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cause_n	action_n	good_a	will_n	1,601	5	6.4879	4	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A16489	Relations of the most famous kingdomes and common-wealths thorowout the world discoursing of their situations, religions, languages, manners, customes, strengths, greatnesse, and policies. Translated out of the best Italian impression of Boterus. And since the last edition by R.I. now once againe inlarged according to moderne observation; with addition of new estates and countries. Wherein many of the oversights both of the author and translator, are amended. And unto which, a mappe of the whole world, with a table of the countries, are now newly added.; Relazioni universali. English	Botero, Giovanni, 1540-1617.; Johnson, Robert, fl. 1586-1626.	1630 (1630)	STC 3404; ESTC S106541	447,019	654

is not onely fast locked but sealed and may not be opened before the seale at morning bee throughly viewed To speake truth their souldiers horsemen and footmen by land or sea are more famous for their numbers their gallant furniture and plenty of provision than for strength and courage For the Inhabitants partly by their effeminate and wanton kinde of life partly by their forme of government whereby they are made vile and base have little valour or manhood left them They use no forren souldiers except those whom they take in war these they send into the in-land Countries where being marked to distinguish them from other they serve more like slaves than souldiers yet have they pay with rewards for their good service and punishment for their cowardize true motives to make men valorous The rest which are not inrolled are not suffered to keepe weapons in their houses Their Sea-forces are nothing inferiour to their Land-forces for besides their ordinary Fleets lying upon the Coasts for the safety of the Sea-townes by reason of the abundance of navigable Rivers and so huge a Sea-tract full of Havens Creeks and Islands it is thought that with case they are able to assemble from five hundred to a thousand such great Ships which they call Giunchi we Iunks To thinke that treasure cannot bee wanting to levie so great a number of Ships Souldiers and Marriners many men affirme that the Kings revenues amount to an hundred and twenty millions of gold which value although it may seeme impossible to him that shall make an estimate of the States of Europe with the Kingdome of China yet may it finde place of beleefe if he doe but call to minde First the nature and circuit of the Empire being little lesse than all Europe Next the populousnesse of the Inhabitants accompanied with inestimable riches Then the diversity of Mines of Gold Silver Iron and other sorts of Metall the unspeakable quantity of Merchandize passing from hand to hand by so many navigable Rivers so many armes and in-lets of the Sea their upland Cities and maritime Townes their Tolls Customes Subsidies and lastly their rich wares brought into Europe Hee taketh the tenth of all things which the earth yeeldeth as Barley Rice Olives Wine Cotton Wooll Flax Silke all kinds of Metall Fruits Cattel Sugar Hony Rubarbe Camphire Ginger Wood Muske and all sorts of Perfumes The custome only of Salt in the City Canto which is not of the greatest nor of the best trafficke yeeldeth 180000. Crownes yearely the tenth of Rice of one small Towne and the adjacent Territory yeeldeth more than 100000. Crownes By these you may conjecture of the rest He leaveth his subjects nothing save food clothing He hath under him no Earles Lords or Nobles of any degree no nor private persons indowed with great wealth Wherefore since this Empire is so huge and all the profits thereof are in his hands how can the former assertion of so great and yearely a revenue to men of reason seeme any thing admirable at all There are two things moreover which adde great credit to this reckoning one is that all his impositions are not paid in Coine but some in hay some in Rice Corne Provender Silke Cotton Wooll and such like necessaries the other is that the King of 120. millions which he receiveth disburseth againe three parts thereof And so since it goeth round from the King to the people it ought to seeme no wonder if the people be able to spare it againe for the Princes use at the yeares end For as waters doe ebbe as deepe as they flow so impositions easily levied suffice for the expences of the State and the people receive againe by those expences as much as they layed out in the beginning of the yeare This King feareth no neighbour but the great Cham of Tartaria all the rest acknowledge vassalage Against this enemy the ancient Kings built that admirable wall so much renowned amongst the wonders of the Ortem Towards the Sea hee bordereth upon the Iaponians and Castilians The distance betweene Iapan and China is divers From Goto one of the Islands of Iapan to the City Liampo is threescore leagues from Canian 297. The Islanders of Iapan doe often spoile the Sea-coasts of China by their incursions descending on land and harrying the Countrey more like Pyrates than men of Warre For in regard that Iapan is divided into many Islands and into divers Seigniories ill agreeing amongst themselves though they excell the Chinois in armes and courage yet are they not of sufficient power to performe any action of moment against them Upon another Frontier lye the Spaniards of whom the Chinois not without good cause are very jealous because of the situation of the Philippinae commodiously seated for the invasion of China and the fame of the riches well knowne to the Spanish But the King of Spaine wisheth rather to plant Christianitie peaceably amongst them wherof there was once good hope that God had opened a passage For though the Chinois will suffer no stranger to enter within their Dominions yet certaine Jesuites zealous in the increasing of Christian Religion in a Territory so spacious as that is entred with great secrecie and danger and procuring the favour of certaine Governours obtained a privilege of naturalization specially Frier Michael Rogerius who in the yeare 1590. returned into Europe to advise what course were best to take in this businesse After whose departure intelligence was brought from two Friers which remained behinde that after divers persecutions they were then constrained to forsake the Citie wherein they sojourned and to make haste to sea-ward Nor plainly would the Chinois suffer the said Frier Rogerius to come into their Countrey as himselfe confessed to an English Gentleman of very good worth and curious understanding Mr. W.F. who purposely asked that question of him If any man of Europe hath beene in China it is Matthew Riccius the Jesuite The Portugals are likewise eye-sores unto them but by the report of their justice and the moderation which Ferdinand Andrada shewed in the government of the Island of Tamo and by the Traffick which they exercise in those seas they can better digest their neighbour-hood than that of the Spanish This was the first Portugal that arrived in the Citie of Cantan and set on land Thomas Perez Legier for Emanuel King of Portugal But other Captaines being there afterwards dis-embarked behaved themselves so lewdly that they occasioned the said Ambassadour to be taken for a Spie and cast into prison where hee died most miserably the residue were intreated as enemies At last it was permitted the Portugals for traffick sake to set a Factory in Macao where againe before they had strongly fortified their Colonie they were constrained to submit to the limitations of the Chinois to whom in short time for their strength wisdome friendship and alliance with the Castilians they became suspitious and therefore they doe daily more and more bridle

ready and perfect in the use of his Peece and so more able and fit to doe his Country service And I suppose if in times past we had had like Prizes for the long Bow the ancient glory of our English service we had not so soone quit the exercise thereof nor degenerated so far from ancient custome So doe I thinke that in these dayes wherein the Peece is only prized if we have this fashion of France and Germanie in England to reward him in every place that should best deserve therein that our Country-man would grow more perfect and expert in the use thereof at whose unaptnesse and aukwardnesse in their first training before they come to have served some time I have often marvelled He hath also his sports of Bowling Carding Dicing and other unlawfull and unusefull games whereof I will omit to speake being too common both with them and us As for the exercise of Tennis-play which I above remembred it is more here used than in all Christendome besides whereof may witnesse the infinite number of Tennis-courts thorowout the Land insomuch as yee cannot finde that little Burgade or Towne in France that hath not one or moe of them Here are as you see threescore in Orleans and I know not how many hundred there be in Paris but of this I am sure that if there were in other places the like proportion yee should have two Tennis-courts for every one Church thorow France Mee thinkes it is also strange how apt they be here to play well that yee would thinke they were borne with Rackets in their hands even the children themselves manage them so well and some of their women also as we observed at Blois There is this one great abuse in their exercise that the Magistrates doe suffer every poore Citizen and Artificer to play thereat who spendeth that on the Holy-day at Tennis which hee got the whole weeke for the keeping of his p●o●e family A thing more hurtfull than our Ale-houses in England though the one and the other be bad enough And of this I dare assure you that of this sort of poore people there be more Tennis-players in France than Ale-drinkers or Malt-wormes as they call them with us Neither would I speake of Dancing save only that I presume yee will give me leave for Methods sake having undertaken to speake of the French exercises not to omi● that of Dancing wherein they most delight and is most generally used of all others And I am perswaded were it not for this That they of the Reformed Religion may not dance being an exercise against which their strait-laced Ministers much inveigh that there had long since many of the Catholikes turned to their side so much are they all in generall addicted hereunto For yee shall onely see the Gentlewomen and them of the better sort but every poore draggle-taile even to the Cobblers daughter that can dance with good measure and Art all your Quarantes Levaltics Bransies and other dances whatsoever not so much but the Chamber-maid and poore Citizens wife dance usually in the City-streets in a round like our Country Lasses on their Towne-greene about the May-pole making musick of their owne voices without any Instrument And rather than saile the old women themselves both Gentle and base who have moe toes than teeth and those that are left leaping in their heads like Iacks in Virginals will beare their part This argueth I will not say a lightnesse and immodestie in behaviour but a stirring spirit and livelinesse in the French nature whereof also the musicke and songs they have is no small argument for there is not almost a Tune in all France which is not Ienicke or Lydian of five or seven tunes a note forbidden youth by Plato and Aristotle because saith Bodin it hath great force and power to soften and esseminate mens mindes The tune Doricke which is more grave musick and was commanded for the singing of Psalmes in the Primitive Church their inconstant and stirring humour cannot brooke by any meanes It remaineth I speake of their Language of whom the Italian hath a Proverbe The French neither pronounce as they write nor sing as they pricke nor thinke as they speake In which first point they differ from the Lutine Italian Spanish and Greek who fully pronounce every letter in the word whereas the French to make his speech more smooth and Ceulante as he termes it leaves out very many of his consonants whereby it now is growne almost as sweet a tongue to the care as the Italian or Greeke which two by reason of the many vowels are questionlesse the most delicate languages of the World It now remaineth I speake of the French nature and humour which by the change of his speech apparell and building by his credulity to any tale which is told and by his impatience and haste in matter of deliberation whereof I shall not omit presently to speake ye may judge to be very idle wavering and inconstant Saith one As the Frenchmens pronuntiation is very fast so are their wits very wavering And ye shall reade in Caesars Commentaries very often how he taxeth them of this leality and suddennesse Caesar being informed of these matters and fearing the unstablenesse of the Gaules as being sudden and wavering in their resolutions and generally desirous of innovations he thought fit not to trust them And in another place Caesar understanding that almost all the Gaules were naturally hungrie of change and unconstantly and suddenly stirred to war c. And againe Vt sunt Gallorum subita repentina consilia As the resolutions of the Gaules are sudden and unlooked for c. To conclude if yee will rightly know the Nature and Humor of the ancient Gauls ye must reade the sixth of these Commentaries and you shall observe how strange it is that though all other things in the world are subject to change yet the same naturall of lightnesse and inconstancie still remaines in the French This is aptly shewed by Haillan in his description of Lewis the eleventh If he had one thing he straight casts his affection to another being violent busiehea●ed and impatient To this accordeth another of their owne Writers Such is the condition of France that if she have no Wars abroad against powerfull Neighbours shee must have broiles at home among her owne Subjects and her working spirits can never remaine long quiet And therefore Tacitus cals them Levissima hominum gene●● The most sickle kinde of Men sudden to beginne and more sudden to end apter to apprehend the action than comprehend the cause ready to lay hold not able to hold fast as by the making and revoking of so many Edicts against the Reformed Religion in so short a time and by many other their actions appeareth For ye must observe of the French that he entrech a Countrey like thunder and vanisheth out againe like smoke He resembleth the Waspe who after the

first stroke loseth her sting and can hurt no more He sheweth this his lightnesse and inconstancie not only in matters of service and warre but also even in other his actions and carriages But in nothing more than in his familiarity with whom a stranger cannot so soone be off his herse but he will be acquainted nor so soone in his chamber but the other like an Ape will be on his shoulder and as suddenly and without cause ye shall lose him also A childish humour to be won with as little as an Apple lost with lesse than a Nut Quite contrary to the nature of the Italian of whom ye shall in your travell observe that he is of too fullen and retired a fashion and a loupgarou as the Frenchman cals him wherein I would wish you to observe the vertue of the Englishman for vertue is a mediocrity betweene two extremes who is neither so childishly and ●pishly familiar as the French nor so scornfully and Cya●●ally solitary as the other So are we in matter of Duell and private quarrell in a 〈◊〉 me thinks betwene these two Nations for we are 〈◊〉 to devillishly mind fall of re●e●ge a notarry seven or ●●n yeares for an opportunity upon our enemy as doth the Italian not so inconsiderately hasty as we must needs either fight to day or be friends tomorrow as doth the French Of the French carriage and manage of a quarrell how childish and ridiculous it is I have seene two or three examples wherein the parties have neither shewed judgement to know their owne right nor valour to revenge their wrong whereas the English Gentleman with mature deliberation disputeth how farre his honour is ingaged by the injury offered and judiciously determineth his manner of satisfaction according to the quality of the offence which done he presently imbarketh himselfe into the action according to the prescription of the old rule Post quam consulueris mature opus est facto wise resolutions should be speedily executed I will here remember you of one other instance more wherein our Country-men keepe the golden meane betweene the two extremes of defect and excesse and wherein these two Nations of Italy and France are culpable and here worthily to be taxed Wee may say of the Italian who maketh his house his wives prison as Plutarch saith of the Persians They are by nature strangely and cruelly jealous of their Women not onely of their Wives but also of their Slaues and Concubines whom they guard so strainly that they are neuer seene abroad but remaine alwayes locked up in their houses Whereas the French liberty on the other side is too much for here a man hath many occasions offered upon any small entrance to come acquainted and upon every least acquaintance to enter where he may come to her house accompany her arme in arme in the streets court her in all places and at all leasons without imp●tation Wherein me thinks the French married man doth as Plutarch reports of Pericles take away the Wals and fences of his Orchards and Gardens to the end every man might freely enter and gather fruit at his pleasure No marvell then the bridle being left in their owne hands though sometimes they be saddled and their Husbands know not You may observe therefore that in this matter of Wedlocke also the English use is better than either the Italian or French It is also naturall to the French to be a great scoffer for men of light and unsteady braines have commonly sudden and sharpe conceits Hereto also their language well agreeth as being currant and full of proverbs to which purpose I will remember you of two answers not long since made by two Frenchmen wherein you may observe how little esteeme they hold of the Roman Religion in heart though they make profession thereof in shew The one of these being very f●ke and as was thought in danger of death his ghostly father comes to him with his Corpus Domini and tels him that hearing of the extremity wherein hee was hee had brought him his Saviour to comfort him before his departure The sicke Gentleman with-drawing the curtaine and seeing there the fat lubberly Fryer with the Host in his hand answereth I know it is our Saviour he comes to me as he went to Ierusalem C● est vn asne qui le porte He is carried by an Asse The other Gentleman upon like danger of sicknesse having the Frier come to him to instruct him in the Faith and after to give him the Host and the extreme unction it was on a Friday told him that he must beleeve that this Corpus Domini which he brought was the very reall flesh bloud and bone of our Saviour Which after the sicke man had freely confessed the Frier offered it him to receive for his comfort Nay quoth the other You shall excuse me for I● eat no flesh on Fridayes So that yee see the French will rather lose his God than his good jest The French humour also faith one Cannot away with patience vid modesty And therefore another saith of him that he is as shamefast and modest As a Page of the Court. Or as Hiperbolus who Plutarch saith for his boldnesse and faucie impudency was the onely subject in his time for all Satyricks and Comedians to worke upon He is also such a one as Theophrastus cals immundus uncleanly Who being leprous and scabby and wearing long unpared nailes thrusts himselfe into company and sayes those diseases come to him by kinde for both his Father and his Grand-father were subject unto them He is loquax Talkative who had rather seeme more chatting than a Swallow than hold his peace so willing is he to make himselfe ridiculous With which people it is strange yee shall talke all day and yet at night not remember whereof he hath talked such multiplicity of words he hath and so idle is the matter whereof he treateth Hee is also I●t●mpest●vus unseasonably troublesome Who 〈◊〉 to his friend f●●ll of businesse will give him coun●●● before hee have imparted the ma●●er unto him Of which kinde of people Theophrasrus bids us beware where he saith If you will not bee troubled with a sit of an Ag●e you must runne as fast as your legs can carry you from such kinde of men for it is very troublesome living with fellowes that cannot distinguish the seasons of leasure and affaires He is Microphilotimos that is proud of trifles Who if he have sacrificed an Oxe useth to naile up the head and hornes at his gate that all that come to him may take notice that he hath kild an Oxe And if hee bee to pay forty shillings will be sure to pay it in new-coined money This is he that comes to the Tennis-Court throwes his purse full of coine at the line which giveth a found as if there were no lesse than thirty or forty crounes whenas sometimes by mischance we have discovered that it was nothing

commandements Another contrarietie also doth this great State incurre That the Prince thereof hath farre better meanes to get Money than Men. For howbeit upon every occasion and when need serveth he is served by the Swizzers the Wallons and Italians yet these of themselves are little or nothing worth being upon every sleight occasion of slack pay ready to make commotions and in their furie to forsake his service Of other Nations besides that his Majestie dareth lesse trust them he cannot although he would have such a sufficient number as should supply his need and occasion So howbeit that this Prince be sole Lord and Master of so many mighty States and of so great and potent an Empire yet liveth he full of continuall travels and discontents Now having taken a full view and mature consideration both of the States as also of the ends and intents of this mighty Monarch together with those contrarieties which these States doe suffer it resteth that in this last place wee should intreat of the correspondencie which hee holdeth with other Princes which as it is of all other knowledges the most necessary so is it the hardest to be discovered bringing with it for the most part greater difficultie to be able fully and judiciously to pierce into the purposes and inward thoughts of Princes but especially into the secret Councels of the State of Spaine being full of cunning dissimulation To begin therefore with this point I say that generally to instance first of all the Pope his Catholike Majestie will have him to be such a one as may wholly depend upon him and be confident of his fastnesse And therefore in their Elections his endevour is that not any ascend to that dignitie that doth any way savour of the French faction and therefore alienated from his devotion nor any that are of singular Nobilitie left their spirits might be too generous to be basely abused by him nor any of the Kingdome of Naples for feare taught by former examples of some new disturbance in that State But his principall desire is to create one of base linage and of meane respect and such a one as shall if it be possible acknowledge his Cardinalship and all other dignities to proceed from him and such a one whose parents and kinsfolkes are poore that by the bountie which he shall bestow upon them and the pensions which he shall conferre on their friends he may binde them unto him and confidently assure himselfe of their favour and partaking when occasion serveth And for this cause in all that he can he seeketh to weaken the Popes and to detract from their dignities to make them inclinable to his will and wholly to depend upon him procuring them to continue in this office of their love by furnishing their State with Corne out of Puglia and Sicilie and by upholding the authoritie of the holy See in defending their Coasts from the incursions of the Turkish Fleets and from the depredations and inrodes of Pyrats and lastly by giving them to understand that it is in his power to call a Councell and in it to take an account of their actions and to call their prerogatives into question And howbeit the absolution and re-benediction of the late King of Navarre did much move nay beyond measure trouble the minde of Philip the second who in those times did hope for great things at the Popes hands yet did he dissemble this offence As on the contrary did his Holinesse the prejudice that was and is done him in Spaine in regard of holy Church whereby not only his orders and decrees are broken and moderated by the Councell but also sometimes rejected and contemned whereof his Holinesse hath made often complaint to the Spanish Ambassadour but to small purpose In the College of Cardinals the King at this present hath not much authoritie by reason of his imperious proceeding and lesse will have hereafter the French Nation being now rise to some greatnesse which will now every day more and more be able strongly to oppose themselves against the Spanish by whose jealousies greatnesse and dissimulation one with another that See hath gained such greatnesse and reputation in the world In requitall whereof his Holinesse in favour of Philip the second wasted forsooth in warre against the Lutheráns cut off by his authoritie I know not how many millions of debt due to the Genoese He hath given him also all Pardon 's sent to the Indies worth by yeare halfe a million with the collations of Benefices and Bishopricks and the enjoyment of the two rich Orders of Saint Iames and Calatrava With the Emperour howbeit all be of his blou● his Catholike Majestie hath not had till of late any great intelligence because in many occurrences that have beene offered he hath given him but slender satisfaction neither would ever seeke any counsell of his Majestie which principally is by him desired to the intent that he might seeme to relie upon him But true it is that these gusts are now over-blowne and the distastes are at length somewhat lessened in consideration of entermariages But since these late warres about Bohemia and the Palatinate he hath made great use of the Emperour The Spaniard knowes well that to attaine his designed Monarchie he must first conquer Germanie and make himselfe Master of those Ports and Han●e-Townes from thence to annoy England and Holland To prepare the way to this necessary it was that some quarrell should be pickt with some of the Protestant Princes for matter of State and with all of them for matter of Religion The plot hath taken and by this meanes hath the Spaniard brought forren forces into the Empire though this was objected by the Princes in their Dy●ts to be against the Constitutions of the Empire By these forces of his having first gotten himselfe to be made Executioner of the Imperiall Ban against the proscribed Palatine Baden Hessen Iegerensdorff and others hath he in the Emperours name gotten possession of div●● Townes which he holds as his owne Knowne it is that there was a Mint set up at Vienna the Coine whereof though it bare the Emperours stampe yet the Bullion came from Spaine To make himselfe neerer unto the Emperour he hath made himselfe Master of the Valtoline that by that passage hee might unite his owne forces of Millane with those of the Emperours hereditary States next to the Alps in Germanie By the Emperours meanes hath he also made himselfe a partie in the present quarrell of the Dukedome of Mantua in Italie and it shall goe hard but he will get all or some good part of it to joyne to Millane and Naples And this is the use that the Spaniard since the yeare 1620. hath made of the Emperour The Emperour growes great by the Armes of Spaine but this is but personall and to die with Ferdinand of Gratz in the meane time all the world knows that the Spaniard hath the reputation and will at last

popular Innovations he will be sure that they shall neither bee borne within the territories of their Government neither that they possesse one foot of inheritance within their jurisdictions And being every yeare subject to change of which hee will not faile for their new avarice they stand assured first to bee extremely hated of the people and worse used of the Emperour For few of them have the favour to avoid the Pudkey or whip when their time is expired and therefore doe make full account as they cannot otherwise chuse being to bribe the Emperour the Lieutenant of the Chetfird and to provide for themselves having in allowance the best not above a hundred markes the worst but thirty per annum Fuan Vasilowie shall be an example of this severity who having before him a Diak or Secretary accused for taking a Goose ready dressed stuft full of silver by way of a bribe caused the offender to be brought into the Market place of Mosco there himselfe making an honest Oration unto the people asked his Polachies or Executioner Who could cut up a Goose And then commanded he one of them first to cut off the parties legs about the midst of the shins then his armes above his elbowes still asking the miserable offender If Goose-flesh were good meat in the end to chop off his head in similitude of a Goose ready dressed But in the foure Townes whereof three border upon the Polonian and Sweden and the other upon the Chrim Tartar viz. Smolonsko Vobsko Novograd and Cazan he is somewhat more advised and honourable For being peeces of great import in them he appointeth men of more sufficient and better ranke two in each Towne whereof one is ever of his Councell of Estate These have larger commission and without adjournment or appeale may proceed to execution in all criminall causes yet are they changed every yeare and have for their allowance some seven hundred rubbles and some foure hundred To preserve his Majesty and reputation he useth as incredible policy as hee doth unusuall severitie First it is not lawfull for any of his subjects to depart the Realme upon paine of death and therefore no man there dare goe to Sea no not speake to an Ambassadour or use the counsell of a forren Physician without licence He weareth apparell of inestimable value joyning the Ornaments of a Bishop to the Majestie of a King by wearing a Miter on his head shining with Diamonds and rich stones When he weareth it not on his head he placeth it before his Chaire of Estate and oftentimes changeth it in boast of his riches In his left hand he beareth a most rich Crosier apparelled in a long Garment not much unlike to that which the Pope weareth when he goeth to Masse his fingers are full of Gold Rings and the Image of Christ and his blessed mother the Virgin are over the Chaire wherein he sitteth The Privie Chamber and great Chamber are full of men cloathed in Cloth of Gold downe to the foot but never used unlesse upon occasion of Festivals or entertainement of Ambassadours In matter of Ceremonie for the most part they follow the Greeke Church the Priests marrie maintaine adoration of Images Fast and compel to confession which the common people suppose most necessary especially for the Nobles and Gentrle retayning a sensualitie of life and libertie of voluptuousnesse The Princes themselves are very devout at the Table as often a dish is changed or they have a desire to drinke they make many signes of the Crosse. That no man should prove a better Scholler than himselfe he suffereth no schoole but of writing reading to be kept In their Liturgies they read nothing but the Evangelists some Historie the lives of Saints a Homily of Iohn Chrysostome or some such like yea they would hold him for an Heretike that should goe about to professe himselfe better learned and assure himselfe hee shall not escape punishment Which is the reason that their Notaries nay the Secretaries themselves commonly can neither write nor answer Ambassadors of forren Princes no farther than they are taught by the great Duke When they negociate they no sooner name the great Duke but all of them rise up with great reverence the like is done at his Table when he drinketh or carveth to any man and so in a thousand like casualties they are taught even from their cradles to beleeve and talke of their great Duke as of God using these phrases in their ordinarie talking God onely and our Great Semapor knoweth this Our Great Lord knoweth all things All we enjoy health and riches all proceedeth from our Great Duke For the subjects seeing such State and Magnificence in the Prince and knowing no more than he is taught at home reverence and obey him as slaves not as subjects accounting him rather a God than a King Those Lords which he hath under him are only graced with Titles not as we have Dukes Barons c. Bestowing upon one a Hamlet upon another a Farme and these not hereditarie unlesse he confirme it and when he hath confirmed it the Farmers not withstanding pay him a portion of their fruits and owe him villaine-service which is the cause that every man dependeth on the will of the Prince and looke by how much the richer by so much the deeper is he indebted unto him ● The Native commodities are Furs Wax Honie Tallow Hides Traine-Oyle Caveare Hemp Flax Salt Tar Slud Salt-peter Brimston and Tron Besides the great quantitie of Furs spent in the Countrie the onely defence of the Country-people in the winter season there are transported some yeares by the Merchants of Turkie Persia Bougharia Georgia Armenia and the Christians to the value of foure or five hundred thousand rubbles yearely Of Wax fiftie thousand poad every poad contayning fortie pounds Their Hony is almost all spent within the Countrie in their ordinarie drinkes and other uses Of Tallow in times past they have shipped out 100000. poad yearely Of Hides 100000. Of Flax and Hemp one hundred ships and so semblably of other Merchandizes But you must understand that by reason of the idle carelesnesse of the people occasioned through the extreme tyrannie of their Emperours whereof you shall heare hereafter at this day three parts of that reckoning in every commoditie are abated For the receiving of which riches and Revenues he hath as it were three principall Treasures The Steward of his House Every Chetsird within his owne Province And the Office called the great Income The Stewards Office receiveth yearely above the expence of his house twentie three thousand rubbles The fourth Chetfirds for Soak and Pol-mony foure hundred thousand rubbles And the office of the great Income for custome and rents eight hundred thousand rubbles And all this in readie coyne For besides this revenue ordinarie he receiveth extraordinarily in furs and other commodities out of Siberia Pechora Permia and other remote places a great masse of