the expense of renne talentes he had employed or should employe in needefull causes the people allowed them him neuer asking question how nor which waye nor whether it was true that they were bestowed Now there are certen writers amoÌ„g whom the philosopher Theophrastus is one who write that Pericles sent yerely vnto SPARTA tenne taleÌ„ts with the which he entertained those that were in authoritie there bicause they should make no warres with them not to buye peace of them but time that he might in the meane season with better commoditie and that leysure prouide to mainteine the warres After that as the armie of the PELOPONNESIANS were out of the countrie of ATTICA he returned again against the rebels passed into the I le of EVBOEA with fiftie sayle c fiue thousand footemen well armed there he ouercame all the citties that had taken armes against him and draue away the Hyppobates who were the most famous men of all the CHALCIDIANS aswell for their riches as for their valliantnes He draue awaye also all the HESTIAEIANS whom he chased cleane out of all the countrie and placed in their cittie only the citizens of ATHENS And the cause why he delt so rigorously with them was bicause they hauing taken a galley of the ATHENIANS prisoner had put all the men to death that were in her And peace being concluded afterwards betwene the ATHENIANS and LACEDAEMONIANS for thirtie yeres he proclaimed open warres against those of the I le of SAMOS burdening them that they being coÌ„maunded by the ATHENIANS to pacifie the quarrells which they had against the MILLESIANS they would not obaye But bicause some hold opinion that he tooke vpon him this warre against SAMOS for the loue of Aspasia it shall be no great digression of our storie to tell you by the waye what manner of woman she was what a maruelous gifte and power she had that she could entangle with her loue the chiefest rulers and gouernours at that time of the common weale and that the philosophers them selues dyd so largely speake write of her First of all it is certaine that she was borne in the cittie of MILETVM and was the daughter of one Axiochus she following the steppes and example of an olde curtisan of IONIA called Thargelia gaue her selfe only to entertaine the greatest persones chiefest rulers in her time For this Thargelia being passing fayer and carying a comely grace with her hauing a sharpe wit and pleasaunt tongue she had the acquaintaunce and friendshippe of the greatest persones of all GRECE and wanne all those that dyd haunte her company to be at the king of Persiaes commaundement So that she sowed through all the citties of GRECE great beginnings of the faction of the MEDES for they were the greatest men of power authoritie of euerie cittie that were acquainted with her But as for Aspasia some saye that Pericles resorted vnto her bicause she was a wise woman and had great vnderstanding in matters of state and gouernment For Socrates him selfe went to see her somtimes with his friends and those that vsed her company also brought their wiues many times with them to heare her talke though her traine about her were to entertaine such as would warme them by their fire AEschines writeth that Lysicles a grasier being before but a meane man and of a clubbishe nature came to be the chief man of ATHENS by frequenting the companie of Aspasia after the death of Pericles And in Platoes booke intituled Menexenus although the beginning of it be but pleasauntly written yet in that this storie is written truely that this Aspasia was repaired vnto by diuers of the ATHENIANS to learne the arte of rethorike of her Yet notwithstanding it seemeth most likely that the affection Pericles dyd beare her grewe rather of loue then of any other cause For he was maried vnto a kinsewoman of his owne and that before was Hipponicus wife by whom she had Callias surnamed the riche had afterwards by Pericles Xantippus and Paralus But not liking her companie he gaue her with her owne good will and consent vnto another and maried Aspasia whom he dearely loued For euer when he went abroad came home againe he saluted her with a kisse Whereupon in the auncient comedies she is called in many places the newe Omphale and somtimes Deianira and somtimes Iuno But Cratinus plainely calleth her whore in these verses His Iuno she him brought Aspasia by name vvhich vvas in deede an open vvhore and past all 〈…〉 of shame And it seemeth that he had a bastard for Eupotu in a comedie of his called Demosâ— bringeth him in asking Pyronides thus I praye thee is my bastard sonne yet alive And then Pyramides aunswered him A perfect man long sence he surely had bene founde if that this levvde and a naughty vvhore his vertue had not drovvnâ—e To conclude this Aspasia was so famous that Cyrus he that sought against king Artaxerxes his brother for the empire of PERSIA called Aspasia his best beloued of all his concubines which before was called Milto and was borne in PROCIDES being Hermotineus daughter And Cyrus being slayne in the field Aspasia was caried to the King his brother with whom afterwardes she was in great fauour As I was writing this life this storie came in my minde and me thought I should haue delt hardly if I should haue left it vnwritten But to our matter againe Pericles was charged that he made warres against the SAMIANS on the behalfe of the MILESIANS at the request of Aspasia for these two citties were at warres together for the cittie of Pâ—Iâ—NA but the SAMIANS were the stronger Now the ATHENIANS commaunded them
done vpon a brauery and certaine lustines as hauing layed a wager with his companions he would doe it and for no malice or quarrell that he bare the man This light parte was straight ouer all the cittie and euery one that heard it sayed it was lewdly done But Alcibiades the next morning went to his house and knocking at his gate was let in so he stripping him selfe before him deliuered him his bodie to be whipped and punished at his pleasure Hipponicus pardoned him and was friends with him and gaue him his daughter Hipparete afterwards in mariage Howbeit some saye it was not Hipponicus that gaue her to him but Callias sonne with tenne talēts of gold with her Afterwards at the birth of his first child he had by her he asked tenne talents more saying they were promised him vpon the contract if his wife had children But Callias fearing least this was an occasiō sought of him to lye in wayte to kill him for his goodes declared openly to the people that he made him his heire generall if he dyed without heires speciall of his bodie This gētlewoman Hipparete being an honest true wife to Alcibiades misliking her husband dyd so muche misuse her as to entertaine common light strumpers aswell cittizens as straungers she went abroad one day to her brothers house and tolde him of it Alcibiades passed not for it and made no further reckoning of the matter but only bad his wife if she would present her cause of diuorse before the iudge So she went thither her selfe to sue the diuorce betwene them according to the lawe but Alcibiades being there also tooke her by the hande caried her through the market place home to his house and no man durst medle betwene them to take her from him And so she continued with him all the dayes of her life which was not long after for she dyed when Alcibiades was in his iorney he made to EPHESVS This force Alcibiades vsed was not thought altogether vnlawfull nor vnciuill bicause it seemeth that the lawe was grounded vpon this cause that the wife which would be diuorced from her husband should goe her selfe openly before the iudge to put vp her complainte to the ende that by this meanes the husband might come to speake with his wife and seeke to staye her if he could Alcibiades had a maruelous fayer great dogge that cost him three score and tenne minas and he cut of his taile that was his chief beawtie When his friendes reproued him and tolde him how euery man blamed him for it he fell a laughing and tolde them he had that he sought For sayeth he I would haue the ATHENIANS rather prate vpon that then they should saye worse of me Moreouer it is sayed the first time that Alcibiades spake openly in the common weale and beganne to deale in matters was vpon a gifte of money he gaue to the people and not of any pretence or former purpose he had to doe it One daye as he came through the market place hearing the people very lowde he asked what the matter was they tolde him it was about money certen men had geuen to the people Then Alcibiades went to them and gaue them money out of his owne purse The people were so glad at that as they fell to showting and clapping of their handes in token of thankfullnes and him selfe was so glad for companie that he forgat a quayle he had vnder his gowne which was so afeard of the noyse that she tooke her flight away The people seeing the quayle made a greater noyse then before and many rose out of their places to runne after her so that in the ende it was taken vp by a master of a shippe called Antiochus who brought him the quayle againe and for that cause Alcibiades dyd loue him euer after Now albeit the nobilitie of his house his goodes his worthines the great number of his kinsemen friends made his waye open to take vpon him gouernment in the common weale Yet the only waye he desired to winne the fauour of the common people by was the grace of his eloquence To proue he was eloquent all the Comicall poets doe testifie it and besides them Demosthenes the prince of orators also doth saye in an oration he made against Midias that Alcibiades aboue all other qualities he had was most eloquent And if we maye beleeue Theophrastus the greatest searcher of antiquities best historiographer aboue any other philosopher he hath written that Alcibiades had as good a witte to deuise and consider what he would saye as any man that was in his time Howbeit somtimes studying what he should saye as also to deliuer good wordes not hauing them very readilie at his tongues ende he many times tooke breath by the waye and paused in the middest of his tale not speaking a worde vntil he had called it to minde that he would saye His charge was great and muche spoken of also for keeping of ronning horses at games not only bicause they were the best swiftest but for the number of coches he had besides For neuer priuate persone no nor any prince that euer sent seuen so well appointed coches in all furniture vnto the games Olympicall as he dyd nor that at one course hath borne awaye the first the second and the fourth prise as Thucydides sayeth or as Euripides reporteth the third For in that game he excelled all men in honour and name that euer striued for victorie therein For Euripides pronounced his praise in a songe he made of him as followeth O sonne of Clinias I vvill resounde thy praise for thou art bold in martiall dedes and ouercommest allvvayes Thy victories therevvith doe farre exceede the rest that euer vvere in Greece ygot therefore I compt them best For at thOlympike games thou hast vvith chariots vvonne the first price seconde thirde and all vvhich there in race vvere ronne VVith praise and litle payne thy head hath tvvise bene crovvnde vvith oliue boughes for victorie and tvvise by trumpets sounde The heraulds haue proclaimed thee victor by thy name aboue all those vvhich ranne vvith thee in hope to get the game Howbeit the good affection diuers citties did beare him contending which should gratifie him best dyd muche increase his fame and honour For the EPHESIANS dyd set vp a tente for him very sumptuously and richely furnished Those of the cittie of CHIO furnished him with prouinder for his horse and gaue him muttons besides and other beastes to sacrifice withall They of LESBOS also sent him in wine and other prouision for vittells to helpe him to defraye the great charges he was at in keeping open house feeding such a nūber of mouthes daylie Yet the spite they dyd beare him or rather his breache of promise which he often made with this magnificence and state he shewed gaue the people more cause to speake of him then before For they saye
and disobedient souldiers he kept vp thereby the state of the common weale the better iudging to ouercome the enemie by force was but an accessorie as a man maye terme it in respect of well training and ordering his cittizens by good discipline While the ROMAINES were in warres against king Antiochus surnamed the great in the South partes all the chiefest captaines of ROME being employed that wayes there fell out another in the necke of that in the West partes towardes SPAYNE where they were all vp in armes Thither they sent AEmylius Praetor not with sixe axes as the other Praetors had borne before them but with twelue so that vnder the name of Praetor he had the authoritie and dignitie of a Consul He twise ouercame the barbarous people in mayne battell and slue a thirtie thousand of them and got this victorie through his great skill and wisedome in choosing the aduantage of place and time to fight with his enemies euen as they passed ouer a riuer which easely gaue his souldiers the victorie Moreouer he tooke there two hundred and fiftie citties all which dyd open and gladly receyue him in So leauing all that countrie quiet and in good peace and hauing receaued their fealtie by othe made betweene his handes he returned againe to ROME not enriched the value of a Drachma more then before For then he tooke litle regard to his expences he spent so franckly neither was his purse his master though his reuenue was not great to beare it out as it appeared to the world after his death for all that he had was litle enough to satisfie his wifes ioynter His first wife was Papyria the daughter of a noble Consul Papyrius Masso and after they had liued a long time together he was diuorsed from her notwithstanding he had goodly children by her For by her he had that famous Scipio the second and Fabius Maximus The iust cause of the diuorse betweene them appeareth not to vs in writing but me thinckes the tale that is tolde concerning the separation of a certaine mariage is true That a certen ROMAINE hauing forsaken his wife her friendes fell out with him and asked him what fault dost thou finde in her is she not honest of her bodie is she not fayer doth she not bring thee goodly children But he putting forth his foote shewed them his shooe and aunswered them Is not this a goodly shooe is it not sinely made and is it not newe yet I dare saye there is neuer a one of you can tell where it wringeth me For to saye truely great and open faultes are commonly occasions to make husbands put awaye their wiues but yet oftentimes household wordes ronne so betweene them proceeding of crooked conditions or of diuersitie of natures which straungers are not priuie vnto that in processe of time they doe beget suche a straunge alteration of loue and mindes in them as one house can no lenger holde them So AEmylius hauing put awaye Papyria his first wife he maried another that brought him two sonnes which he brought vp with him selfe in his house and gaue his two first sonnes to wit Scipio the second and Fabius Maximus in adoption to two of the noblest and richest families of the cittie of ROME The elder of the twaine vnto Fabius Maximus he that was fiue times Consul and the younger vnto the house of the Cornelians whom the sonne of the great Scipio the AFRICAN dyd adopt being his cosin germaine and named him Scipio Concerning his daughters the sonne of Cato maried the one and AElius Tubero the other who was a maruelous honest man and dyd more nobly mainteine him selfe in his pouertie then any other ROMAINE for they were sixteene persones all of one name and of the house of the AElians very neere a kynne one to the other who had all but one litle house in the cittie and a small farme in the countrie wherewith they enterteined them selues and liued all together in one house with their wiues and many litle children Amongest their wiues one of them was the daughter of Paulus AEmylius after he had bene twise Consul and had triumphed twise not being ashamed of her husbands pouertie but wondering at his vertue that made him poore Whereas brethern and kynsemen as the world goeth now if they dwell not farre a sonder and in other countries not one neere another and that riuers parte them not or walles deuide their landes leauing great large wastes betweene them they are neuer quiet but still in quarrell one with another Goodly examples doth this storie laye before the wise and well aduised readers to learne thereby howe to frame their life and wisely to behaue them selues Now AEmylius being chosen Consul went to make warre with the LIGVRIANS who dwelled in the ALPES which otherwise are called LIGVSTINES These are very valliāt warlike men were very good souldiers at that time by reason of their cōtinual warres against the ROMAINES whose neere neighbours they were For they dwelt in the furdest parte of ITALIE that bordereth vpon the great ALPES the rowe of ALPES whereof the foote ioyneth to the THVSCAN sea pointeth towards AFRICKE and are mingled with the GAVLES SPANYARDS neighbours vnto that sea coast who scowring all the Mediterranian sea at that time vnto the straight of Hercules pillers dyd with their litle light pinnases of pirats let all the trafficke entercourse of marchaundise AEmylius being gone to seeke them in their countrie they taried his comming with an armie of forty thousand men neuertheles though he had but eight thousand men in all and that they were fiue to one of his yet he gaue the onset apon them and ouerthrew them and draue them into their citties Then he sent to offer them peace for the ROMAINES would not altogether destroye the LIGVRIANS bicause their countrie was as a rampeyr or bullwarke against the inuasion of the GAVLES who laye lurking for oportunitie and occasion to inuade ITALIE whereupon these LIGVRIANS yelded them selues vnto him and put all their fortes and shippes into his handes AEmylius deliuered vnto them their holdes againe without other hurte done vnto them sauing that he rased the walles of their fortifications howbeit he tooke all their shippes from them leauing them litle botes of three owers only and no greater set all the prisoners at libertie they had taken both by sea and by lande aswell ROMAINES as other which were a maruelous number These were all the notable acts he dyd worthie memorie in the first yere of his Consulshippe Afterwards he oftentimes shewed him self very desirous to be Consul againe dyd put forth him selfe to sue for it but when he was denied it he neuer after made sute for it againe but gaue him selfe only to studie diuine things and to see his children vertuously brought vp not only in the ROMAINE tongue which him selfe was taught but also a litle more curiously in the
the ROMAINES were like a flocke of sheepe For sayeth he as euery weather when he is alone doth not obey the sheepeheard but when they are all together they one followe an other for loue of the foremest euen so are you for when you are together you are all contented to be ledde by the noses by such whose counsell not a man alone of you woulde vse in any priuate cause of your owne And talkinge an other time of the authoritie the women of ROME had ouer their husbandes He sayed other men commaunde their wiues and we commaunde men and our wiues commaund vs But this last of all he borowed of Themistocles pleasaunt sayings For his sonne making him do many things by meanes of his mother he told his wife one day The ATHENIANS commaund al GREECE I commaunde the ATHENIANS you commaunde me and your sonne ruleth you I pray you therefore bid him vse the libertie he hath with some better discretion foole and asse as he is sithence he can doe more by that power and authority then all the GREECIANS besides He sayed also that the people of ROME did not onely delight in diuerse sortes of purple but likewise in diuerse sortes of exercises For sayd he as diuerse commonly dye that cullour they see best esteemed and is most pleasaunt to the eye euen so the lusty youthes of ROME doe frame them selues to such exercise as they see your selues most like and best esteme He continually aduised the ROMAINES that if their power greatnes came by their vertue and temperance they should take hede they became no chaungelings nor waxe worse if they came to that greatnes by vice and violence that then they should chaunge to better for by that meanes he knew very wel they had attained to great honor dignity Again he told thē that such as sued ambitiously to beare office in the common wealth were common suters for them did seme to be afraid to lose their way therfore would be sure to haue vshers sergeants before thē to show them the way least they should lose themselues in the city He did reproue them also that often chose one man to continew one office still for it seemeth saith he either that you passe not much for your officers or that you haue not many choisemē you thinke worthy for the office There was an enemy of his that ledde a maruelous wicked and an abominable life of whome he was wont to say that when his mother prayed vnto the goddes that she might leaue her sonne behinde her she did not thinke to pray but to curse meaninge to haue him liue for a plague to the world And to an other also that had vntbriftely solde his lands which his father had left him lying vpon the sea side he pointed vnto them with his finger made as though he wondered how he came to be so great a man that he was stronger then the sea For that which the sea hardly consumeth and eateth into by litle and litle a long time he had consumed it all at a clappe An other time when kinge Eumenes was come to ROME the Senate entertained him maruelous honorably and the noblest citizens did striue enuying one an other who shoulde welcome him best But Cato in contrary maner shewed plainely that he did suspect all this feastinge and entertainement and would not come at it When one of his familiar frendes tolde him I maruell why you flie from king Eumenes companie that is so good a Prince and loues the ROMAINES so well Yea sayed he let it be so but for all that a king is no better then a rauening beast that liues of the pray neither was there euer any kinge so happie that deserued to be compared to Epaminondas to Pericles to Themistocles nor to Manius Curius or to Hamylcar surnamed Barca They say his enemies did malice him bicause he vsed commonly to rise before day did forget his owne busines to folow matters of state And he affirmed that he had rather loose the rewarde of his well doing then not to be punished for doing of euill and that he would beare with all other offending ignorauntly but not with him selfe The ROMAINES hauing chosen on a time three Ambassadors to send into the realme of BITHYNIA one of them hauing the gowte in his feete the other his heade full of cuttes and great gashes and the third being but a foole Cato laughinge sayd the ROMAINES sent an Ambassade that had neither feete heade nor hart Scipio sued once to Cato at Polybius request about those that were banished from ACHAIA The matter was argued afterwardes in the Senate and there fell out diuers opinions about it Some would haue had them restored to their contrie and goodes againe other were wholly against it So Cato risinge vp at the last sayed vnto them It seemes we haue litle else to do when we stand beating of our braines all day disputing about these olde GREECIANS whether the ROMAINES or the ACHAIANS shall bury them In the end the Senate tooke order they shoulde be restored vnto their contrie againe Whereuppon Polybius thought to make petition againe vnto the Senate that the banished men whom they hadde restored by their order might enioy their former estates and honors in ACHAIA they had at the time of their banishment but before he would moue the sute vnto the Senate he woulde feele Catoes opinion first what he thought of it Who aunswered him smyling me thinkes Polybius thou art like Vlysses that when he had scaped out of Cyclops caue the gyant he would nedes go thither againe to fetch his hatte and girdell he had left behinde him there He sayd also that wise men did learne and profit more by fooles then fooles did by wise men For wise men sayd he do see the faults fooles commit and can wisely auoide them but fooles neuer study to follow the example of wise mens doings He sayed also that he euer liked young men better that blushed then those that looked euer whitely and that he woulde not haue him for a souldier that wagges his hande as he goeth remoues his feete when he fighteth and rowteth and snorteth lowder in his sleepe then when he crieth out to his enemy An other time when he woulde taunt a maruelous fatte man see sayed he what good can such a body do to the common wealth that from his chinne to his coddepece is nothing but belly And to an other man that was geuen to pleasure and desired to be great with him my frende sayed Cato as refusinge his acquaintance I can not liue with him that hath better iudgement in the pallate of his mouth then in his hart This was also his sayinge that the soule of a louer liued in an others body and that in all his life time he repented him of three thinges The first was if that he euer tolde secret to any woman the seconde that euer he
but a litle peece only for his parte and gotte maruelous riches by his vsery Moreouer he lent money to any of his slaues that would therwith buy other young slaues whom they taught and brought vp to do seruice at Catoes charge and cost and then they solde them againe at the yeares ende and some of them Cato kept for his owne seruice and gaue his slaues as much for them as any other offered Therfore to allure his sonne in like manner to make profitte of his money he tolde him it was no wise mans parte to diminishe his substance but rather the parte of a widowe Yet this was a token of a most greedy couetous minde that he durst affirme him to be diuine and worthy immortall praise that increased his wealth and patrimony more then his father left him Furthermore when Cato was growen very olde Carneades the ACADEMICKE and Diogenes the STOICKE were sent from ATHENS as Ambassadors to ROME to sue for a release of a fyne of fiue hundred talentes which they had imposed on the ATHENIANS apon a condemnation passed against them for a contempt of appearaunce by the sentence of the SICYONIANS at the sute of the OROPIANS Immediatly when these two Philosophers were arriued in the citie of ROME the younge gentlemen that were geuen to their bookes did visite and welcome them and gaue great reuerence to them after they had heard them speake and specially to Carneades whose grace in speaking and force of perswading was no lesse then the same ranne vppon him and specially when he was to speake in so great an audience and before such a state as would not suppresse his praise ROME straight was full as if a winde had blowen this rumor into euery mans eare that there was a GREECIAN arriued a famous learned man who with his eloquence woulde leade a man as he lust There was no other talke a while through the whole city he had so inflamed the younge gentlemens mindes with loue and desire to be learned that all other pleasures and delightes were set a side and they disposed them selues to no other exercise but to the study of Philosophy as if some secrete and diuine inspiration from aboue had procured them to it Whereof the Lordes and Senators of ROME were glad and reioyced much to see their youth so well geuen to knowledge and to the study of the Greeke tongue and to delite in the company of these two great and excellent learned men But Marcus Cato euen from the beginning that young men beganne to study the Greeke tongue and that it grewe in estimacion in ROME did dislike of it fearing least the youth of ROME that were desirous of learninge and eloquence woulde vtterly giue ouer the honor and glory of armes Furthermore when he sawe the estimacion and fame of these two personages did increase more and more and in such sorte that Caius Aquilius one of the chiefest of the Senate made sute to be their interpreter he determined then to conuey them out of the citie by some honest meane and culour So he openly found fault one day in the Senate that the Ambassadors were long there and had no dispatche considering also they were cunninge men and coulde easily perswade what they would And if there were no other respect this onely might perswade them to determine some aunswere for them and so to send them home againe to their schooles to teach their children of GREECE and to let alone the children of ROME that they might learne to obey the lawes and the Senate as they had done before Now he spake this to the Senate not of any priuate ill will or malice he bare to Carneades as some men thought but bicause he generally hated Philosophy and of an ambition despised the muses knowledge of the Greeke tongue Which was the more suspected bicause he had sayd the auncient Socrates was but a busie man and a sturrer vp of sedition and sought by all meanes possible to vsurpe tyranny and rule in his contrie by peruerting and chaunging the manners and customes of the same and alluringe the subiectes thereof to a dislikinge of their lawes and auncient customes And he laughed at Socrates schoole that taught the arte of eloquence saying his schollers waxed old and were still so long a learning that they ment to vse their eloquence and pleade causes in an other worlde before Minos when they were dead Therefore to plucke his sonne from the study of the Greeke tongue he sayd to him with a strayned voyce and in a bigger sound then he was wont to doe as if he had spoken to him by way of prophecy or inspiration that so longe as the ROMAINES disposed them selues to study the Greeke tongue so longe woulde they marre and bring all to nought And yet time hath proued his vaine wordes false and vntrue For the citie of ROME did neuer florishe so much nor the ROMAINE Empire was euer so great as at that time when learninge and the Greeke tongue most florished Howebeit Cato did not onely hate the Philosophers of GREECE but did dislike them also that professed phisicke in ROME For he had either hearde or red the aunswere Hippocrates made when the king of PERSIA sent for him and offered him a great summe of golde and siluer if he woulde come and serue him who sware he would neuer serue the barbarous people that were naturall enemies to the GREECIANS So Cato affirmed it was an othe that al other phisitions sware euer after wherefore he commaunded his sonne to flie from them all alike and sayed he hadde wrytten a litle booke of phisicke with the which he did heale those of his house when they were sicke and did keepe them in health when they were whole He neuer forbad them to eate but did alwayes bringe them vppe with erbes and certaine light meates as mallard ringedoues and hares for such meates sayd he are good for the sicke and light of disgestion sauing that they make them dreame and snorte that eate them He boasted also how with this maner of phisicke he did alwayes keepe him selfe in health and his family from sickenes Yet for all that I take it he did not all that he bragged of for he buried both his wife and his sonne also But he him selfe was of a stronge nature and a lusty body full of strength and health and liued long without sickenesse so that when he was a very olde man and past mariage he loued women well and maried a younge maiden for that cause onely After his first wife was dead he maried his sonne vnto Paulus AEmylius daughter the sister of Scipio the seconde AFRICAN Cato him selfe beinge a widower tooke paines with a prety younge maide that waited in his house and came by stelth to his chamber howebeit this haunt coulde not long continue secret in his house and specially where there was a younge gentlewoman maried but needes must be spied So one day when
this young maide went somewhat boldly by the chamber of young Cato to go into his father the young man sayd neuer a word at it yet his father perceiued that he was somewhat ashamed and gaue the maide no good countenaunce Wherefore findinge that his sonne and daughter in lawe were angry with the matter sayinge nothinge to them of it nor shewinge them any ill countenaunce he went one morninge to the market place as his maner was with a traine that followed him amongest whome was one Salonius that had bene his clearke and wayted vpon him as the rest did Cato calling him out alowde by his name asked him if he hadde not yet bestowed his daughter Salonius aunswered him he had not yet bestowed her nor woulde not before he made him priuie to it Then Cato tolde him againe I haue founde out a husbande for her and a sonne in lawe for thee and it will be no ill matche for her vnlesse she mislike the age of the man for in deede he is very olde but otherwise there is no faulte in him Salonius tolde him againe that for that matter he referred all to him and his daughter also prayinge him euen to make what matche he thought good for her for she was his humble seruaunt and relyed wholly vppon him standinge in neede of his fauor and furtheraunce Then Cato beganne to discouer and tolde him plainely he woulde willingely mary her him selfe Salonius therewith was abashed bicause he thought Cato was too olde to mary then and him selfe was no fitte manne to matche in any honorable house speciallie with a Consull and one that hadde triumped howebeit in the ende when he sawe Cato ment good earnest he was very glad of the matche and so with this talke they went on together to the markette place and agreed then vpon the mariage Now while they went about this matter Cato the sonne taking some of his kinne and frendes with him went vnto his father to aske him if he had offended him in any thinge that for spight he shoulde bringe him a steppe mother into his house Then his father cried out sayd O my sonne I pray thee say not so I like well all thou doest and I finde no cause to complaine of thee but I do it bicause I desire to haue many children and to leaue many such like citizens as thou art in the common wealth Some say that Pisistratus the tyran of ATHENS made such a like aunswere vnto the children of his first wife which were men growen when he maried his seconde wife Timonassa of the towne of ARGOS of whom he had as it is reported Iophon and Thessalus But to returne againe to Cato he had a sonne by his second wife whom he named after her name Cato SALONIAN and his eldest sonne died in his office beinge Praetor of whome he often speaketh in diuerse of his bookes commendinge him for a very honest man And they say he tooke the death of him very paciently and like a graue wise man not leauing therefore to do any seruice or businesse for the state otherwise then he did before And therein he did not as Lucius Lucullus Metellus surnamed Pius did afterwards who gaue vp medling any more with matters of gouernment and state after they were waxen olde For he thought it a charge and duety wherevnto euery honest man whilest he liued was bounde in all piety Nor as Scipio AFRICAN hadde done before him who perceiuing that the glory fame of his doings did purchase him the ill will of the citizens he chaunged the rest of his life into quietnes and forsooke the citie and all dealings in common wealth and went dwelt in the contry But as there was one that told Dionysius the tyran of SYRACVSA as it is wrytten that he could not die more honorably then to be buried in the tyranny euen so did Cato thinke that he could not waxe more honestlie olde then in seruing of the common wealth vnto his dying day So at vacant times when Cato was desirous a litle to recreate and refresh him selfe he passed his time away in makinge of bookes and lookinge vppon his husbandry in the contry This is the cause why he wrote so many kindes of bookes and stories But his tillage and husbandry in the contry he did tende and followe all in his youth for his profit For he sayed he had but two sortes of reuenue tillage and sparinge but in age whatsoeuer he did in the contry it was all for pleasure and to learne some thinge euer of nature For he hath wrytten a booke of the contry life and of tillage in the which he sheweth howe to make tartes and cakes and how to keepe frutes He woulde needes shew such singularity and skill in all thinges when he was in his house in the contry he fared a litle better then he did in other places and would oftentimes bid his neighbours and such as had lande lying about him to come and suppe with him and he would be mery with them so that his company was not onely pleasaunt and likinge to olde folkes as him selfe but also to the younger sorte For he had seene much and had experience in many thinges and vsed much pleasaunt talke profitable for the hearers He thought the bord one of the chiefest meanes to breede loue amongest men and at his owne table woulde alwayes praise good men and vertuous citizens but would suffer no talke of euill men neither in their praise nor dispraise Now it is thought the last notable acte and seruice he did in the common wealth was the ouerthrow of CARTHAGE for in deede he that wanne it and rased it vtterly was Scipio the seconde but it was chiefely through Catoes counsell and aduise that the last warre was taken in hand against the CARTHAGINIANS and it chaunced apon this occasion Cato was sent into AFRICKE to vnderstande the cause and controuersie that was betwene the CARTHAGINIANS and Massinissa kinge of NVMIDIA which were at great warres together And he was sent thither bicause king Massinissa had euer bene a frend vnto the ROMAINES and for that the CARTHAGINIANS were become their confederates since the last warres in the which they were ouerthrowen by Scipio the first who tooke for a fyne of them a great parte of their Empire and imposed apon them besides a great yearely tribute Now when he was come into that contrie he founde not the citie of CARTHAGE in miserie beggerie and out of harte as the ROMAINES supposed but full of lusty youthes very riche and wealthie and great store of armour and munition in it for the warres so that by reason of the wealth thereof CARTHAGE caried a high sayle and stowped not for a litle Wherefore he thought that it was more then time for the ROMAINES to leaue to vnderstande the controuersies betwext the CARTHAGINIANS and Massinissa and rather to prouide betimes to destroye CARTHAGE that hadde beene euer an
they had made solemne sacrifice vnto Iupiter Martiall in a certaine place in the prouince of MOLOSSIDE called PASSARON to take their othe and to be sworne to the EPIROTES that they would raigne well and iustly accordinge to the lawes and ordinaunces of the contry and to receiue the subiectes othes interchaungeably also that they would defend and maintaine them in their kingdome according to the lawes in like maner This ceremony was done in the presence of both the kinges and they with their frendes did both geue and receiue presentes eche of other At this meetinge and solemnity amonge other one Gelon a most faithfull seruaunt and assured frend vnto Neoptolemus who besides great showes of frendshippe and honor he did vnto Pyrrus gaue him two payer of draught oxen which one Myrtilus a cuppebearer of Pyrrus beinge present and seeinge did craue of his master But Pyrrus denyed to geue them vnto him whereat Myrtilus was very angry Gelon perceiuinge that Mytilus was angry prayed him to suppe with him that night Now some say he sought to abuse Myrtilus bicause he was fayer and younge and beganne to perswade him after supper to take parte with Neoptolemus and to poyson Pyrrus Myrtilus made as though he was willing to geue care to this perswasion and to be well pleased withall But in the meane time he went and tolde his master of it by whose commaundement he made Alexicrates Pyrrus chiefe cuppebearer to talke with Gelon about this practise as though he had also geuen his consent to it and was willinge to be partaker of the enterprise This did Pyrrus to haue two witnesses to proue the pretended poysoninge of him Thus Gelon beinge finely deceiued and Neoptolemus also with him both imagininge they had cunningly sponne the threde of their treason Neoptolemus was so glad of it that he could not kepe it to him selfe but told it to certaine of his frendes And on a time going to be mery with his sister he could not keepe it in but must be pratling of it to her supposing no body had heard him but her selfe bicause there was no liuing creature neere them sauing Phoenareta Samons wife the kinges chiefe heardman of all his beastes and yet she was layed apon a litle bed by and turned towards the wall so that she seemed as though she had slept But hauing heard all their talke and no body mistrusting her the next morning she went to Antigona king Pyrrus wife and told her euery worde what she had heard Neoptolemus say to his sister Pyrrus hearing this made no countenaunce of any thing at that time But hauinge made sacrifice vnto the goddes he bad Neoptolemus to supper to his house where he slue him being well informed before of the good will the chiefest men of the realme did beare him who wished him to dispatch Neoptolemus not to content him selfe with a peece of EPIRVS only but to follow his naturall inclination being borne to great thinges and for this cause therefore this suspition fallinge out in the meane while he preuented Neoptolemus and slue him first And furthermore remembringe the pleasures he had receiued of Ptolomie and Berenice he named his first sonne by his wife Antigona Ptolomie and hauing built a city in the PRESCQVE an I le of EPIRVS did name it BERENICIDA When he had done that imagining great matters in his head but more in his hope he first determined with him selfe howe to winne that which lay neerest vnto him and so tooke occasion by this meanes first to set foote into the Empire of MACEDON The eldest sonne of Cassander called Antipater put his owne mother Thessalonica to death and draue his brother Alexander out of his owne contry who sent to Demetrius for helpe and called in Pyrrus also to his ayde Demetrius being troubled with other matters could not so quickely go thither And Pyrrus being arriued there demaunded for his charge susteined the citie of NYMPHAEA with all the seacoastes of MACEDON and besides all that certaine landes also that were not belonginge to the auncient crowne and reuenues of the kinges of MACEDON but were added vnto it by force of armes as Ambracia Acarnania and Amphilochia All these the young king Alexander leauinge vnto him he tooke possession thereof and put good garrisons into the same in his owne name and conquering the rest of MACEDON in the name of Alexander put his brother Antipater to great distresse In the meane time kinge Lysimachus lacked no good will to helpe Antipater with his force but being busied in other matters had not the meane to doe it Howbeit knowinge very well that Pyrrus in acknowledginge the great pleasures he had receiued of Ptolomie woulde deny him nothinge he determined to wryte counterfeate letters to him in Ptolomies name and thereby instantly to pray and require him to leaue of the warres begonne against Antipater and to take of him towardes the defrayinge of his charges the sumine of three hundred talentes Pyrrus opening the letters knew straight that this was but a fetch and deuise of Lysimachus For king Ptolomies common manner of greeting of him which he vsed at the beginning of his letters was not in them obserued To my sonne Pyrrus health But in those counterfeate was king Ptolomie vnto king Pyrrus health Whereupon he presently pronounced Lysimachus for a naughty man neuerthelesse afterwardes he made peace with Antipater and they met together at a day appointed to be sworne vpon the sacrifices vnto the articles of peace There were three beastes brought to be sacrificed a goate a bul and a ramme of the which the ramme fell downe dead of him selfe before he was touched whereat all the standers by fell a laughinge But there was a Soothsayer one Theodotus that perswaded Pyrrus not to sweare saying that this signe and token of the gods did threaten one of the three kings with sodaine death For which cause Pyrrus concluded no peace Now Alexanders warres beinge ended Demetrius notwithstanding came to him knowing well enough at his comming that Alexander had no more neede of his aide and that he did it only but to feare him They had not bene many dayes together but th one beganne to mistrust thother and to spie all the wayes they could to intrappe eche other but Demetrius embracing the first occasion offered preuented Alexander and slue him being a young man and proclaimed him selfe king of MACEDON in his roome Now Demetrius had certaine quarrells before against Pyrrus bicause he had ouertunne the contry of THESSALIE and furthermore greedy couetousnes to haue the more which is a common vice with princes and noble men made that being so neere neighbours the one stoode in feare and mistrust of the other and yet much more after the death of Deidamia But now that they both occupied all MACEDON betwene them and were to make diuision of one selfe kingdome Now I say began the matter and occasion of quarrell to grow the greater betwene them
the Senate by the next Censors and many iudge that he was worthy of this infamy for that he was periured in iudgement or bicause he was so subiect and geuen to his pleasure Caius Herennius was also called for a witnesse against Marius but he did alleage for his excuse that the law and custome did dispense with the Patrone to be a witnesse against his follower client and he was quit by the iudges For the ROMAINES alwayes call those Patrons who take the protection of meaner then them selues into their handes saying that Marius predecessors and Marius him selfe had euer bene followers of the house of the HERENNIANS The iudges receiued his aunswere and allowed thereof But Marius spake against it alleaging that since he had receiued this honor to beare office in the common wealth he was now growen from this base condicion to be any more a follower of any man the which was not true in all For euery office of a Magistrate doth not exempt him that hath the office nor yet his posterity to be vnder the patronage of an other nor doth discharge him from the duety of honoring them but of necessity he must be a Magistrate which the law doth permit to sit in the crooked chayer called Curulis that is to say caried vppon a charet through the city But notwithstanding that at the first hearing of this cause Marius had but ill successe and that the iudges were against him all they could yet in the ende for all that at the last hearing of his matter Marius contrary to all mens opinions was discharged bicause the iudges opinions with and against him fell to be of like number He vsed him selfe very orderly in his office of Praetorshippe and after his yeare was out when it came to deuide the prouinces by lot SPAINE fell vnto him which is beyond the riuer of Baetis where it is reported that he skowred all the contrie thereabouts of theeues and robbers which notwithstanding was yet very cruell and sauage for the rude barbarous and vnciuill manner and facion of life of the inhabitantes there For the SPANYARDS were of opinion euen at that time that it was a goodly thinge to liue apon thefte and robbery At this returne to ROME out of SPAYNE desiring to deale in matters of the common wealth he saw that he had neither eloquence nor riches which were the two meanes by the which those that were at that time in credit and authority did cary the people euen as they would Notwithstanding they made great accompt of his constancy and noble minde they found in him of his great paynes and trauell he tooke continually and of the simplicity of his life which were causes to bring him to honor and preferment insomuch as he maried very highly For he maried Iulia that was of the noble house of the Caesars and aunte vnto Iulius Caesar who afterwardes came to be the chiefest man of all the ROMAINES and who by reason of that allyance betwene them seemed in some thinges to followe Marius as we haue wrytten in his life Marius was a man of great temperaunce and pacience as may be iudged by an acte he did puttinge him selfe into the handes of surgeons For his shanckes and legges were full of great swollen veynes and being angrie bicause it was no pleasaunt thinge to beholde he determined to put him selfe into the handes of surgeons to be cured And first laying out one of his legges to the surgeon to worke vpon he would not be bound as others are in the like case but paciently abode all the extreame paines a man must of necessity feele being cut without sturring groning or sighing still keeping his countenaunce and sayed neuer a word But when the surgeon had done with his first legge and would haue gone to the other he would not geue it him nay sayd he I see the cure is not worth the paine I must abide Afterwardes Caecilius Metellus the Consull being appointed to go into AFRICKE to make warre with king Iugurthe tooke Marius with him for one of his Lietenauntes Marius being there seeing notable good seruice to be done and good occasion to shew his manhoode was not of minde in this voyage to increase Metellus honor and reputacion as other Lieutenauntes did and thought that it was not Metellus that called him forth for his Lieutenaunt but fortune her selfe that presented him a fit occasion to raise him to greatnes and as it were did lead him by the hand into a goodly field to put him to the proofe of that he coulde doe And for this cause therefore he endeuored him selfe to shew all the possible proofes of valliantnesse and honor he could For the warres being great continually there he neuer for feare refused any attempt or seruice how daungerous or painfull so euer it were neither disdained to take any seruice in hand were it neuer so litle but exceeding all other his fellowes and companions in wisedome and foresight in that which was to be done and striuing with the meanest souldiers in liuing hardly and painefully wanne the goodwill and fauor of euery man For to say truely it is a great comforte refreshing to souldiers that labor to haue companiōs that labor willingly with them For they thinke that their company laboring with them doth in manner take away the compulsion and necessity Furthermore it pleaseth the ROMAINE souldier maruelously to see the Generall eate openly of the same bread he eateth or that he lyeth on a hard bed as he doth or that him selfe is the first man to set his hande to any worke when a trenche is to be cast or their campe to be fortified For they doe not so much esteeme the Captaines that honor and reward them as they doe those that in daungerous attempts labor and venture their liues with them And further they do farre better loue them that take paines with them then those that suffer them to liue idlely by them Marius performing all this and winning thereby the loue and goodwills of his souldiers he straight filled all LIBYA and the city of ROME with his glory so that he was in euery manns mouth For they that were in the campe in AFRICKE wrote vnto them that were at ROME that they should neuer see the ende of these warres against this barbarous king if they gaue not the charge vnto Marius and chose him Consull These thinges misliked Metellus very much but specially the misfortune that came apon Turpilius did maruelously trouble him which fell out in this sorte Turpilius was Metellus frende yea he and all his parentes had followed Metellus in this warre being master of the workes in his campe Metellus made him gouernor ouer the city of VACCA a goodly great city and he vsing the inhabitantes of the same very gently and curteously mistrusted nothing till he was fallen into the handes of his enemies through their treason For they had brought king
he marueled how he could further it that he was not euen then the cheifest man of the worlde When Sylla was returned againe to ROME one Censorinus accused him of extorcion that he had caried away a great summe of money with him contrary to the lawe out of one of their confederates contry howebeit he prosecuted not his accusation but gaue it ouer In the meane time the enmity begonne betwixt him and Marius kindled againe vppon a new occasion of king Bocchus ambition who partely to creepe further into the peoples fauor of ROME and partely also for to gratifie Sylla gaue and dedicated certaine images of victory carying tokens of triumphe vnto the temple of Iupiter Capitolin and next vnto them also the image of Iugurthe which he deliuered into the handes of Sylla being all of pure golde This did so offende Marius that he attempted to take them away by force but others did defend the cause of Sylla So that for the quarrell of these two the city of ROME taking armes had like to haue brought all to ruine had not the warres of the confederats of ITALIE bene which of longtime did kindle and smoke but at the length brake out into open flame and sedition for that time In this maruelous great warre which fell out very daungerous by sundry misfortunes and great losses to the ROMAINES Marius did no notable exployte whereby it appeareth that the vertue of warlike discipline hath neede of a strong and lusty and able body For Sylla to the contrary hauing done notable seruice and obtained many profitable victories wanne the fame and estimacion among the ROMAINES of a noble souldier and worthy Captaine and among thenemies them selues of a most fortunate man Notwithstanding Sylla did not as Timotheus ATHENIAN the sonne of Conon had done Who when his aduersaries and ill willers did attribute his noble deedes vnto the fauor of foretune and did painte fortune tables that brought him all the cities taken and snared in neâ—â— whilest he slept he tooke in very ill parte and was maruelous angrie with them that did it saying that they robbed him of the glory that iustly belonged vnto him Wherefore one day when this Timotheus was returned from the warres with the great victories after he had openly acquainted the ATHENIANS with the whole discourse of his doings in his voyage he sayd vnto them my Lordes of ATHENS fortune hath had no parte in all this which I haue told vnto you Hereupon the goddes it should seeme were so angry with this foolish ambition of Timotheus that he neuer afterwardes did any worthy thing but all went vtterly against the heare with him vntill at the length he came to be so hated of the people that in th end they banished him form ATHENS But Sylla to the contrary did not only paciently abide their wordes that sayed he was a happy man and singularly beloued of fortune but also increasinge this opinion and glorying as at a speciall grace of the goddes did attribute the honor of his doings vnto fortune either for a vaine glory or for that he had in fansy that the goddes did prosper him in all his doinges For he wrote him selfe in his commentaries that the enterprises which he hazarded most hottely according to the sodaine occasion offered did better prosper with him then those which by good aduise he had determined of Furthermore when he sayd that he was a better borne vnto the fortune then to the warres it seemeth that he confessed all his prosperity came rather by fortune then by his worthinesse And to conclude it appeareth that he did wholly submit him selfe vnto fortune acknowledging that he did altogether depend vpon her considering that he did attribute it to the speciall grace and fauor of the goddes that he neueâ— disagreed with Metellus his father in law who was a man of like dignitie and authoritie as him selfe was For where it was thought he woulde haue bene a greate hinderer of his doings he found him verie curteous and gentle in his behalfe in all that they had to deale in together by reason of the societie of their office And furthermore in his coÌ„mentaries which he dedicated vnto Lucullus he counselled him to thincke nothing more certaine and assured then that which the goddes should reueale vnto him and commaunde him in his nightes dreame He wryteth also that when he was sent with an army vnto the warres of the confederates the earth sodainly opened about LAVERNA out of the which immediatly came a maruelous bright flame of fire that ascended vp to the element The wise men being asked their opinions about the same made aunswere that a very honest and also a maruelous fayer man of complexion taking soueraine authoritie in his handes should pacifie all tumultes and sedition which were at that time in ROME Whereupon Sylla sayed it was him selfe whome the goddes ment bicause that amongest other things he had that singular gift of beawty that his heare was yellow as golde and he was not ashamed to name him selfe an honest man after he had wonne so many notable great victories Thus haue we sufficiently spoken of the trust he had in the fauor of the goddes And furthermore he seemed to be very contrary in his manners and vnlike to him selfe For if he tooke away much in one place he gaue as much more also in an other Some he preferred without cause and others he put downe without reason He would be very gentle to them of whome he would haue oughtâ— and vnto those that sought of him he would stand much apon his honor and looke for great reuerence Wherby men could hardly decerne his nature whether pride or flattery did more abound in him And as for the inequality he vsed in punishing of them that had offended him sometimes he hanged vp men for very small and light causes Some other times againe to the contrary he paciently aboade the most grieuous offences in the worlde and lightly pardoned and forgaue such faultes as were in no wife to be forgiuen And afterwards againe would punish right small crimes with murders effusion of blood and confiscation of goodes This iudgement may be geuen of him that by nature he had a malicious and a reuenging minde yet notwithstanding he qualified that naturall bitternes with reason geuing place to necessary and his benefit For in this warre of the confederates his souldiers slue Albinus one of his Lieutenauntes beating him to death with staues and stones being a man of good quality and one that had bene Praetor This great offence he passed ouer with silence vsing no manner of punishment and turned it to a boast in the end saying that his men were the more obedient and diligent in any peece of seruice that was to be done and that he made them amende 〈…〉 faultes by worthy seruice And furthermore he did not regarde them that he did reproue 〈…〉 but hauinge determined with him selfe to destroy
a very hotte and fertile soyle where there is a great city and maruelously replenished with inhabitauntes who call it NISIBIS and the GRAECIANS call it ANTIOCH of MYGDONIA In that city Gouras was Gouernor who was Tigranes owne brother but for experiēce in engines of battery and for sufficiencie and skill in such matters there was Callimachus also he that so maruelously troubled Lucullus before at the siege of the city of AMISVS Lucullus placing his campe before this city besieged the same by all such meanes as might enforce it and that so valliantly that in very shorte time he tooke it by assault And as for Gouras who submitted him selfe to Lucullus mercie he was very curteously intreated But for Callimachus he would not once heare him speake notwithstanding that he promised if they would saue his life he would tell them of coffers full of great treasure hidden which no man knew but him selfe onely But Lucullus commaunded them to bring him with gyues to receive the punishment he had iustly deserued for setting the city of AMISVS a fire and taking from him the meane to shewe the GRAECIANS his goodnesse affection and liberality towardes them Vntill this present time it might be truely sayd that good fortune euer fauored followed Lucullus in all his enterprises and affayres but from that time forwards it was quickely seene that the fauorable blast of fortune failed him he did all his things with so great payne and all that he did fell out contrarie vnto him and to very ill purpose In deede he did euer shew the valiancy pacience and great corage that should be in a valliant Generall or Lieutenaunt of an armie But his exployts and doinges had neuer after that easie grace nor shining glory they were wont to haue but to the contrary he was like to haue lost all that he had wonne before through the misfortunes that fell vpon him and for the brawles and vaine contention he had with his people to no purpose But the worst was that they make him selfe thonly author of all these euills bicause he could not or would not entertaine the goodwill of the multitude of his souldiers thinking that whatsoeuer a Generall or any other officer of state or calling doth to please and content them he hath vnder his charge is to dishonor him selfe and to geue cause vnto his souldiers to despise his authoritie But that which made most against him was this that he gaue no estimation to gentlemen and men of like quality to him selfe but disdained them and thought them vnworthy to be equall with him For these they say were his faultes and imperfections but otherwise that he wanted no vertues nor naturall giftes good condicions that could be possibly wished for or desired For he was a talle gentleman of goodly presence well spoken wise and discreete as well in matters of gouernment as in warres and as well to perswade the people in peace as to encorage his souldiers in warre Salust wryteth of him that his souldiers began to mislike with him euen from the first entry into these warres bicause he made them lye out two winters together in the field one after an other the one before the city of CIZICVS and the other before the city of AMISVS And euen as much did the other winters following vexe and trouble them For either they lay in their enemies contry or else if they lay in their frendes yet he made them campe abroade in the field and shrowd them selues in their tentes for Lucullus neuer entred with his army into any city or confederate towne of GRAECE Now if the souldiers of them selues misliked Lucullus the coūsellers at ROME that were his enemies and enuied his prosperity and glory gaue them yet greater occasions to mutine against him For they cōtinually accused him to the people in their orations that he drew out this warre in length purposely bicause he would alwayes haue occasion to rule meanes to get hauing in his hands in maner all CILICIA ASIA BITHYNIA PAPHLAGONIA GALATIA PONTVS ARMENIA and all the prouinces and regions as farre as to the riuer of Phasis and yet he had not long before spoyled the Princely houses of Tigranes as if he had bene sent thither only to sack and spoyle and not to destroy ouercome those kings And they say that it was Lucius Quintius one of the Praetors that spake these wordes It was he also that most moued the people to take order that Lucullus should be called home other sent to succeede him in the charge gouernmēt of the contries he had subdued By the selfe same meane it was also ordained that diuers which were vnder his charge should be dispersed with all for their othes and licenced to leaue the warres when they thought good But besides those such like great causes there was yet an other more daungerous plague that most ouerthrew Lucullus proceedings passing all the other euills being put together and that was Publius Clodius a wicked licentious and a harebrainde man He was Lucullus wiues brother and she was so light of her body that Clodius her brother was accused of incontinencie with her This Clodius being at that time in Lucullus campe caried not that estimacion and credit he thought him selfe worthy of For he tooke him selfe equall with the best and would needes haue bene holden for chiefe when in deede there were many of farre better desert he being noted both for a vitious and ill disposed person Whereupon he beganne for spight to suborne the bandes called FIMBRIANS and to stirre them vp against Lucullus sowing sweete and pleasaunt wordes amongest the souldiers which being wonted therunto looked still to be flattered For they were those whom Fimbria had procured to kill the Consull Flaccus and choose him in his steede for their Captaine By reason whereof they gaue good care to Clodius words and called him a noble Captaine and a louer of souldiers For when he spake vnto them he made as though he had pittied them for that they should neuer see an end of their great paynes and warres but should miserably consume their dayes in fighting continually sometime with one nation and sometime with an other and that they wandered through all the contries of the world receiuing no worthy reward of so long and painfull seruice seruing only to gard Lucullus cartes camells loden with plate and vessell of golde and siluer and other pretious stones Where the souldiers that had serued vnder Pompey tooke nowe their ease at home in their contry with their wiues and children and were landed men dwelling in goodly fayer cities as rich burgeses and wealthy citizens and yet they had not driuen Mithridates and Tigranes out of their kingdomes into desert places vnhabitable nor had destroyed the Princely houses of ASIA but only made a litle warre in SPAYNE against those that were banished in ITALIE against
women who stealing out of Alexanders campe taking his horse backe rode vnto Darius to bring him newes of the death of his wife Then Darius beating of his head weping bitterly cried out alowd Oh goddes what wretched happe haue the PERSIANS that haue not onely had the wife and sister of their king taken prisoners euen in his life time but now that she is dead also in trauell of childe she hath bene depriued of princely buriall Then spake the Eunuch to him and said For her buriall most gracious king for all due honor that might be wished her PERSIA hath no cause to complaine of her hard fortune For neither did Queene Statira your wife whilest she liued prisoner nor your mother nor daughters want any parte or iot of their honor they were wont to haue before sauing onely to see the light of your honour the which god Oranusdes graunt to restore againe if it be his will vnto your maiestie neither was there any honor wanting at her death to set forth her starely funeralles that might be gotten but more was lamented also with the teares of your enemies For Alexander is as mercifull in victorie as he is valliant in battell Darius hearing the Eunuches wordes being vexed in minde for very griefe tooke the Eunuche aside into the secretest place of his tent and said vnto him If thou be not with the misfortune of the PERSIANS becomen a MACEDONIAN but doest in thy hart acknowledge Darius for thy soueraine Lord and master I pray thee and do also coniure thee by the reuerence thou bearest vnto this bright light of the sunne and to the right hande of the king that thou doe tell me truely Are these the least euills which I lament in Statira blest imprisonment and death And did she not in her life make vs more miserable by her dishonor than if we had dishonorably fallen into the hands of a cruell enemy For what honest communication I pray thee can a young victorious Prince haue with his enemies wife a prisoner hauing done her so much honor as he hath done Darius going on with these speeches Tireus the eunuch fell downe on his knees besought him not to say so neither to bleamish the vertue of Alexander in that sorte nor yet so to dishonor his sister and wife deceased and thereby also to depriue him selfe of the greatest comfort he could wish to haue in this calamitie which was to be ouercome by an enemy that had greater vertues than a man could possibly haue but rather that he should wonder at Alexanders vertue who had shewed him selfe chaster to the Ladies than valliant against the PERSIANS And therewithall the eunuch confirmed the great honesty chastity and noble minde of Alexander by many great and deepe othes Then Darius comming out among his frendes againe holding vp his handes vnto the heauens made this prayer vnto the gods O heauenly gods creators of men protectors of kings and realmes first I beseech you graunt me that restoring the PERSIANS againe to their former good state I may leaue the realme vnto my successors with that glorie and fame I receiued it of my predecessors that obtaining victory I may vse Alexander with that great honor and curtesie which he hath in my misery shewed vnto those I loued best in the world Or otherwise if the time appointed be come that the kingdom of PERSIA must nedes haue end either through diuine reuenge or by naturall chaunge of earthly things Then good goddes yet graunt that none but Alexander after me may sit in Cyrus throne Diuers writers do agree that these things came euen thus to paste Now Alexander hauing conquered all ASIA on this side of the riuer of Euphrates he went to meete with Darius that came downe with ten hundred thowsand fighting men It was told him by some of his frendes to make him laugh that the slaues of his army had deuided them selues in two parts and had chosen them a Generall of either parte naming the one Alexander and the other Darius and that at the first they beganne to skirmish only with cloddes of earth and afterwardes with fiftes but at the last they grew so hot that they came to plaine stones and staues so that they could not be parted Alexander hearing that would needes haue the two Generalls fight hand to hand one with the other and Alexander selfe did arme him that was called Alexander Philotas the other which was called Darius All the army thereupon was gathered together to see this combat betwene theÌ„ as a thing that did betoken good or ill lucke to come The fight was sharp betwene them but in th end he that was called Alexander ouercame the other and Alexander to reward him gaue him twelue villages with priuiledge to goe after the PERSIAN maner Thus it is written by Eratosthenes The great battell that Alexander fought with Darius was not as many writers report at Arbeles but at Gausameles which signifieth in the PERSIAN tongue the house of the cammell For some one of the auncient kings of PERSIA that had scaped from the hands of his enemies flying vpon a drumbledary cammell lodged him in that place and therefore appointed the reuenues of certaine villages to keepe the cammell there There fell out at that time an eclipse of the moone in the moneth called Boedromion now August about our the time that the feast of the misteries was celebrated at ATHENS The eleuenth night after that both their armies being in sight of the other Darius kept his men in battell ray and went him selfe by torche light viewing his bandes and companies Alexander on thother side whilest his MACEDONIAN souldiers slept was before his tent with Aristander the Soothsayer and made certaine secret ceremonies and sacrifices vnto Apollo The auncient Captaines of the MACEDONIANS specially Parmenio seeing all the vallie betwext the riuer of Niphates and the mountaines of the GORDIEIANS all on a bright light with the fires of the barbarous people and hearing a dreadfull noise as of a confused multitude of people that filled their campe with the found thereof they were amazed and consulted that in one day it was in maner vnpossible to fight a battell with such an incredible multitude of people Thereupon they went vnâ—â— Alexander after he had ended his ceremonies and did counsell him to geue battell by night bicause the darkenes thereof should helpe to keepe all feare from his men which the sight of their enemies would bring them into But then he gaue them this notable aunswere I wil 〈…〉 steale victorie ê™ he This aunswere seemed very fonde and arrogant to some that he was so pleasaunt being neere so great daunger Howebeit others thinke that it was a present noble corage and a deepe consideration of him to thinke what should happen thereby to geue Darius no maner of occasion if he were ouercomen to take hart againe and to proue another battell accusing the darkenes
armed with their swords so came downe into the market place among thē And for the two kings he made no accōpt of the one but of the other that was Agis he semed outwardly to make good accōpt rather for kinreds sake thē for his dignity of a king furthermore gaue it out abroad that he would also be one of the Ephores the next yere following Wheruppō his enemies spedely to preuent the daūger gathered force together opēly brought king Leonidas from TEGEA to restore him again to his kingdō The people were glad to see that bicause they were angry they had bene mocked in that sort for that the landes were not deuided according vnto promise Furthermore Hippomedon was so welbeloued for his valiantnes of euery mā that intreating the people for his father Agesilaus he saued his life got him out of the city But for the two kings Agis tooke sanctuary in the tēple of Iuno Chalceoecos And Cleōbrotus the other king fled into the tēple of Neptume for it semed that Leonidas being much more offēded with him did let king Agis alone wēt against him with certē soldiers armed Thē he sharply taunted him that being his sonne in law he had conspired against him to depriue him of his kingdō had driuē him out of his contry But then Cleombrotus not hauing a word to say sate stil made him no answer Wheruppō his wife Chelonis the daughter of Leonidas who before was offended for the iniury they did her father had left her husband Cleōbrotus that had vsurped the kingdō from him to serue her father in his aduersity and while he was in sanctuary tooke part with him also of his misery afterwards whē he wēt vnto the city of TEGEA were blacks for sorow being offēded with her husbād she contrarily thē chaūging her anger with her husbāds fortune misery became also an hūble suter with him sitting down by him imbracing him hauing her two litle sonnes on either side of them All mē wōdering weping for pity to see the goodnes natural loue of this Lady who shewing her mourning apparell heare of her head flaring about her eyes bare headed she spake in sort vnto her father O father mine this sorowfull garmēt countenance is not for pity of Cleombrotus but hath long remained with me lamenting sore your former misery exile but now which of the two should I rather choose either to cōtinue a mourner in this pitiful state seing you again restored to your kingdom hauing ouercome your enemies or els putting on my princely apparel to see my husband slain vnto whom you maried me a maid who if he can not moue you to cōpassion of him and to obtein mercy by the teares of his wife and childrē he shal then abide more bitter paine of his euil counsel then that which you intend to make him suffer For he shal see his wife die before him whom he loueth more derely then any thing in the world Also with what face can I loke apon other ladies whē I could neuer bring my father to pity by any intercessiō I could make for my husband neither my husband intreating him for my father that my hap is to be borne a daughter wife alwaies most vnfortunat despised of mine owne And for my husbād if he had any reason to do that he did I thē tooke it from him by taking your parte and protesting against him and contrarily your selfe doth giue him honest culler to excuse his faulte when he seeth in you the desire of the kingdom so great that for the loue thereof you thinke it lawfull to kill your sonnes in law and also not to regard the children he hath gotten for her sake Chelonis pitifully complayning in this sorte putting her sade vpon Cleombrotus head cast her swollen and blubbering eyes apon the standers by Wherefore Leonidas after he had talked a litle with his friends he commaunded Cleombrotus to get him thence and to leaue the citie as an exile and prayed his Daughter for his sake to remayne with him and not to forsake her father that did so dearely loue her as for her sake he had saued her husbands life This notwithstanding she would not yeelde to his request but rising vp with her husband gaue him one of his sonnes and her self tooke the other in her armes and then making her prayer before the altar of the goddesse she went as a banished woman away with her husband And truely thexample of her vertue was so famous that if Cleombrotus mind had not bene too much blinded with vain glory he had cause to thinke his exile farre more happy to enioye the loue of so noble a wife as he had then for the kingdom which he possessed without her Then Leonidas hauing banished king Cleombrotus out of the city remouing the first Ephores had substituted other in their place he presētly bethought him howe he might craftily come by king Agis First he perswaded him to come out of the sanctuary to gouerne the kingdom safely with him declaring vnto him that his citizens had forgiuen him all that was past bicause they knew he was deceiued subtely circumuented by Agesilaus craft being a young man ambitious of honor Agis would not leaue the sanctuary for Leonidas cunning perswasion but mistrusted all that he said vnto him Wherefore Leonidas would no more be guile him with faire words But Amphares Demochares Arcesilaus did oftētimes go to visit king Agis otherwhile also they got him out of the sanctuary with them vnto the bath brought him backe againe into the temple when he had bathed But Amphares hauing borowed not long before certein rich apparel plate of Agesistrata bicause he would not redeliuer thē againe he determined to betray king Agis his mother grandmother And it is reported that he chiefly did serue Leonidas turne prouoked the Ephores of which number he was one against Agis Now therefore Agis keping all the rest of his time within the tēple sauing when he went apon occasion to the bath they determined to intercept him by the way to take him when he was out of the sanctuary So they watched him one day when he bathed came saluted him as their maner was seemed to accompany him sporting being mery with him as with a young man their famillier But when they came to the turning of a streete that went towardes the prison Amphares laying hold on him beeing one of the Ephores said vnto him I arrest thee Agis wil bring thee before the Ephores to giue accompt of thy doings in the common wealth Then Demochares which was a great mighty man cast his gowne ouer his eares pulled him forward others also thrust him forward behind him as they had agreed together So no man being neare them to help Agis they got him into prison Then came
GRAECIANS doings adding thereunto all the fables and deuises which they doe write and reporte he was hindered of his purpose against his will by many open and priuate troubles that came vpon him at once whereof notwithstanding he him selfe was cause of the most of them For first of all he did put away his wife Terentia bicause she had made but small accompt of him in all the warres so that he departed from ROME hauing no necessarie thing with him to enterteine him out of his contrie and yet when he came backe againe into ITALIE she neuer shewed any sparke of loue or good will towardes him For she neuer came to BRVNDVSIVM to him where he remeyned a long time and worse then that his daughter hauing the hart to take so long a iorney in hand to goe to him she neither gaue her company to conduct her nor money or other furniture conuenient for her but so handled the matter that Cicero at his returne to ROME founde bare walles in his house and nothing in it and yet greatly brought in det besides And these were the honestest causes alleaged for their diuorse But besides that Terentia denyed all these Cicero him selfe gaue her a good occasion to cleere her selfe bicause he shortly after maried a young maiden being fallen in fancie with her as Terentia sayd for her beawtie or as Tyro his seruaunt wrote for her riches to th ende that with her goods he might pay his dets For she was very rich Cicero also was appointed her gardian she being left sole heire Now bicause he ought a maruelous summe of money his parents and frends did counsell him to mary this young maiden notwithstanding he was too olde for her bicause that with her goodes he might satisfie his creditors But Antonius speaking of this mariage of Cicero in his aunswers Orations he made against the PHILIPPIANS he doth reproue him for that he put away his wife with whome he was growen olde being merie with him by the way for that he had bene an idle man and neuer went from the smoke of his chimney nor had bene abroade in the warres in any seruice of his contrie or common wealth Shortly after that he had maried his second wife his daughter dyed in labor of child in Lentulus house whose seconde wife she was being before maried vnto Piso who was her first husband So the Philosophers and learned men came of all sides to comfort him but he tooke her death so sorowfully that he put away his second wife bicause he thought she did reioyce at the death of his daughter And thus muche touching the state and troubles of his house Nowe touching the conspiracie against Caesar he was not made priuie to it although he was one of Brutus greatest frendes and that it grieued him to see thinges in that state they were brought vnto and albeit also he wished for the time past as much as any other man did But in deede the conspirators were affrayed of his nature that lacked hardinesse and of his age the which oftentimes maketh the stowtest and most hardiest natures faint harted cowardly Notwithstanding the conspiracie being executed by Brutus and Cassius Caesars frendes beinge gathered together euerie man was affrayed that the citie woulde againe fall into ciuill warres And Antonius also who was Consul at that time did assemble the Senate and made some speache and mocion then to draw things againe vnto quietnes But Cicero hauing vsed diuers perswasions fit for the time in the end he moued the Senate to decree following the example of the ATHENIANS a generall obliuion of thinges done against Caesar and to assigne vnto Brutus and Cassius some gouernmentes of prouinces Howbeit nothing was concluded for the people of them selues were sorie when they sawe Caesars bodie brought through the market place And when Antonius also did shew them his gowne all be bloodied cut throst through with swordes then they were like madde men for anger and sought vp and downe the market place if they coulde meete with any of them that had slaine him and taking fire brandes in their handes they ranne to their houses to set them a fire But the conspirators hauing preuented this daunger saued them selues and fearing that if they taried at ROME they should haue many such alaroms they forsooke the citie Then Antonius began to looke aloft and became fearefull to all men as though he ment to make him selfe king but yet most of all vnto Cicero aboue all others For Antonius perceiuing that Cicero began againe to increase in credit and authoritie and knowing that he was Brutus very frend he did mislike to see him come neere him and besides there was at that time some gealousie betwext them for the diuersitie and difference of their manners and disposicions Cicero being affrayed of this was first of all in minde to go with Dolabella to his prouince of SYRIA as one of his Lieutenaunts But they that were appointed to be Consuls the next yeare following after Antonius two noble citizens Ciceroes great frends Hircius Pansa they intreated him not to forsake them vndertaking that they would plucke downe this ouergreat power of Antonius so he would remaine with them But Cicero neither beleuing not altogether mistrusting them forsooke Dolabella and promised Hircius and Pansa that he would spend the sommer at ATHENS and that he would returne againe to ROME so soone as they were entred into their Consulship With this determination Cicero tooke sea alone to goe into GRAECE But as it chaunceth oftentimes there was some let that kept him he could not saile and newes came to him daily from ROME as the manner is that Antonius was wonderfully chaunged and that nowe he did nothing any more without the authoritie consent of the Senate that there lacked no thing but his person to make all things well Then Cicero condemning his dastardly feare returned foorthwith to ROME not being deceiued in his first hope For there came suche a number of people out to meete him that he coulde doe nothing all day long but take them by the handes and imbrace them who to honor him came to meete him at the gate of the citie as also by the way to bring him to his house The next morning Antonius assembled the Senate and called for Cicero by name Cicero refused to goe and kept his bedde fayning that he was werie with his iorney and paines he had taken the day before but in deede the cause why he went not was for feare and suspicion of an ambushe that was layed for him by the way if he had gone as he was informed by one of his verie good frends Antonius was maruelously offended that they did wrongfully accuse him for laying of any ambush for him and therefore sent souldiers to his house and commaunded them to bring him by force or else to sette his house a fire After that time Cicero and he were
that praised be the goddes he should not now neede his presence to aide him After these words the one began to mistrust the other So it chaunced one day that as Demetrius went to Alexanders lodging where the feast was prepared there came one to him to tell him of an ambush that was layed for him and how they had determined to kill him when he should thinke to be merie at the banker But Demetrius was nothing abashed at the newes and only went a litle softlier not making such hast as he did before and in the meane time sent to commaunde his Captaines to arme their men and to haue them in readines and willed his gentlemen and all the rest of his officers that were about him which were a greater number by many than those of Alexanders side euery man of them to go in with him into the hall and to tarie there till he rose from the table By this meanes the men whome Alexander had appointed to assault him they durst not being affrayed of the great traine he had brought with him Furthermore Demetrius faining that he was not well at ease at that time to make merie he went immediatly out of the hall and the next morning determined to depart making him beleue that he had certaine newes brought him of great importaunce and prayed Alexander to pardon him that he could no lenger keepe him companie for that he was driuen of necessitie to depart from him and that an other time they woulde meete together with better leasure and libertie Alexander was verie glad to see that Demetrius went his way out of MACEDON not offended but of his owne good will whereuppon he brought him into THESSALY and when they were come to the citie of LARISSA they began againe to feast one an other to intrappe eche other the which offered Demetrius occasion to haue Alexander in his hand as he would wish him selfe For Alexander of purpose would not haue his gard about him fearing least thereby he should teach Demetrius also to stand vpon his gard Thus Alexander turned his practise for an other vpon him selfe for he was determined not to suffer Demetrius to scape his handes if he once againe came within daunger So Alexander being bidden to supper to Demetrius he came accordingly Demetrius rising from the borde in the middest of supper Alexander rose also being affrayed of that straunge manner and followed him foote by foote to the verie dore Then Demetrius sayd but to his warders at the gate kill him that followeth me With those wordes he went out of the dores and Alexander that followed him was slaine in the place and certaine of his gentlemen with him which came to rescue him of the which one of them as they killed him sayd that Demetrius had preuented them but one day All that night as it is no other likely was full of vprore and tumult Howbeit the next morning the MACEDONIANS being maruelously troubled affrayed of Demetrius great power when they saw that no man came to assaile them but that Demetrius in contrarie maner sent vnto them to tell them that he would speake with them and deliuer them reason for that he had done then they all began to be bolde againe and willingly gaue him audience Nowe Demetrius needed not to vse many wordes not to make any long Orations to win them vnto him for bicause they hated Antipater as a horrible manqueller and murderer of his mother and bicause they had no better man to preferre they easely chose Demetrius king of MACEDON and thereuppon brought him backe into MACEDON to take possession of the kingdom This chaunge was not misliked of the other MACEDONIANS that remained at home in their contrie for that they yet remembred the traiterous and wicked fact of Cassander against Alexander the great for which cause they vtterly hated detested all his issue posteritie And furthermore if there were any sparke of remembrance in their harts of the bounty goodnes of their grandfather Antipater Demetrius receiued the frute and benefit for his wife Philaes sake by whom he had a sonne that should succeede him in the kingdom and was a proper youth in campe with his father Demetrius hauing this great good happe and fortune comen vnto him he receiued newes also that Ptolomy had not onely raised his siege from the citie of SALAMINA where he kept his mother and children straightly besieged but further that he had done them great honor and bestowed great giftes vpon them On the other side also he was aduertised that his daughter Stratonice who had before bene maried vnto Seleucus was now maried againe vnto Antiochus the sonne of the sayd Seleucus and how that she was crowned Queene of all the barbarous nations inhabiting in the high prouinces of ASIA and that came to passe in this maner It chaunced that this young Prince Antiochus as loue ouercommeth all men became in loue with his mother in law Stratonice who alredie had a sonne by Seleucus his father She being young passing fayer he was so rauished with her that though he proued all the wayes possible to maister his furie and passion that way yet he was still the weaker So that in the end condemning him selfe to death bicause he found his desire abhominable his passion incurable his reason vtterly ouercome he resolued to kill him selfe by litle and litle with abstinence from meate and drinke and made no other reckoning to remedie his griefe faining to haue some secret inward disease in his body Yet could he not so finely cloke it but that Erasistratus the Phisitian easely found his griefe that loue not sicknes was his infirmitie howbeit it was hard for him to imagine with whom he was in loue Erasistratus being earnestly bent to finde out the partie he loued he sate by this young Prince all day long in his chamber and when any sayer young boy or wife came to see him he earnestly looked Antiochus in the face carefully obserued all the partes of the bodie and outward mouings which do commonly bewray the secret passions affections of the mind So hauing marked him diuers times that when others came to see him whatsoeuer they were he still remeined in one selfe state and that when Stratonice his mother in lawe came alone or in companie of her husband Seleucus to visite him he commonly perceiued those signes in him which Sappho wryteth to be in louers to wit that his words and speech did faile him his colour became red his eyes still rowled to and fro and then a sodaine swet would take him his pulse would beate fast and rise high and in the end that after the force and power of his hart had failed him and shewed all these signes he became like a man in an extasie traunse white as a kearcher he then gathering a true coniecture by these so manifest signes and declaracions that it was only Stratonice
gallant grace as in a conuoye where the mourners doe knocke their breastes at the foote of euery verse But that which most made the people of CORINTHE to weepe and lament which ranne to the peere and all alongest the shore side to see it was Antigonus whom they sawe all beblubbored with teares apparrelled as a mourner in blackes Nowe after they had brought a wonderfull number of garlands and nosegayes and cast them vppon the funerall pot and had solemnized all the honors possible for the funeralls at CORINTHE Antigonus caried away the pot to burye it in the citie of DEMETRIADE the which bare the name of Demetrius that was deade and was a newe citie that had bene replenished with people and built of litle townes which are about IOLCOS Demetrius left two children by his first wife Phila to wete Antigonus and Stratonice and two other sonnes both of them named Demetrius the one surnamed the leane of a woman of ILLYRIA and the other king of the CYRENIANS of his wife Ptolemaeide and another by Deidamiae called Alexander who liued in AEGYPT And it is reported also that he had another sonne called Corrhabus by his wife Eurydice and that his posteritie raigned by succession from the father to the sonne vntil the time of Perseus who was the last king of MACEDON whome the ROMANES ouercame by Paulus AEmylius wanne all the Realme of MACEDON vnto the Empire of ROME Now that the MACEDONIAN hath played his part giue the ROMANE also leaue to come vppon the stage THE LIFE OF Marcus Antonius ANTONIVS grandfather was that famous Orator whome Marius slue bicause he tooke Syllaes parte His father was an other Antonius surnamed Cretan who was not so famous nor bare any great sway in the common wealth howbeit otherwise he was an honest man and of a very good nature and specially very liberall in giuing as appeareth by an acte he did He was not very wealthie and therefore his wife would not let him vse his liberalitie and francke nature One day a friend of his comming to him to praye him to helpe him to some money hauing great neede Antonius by chaunce had no money to giue him but he commaunded one of his men to bringe him some water in a siluer basen after he had brought it him he washed his beard as though he ment to haue shauen it and then found an arrant for his man to send him out and gaue his friend the siluer basen and bad him get him money with that Shortly after there was a great sturre in the house among the seruaunts seeking out this siluer basen Insomuch as Antonius seeing his wife maruelously offended for it that she would examine all her seruaunts one after another about it to know what was become of it at length he confessed he had giuen it away prayed her to be contented His wife was Iulia of the noble house and familie of Iulius Caesar who for her vertue chastitie was to be compared with the noblest Lady of her time M. Antonius was brought vp vnder her being married after her first husbands death vnto Cornelius Lentulus whom Cicero put to death with Cethegas and others for that he was of Catilines conspiracie against the common wealth And this seemeth to be the originall cause and beginning of the cruell and mortall hate Antonius bare vnto Cicero For Antonius selfe sayth that he would neuer giue him the body of his father in law to bury him before his mother went first to intreat Ciceroes wife the which vndoubtedly was a flat lye For Cicero denied buriall to none of them whom he executed by law Now Antonius being a fayer younge man and in the pryme of his youth he fell acquainted with Curio whose friendship and acquaintance as it is reported was a plague vnto him For he was a dissolute man giuen ouer to all lust and insolencie who to haue Antonius the better at his commaundement trayned him on into great follies and vaine expences vpon women in rioting banketing So that in short time he brought Antonius into a maruelous great det too great for one of his yeres to wete of two hundred fifty talents for all which summe Curio was his suertie His father hearing of it did put his sonne from him and for bad him his house Then he fell in with Clodius one of the desperatest and most wicked Tribunes at that time in ROME Him he followed for a time in his desperate attempts who bred great sturre and mischiefe in ROME but at length he forsooke him being weary of his rashnes and folly or els for that he was affraid of them that were bent against Clodius Therevppon he left ITALY and went into GRAECE and there bestowed the most parte of his tyme sometime in warres and otherwhile in the studie of eloquence He vsed a manner of phrase in his speeche called Asiatik which caried the best grace and estimation at that time and was much like to his manners and life for it was full of oftentation foolishe brauerie and vaine ambition After he had remayned there some tyme Gabinius Proconsul going into SYRIA perswaded him to goe with him Antonius tolde him he would not goe as a priuate man Wherefore Gabinius gaue him charge of his horsemen and so tooke him with him So first of all he sent him against Aristobulus who had made the IEVVES to rebell was the first man him selfe that got vp to the wall of a castell of his and so draue Aristobulus out of all his holds and with those few men he had with him he ouercame al the IEVVES in set battel which were many against one and put all of them almost to the sword and furthermore tooke Aristobulus him selfe prisoner with his sonne Afterwards Ptolomy king of AEGYPT that had bene driuen out of his contry went vnto Gabinius to intreate him to goe with his armie with him into AEGYPT to put him againe into his kingdom and promised him if he would goe with him tenne thowsand talents The most part of the Captaines thought it not best to goe thither Gabinius him selfe made it daintie to enter into his warre although the couetousnes of these tenne thowsand talents stucke sorely with him But Antonius that sought but for oportunitie and good occasion to attempt great enterprises and that desired also to gratifie Ptolomyes request he went about to perswade Gabinius to goe this voyage Now they were more affrayd of the way they should goe to come to the citie of PELVSIVM then they feared any daunger of the warre besides bicause they were to passe through deepe sandes desert place where was no freshe water to be had all the marisses thorough which are called the marisses Sethonides which the AEGYPTIANS call the exhalations of sume by the which the Gyant Typhon breathed But in truth it appeareth to be the ouerflowing of the red sea which
one Varius a companion of his that would drinke lustely with him and therefore in mockery was surnamed Cotylon to wit a bibber So Octauius Caesar would not leane to Cicero when he saw that his whole trauail and endeuor was onely to restore the common wealth to her former libertie Therefore he sent certaine of his friends to Antonius to make them friends againe and thereuppon all three met together to wete Caesar Antonius Lepidus in an Iland enuyroned round about with a litle riuer there remayned three dayes together Now as touching all other matters they were easily agreed did deuide all the Empire of ROME betwene them as if it had bene their owne inheritance But yet they could hardly agree whom they would put to death for euery one of them would kill their enemies and saue their kinsmen and friends Yet at length giuing place to their gredy desire to be reuenged of their enemies they spurned all reuerence of bloud and holines of friendship at their feete For Caesar left Cicero to Antonius will Antonius also forsooke Lucius Caesar who was his Vncle by his mother and both of them together suffred Lepidus to kill his owne brother Paulus Yet some writers affirme that Caesar Antonius requested Paulus might be slain that Lepidus was contēted with it In my opinion there was neuer a more horrible vnnatural crueller chaunge then this was For thus chaunging murther for murther they did aswel kill those whom they did forsake leaue vnto others as those also which others left vnto them to kil but so much more was their wickednes cruelty great vnto their friends for that they put them to death being innocents hauing no cause to hate them After this plat was agreed vpon betwene thē the souldiers that were thereabouts would haue this friendship league betwixt them cōfirmed by mariage that Caesar should mary Claudia the daughter of Fuluiae Antonius wife This mariage also being vpon they condēned three hūdred of the chiefest citizens of ROME to be put to death by proscriptiō And Antonius also cōmaūded thē to whō he had geuen cōmission to kil Cicero that they should strik of his head right hand with the which he had written the inuectiue Orations called Philippides against Antonius So whē the murtherers brought him Ciceroes head hand cut of he beheld them a long time with great ioy laughed hartily that oftentimes for the great ioy he felt Then when he had taken his pleasure of the sight of them he caused them to be set vp in an open place ouer the pulpit for Orations where when he was aliue he had often spoken to the people as if he had done the dead man hurt and not bleamished his owne fortune shewing him selfe to his great shame and infamie a cruell man and vnworthie the office and authoritie he bare His vncle Lucius Caesar also as they sought for him to kill him and followed him hard fledde vnto his sister The murtherers comming thither forcing to breake into her chamber she stoode at her chamber dore with her armes abroade crying out still you shall not kill Lucius Caesar before you first kill me that bare your Captaine in my wombe By this meanes she saued her brothers life Now the gouernment of these Triumuiri grewe odious and hatefull to the ROMANES for diuers respects but they most blamed Antonius bicause he being elder then Caesar and of more power and force then Lepidus gaue him selfe againe to his former riot and excesse when he left to deale in the affaires of the common wealth But setting aside the ill name he had for his insolencie he was yet much more hated in respect of the house he dwelt in the which was the house of Pompey the great a man as famous for his temperaunce modestie and ciuill life as for his three triumphes For it grieued them to see the gates commonly shut against the Captaines Magistrates of the citie and also Ambassadors of straunge nations which were sometimes thrust from the gate with violence and that the house within was full of tomblers anticke dauncers iuglers players ieasters and dronkards quaffing and goseling and that on them he spent and bestowed the most parte of his money he got by all kind of possible extorcions briberie and policie For they did not onely sell by the crier the goods of those whom they had outlawed and appointed to murther slaunderously deceiued the poore widowes and young orphanes also raised all kind of imposts subsidies and taxes but vnderstanding also that the holy vestall Nunnes had certaine goods money put in their custodie to keepe both of mens in the citie and those also that were abroade they went thither and tooke them away by force Octauius Caesar perceiuing that no money woulde serue Antonius turne he prayed that they might deuide the money betwene them and so did they also deuide the armie for them both to goe into MACEDON to make warre against Brutus and Cassius and in the meane time they left the gouernment of the citie of ROME vnto Lepidus When they had passed ouer the seas and that they beganne to make warre they being both camped by their enemies to wit Antonius against Cassius and Caesar against Brutus Caesar did no great matter but Antonius had alway the vpper hand and did all For at the first battell Caesar was ouerthrowen by Brutus and lost his campe and verie hardly saued him selfe by flying from them that followed him Howebeit he writeth him selfe in his Commentaries that he fled before the charge was geuen bicause of a dreame one of his frends had Antonius on the other side ouerthrewe Cassius in battell though some write that he was not there him selfe at the battell but that he came after the ouerthrowe whilest his men had the enemies in chase So Cassius at his earnest request was slaine by a faithfull seruaunt of his owne called Pindarus whom he had infranchised bicause he knewe not in time that Brutus had ouercomen Caesar. Shortly after they fought an other battell againe in the which Brutus was ouerthrowen who afterwardes also slue him selfe Thus Antonius had the chiefest glorie of all this victorie specially bicause Caesar was sicke at that time Antonius hauing found Brutus body after this battel blaming him muche for the murther of his brother Caius whom he had put to death in MACEDON for reuenge of Ciceroes cruell death and yet laying the fault more in Hortensius then in him he made Hortensius to be slaine on his brothers tumbe Furthermore he cast his coate armor which was wonderfull rich and sumptuous vpon Brutus bodie and gaue commaundement to one of his slaues infranchised to defray the charge of his buriall But afterwards Antonius hearing that his infranchised bondman had not burnt his coate armor with his bodie bicause it was verie riche and worth a great summe of
Antonius peraduenture will suppe presently or it may be a pretie while hence or likely enough he will deferre it longer for that he hath dronke well to day or else hath had some other great matters in hand and therefore we doe not dresse one supper only but many suppers bicause we are vncerteine of the houre he will suppe in Philotas the Phisition tolde my grandfather this tale and sayd moreouer that it was his chaunce shortly after to serue the eldest sonne of the sayd Antonius whome he had by his wife Fuluia and that he sate commonly at his table with his other frendes when he did not dine nor suppe with his father It chaunced one day there came a Phisition that was so full of words that he made euery man wearie of him at the bord but Philotas to stoppe his mouth put out a suttle proposition to him It is good in some sorme to let a man drinke colde water that hath an agew euerie man that hath an agew hath it in some sorte ergo it is good forman that hath an agew to drinke cold water The Phisition was so grauelled and amated withall that he had not a word more to say Young Antonius burst out in such a laughing at him and was so glad of it that he sayd vnto him Philotas take all that I geue it thee shewing him his cubbord full of plate with great pots of gold and siluer Philotas thanked him and told him he thought him selfe greatly boūd to him for this liberality but he would neuer haue thought that he had had power to haue geuen so many things and of so great value But muche more be maruelled when shortly after one of young Antonius men brought him home all the pots in a basket bidding him set his marke and stampe vpon them and to locke them vp Philotas returned the bringer of them fearing to be reproued if he tooke them Then the yoūg gentleman Antonius sayd vnto him alas poore man why doest thou make it nise to take them Knowest thou not that it is the sonne of Antonius that geues them thee and is able to do it If thou wilt not beleue me take rather the readie money they come to bicause my father peraduenture may aske for some of the plate for the antike excellent workemanship of them This I haue heard my grandfather tell oftentimes But now againe to Cleopatra Plato wryteth that there are foure kinds of flatterie but Cleopatra deuided it into many kinds For she were it in sport or in matter of earnest still deuised sundrie new delights to haue Antonius at commaundement neuer leauing him night nor day nor once letting him go out of her sight For she would play at dyce with him drinke with him and hunt commonly with him and also be with him when he went to any exercise or actiuity of body And somtime also when he would goe vp and downe the citie disguised like a slaue in the night would peere into poore mens windowes their shops and scold brawle with them within the house Cleopatra would be also in achamber maides array amble vp downe the streets with him so that oftentimes Antonius bare away both mockes blowes Now though most men misliked this maner yet the ALEXANDRIANS were commonly glad of this iolity liked it well saying verie gallantly and wisely that Antonius shewed them a commicall face to wit a merie countenaunce and the ROMANES a tragicall face to say a grimme looke But to reckon vp all the foolishe sportes they made reuelling in this sorte it were too fond a parte of me and therefore I will only tell you one among the rest On a time he went to angle for fish and when he could take none he was as angrie as could be bicause Cleopatra stoode by Wherefore he secretly commaunded the fisher men that when he cast in his line they should straight diue vnder the water and put a fishe on his hooke which they had taken before and so snatched vp his angling rodde and brought vp fish twise or thrise Cleopatra found it straight yet she seemed not to see it but wondred at his excellent fishing but when she was alone by her selfe among her owne people she told them howe it was and bad them the next morning to be on the water to see the fishing A number of people came to the hauen and got into the fishes boates to see this fishing Antonius then threw in his line and Cleopatra straight commaunded one of her men to diue vnder water before Antonius men and to put some old salte fish vpon his baite like vnto those that are brought out of the contrie of PONT When he had hong the fish on his hooke Antonius thinking he had taken a fishe in deede snatched vp his line presently Then they all fell a laughing Cleopatra laughing also said vnto him leaue vs my Lord AEGYPTIANS which dwell in the contry of PHARVS and CANOBVS your angling rodde this is not thy profession thou must hunt after conquering of realmes and contries Nowe Antonius delighting in these fond and childish pastimes verie ill newes were brought him from two places The first from ROME that his brother Lucius and Fuluia his wife fell out first betwene them selues and afterwards fell to open warre with Caesar had brought all to nought that they were both driues to flie out of ITALIE The seconde newes as bad as the first that Labienus conquered all ASIA with the armie of the PARTHIANS from the riuer of Euphrates and from SYRIA vnto the contries of LYDIA and IONIA Then began Antonius with much a doe a litle to rouse him selfe as if he had bene wakened out of a deepe sleepe and as a man may say comming out of a great dronkennes So first of all he bent him selfe against the PARTHIANS and went as farre as the contrie of PHOENICIA but there he receiued lamentable letters from his wife Fuluia Whereuppon he straight returned towards ITALIE with two hundred saile and as he went tooke vp his frendes by the way that fled out of ITALIE to come to him By them he was informed formed that his wise Fuluis was the only cause of this warre who being of a peeuish crooked and troublesome nature had purposely raised this vprore in ITALIE in hope thereby by towards draw him from Cleopatra But by good fortune his wife Fuluia going to meete with Antonius sickened by the way and dyed in the citie of SICYONE and therefore Octauius Caesar and he were the easelier made frendes together For when Antonius landed in ITALIE and that 〈…〉 saw Caesar asked nothing of him and that Antonius on the other side layed all the fault burded on his wife Fuluia the frendes of both parties would not suffer them to vnrippe any olde matters and to proue or defend who had the wrong or right and who was the first procurer of this warre fearing to
otherwise by open force it was impossible to be had Wherefore after the death of Alexander that kept castell being poysoned as it is reported by Antigonus practise the castell being left in the handes of his wife Nicaea who gouerned the state of CORINTHE and did carefully cause the Acrocorinthe to be kept he immediately sent his sonne Demetrius thither and put Nicea in good hope to mary her with this young Prince a thing that pleased this Lady well though she was very olde So for her selfe she was wonne straight by meanes of his young sonne Demetrius whome he vsed as a stale to intrappe her Howbeit Nicaea for all this goodly offer forsooke not her castell but alwayes made it straightly to be looked vnto Antigonus seemed to make no accompt of it but dayly gaue him selfe to make sumptuous sacrifices feasts and playes to the gods within the citie of CORINTHE for the marriage as though he had ment no other thing but bancketing and iolitie all that might be When the hower was come to see these sportes and that the Musition Amaebeus began to singe he him selfe made as though he would accompany Nicaea vnto the Theater being conueyed thither in a sumptuous riche lytter as it had bene for a Queene She was very glad of this honor and thought nothing lesse then of that which happened her But when Antigonus came to the ende of the streete that turned to goe vp the hill towards the castell he had her keepe on still to the Theater and him selfe in the meane time left Amoebeus there with his singing and all the feast of the mariage and went straight vp to the castell forcing him selfe aboue his strength and yeares When he was at the toppe of the hill and found the gates shut he knocked with his staffe and commaunded the garrison to open him the gates They wondring to see him there in person did let him in When he was gotten into the castell he was so exceding ioyfull of it that he had no reason to moderate his ioye but would bancket in the middest of streetes and in the market place hauing minstrells to playe vpon their instruments at his table wearing garlands of flowers on their heads for ioye and did so fondly and lightly behaue him selfe as if he had bene a light young man and not as he was an olde man who had proued such sundry chaunges of fortune and yet suffered him selfe to be thus caried away with pleasure that he imbraced and spake to euery man he met Whereby it is easie to iudge that ioy possessing a man without wit or discretion it maketh him besides him selfe and doth more trouble his wits then payne or feare Now Antigonus hauing wonne the castell of the Acrocorinthe as you haue heard he put into the hands of those he trusted best to be safely kept and therefore made Persaus the Philosopher Captaine or the castell But in deede Aratus was in mind to haue attempted to taking of the castell in Alexanders life tyme yet he let it alone bicause he ioyned him selfe with the ACHATANS But at that tyme there was offered him another occasion againe to attempt it and this it was At CORINTHE there were foure brethren borne in SYRIA of the which one of them being called Diocles was a souldier of the garrison of the castell and the rest hauing robbed the kings treasure went straight vnto SICYONE to AEgias the banker whome Aratus imployed in his facultie These three brethren immediately told him part of the gold they had robbed and afterwards one of them called Erginus comming often to see him by litle and litle told him all the rest By this meanes AEgias fell into famillier acquaintance with him and talked with him of the garrison of the castell of the Acrocorinthe Erginus told him that going vnto his brother vp those steepe and highe rockes he found a path as it were cut out of the rocke that went to a place of the wall of the castell which was very lowe AEgias hearing that auswered him smyling also my friend what meane you to steale a litle peece of golde to hinder the king when in one howers space you can sell such a great masse of money together for aswell shall you dye if you be apprehended for this felony as if you were otherwise attained for treason Erginus with that fell a laughing and promised that he would feele his brother Diocles minde in it for he did not greatly trust his other brethren So returning shortly after he bargayned with Aratus to bring him to a place of the wall that was not aboue fifteene foote highe promising that he would helpe him to execute the rest with his brother Diocles. Aratus promised then to giue him fifty talents if he brought his enterprise to passed and if he sayled that he would then giue either of them a house and a talent Erginus would haue the whole 50. talents put into AEgias the bankers handes Aratus had not so much ready money and besides he would not take it vp at vsery for feare of giuing cause to suspect his enterprise Wherefore he tooke all his place of gold and siluer and his wiues iewells and layed them to gage to AEgias to disburse the sayd summe But Aratus had so great and noble a mind in him and was so bent to doe notable acts that knowing howe Phocion and Epaminondas had bene esteemed for the iustest and honestest men of GRAECE bicause they had refused great giftes that were offered them and would neuer sell nor stayne their honor for money he yet surpassing them was contented to spend his owne to bring any good enterprise to passe did put his life in daunger for the common benefit of his contry men they them selues knowing nothing of his enterprise which turned all to their benefit What is he then that will not wonder at the great magnanimitie and corage of such a man and that will not euen nowe as it were be willing to ayde him considering how dearely he bought so great a daunger of his person and howe he laied his plate and all the riches he had to gage to be brought the night among the middest of his enemies where he was to fight for his owne life hauing no other gage nor pledge but the hope of such a noble enterprise and nothing els But now though the enterprise of it self was daungerous an error chauncing through ignorance at the first made it yet more daungerous For Aratus had sent Technon one of his men before with Diocles to viewe the wall This Technon had neuer spoken with Diocles howbeit he thought in his minde what manner of man he was by the markes that Erginus had giuen him of him that he had a blacke curled heare that his face was blacke and that he had no beard Nowe Technon being come to the place where Erginus sayd he would be with Diocles he stayed before the towne in a place called ORNIS
against offices of perpetuity Cato woulde punish him selfe for offending That is to say vnderstanding For they iudged that the seate of reason was placed in the hart following Aristotles opinion Blushinge in younge man is a better taken then palenes A louer liueth in an other body Cato and Valerius Flaccus Consuls Catoes doings in Spayne Catoes abstinence from spoyle and bribery Discorde betwext Cato Scipio Cato ouercame the Lacetanians Catoes actes after his Consullshippe and triumphe The power of Antiochus the great Cato mocked Posthumius Albinus a Romaine for writing a story in the Greeke tongue Kinge Antiochus army Catoes doings against king Antiochus Mount Callidromus Catoos oration to his souldiers The boldenes and valliant attempt of Catoes souldiers Cato advertised of the streÌ„gth of king Antiochus campe Cato tooke the straight of Thermopyles Kinge Antiochus hurt in the face with a stone Catoes victory of kinge Antiochus Cato woulde praise his owne doings Manius sendeth Cato to Rome to cary newes of the victory Cato an accuser of men Cato fifty times accused The dignity and office of the Consor How the Censors were chosen The Senators and nobility bent all against Catoes sute Cato chosen Censor Catoes acts in his censorship Cato put Lucius Quintius Flaminius of the Senate The cause why Cato put Quintius of the Senate Lucius Quintius Flaminius wickednes cruelty Manilius put of the Senate for kissing his wife before his daughter Mery with maried men when Iupiter shundereth Banketing feastes put downe by Cato Catoes counsel for reforminge excesse at Rome Superfluous things reckened for riches Scopas goodes were all in toyes that did him no good Basilica Porcia built by Cato Catoes image set vp in the temple of the goddesse of health Honor chaungeth condition No maÌ„ should abide to be praised how for the common wealth VVhat Cato was at home in his house and towarded his wife and children Cato iudgeth the noble borne gentlewomen the best wiues Socrates patience commended bearinge with the sherwduts of his wife Catoes wife was nource to her owne childe Cato taught his sonne Chilo a grammarian VVhat exercises Cato brought vp his sonne in Catoes sonne was valiant Cato and younger maried Tertia Paulus AEmylius daughter Scipio the second was AEmylius naturall sonne Catoes discipline to his slaues Catoes opinion for sleepy meÌ„ Note how Cato altered his maner and opinion by wealth Catoes good husbandry for increasing his wealth Cato a great vserer He tooke extreame vsery by sea Carneades Diogenes Philosophers sent Ambassadors to Rome Cato misliked the Greeke tongue Catoes Phisicall booke Cato talketh with Salonius his clarke about the mariage of his daughter Catoes aunswere to his sonne of his seconde mariage Cato maried Salonius daughter being a very old man and had a sonne by her How Cato passed his age Catoes wrytinges and monuments Catoes reuenue Catoes company pleasant both to old young The table a good meane to procure loue and how table talke should be vsed Cato author of the last warres against the Carthaginians Scipio Nasica against Cato for the destroying of Carthage Catoes death Catoes posterity Aristides and Catoes accesse to the common wealth Cato in marshall affaires excelled Aristides Aristides and Catoes displeasures in the common wealth The power of innocency eloquence Oeconomia houserule The nature of oyle No man wise that is not wise to him selfe VVhether pouerty be an ill thing VVhether Aristides factes or Catoes did most benefit their contry Ambition a hatefull thing in the commoÌ„ wealth Cato reproued for his second wife Crausis Philopoemenes father Cassander Philopoemenes schoolemaister Ecdemus and Demophanes red Philosophy to Philopoemen Philopoemen the last famous maÌ„ of Greece Philopoemen taken for a seruinge man. Philopoemen hasty and wilfull Philopoemen delighted in warre martiall exercises Philopoemen did reproue wrestling Philopoemenes gaines how they were employed Philopoemenes study and care in tillage Philopoemenes delite to read Euangelus bookes of the discipline of warres Philopoemen saued the Megalopolitans from Cleomenes king of Sparta Philopoemen very sore hurt King Antigonus came to aide the Achaiads against Cleomenes king of Lacedaemon Philopoenes noble fact in the 〈…〉 against kinge Cleomenes Philopoemen hurt in fight Antigonus saying of Philopoemenes skill of a souldier Philopoemen chosen Generall of the horsemen of the Achaians Philopoemen slue Demophantus Generall of the horsemen of the AEtolians The praise of Philopoemen Aratus raised Achaia to greatnes Philopoemen and Aratus compared Aratus a sofe man in warres Philopoemen chaungeth tho Achaians order and discipline of wars Philopoemen turned all curiosity and dainty fare into braue riche armors Brauet armor incorageth mens mindes to serue nobly Philopoemen made warres with Machanidas tyran of Lacedaemon Battell fought betwene Philopoemen and Machanidas Philopoemen ouercame Machanidas army tyran of the Lacedaemonians Philopoemen slue Machanidas The onely name of Philopoemen made the Boeotians flee for feare Nabis tyran of Lacedaemon wanne the city of Messina Nabis fleeth Philopoemen Philopoemen deliuered the city of Messina from Nabis the tyran of Lacedaemon Philopoemenes seconde iorney into Creta discommanded Philopoemen made diuerse cities to rebell against the Achaians The Cretans politicke men of warre Philopoemen made Generall of the Achaians against Nabis Philopoemen ouercome by sea Nabis besiegeth the city of Gythium Philopoemen ouer came Nabis tyran of Lacedaemon in battell Titus Quintius emâ—ieth Philopoemen Nabis slaine by the AEtolians Philopoemen free from couetousnes Philopoemenes wise counsell to the Lacedaemonians howe they should bestowe their giftes Diophanes T. Quintius Flaminius do inuade Lacedaemonia Philopoemenes noble act Philopoemenes cruelty to the Spartans Philopoemen made the Spartans forsake Lycurgus law Antiochus solace and mariage as Chalcis Philopoemenes counsell against the Romaines Philopoemen chosen the eight time Generall of the Achaians being 70. yere olde Philopoemenes iorney against Dinocrates Mons Euander Philopoemenes misfortune Philopoemen taken Philopoemen poysoned by Dinocrates Philopoemenes last words Philopoemenes death The AchaiaÌ„s did reuenge Philopoemenes death Dinocrates slue him selfe Philopoemenes funerall Note the humanity of the Romaines keepinge their enemies monuments from defacing Titus Quintius first charge in warre Degrees of offices before one came to be Consull T. Q. Flaminius Sextius AElius Consulls T. Q. Flaminius maketh warre with Philip king of Macedon Titus curtesie ranne the Greecians more than his force T. Q. landed in Epirvs Apsus fâ—â— The descriptioÌ„ of the contry of Epirvs Charopus Machatas sonne the chiefe man of the Epirots T. Q. possessed the straightes of the mouÌ„taine The Macedonians flee Philips flying king of Macedon T. Q. Flaminius modesty sorbearing spoyle wanne him many frendes Pyrrus saying of the Romaines army King Attalus death The Boeotians yeld vnto the Romaines Quintius army King Philip and Quintius met with their armies neere Scotvsa Battell betwene Quintius and Philip kinge of Macedon The propertie of the Macedonian battell Quintius overcome Philippes army Mutinie betwixt the AEtolians the Romaines Alcaeus verses in disgrace of
Consuls Cethegus a vitious liuer Lucius Quintius a seairious Orator at Rome Lucullus ambition to make warres against king Mithridates Praecia a famous curtisan of Rome Cethegus ruled all Rome The gouernment of Cilicia the warres against king Mithridates were geuen to Lucullus FimbriaÌ„ souldiers very dissolute and corrupted Mithridates armie against Lucullus Mithridates armie Asia fell know former miseries by the Romane vserers Cotta the CoÌ„sull ouercome by Mithridates in battell The godly saying of Lucullus for the sauing of a citizen Lucullus army A flame of fire fall betwene both armies out of the element Lucullus politicke consideration to dissipher the enemy Mithridates besiegeth Cyzicus The stratageame of Mithridates souldiers A wonderfull token of a cow that came to offer her selfe to the Cizicenians to be sacrificed Aristagoras vision Extreame famine in Mithridates campe Prouerbe He lept on his belly with both his feete Rindacus fl Lucullus ouerthrew Mithridates horsemen Mithridates fled by sea Granicus fl Lucullus ouerthroweth Mithridates footemen by the riuer of Granicus Lucullus dreame Lucullus ouercame Mithridates nauy by sea Mithridates in great dauÌ„ger apon the sea by tempest Lucullus ambition commendable Lucullus iorney into Pontus An oxe bought for a Drachma The mutiny of Lucullus souldiers Lucullus oration excuse to his souldiers Tigranes king of Armenia maried Mithridates daughter Mithridates camped as Cabira Mithridates arms Lycus fl The constancy of a Romane souldier Lucullus flieth Mithridates horsemen The fight of a Generall in a battell is of maruelous force A politicke deuise of the Romanes to punishe cowardly souldiers The Dardarians what people they be Lucullus dauÌ„ger by Olthacus conspiracy Olthacus prince of the Dardarians Lucullus life saued by sleepe Lucullus victory of certaine of Mithridates Captaines Mithridates noble men familiars cause of mutiny ouerthrowe of his whole army Mithridates flieth Couetousnes the ouerthrow of souldiers A stratageama of Mithridates Mithridates slue his sisters and wives The corage of Monimé Mithridates wife Monimé her throte was cut Berenicè straÌ„gled her selfe The corage of Statira Mithridates sister Appius Clodius sent vnto Tigranes from Lucullus Callimachus gouernor of â—misus Lucullus wâ—â— Amisus Callimachus setteth fire of Amisus and flieth Lucullus curtesie towardes the citie of Amisus Lucullus gentle saying TyrannioÌ„ the graâ—â—arian taken Lucullus relieueth Asia from extreame vsery That is after the raâ—e ofâ—â— in the huÌ„dred for the yéare Lawes set downe for vserers Appius Clodius Lucullus wiues brother Euphrates fl Zarbienus king of Gordiaena Tigranes pride and power The boldnes of Appius Clodius Lucullus Ambassador vnto Tigranes Appius abstineÌ„ce from taking of giftes Tigranes and Mithridates meeting Metrodorus praise and death Amphicrates an Orator of Athens dyed in king Tigranes courte Seleucia a city standing apon Tigris fl A platter too litle to holde a Dolphin in pâ—â—an Lucullus taketh Sinope in Pontus Lucullus dreame A statue made by Sthenis Autolycus founder of the city of Sinope The Syrians why so called Syllaes note for dreames Machares Mithridates sonne pusyâ—â—b frendshippe of Lucullus Lucullus goeth against Tigranes with a small company The quarrellings counsellors at Rome enuy Lucullus prosperity Lucullus came to the riuer of Euphrates found it very high and rough The straunge and sodaine fall of the riuer of Euphrates from her great swelling Diana Persica Kyne consecrated to Diana Persica A straunge thing of a cow that came to offer her selfe to Lucullus to be sacrificed The contry of Sophene Tigris fl Tigranes slue the first messenger that brought the newes of Lucullus approach Tigranes sendeth Mithrobarzanes against Lucullus Lucullus sendeth Sextilius against Mithrobarzanes Sextilius slow Mithrobarzanes and ouerthrewe hâ— force The city of Tigranocerta built by Tigranes Lucullus besiegeth Tigranocerta Taxiles perswadeth Tigranes not to fight with the Romanes The proude saying of Tigranes Tigranes whole armie two hundred three score thowsand men Lucullus army against Tigranes The ordering of Tigranes battell Atri blacke or vnfortunate dayes Lucullus battell with Tigranes Lucullus armor Lucullus famous victorie of Tigranes Tigranes flight Tigranes diadeame taken by Lucullus Lucullus praise Two puysans kinges ouercome by contrary meanes Lucullus tooke Tigranocerta Lucullus iâ—stâ—e and clemency Zarbienus king of the Gordiaenians slaine by Tigranes Lucullus prepareth to goe against the Parthians Lucullus souldiers fall to mutiny Full purses ease maketh mutinous souldiers Lucullus besiegeth Artaxata the chief city of Armenia Artaxes king of Armenia Hanniball builded Artaxata Arsanias fl Lucullus order of his army Other do read in this place against the Astopatenians miou which are people of Media Three kinges ranged in battell Lucullus maketh Tigranes flye againe The country of Mygdonia Nisibis alias Antiochia a city of Mygdonia Lucullus taketh Nisibis by assault Callimachus did set the city of Amisus a fire Thalteracion of Lucullus good fortune Lucullus cause of all his misfortune Lucullus faults Lucullus vertues The cause why Lucullus souldiers misliked with him Lucullus army euer lay in the fielde winter and summer Phasis fl Publius Clodius a wicked man. Publius Clodius stirred vp the souldiers against Lucullus Mithridates victory of Lucullus Lieutenauntes Mithridates ouercame Triarius Lucullus Captaine The Fimbrian souldiers forsooke Lucullus Lucullus forced to humble him selfe to his mutinous souldiers The Fimbrian souldiers tarie out the sommer vpon oldiâ— lon to departe when sommer was done Pompey Lucullus successor in Asia Iniuries offered Lucullus by Pompey Lucullus and Pompeys mating Mislikinges betwene Pompey and Lucullus Lucullus â—uâ— beloued of his souldiers Crassus desire to conquer Asia apon sight of Lucullus triumphe See the life of Crassus what successe he had Lucullus returne to Rome Lucullus triumphe Lucullus forsaketh Clodia and marieth Seruilia Catoes sister as vnchast as Clodia Lucullus geueth ouer gouernment of the common wealth Lucullus buildinges and pleasures Lucullus gardens of great estimacion Lucullus called Xerxes the gowne-man Xerxes â—uâ— through the mountaine Atho made â— channell for his shippes to passe thorow Lucullus curiosity excesse in meanes and seruice Catoes saying of Lucullus Certain sayinges of Lucullus Lucullus hauing diuers hallos had appointed euery hall his certen rasâ— charge of dyes VVhat Lucullus supper was in Apollo Lucullus library Lucullus loued Philosophie Antiochus of Ascalon an eloquent to theâ—uian The opinion of the Academickes Marcus Crassus Cato Lucullus against Pompey Lucullus and Cato against Pompey Pompey Crassus Caesar conspired together against the flaâ—e * Cicero calleth him Luâ—ius Vestius howbeit it may be that he was a Brutianborne Lucullus fell out of his witâ— before his death Callisthenes poysoned Lucullus whereof he dyed Lucullus death Lucullus death blessed A good gift oâ— decay vice to â—ncrease vertue Cimons two victories obtained in one day Great difference betwext Cimon Lucullus Graue magistrates resembled by similitude vnto good SurgeoÌ„â— Mithridates king of Pontus dyed in the realme of Bosphorus Tigranes king of Armenia submitteth him selfe to Pompey The praise of Thucydides Timaeus reproueth Plato and Aristotle Nicias equalls Nicias a timerous
make their slaues dronke The cause of describing the liues of the wicked Plato of vertue and vice Demetrius parentage The death of Philip the younger brother of Demetrius Demetrius baâ—â—ie Demetrius maners Demetrius loue to his father A king can abide no equall The sport of the East kings was to kill their owne children wiues and mothers Demetrius curtesie Antigonus dreame Demetrius saueth Mithridates life Mithridates king of Poni * Bicause he sayd that loue and discord were euer the efficient causes of generation and corruption of all thinges Enmitie betwixt Antigonus and Ptolomy Demetrius generall to Antigonus against Ptolomy Demetrius ouerthrowen in battaile by Ptolomy The bountifulnes of Ptolomy the Conqueror vnto Demetrius conquered Demetrius victorie of Ptolomy Demetrius thankefulnes vnto Ptolomy Demetrius inuaded Arabia Demetrius inuadeth Mesopatamia Antigonus Demetrius do goe about to set Graece at libertie Demetrius Phalerian gouernor of Athens for Cassander Demetrius restoreth the Athenians to their liberties Demetrius Antigonus honoreth Demetrius Phalerius Demetrius daunger for lechery Demetrius winneth the city of Megara and restoreth it to her libertie Stilpo a famous Philosopher in Megara Stilpoes sayings vnto Demetrius Demetrius restoreth the Athenians to their lawes libertie Democrasias popular gouernment Oligarchias the gouernment of a fewe Too much honors decreed to Demetrius by the Athenians The boldnes of Stratocles Athenian Scratocles cruell saying The moneth of Munychion altered called Demetrion for the honor of Demetrius name VVonders Hemlocke the vsuall erbe with the iâ—yâ— whereof they poysoned offenders at Athens Philippides the Poet. Philippides notable aunswer vnto king Lysimachus not desiring to heare his secrets Demetrius maried unto Eurydice at Athens Demetrius had many wiues together Phila Demetrius wife Antipaters Daughter Craterus widdow The iudgemeÌ„t of marriage obedience Battell by sea in the I le of Cyprus betwixt Demetrius Antigonus and Ptolomy Demetrius victorye of Ptolomy Lamia the famous Curtisan taken by Demetrius vpon the defeating of Ptolomy Salamina yelded vp to Demetrius Aristodemus a notorious flatterer in Antigonus Court. The first time Antigonus Demetrius were called kinges Note the force of flattery by Aristodemus Milasian Antigonus Demetrius iorney against Ptolomy Medius dreame Antigonus mirth with his sonne Demetrius A straunge custom of the Scythians in their dronkennes Demetrius a skilfull Captaine and an excellent Shipwright Sundry delights of Princes Demetrius wonderfull workes Demetrius beseged Rhodes The description of Demetrius greatest engine of battery called Elepolis Two armors made of notable temper by Zoilus an 〈…〉 Alcimus Albanian were an armor of six score pouÌ„d weight The discourtesie of the Rhodians The great courtesie of the Athenians vnto king Philip Protogenes borne in the citie of Caunus an excellent paynter Protogenes table of the citie of Ialysus greatly commended by Apelles himselfe Demetrius concludeth peace with the Rhodians Demetrius victories in Graece Antigonus shame fastnes Demetrius â—antonnesse The names of Demetrius Curtisans Demetrius iorney into Peloponnesus Demetrius maried Deidamia king Phyrrbus sister châ—â—â—ged the name of the citie of Sicyone and called it Demetriade Demetrius chosen generall of all Graece Demetrius pride Philippides verses against Stratocles the boaster Demetrius prodigall gift of 250. talents to his Curtisans to buy them sope Lamia made Demetrius a supper of her owne cost Lamia Elepolis The saying of Demo a Curtisan touching Lamia Demetrius A prety sute commenced vpon a louers dreame and the iudgement reuersed by Lamia the Curtisan The suttelrye of Lamia reuersing Bocchoris Seniece The conspiracy of the kings against Antigonus Antigonus his enemies armie Demetrius dreame and signes Demetrius vpon the first onset made Antiochus the sonne of Seleucus flie Ouerrashly chasting the enemies he lost his victorie and was ouercome The death of king Antigonus Demetrius flight The vnfaithfulnes of the Athenians towards Demetrius Ouer great honors are signes of vnconstant frendship Seleucus requireth Stratonice Demetrius daughter in mariage Plistarchus the brother of Cassander at that time Gouernor of Cilicia Demetrius inuadeth Cilicia Seleucus marieth Stratonice Demetrius daughter The death of Deidamia Demetrius wife Demetrius marieth Ptolemaide Ptolomies daughter Dissention betwext Demetrius and Seleucus Platoes saying of riches Demetrius iorney against the AtheniaÌ„s The Athenians doe yeelde vnto Demetrius A rare deuise of Epicurus at the straight siege of Athens to kepe his schollers aliue with beanes Demetrius clemency vnto the Athenians Demetrius iorney against the Lacedaemonians Demetrius variable fortune Demetrius misfortunes Great dissertion and strife for the realme of Macedon after the death of Cassander Antipater Alexander the sonnes of Cassander Demetrius invadeth Macedon VVyles betwext Alexander and Demetrius Demetrius killeth Alexander the sonne of Cassander Demetrius proclaimed king of Macedon Antiochus the sonne of Seleucus maried his mother in law Stratonice with his fathers good will. Erasistratus Phisitian to Seleucus Erasistratus the Phisitians care to finde out the young Prince Antiochus loue Sappho describeth the signes and tokens of a passioned louer Seleucus loue vnto his sonne Antiochus The citie of Thebes yeelded vnto Demetrius Hieronymus the historiographer Demetrius Lieutenant * Corne unnethly distributed to the souldiers as their wages Demetrius iorney against Pyrrhus Demetrius insolencie Demetrius cloke drawen with the figure of the world and starres The plaine aunswere of the Ambassador of Sparta vnto Demetrius Axius â—â— The praise of king Philips curtesie The bolde speache of a poore woman to king Philip The chiefest office of a king Demetrius called a Fortgainer Demetrius armie preparacion for the recouering of his realme againe Ptolomyâ—â— wonderfull galley of forty bankes of owers Three kings Seleucus Ptolomy and Lysimachus conspired against Demetrius Demetrius armie forsaketh him and goeth to Pyrrhus Phila Demetrius wife poysoneth her selfe Demetrius straunge fortune Demetrius miserie from Princely happines Crates the Philosopher deliuereth Athens from Demetrius siege Demetrius marieth Ptolemaide Demetrius troubles in Asia Plague by ill meate Demetrius famine Patrocles stirreth vp Seleucus against Demetrius Desprate men are not to be sought with Amanus â—â—â— Demetrius dispairing of his good successe an emâ—â—eth to assault Seleucus by night Demetrius army forsooke him and yelded them selves to Seleucus Demetrius flyeth from Seleucus Demetrius yeldeth him selfe vnto Seleucus Demetrius kept as a prisoner in Syria by Seleucus The naturall loue of Antigonus to his father Demotrius Demetrius turned his captiuitie into pleasure The death of Demetrius in Cherronasus The funeralls of Demetrius Xenophantus a famous musition Demetrius posteritie Perseus king of Macedon the last king of Macedon came of the posteritie of Demetrius Antonius pareneage * Bicause that by his death he ended the warre which he vnfortunately made against those of Creta The liberalitie of Antonius father Iulia the mother of M. Antonius Antonius corrupted by Curio Antonius vsed in his pleading the Asiatik phrase Antonius bad charge of horsemen vnder Gabinius Proconsul going into Syria Antonius acts against Aristobulus Antonius tooke Aristobulus prisoner