Selected quad for the lemma: cause_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
cause_n	action_n	judgement_n	plaintiff_n	2,011	5	10.8617	5	true

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A47252	Romæ antiquæ notitia, or, The antiquities of Rome in two parts ... : an account of the religion, civil government, and art of war, with the remarkable customs and ceremonies, publick and private : with copper cuts of the principal buildings, &c. : to which are prefix'd two essays : concerning the Roman learning, and the Roman education / by Basil Kennett ...	Kennett, Basil, 1674-1715.	1696 (1696)	Wing K298; ESTC R18884	301,193	437

rome_n and_o though_o he_o constitute_v at_o that_o time_n only_o three_o yet_o as_o the_o state_n increase_v in_o power_n and_o the_o city_n in_o number_n of_o inhabitant_n they_o rise_v by_o degree_n to_o five_o and_o thirty_o the_o distinction_n of_o tribus_fw-la vrbanae_fw-la and_o rusticae_fw-la be_v at_o first_o take_v up_o for_o a_o difference_n between_o those_o people_n who_o inhabit_v the_o city_n and_o those_o who_o dwell_v in_o other_o part_n but_o at_o last_o the_o country-tribe_n be_v esteem_v the_o most_o honourable_a engross_v the_o whole_a number_n except_o four_n the_o first_o assembly_n of_o the_o tribe_n we_o meet_v with_o be_v about_o the_o year_n of_o rome_n 263._o convene_v by_o sp._n picinius_fw-la tribune_n of_o the_o commons_o upon_o account_n of_o the_o trial_n of_o coriolanus_n soon_o after_o the_o tribunes_z of_o the_o commons_o be_v order_v to_o be_v elect_v here_o and_o at_o last_o all_o the_o inferior_a magistrate_n and_o the_o collegiate_n priest_n the_o same_o comitia_fw-la serve_v for_o the_o enact_v of_o law_n relate_v to_o war_n and_o peace_n and_o all_o other_o propose_v by_o the_o tribune_n and_o plebeian_n officer_n though_o they_o have_v not_o proper_o the_o name_n of_o leges_fw-la but_o plebiscita_fw-la they_o be_v general_o convene_v by_o the_o tribune_n of_o the_o commons_o but_o the_o same_o privilege_n be_v allow_v to_o all_o the_o magistrate_n poet_n magistrate_n hor._n the_o art_n poet_n they_o be_v confine_v to_o no_o place_n and_o therefore_o sometime_o we_o find_v they_o hold_v in_o the_o comitium_fw-la sometime_o in_o the_o campus_n martius_n and_o now_o and_o then_o in_o the_o capitol_n the_o proceed_n be_v in_o most_o respect_n answerable_a to_o those_o already_o describe_v in_o the_o account_n of_o the_o other_o comitia_fw-la and_o therefore_o need_v not_o be_v insist_v on_o only_o we_o may_v far_o observe_v of_o the_o comitia_fw-la in_o general_n that_o when_o any_o candidate_n be_v find_v to_o have_v most_o tablet_n for_o a_o magistracy_n he_o be_v declare_v to_o be_v design_v or_o elect_v by_o the_o precedent_n of_o the_o assembly_n and_o this_o they_o term_v renunciari_fw-la consul_n praetor_n or_o the_o like_a and_o that_o the_o last_o sort_n of_o the_o comitia_fw-la only_o can_v be_v hold_v without_o the_o consent_n and_o approbation_n of_o the_o senate_n which_o be_v necessary_a to_o the_o convening_n of_o the_o other_o two_o 9_o two_o diony_n lib._n 9_o chap._n xvii_o of_o the_o roman_a judgement_n and_o first_o of_o private_a judgement_n a_o judgement_n according_a to_o aristotle_n definition_n be_v no_o more_o than_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d the_o decision_n of_o right_n and_o wrong_n the_o whole_a subject_n of_o the_o roman_a judgement_n be_v admirable_o explain_v by_o sigonius_n in_o his_o three_o book_n de_fw-fr judiciis_fw-la from_o who_o the_o follow_a account_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n extract_v judgement_n or_o determination_n of_o a_o proper_a judge_n be_v make_v either_o by_o a_o competent_a number_n of_o select_a judge_n or_o by_o the_o whole_a people_n in_o a_o general_n assembly_n judgement_n make_v by_o one_o or_o more_o select_a judge_n may_v be_v divide_v into_o public_a and_o private_a the_o first_o relate_v to_o controversy_n the_o second_o to_o crime_n the_o former_a will_v be_v sufficient_o describe_v if_o we_o consider_v the_o matter_n or_o subject_a of_o these_o judgement_n the_o person_n concern_v in_o they_o and_o the_o manner_n of_o proceed_v the_o matter_n of_o private_a judgement_n take_v in_o all_o sort_n of_o cause_n that_o can_v happen_v between_o man_n and_o man_n which_o be_v so_o vast_o extend_v and_o belong_v more_o immediate_o to_o the_o civil_a law_n need_v not_o here_o be_v insist_v on_o the_o person_n concern_v be_v the_o party_n the_o assistant_n and_o the_o judge_n the_o party_n be_v the_o actor_n and_o reus_n the_o plaintiff_n and_o defendant_n the_o assistant_n be_v the_o procurâtore_v and_o the_o advocati_fw-la of_o who_o though_o they_o be_v often_o confound_v yet_o the_o first_o be_v proper_o such_o lawyer_n as_o assist_v the_o plaintiff_n in_o prove_v or_o the_o defendant_n in_o clear_v himself_o from_o the_o matter_n of_o fact_n the_o other_o who_o be_v likewise_o call_v patroni_fw-la be_v to_o defend_v their_o client_n cause_v in_o matter_n of_o law_n 3_o law_n zouch_v element_n jurisprud_n p._n 5._o sect._n 3_o both_o these_o be_v select_v out_o of_o the_o able_a lawyer_n and_o have_v their_o name_n enter_v in_o the_o matriculation-book_n of_o the_o forum_n this_o be_v one_o condition_n requisite_a to_o give_v they_o the_o liberty_n of_o plead_v the_o other_o be_v the_o be_v retain_v by_o one_o party_n or_o the_o receive_n a_o fee_n which_o they_o term_v mandatum_fw-la ibid._n mandatum_fw-la ibid._n the_o judge_n beside_o the_o praetor_n or_o supreme_a magistrate_n who_o preside_v in_o the_o court_n and_o allow_v and_o confirm_v they_o be_v of_o three_o sort_n arbitri_fw-la recuperatores_fw-la and_o centumviri_n litibus_fw-la judicandis_fw-la arbitri_fw-la who_o they_o call_v simple_o judices_fw-la be_v appoint_v to_o determine_v in_o some_o private_a cause_n of_o no_o great_a consequence_n and_o of_o very_o easy_a decision_n recuperatores_fw-la be_v assign_v to_o decide_v the_o controversy_n about_o receive_v or_o recover_v thing_n which_o have_v be_v lose_v or_o take_v away_o but_o the_o usual_a judge_n in_o private_a cause_n be_v the_o centumviri_n three_o of_o which_o be_v take_v out_o of_o every_o tribe_n so_o that_o their_o number_n be_v five_o more_o than_o their_o name_n import_v it_o be_v probable_a that_o the_o arbitri_fw-la and_o recuperatores_fw-la be_v assign_v out_o of_o this_o body_n by_o the_o praetor_n the_o manner_n of_o carry_v on_o the_o private_a suit_n be_v of_o this_o nature_n the_o difference_n fail_v to_o be_v make_v up_o between_o friend_n the_o injure_a person_n proceed_v in_o jus_o reum_fw-la vocare_fw-la to_o summon_v or_o cite_v the_o offend_a party_n to_o the_o court_n who_o be_v oblige_v immediate_o to_o go_v with_o he_o or_o else_o to_o give_v bond_n for_o his_o appearance_n according_a to_o the_o common_a maxim_n in_o jus_o vocatus_fw-la aut_fw-la eat_v aut_fw-la satisdet_fw-la both_o party_n be_v meet_v before_o the_o praetor_n or_o other_o supreme_a magistrate_n preside_v in_o the_o court_n the_o plaintiff_n propose_v the_o action_n to_o the_o defendant_n in_o which_o he_o design_v to_o sue_v he_o this_o they_o term_v edere_fw-la actionem_fw-la be_v perform_v common_o by_o write_v it_o in_o a_o tablet_n and_o offer_v it_o to_o the_o defendant_n that_o he_o may_v see_v whether_o he_o have_v best_o compound_v or_o stand_v the_o suit_n in_o the_o next_o place_n come_v the_o postulatio_fw-la actionis_fw-la or_o the_o plaintiff_n desire_v leave_n of_o the_o praetor_n to_o prosecute_v the_o defendant_n in_o such_o a_o action_n this_o be_v grant_v the_o plaintiff_n vadabatur_fw-la reum_fw-la oblige_v he_o to_o give_v surety_n for_o his_o appearance_n on_o such_o a_o day_n in_o the_o court_n and_o this_o be_v all_o that_o be_v do_v in_o public_a before_o the_o prefix_v day_n for_o the_o trial_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o difference_n use_v very_o often_o to_o be_v make_v up_o either_o transactionc_n or_o pacto_fw-la by_o let_v the_o cause_n fall_v as_o dubious_a and_o uncertain_a or_o by_o composition_n for_o so_o much_o damage_n to_o be_v ascertain_v by_o a_o equal_a number_n of_o friend_n on_o the_o day_n appoint_v for_o the_o hear_n the_o praetor_n order_v the_o several_a bill_n to_o be_v read_v and_o the_o party_n to_o be_v summon_v by_o a_o accensus_fw-la or_o beadle_n upon_o the_o default_n of_o either_o party_n the_o defaulter_n lose_v his_o cause_n the_o appear_v of_o both_o they_o term_v se_fw-la stitisse_fw-la and_o then_o the_o plaintiff_n proceed_v litem_fw-la sive_fw-la actionem_fw-la intendere_fw-la to_o prefer_v the_o suit_n which_o be_v perform_v in_o a_o set_a form_n of_o word_n vary_v according_a to_o the_o difference_n of_o the_o action_n after_o this_o the_o plaintiff_n desire_v judgement_n of_o the_o praetor_n that_o be_v to_o be_v allow_v a_o judex_n or_o arbiter_n or_o else_o the_o recuperatores_fw-la or_o centumviri_n for_o the_o hear_n and_o decide_v the_o business_n but_o none_o of_o these_o can_v be_v desire_v unless_o both_o party_n agree_v the_o praetor_n when_o he_o assign_v they_o their_o judge_n at_o the_o same_o time_n define_v the_o number_n of_o witness_n to_o hinder_v the_o protract_n of_o the_o suit_n and_o then_o the_o party_n proceed_v to_o give_v caution_n that_o the_o judgement_n whatever_o it_o be_v shall_v stand_v and_o be_v perform_v on_o both_o side_n the_o judge_n always_o take_v a_o solemn_a oath_n to_o be_v impartial_a and_o the_o party_n swear_v they_o do_v not_o go_v to_o law_n with_o a_o design_n to_o abuse_v one_o another_o this_o they_o call_v juramentum_fw-la calumniae_fw-la then_o begin_v the_o disceptatio_fw-la

causae_fw-la or_o dispute_v the_o case_n manage_v by_o the_o lawyer_n on_o both_o side_n with_o the_o assistance_n of_o witness_n write_n and_o the_o like_a the_o use_n of_o which_o be_v so_o admirable_o teach_v in_o their_o book_n of_o oratory_n in_o give_v sentence_n the_o major_a part_n of_o the_o judge_n be_v require_v to_o overthrow_v the_o defendant_n if_o the_o number_n be_v equal_o divide_v the_o defendant_n be_v actual_o clear_v and_o if_o half_o condemn_v he_o in_o one_o sum_n to_o be_v pay_v and_o half_a in_o another_o the_o least_o sum_n always_o stand_v good_a 10._o good_a z●uch_o element_n p._n 5._o sect._n 10._o the_o consequence_n of_o the_o sentence_n be_v either_o in_o integrum_fw-la restitutio_fw-la addictio_fw-la judicium_fw-la calumniae_fw-la or_o judicium_fw-la falsi_fw-la the_o first_o be_v when_o upon_o petition_n of_o the_o party_n who_o be_v overthrow_v the_o praetor_n give_v he_o leave_v to_o have_v the_o suit_n come_v on_o again_o and_o allow_v he_o another_o full_a hear_n addictio_fw-la be_v when_o the_o party_n who_o have_v be_v cast_v in_o such_o a_o sum_n unless_o he_o give_v surety_n to_o pay_v it_o in_o a_o little_a time_n be_v bring_v by_o the_o plaintiff_n before_o the_o praetor_n who_o deliver_v he_o into_o his_o disposal_n to_o be_v commit_v to_o prison_n or_o otherwise_o secure_v till_o satisfaction_n be_v make_v judicium_fw-la calumniae_fw-la be_v a_o action_n bring_v against_o the_o plaintiff_n for_o false_a accusation_n judicium_fw-la falsi_fw-la be_v a_o action_n which_o lay_v against_o the_o judge_n for_o corruption_n and_o unjust_a proceed_n chap._n xvii_o of_o public_a judgement_n for_o the_o knowledge_n of_o public_a judgement_n we_o may_v take_v notice_n of_o the_o crime_n of_o the_o punishment_n of_o the_o quaesitor_n and_o judge_n of_o the_o method_n of_o proceed_v and_o of_o the_o consequence_n of_o the_o trial_n the_o crime_n or_o the_o matter_n of_o the_o public_a judgement_n be_v such_o action_n as_o tend_v either_o mediate_o or_o immediate_o to_o the_o prejudice_n of_o the_o state_n and_o be_v forbid_v by_o the_o law_n as_o if_o any_o person_n have_v derogate_a from_o the_o honour_n and_o majesty_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n have_v imbezzele_v or_o put_v to_o ill_a use_n the_o public_a money_n or_o any_o treasure_n consecrate_v to_o religion_n or_o have_v corrupt_v the_o people_n vote_n in_o a_o election_n or_o have_v extort_a contribution_n from_o the_o ally_n or_o receive_v money_n in_o any_o judgement_n or_o have_v use_v any_o violent_a compulsion_n to_o a_o member_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n these_o they_o term_v crimina_fw-la majestatis_fw-la peculatûs_fw-la ambitûs_o repetundarum_fw-la and_o vis_fw-la publicae_fw-la or_o if_o any_o person_n have_v kill_v another_o with_o a_o weapon_n or_o effect_v the_o same_o with_o poison_n or_o lay_v violent_a hand_n on_o his_o parent_n or_o have_v forge_v a_o will_n or_o counterfeit_v the_o public_a coin_n or_o have_v corrupt_v another_o man_n wife_n or_o have_v buy_v bind_v or_o conceal_v a_o servant_n without_o the_o knowledge_n of_o his_o master_n whence_o these_o crime_n take_v the_o name_n inter_fw-la sicarios_fw-la veneficii_fw-la parricidii_fw-la falsi_fw-la adulterii_fw-la plagii_fw-la beside_o these_o any_o private_a cause_n by_o virtue_n of_o a_o new_a law_n may_v be_v make_v of_o public_a cognizance_n as_o to_o the_o punishment_n they_o may_v be_v allow_v a_o chapter_n by_o themselves_o hereafter_o the_o inquisition_n of_o criminal_a matter_n belong_v at_o first_o to_o the_o king_n and_z after_o the_o abrogation_n of_o that_o government_n for_o some_o time_n to_o the_o consul_n but_o be_v take_v from_o they_o by_o the_o valerian_n law_n it_o be_v confer_v as_o occasion_n happen_v upon_o officer_n depute_v by_o the_o people_n with_o the_o title_n of_o quaesitores_fw-la parricidii_fw-la but_o about_o the_o year_n of_o the_o city_n 604._o this_o power_n be_v make_v perpetual_a and_o appropriate_v to_o the_o praetor_n by_o virtue_n of_o a_o order_n of_o the_o people_n at_o their_o annual_a election_n the_o inquisition_n of_o such_o and_o such_o crime_n be_v commit_v to_o such_o and_o such_o praetor_n yet_o upon_o extraordinary_a occasion_n the_o people_n can_v appoint_v other_o quaesitores_fw-la if_o they_o think_v convenient_a next_o to_o the_o quaesitor_n be_v the_o judex_n quaestionis_fw-la who_o though_o he_o be_v sometime_o confound_v with_o the_o praetor_n yet_o be_v proper_o a_o person_n of_o note_n depute_v by_o the_o praetor_n to_o manage_v the_o trial_n of_o which_o he_o himself_o perform_v only_o the_o main_a business_n after_o he_o be_v the_o judices_fw-la selecti_fw-la who_o be_v summon_v by_o the_o praetor_n to_o give_v their_o verdict_n in_o criminal_a matter_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o our_o jury_n they_o be_v choose_v every_o year_n to_o a_o set_a number_n design_v by_o the_o law_n which_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o prefer_n of_o new_a law_n often_o vary_v as_o to_o the_o method_n of_o the_o proceed_n the_o first_o action_n which_o they_o term_v in_o jus_o vocatio_fw-la be_v much_o the_o same_o in_o public_a as_o in_o private_a cause_n but_o then_o as_o the_o postulatio_fw-la of_o the_o plaintiff_n consist_v in_o desire_v leave_n of_o the_o praetor_n to_o enter_v a_o suit_n against_o the_o desendant_n so_o here_o the_o accuser_n desire_v permission_n to_o enter_v the_o name_n of_o the_o offender_n with_o the_o crime_n which_o he_o object_v to_o he_o this_o they_o call_v nomiras_n delatio_fw-la be_v perform_v first_o viuâ_fw-la in_o a_o set_a form_n of_o word_n according_a to_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o crime_n and_o then_o offer_v to_o the_o praetor_n be_v write_v in_o a_o tablet_n if_o approve_v by_o the_o praetor_n the_o accuse_v party_n name_n be_v enter_v in_o the_o roll_n of_o criminal_n both_o person_n have_v take_v the_o oath_n of_o calum●●_n already_o speak_v of_o at_o the_o entrance_n of_o the_o name_n the_o praetor_n appoint_v a_o set_a day_n for_o the_o trial_n and_o from_o that_o time_n the_o accuse_a person_n change_v his_o habit_n go_v in_o black_a till_o the_o trial_n be_v over_o and_o use_v in_o his_o dress_n and_o carriage_n all_o token_n of_o sorrow_n and_o concern_v upon_o the_o appoint_a day_n the_o court_n be_v meet_v and_o both_o party_n appear_v the_o first_o thing_n that_o be_v do_v be_v the_o sortitio_fw-la judicum_fw-la or_o impannel_a the_o jury_n perform_v common_o by_o the_o judex_n quaestionis_fw-la who_o take_v by_o lot_n such_o a_o number_n out_o of_o the_o body_n of_o the_o judices_fw-la selecti_fw-la as_o the_o particular_a law_n on_o which_o the_o accusation_n be_v found_v have_v determine_v liberty_n be_v give_v to_o both_o party_n to_o reject_v or_o as_o we_o call_v it_o to_o challenge_v any_o that_o they_o please_v the_o praetor_n or_o judex_n quaestionis_fw-la substitute_v other_o in_o their_o place_n the_o jury_n be_v thus_o choose_v be_v cite_v by_o the_o public_a servant_n of_o the_o court_n and_o when_o the_o proper_a number_n appear_v they_o be_v swear_v and_o then_o take_v their_o place_n in_o the_o subsellia_fw-la and_o hear_v the_o trial_n in_o this_o we_o may_v reckon_v four_o part_n accusatio_fw-la defensio_fw-la laudatie_fw-mi and_o latio_fw-la sententiae_fw-la accusatio_fw-la be_v design_v perpetua●oratio_fw-la ad_fw-la crimina_fw-la inferenda_fw-la atque_fw-la augenda_fw-la artificiose_fw-la composita_fw-la a_o continue_a oration_n artificial_o compose_v for_o the_o make_v out_o and_o heighten_v the_o crime_n allege_v for_o it_o do_v not_o only_o consist_v in_o give_v a_o plain_a narration_n of_o the_o matter_n of_o fact_n and_o confirm_v it_o by_o witness_n and_o other_o evidence_n but_o in_o bring_v of_o other_o argument_n too_o draw_v from_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o thing_n from_o the_o character_n of_o the_o accuse_a person_n and_o his_o former_a course_n of_o life_n from_o the_o circumstance_n of_o the_o fact_n and_o several_a other_o topic_n which_o the_o orator_n teach_v we_o to_o enlarge_v upon_o nor_o be_v the_o accuser_n limit_v in_o respect_n of_o time_n be_v allow_v common_o as_o many_o day_n as_o he_o please_v to_o make_v good_a his_o charge_n defensio_fw-la belong_v to_o the_o lawyer_n or_o advocate_n retain_v by_o the_o accuse_a party_n who_o in_o like_a manner_n be_v allow_v to_o speak_v as_o many_o day_n as_o they_o please_v towards_o the_o clear_n of_o their_o client_n the_o three_o common_a method_n they_o take_v be_v facti_fw-la negatio_fw-la negatio_fw-la nominis_fw-la facti_fw-la or_o probatio_fw-la jure_fw-la factum_fw-la either_o plain_o to_o deny_v the_o matter_n of_o fact_n and_o endeavour_v to_o evince_v the_o contrary_a or_o else_o to_o acknowledge_v the_o fact_n and_o yet_o to_o deny_v that_o it_o fall_v under_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o crime_n object_v or_o last_o to_o prove_v the_o fact_n lawful_a the_o first_o way_n of_o defence_n be_v general_o use_v when_o the_o person_n stand_v indict_v of_o what_o they_o call_v crimen_fw-la repetundarum_fw-la

to_o be_v hear_v in_o open_a senate_n before_o they_o enter_v the_o city_n as_o when_o they_o petition_v for_o a_o triumph_n and_o the_o like_a case_n pliny_n too_o have_v a_o very_a remarkable_a observation_n that_o whenever_o the_o augur_n report_v that_o a_o ox_n have_v speak_v which_o we_o often_o meet_v with_o among_o the_o ancient_a prodigy_n the_o senate_n be_v present_o to_o sit_v sub_fw-la dio_n or_o in_o the_o open_a air_n 45._o air_n plin._n nat._n hist_o lib._n 8._o cap._n 45._o as_o for_o the_o time_n of_o their_o sit_v we_o must_v have_v recourse_n to_o the_o common_a distinction_n of_o senatus_n legitimus_fw-la and_o senatus_n indictus_fw-la the_o former_a be_v when_o the_o senate_n meet_v of_o course_n upon_o such_o day_n as_o the_o law_n or_o custom_n oblige_v they_o to_o these_o be_v the_o kalend_n nones_n and_o ides_n in_o every_o month_n till_o the_o time_n of_o augustus_n who_o confine_v they_o to_o the_o kalend_n and_o ides_n in_o the_o month_n of_o september_n and_o october_n by_o a_o order_n of_o the_o same_o emperor_n no_o obligation_n be_v lay_v upon_o the_o senator_n to_o appear_v only_o so_o many_o of_o they_o as_o be_v require_v by_o law_n to_o compose_v a_o fit_a number_n for_o the_o management_n of_o any_o business_n and_o therefore_o all_o that_o time_n they_o take_v their_o fortune_n by_o lott_n as_o suetonius_n inform_v we_o 35._o we_o in_o octau._n cap._n 35._o we_o may_v observe_v from_o the_o same_o author_n that_o the_o ides_n of_o march_n call_v parricidium_fw-la from_o the_o murder_n of_o julius_n caesar_n which_o happen_v on_o it_o be_v particular_o except_v and_o a_o decree_n pass_v that_o the_o senate_n shall_v never_o meet_v on_o that_o day_n for_o the_o future_a 88_o future_a idem_fw-la in_o jul._n case_n cap._n 88_o senatus_n indictus_fw-la be_v a_o senate_n call_v for_o the_o dispatch_n of_o any_o business_n upon_o any_o other_o day_n except_o the_o die_v comitiales_n when_o the_o senator_n be_v oblige_v to_o be_v present_a at_o the_o comitia_fw-la as_o soon_o as_o the_o senate_n be_v set_v the_o consul_n or_o other_o supreme_a magistrate_n in_o the_o first_o place_n perform_v some_o divine_a service_n and_o then_o propose_v the_o business_n to_o the_o house_n both_o which_o action_n they_o call_v refer_v ad_fw-la senatum_fw-la rom._n senatum_fw-la p._n manut._n de_fw-fr senat._n rom._n when_o he_o have_v open_v the_o cause_n he_o go_v round_o in_o order_n begin_v with_o the_o princeps_fw-la senatûs_fw-la or_o the_o design_v consul_n and_o ask_v every_o body_n opinion_n upon_o which_o all_o that_o please_v stand_v up_o and_o give_v their_o judgement_n upon_o the_o point_n it_o be_v very_o remarkable_a that_o when_o any_o senator_n be_v ask_v his_o opinion_n he_o have_v the_o privilege_n of_o speak_v as_o long_o as_o he_o please_v as_o well_o about_o other_o concern_v as_o about_o the_o matter_n in_o hand_n and_o therefore_o when_o any_o particular_a member_n have_v a_o design_n to_o hinder_v the_o pass_n of_o any_o decree_n it_o be_v a_o common_a practice_n to_o protract_v his_o speech_n till_o it_o be_v too_o late_o to_o make_v any_o determination_n in_o the_o house_n when_o as_o many_o as_o think_v fit_a have_v give_v their_o judgement_n at_o large_a the_o supreme_a magistrate_n make_v a_o short_a report_n of_o their_o several_a opinion_n and_o then_o in_o order_n to_o pass_v the_o decree_n order_v the_o senator_n to_o divide_v one_o party_n to_o one_o side_n of_o the_o house_n and_o the_o opposite_a to_o the_o other_o the_o number_n be_v now_o tell_v the_o major_a part_n determine_v the_o case_n and_o a_o senatus-consultum_fw-la be_v according_o write_v by_o the_o public_a notary_n at_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o chief_a magistrate_n be_v subscribe_v by_o the_o principal_a member_n that_o promote_v it_o but_o in_o case_n of_o little_a concern_v or_o such_o as_o require_v expedition_n the_o formality_n of_o ask_v opinion_n and_o debate_v the_o business_n be_v lay_v aside_o and_o a_o decree_n pass_v upon_o the_o bare_a division_n of_o the_o house_n and_o the_o count_a of_o the_o number_n on_o both_o side_n this_o be_v call_v senatus-consultum_fw-la per_fw-la discessionem_fw-la factum_fw-la the_o former_a simple_o senatus-consultum_fw-la senator_n senatus-consultum_fw-la p._n manu●_n de_fw-fr senator_n julius_n capitolinus_n speak_v of_o a_o sort_n of_o senatus-consulta_a not_o describe_v by_o any_o other_o author_n which_o he_o call_v senatus-consulta_a tacita_fw-la and_o tell_v we_o they_o be_v make_v in_o reference_n to_o affair_n of_o great_a secrecy_n without_o the_o admittance_n of_o the_o very_a public_a servant_n but_o all_o the_o business_n be_v do_v by_o the_o senator_n themselves_o after_o the_o pass_n of_o a_o oath_n of_o secrecy_n till_o their_o design_n shall_v be_v effect_v gordian_n effect_v jul._n capitolin_n in_o gordian_n there_o be_v several_a thing_n that_o may_v hinder_v the_o pass_n of_o a_o decree_n in_o senate_n as_o in_o case_n of_o a_o intercessio_fw-la or_o interpose_v this_o be_v common_o put_v in_o practice_n by_o the_o tribune_n of_o the_o commons_o who_o reckon_v it_o their_o privilege_n but_o it_o may_v be_v do_v too_o by_o any_o magistrate_n of_o equal_a authority_n with_o he_o that_o propose_v the_o business_n to_o the_o house_n or_o else_o when_o the_o number_n require_v by_o law_n for_o the_o pass_n of_o any_o bill_n be_v not_o present_a for_o that_o there_o be_v such_o a_o fix_a number_n be_v very_o evident_a though_o nothing_o of_o certainty_n can_v be_v determine_v any_o far_a about_o it_o in_o both_o these_o case_n the_o opinion_n of_o the_o major_a part_n of_o the_o senator_n be_v not_o call_v senatus-consultum_fw-la but_o authoritas_fw-la senatus_n their_o judgement_n not_o their_o command_n and_o signify_v little_a unless_o it_o be_v afterward_o ratify_v and_o turn_v into_o a_o senatus-consultum_fw-la as_o usual_o happen_v senator_n happen_v p._n manut._n de_fw-fr senator_n beside_o these_o two_o impediment_n a_o decree_n of_o senate_n can_v not_o pass_v after_o sunset_n but_o be_v defer_v till_o another_o meeting_n all_o along_o till_o the_o year_n of_o the_o city_n 304._o the_o write_a decree_n be_v in_o the_o custody_n of_o the_o consul_n who_o may_v dispose_v of_o they_o as_o he_o think_v proper_a and_o either_o suppress_v or_o preserve_v they_o but_o then_o a_o law_n pass_v that_o they_o shall_v be_v carry_v always_o for_o the_o future_a to_o the_o aedile_n plebis_fw-la to_o be_v lay_v up_o in_o the_o temple_n of_o ceres_n 3._o ceres_n livy_n lib._n 3._o yet_o we_o find_v that_o afterward_o they_o be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n preserve_v in_o the_o public_a treasury_n 3._o treasury_n vide_fw-la ciceron_n philipp_n 5._o sueton._n in_o august_n tacitum_fw-la annal._n 3._o it_o may_v be_v far_o observe_v that_o beside_o the_o proper_a senator_n any_o magistrate_n may_v come_v into_o the_o house_n during_o their_o honour_n and_o they_o who_o have_v bear_v any_o curule_n office_n after_o its_o expiration_n but_o then_o none_o of_o those_o who_o come_v into_o the_o house_n pure_o upon_o account_n of_o their_o magistracy_n be_v allow_v the_o privilege_n of_o give_v their_o judgement_n upon_o any_o matter_n or_o be_v number_v among_o the_o person_n who_o have_v vote_n yet_o they_o tacit_o express_v their_o mind_n by_o go_v over_o to_o those_o senator_n who_o opinion_n they_o embrace_v and_o upon_o this_o account_n they_o have_v the_o name_n of_o senatores_fw-la pedarii_fw-la there_o be_v a_o old_a custom_n too_o in_o the_o commonwealth_n that_o the_o son_n of_o senator_n may_v come_v into_o the_o house_n and_o hear_v the_o proceed_n this_o after_o it_o have_v be_v abrogate_a by_o a_o law_n and_o long_o disuse_v be_v at_o last_o revive_v by_o augustus_n who_o in_o order_n to_o bring_v the_o young_a nobleman_n the_o soon_o to_o the_o management_n of_o affair_n order_v that_o any_o senator_n son_n at_o the_o time_n of_o his_o put_n on_o the_o toga_fw-la virilis_n shall_v have_v the_o privilege_n of_o use_v the_o latus_fw-la clavus_fw-la and_o of_o come_v into_o the_o senate_n 38._o senate_n sueton_n in_o august_n cap._n 38._o chap._n iii_o of_o the_o general_a division_n of_o the_o magistrate_n and_o of_o the_o candidate_n for_o office_n not_o to_o speak_v of_o the_o different_a form_n of_o government_n which_o obtain_v among_o the_o roman_n or_o to_o decide_v the_o case_n of_o preeminency_n between_o they_o we_o may_v in_o the_o next_o place_n take_v a_o short_a view_n of_o the_o chief_a magistrate_n under_o they_o all_o of_o these_o we_o meet_v with_o many_o general_a division_n as_o in_o respect_n of_o time_n magistratus_fw-la ordinarii_fw-la and_o extraordinarii_fw-la with_o reference_n to_o the_o person_n patricii_fw-la plebeii_fw-la and_o mixti_fw-la from_o their_o quality_n majores_fw-la and_o minores_fw-la from_o their_o manner_n of_o appear_v in_o public_a curule_v and_o non_fw-fr curule_v and_o last_o from_o the_o place_n

take_v from_o the_o consul_n by_o the_o valerian_n law_n and_o liberty_n give_v for_o a_o appeal_n from_o they_o to_o the_o people_n they_o can_v not_o compel_v any_o body_n to_o take_v up_o arms._n upon_o this_o account_n they_o find_v it_o necessary_a to_o create_v a_o magistrate_n who_o for_o six_o month_n shall_v rule_v with_o absolute_a authority_n even_o above_o the_o law_n themselves_o the_o first_o person_n pitch_v upon_o for_o this_o honour_n be_v titus_n largius_n flavus_n about_o a._n v._o c._n 253_o or_o 255._o 2._o 255._o diony_n antiq._n lib._n 5._o livy_n lib_n 2._o this_o supreme_a officer_n be_v call_v dictator_n either_o because_o he_o be_v dictus_fw-la name_v of_o the_o consul_n or_o else_o from_o dictate_v and_o command_v what_o shall_v be_v do_v ibid._n do_v ibid._n though_o we_o sometime_o meet_v with_o the_o name_n of_o a_o dictator_n upon_o a_o small_a account_n as_o the_o hold_v the_o comitia_fw-la for_o the_o election_n of_o consul_n the_o celebration_n of_o public_a game_n and_o the_o like_a yet_o the_o true_a and_o proper_a dictator_n be_v he_o who_o have_v be_v invest_v with_o this_o honour_n upon_o the_o occasion_n of_o dangerous_a war_n sedition_n or_o any_o such_o emergency_n as_o require_v a_o sudden_a and_o absolute_a command_n 17._o command_n lip_n de_fw-fr magistrate_n cap._n 17._o and_o therefore_o he_o be_v not_o choose_v with_o the_o usual_a formality_n but_o only_o name_v in_o the_o night_n viuâ_fw-la voce_fw-la by_o the_o consul_n 4._o consul_n livy_n lib._n 4._o and_o confirm_v by_o the_o divination_n from_o bird_n 3._o bird_n cicero_n de_fw-fr leg._n lib._n 3._o the_o time_n assign_v for_o the_o disration_n of_o the_o office_n be_v never_o lengthen_v except_o out_o of_o mere_a necessity_n and_o as_o for_o the_o perpetual_a dictatorship_n of_o sylia_n and_o julius_n caesar_n they_o be_v confess_v to_o have_v be_v notorious_a violation_n of_o the_o law_n of_o their_o country_n there_o be_v two_o other_o confinement_n which_o the_o dictator_n be_v oblige_v to_o observe_v first_o he_o be_v never_o to_o stir_v out_o of_o italy_n for_o fear_n he_o shall_v take_v advantage_n of_o the_o distance_n of_o the_o place_n to_o attempt_v any_o thing_n against_o the_o common_a liberty_n 36._o liberty_n diu._n hist_o lib._n 36._o beside_o this_o he_o be_v always_o to_o march_v on_o foot_n only_o upon_o account_n of_o a_o tedious_a or_o sudden_a expedition_n he_o formal_o ask_v leave_v of_o the_o people_n to_o ride_v max._n ride_v plutarch_n in_o fab._n max._n but_o set_v aside_o these_o restraint_n his_o power_n be_v most_o absolute_a he_o may_v proclaim_v war_n levy_v force_n lead_v they_o out_o or_o disband_v they_o without_o any_o cousultation_n have_v with_o the_o senate_n he_o can_v punish_v as_o he_o please_v and_o from_o his_o judgement_n lie_v no_o appeal_n 8._o appeal_n dienys_n antiq._n lib._n 8._o at_o least_o not_o till_o in_o late_a time_n to_o make_v the_o authority_n of_o his_o charge_n more_o awful_a he_o have_v always_o twenty_o four_o bundle_n of_o rod_n and_o as_o many_o axe_n carry_v before_o he_o in_o public_a if_o we_o will_v believe_v plutarch_n max._n plutarch_n in_o fab._n max._n and_o polybius_n 3._o polybius_n hist_o lib_n 3._o though_o livy_n attribute_n the_o first_o rise_v of_o this_o custom_n to_o sylla_n 89._o sylla_n epitome_n lib._n 89._o nor_o be_v he_o only_o invest_v with_o the_o joint_a authority_n of_o both_o the_o consul_n whence_o the_o grecian_n call_v he_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o double_a consul_n but_o during_o his_o administration_n all_o other_o magistrate_n cease_v except_o the_o tribune_n and_o leave_v the_o whole_a government_n entrust_v in_o his_o hand_n max._n hand_n pint._n in_o fab._n max._n this_o office_n have_v the_o repute_n to_o be_v the_o only_o safeguard_v of_o the_o commonwealth_n in_o time_n of_o danger_n four_o hundred_o year_n together_o till_o sylla_n and_o caesar_n have_v convert_v it_o into_o a_o tyranny_n and_o render_v the_o very_a name_n odious_a upon_o the_o murder_n of_o the_o last_o a_o decree_n pass_v in_o senate_n to_o forbid_v the_o use_n of_o it_o upon_o any_o account_n whatever_o for_o the_o future_a 3._o future_a dio_fw-mi lib._n 44._o appian_n lib._n 3._o the_o first_o thing_n the_o dictator_n do_v be_v to_o choose_v a_o magister_fw-la eguitum_fw-la or_o master_n of_o the_o horse_n who_o be_v to_o be_v his_o lieutenant-general_n in_o the_o army_n but_o can_v act_v nothing_o without_o his_o express_a order_n yet_o in_o the_o war_n with_o hannibal_n when_o the_o slow_a proceed_n of_o fabius_n maximus_n create_v a_o suspicion_n in_o the_o commons_o they_o vote_v that_o minutius_n his_o master_n of_o the_o house_n shall_v have_v a_o equal_a authority_n with_o fabius_n himself_o and_o be_v as_o it_o be_v another_o dictator_n 3._o dictator_n plutarch_n in_o fab._n max._n polybius_n lib._n 3._o the_o like_a be_v afterward_o practise_v in_o the_o same_o war_n upon_o the_o defeat_n at_o cannae_n when_o the_o dictator_n m._n junius_n be_v with_o the_o army_n fabius_n buteo_n be_v choose_v a_o second_o dictator_n at_o rome_n to_o create_v new_a senator_n for_o the_o supply_n of_o their_o place_n who_o have_v be_v kill_v in_o the_o battle_n though_o as_o soon_o as_o ever_o the_o ceremony_n be_v over_o he_o immediate_o lay_v down_o his_o command_n and_o act_v as_o a_o private_a person_n ibid._n person_n plutarch_n ibid._n chap._n vi_o of_o the_o praetor_n the_o original_a of_o this_o office_n institute_v in_o the_o year_n of_o the_o city_n 389._o be_v owe_v to_o two_o occasion_n partly_o because_o the_o consul_n be_v very_o often_o whole_o take_v up_o with_o foreign_a war_n find_v the_o want_n of_o some_o person_n to_o administer_v justice_n in_o the_o city_n and_o partly_o because_o the_o nobility_n have_v lose_v their_o appropriation_n of_o the_o consulship_n be_v ambitious_a of_o procure_v to_o themselves_o some_o new_a honour_n in_o its_o room_n princip_n room_n vide_fw-la liv._o lib._n 7._o circa_fw-la princip_n at_o the_o first_o only_a one_o be_v create_v take_v his_o name_n à_fw-la praeeundo_fw-la and_o for_o the_o same_o reason_n most_o of_o the_o old_a latin_n call_v their_o commander_n praetores_fw-la and_o the_o consul_n be_v suppose_v to_o have_v use_v that_o title_n at_o their_o first_o institution_n a._n v._o c._n 501_o another_o praetor_n be_v add_v and_o then_o one_o of_o they_o apply_v himself_o whole_o to_o the_o preserve_n of_o justice_n among_o the_o citizen_n with_o the_o name_n of_o praetor_n vrbanus_n while_o the_o other_o appoint_v judge_n in_o all_o matter_n relate_v to_o foreigner_n but_o upon_o the_o take_n in_o of_o sicily_n and_o sardinia_n a._n v._o c._n 520._o two_o more_o praetor_n be_v create_v to_o assist_v the_o consul_n in_o the_o government_n of_o the_o province_n and_o as_o many_o more_o upon_o the_o entire_a conquest_n of_o spain_n a._n v._o c._n 551._o sylla_n increase_v the_o number_n to_o eight_o julius_n caesar_n first_o to_o ten_o and_o then_o to_o sixteen_o the_o second_o triumvir_n after_o a_o extravagant_a manner_n to_o sixty_o four_o after_o this_o sometime_o we_o meet_v with_o twelve_o praetor_n sometime_o sixteen_o or_o eighteen_o but_o in_o the_o declension_n of_o the_o empire_n they_o fall_v as_o low_o again_o as_o three_o when_o the_o number_n of_o the_o praetor_n be_v thus_o increase_v and_o the_o quaestiones_fw-la or_o inquiry_n into_o crime_n make_v perpetual_a and_o not_o commit_v to_o officer_n choose_v upon_o such_o occasion_n the_o praetor_n vrbanus_n and_o as_o lipsius_n think_v the_o praetor_n peregrinus_n undertake_v the_o cognizance_n of_o private_a cause_n and_o the_o other_o praetor_n of_o crime_n the_o latter_a therefore_o be_v sometime_o call_v quaesitores_fw-la quia_fw-la quaerebant_fw-la de_fw-la crimine_fw-la the_o first_o bare_o jus_o dicebat_fw-la here_o we_o must_v observe_v the_o difference_n between_o jus_o dicere_fw-la and_o judicare_fw-la the_o former_a relate_v to_o the_o praetor_n and_o signify_v no_o more_o than_o the_o allow_v a_o action_n and_o grant_v judge_n for_o determine_v the_o controversy_n the_o other_o be_v the_o proper_a office_n of_o the_o judices_fw-la allow_v by_o the_o praetor_n and_o denote_v the_o actual_a hear_n and_o decide_v of_o a_o cause_n 826._o cause_n p._n manut._n de_fw-fr legibus_fw-la p._n 826._o chap._n vii_o of_o the_o censor_n the_o census_n or_o survey_v of_o the_o roman_a citizen_n and_o their_o estate_n from_o censco_n to_o rate_v or_o value_n be_v introduce_v by_o servius_n tullius_n the_o six_o king_n but_o without_o the_o assignment_n of_o any_o particular_a officer_n to_o manage_v it_o and_o therefore_o he_o take_v the_o trouble_n upon_o himself_o and_o make_v it_o a_o part_n of_o the_o regal_a duty_n upon_o the_o expulsion_n of_o the_o tarquin_n the_o business_n fall_v to_o the_o consul_n and_o continue_v in_o their_o care_n till_o their_o dominion_n grow_v so_o large_a as_o to_o