when_o the_o matter_n of_o generation_n and_o composition_n be_v divers_a that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o remote_a this_o the_o proximate_a matter_n 2._o §_o now_o aristotle_n divide_v matter_n also_o book_n 8._o of_o the_o met._n cap._n 6._o into_o intelligible_a and_o sensible_a and_o intelligible_a be_v that_o when_o in_o accident_n or_o other_o simple_a thing_n the_o mind_n distinguish_v between_o material_a and_o formal_a so_o letter_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o matter_n of_o word_n word_n of_o speech_n so_o precept_n of_o discipline_n method_n the_o form_n after_o this_o manner_n be_v distinguish_v material_a and_o formal_a in_o the_o subject_n of_o discipline_n material_a be_v the_o thing_n itself_o which_o be_v consider_v formal_a the_o manner_n of_o its_o consideration_n so_o the_o material_a of_o physics_n be_v natural_a body_n formal_a as_o natural_a ax._n 12._o form_n be_v define_v to_o be_v that_o which_o explain_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v or_o the_o ratio_fw-la of_o that_o by_o which_o it_o be_v explain_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v or_o last_o the_o ratio_fw-la of_o the_o essence_n 1._o §_o form_n in_o the_o greek_a be_v be_v term_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o also_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v species_n or_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v exemplar_n sometime_o also_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v according_a to_o hermolaus_n barbarus_fw-la its_o perfect_a habitude_n or_o the_o like_a these_o three_o all_o conspire_v in_o the_o same_o thing_n and_o return_v to_o this_o viz._n that_o form_n be_v the_o internal_a cause_n by_o which_o a_o thing_n be_v that_o which_o it_o be_v for_o by_o matter_n also_o it_o exist_v but_o by_o form_n it_o be_v that_o which_o it_o be_v that_o be_v of_o this_o or_o that_o species_n for_o example_n that_o man_n exist_v be_v no_o less_o from_o matter_n than_o form_n but_o that_o he_o be_v a_o man_n rather_o than_o of_o any_o other_o species_n of_o creature_n be_v due_a only_a to_o form_n ax._n 13._o the_o office_n of_o form_n be_v two_o viz._n to_o inform_v the_o matter_n and_o with_o such_o matter_n to_o constitute_v the_o compose_v 1._o §_o and_o these_o be_v not_o so_o much_o different_a in_o the_o thing_n itself_o as_o in_o reason_n for_o when_o matter_n of_o itself_o inform_v and_o determine_v receive_v form_n it_o be_v determine_v with_o form_n to_o constitute_v a_o certain_a species_n of_o compositum_fw-la both_o therefore_o constitute_v the_o compose_v matter_n by_o receive_v form_n and_o form_n by_o determine_v or_o form_v matter_n and_o that_o by_o a_o union_n intervening_a for_o without_o a_o union_n of_o form_n with_o matter_n the_o compose_v be_v not_o constitute_v which_o bring_v we_o to_o the_o next_o theorem_n viz._n that_o ax._n 14._o form_n be_v four_o way_n divide_v and_o first_o into_o material_a and_o immaterial_a ax._n 15._o material_a form_n be_v that_o which_o be_v produce_v out_o of_o the_o power_n of_o matter_n or_o which_o depend_v upon_o matter_n in_o that_o self_n same_o moment_n and_o act_n by_o which_o it_o be_v make_v ax._n 16._o immaterial_a which_o be_v not_o produce_v neither_o do_v it_o depend_v &c_n &c_n 1._o §_o to_o be_v produce_v out_o of_o the_o power_n of_o matter_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o to_o be_v produce_v by_o a_o efficient_a cause_n in_o the_o matter_n and_o so_o as_o that_o the_o matter_n promote_v that_o action_n by_o its_o causality_n after_o this_o manner_n be_v produce_v material_a form_n form_n immaterial_a be_v also_o produce_v by_o a_o efficient_a cause_n in_o the_o matter_n but_o the_o matter_n itself_o do_v not_o contribute_v towards_o the_o action_n and_o this_o proper_o be_v say_v to_o create_v material_a form_n not_o only_o when_o make_n but_o also_o when_o make_v depend_v upon_o matter_n immaterial_a neither_o hence_o be_v it_o that_o those_o be_v corruptible_a these_o incorruptible_a all_o form_n of_o natural_a thing_n the_o humane_a soul_n except_v be_v material_a which_o only_o be_v immaterial_a ax._n 17._o second_o form_n be_v divide_v into_o substantial_a and_o accidental_a of_o which_o that_o constitute_v the_o substance_n this_o the_o accident_n in_o the_o concrete_a 1._o §_o for_o example_n the_o substantial_a form_n of_o a_o musician_n as_o he_o be_v man_n be_v the_o rational_a soul_n accidental_a as_o he_o be_v a_o musician_n music_n in_o the_o like_a manner_n the_o substantial_a form_n of_o a_o statue_n be_v the_o form_n itself_o abstract_o of_o the_o marble_n or_o brass_n accidental_a as_o a_o statue_n the_o figure_n ax._n 18._o three_o form_n be_v divide_v into_o natural_a and_o artificial_a ax._n 19_o natural_a be_v that_o which_o be_v of_o nature_n artificial_a of_o art_n 1._o §_o for_o example_n the_o soul_n be_v the_o form_n natural_a of_o every_o live_a thing_n the_o form_n of_o other_o natural_a thing_n want_v name_n and_o therefore_o be_v to_o we_o almost_o unknown_a figure_n be_v the_o artificial_a form_n of_o a_o statue_n as_o a_o artificial_a thing_n not_o as_o a_o natural_a to_o wit_n marble_n or_o brass_n for_o artificial_a form_n be_v quality_n of_o natural_a thing_n no_o formal_a cause_n but_o yet_o they_o be_v the_o formal_a cause_n of_o artificial_a thing_n as_o artificial_a for_o artificial_o be_v certain_a accident_n concrete_a with_o their_o substance_n ax._n 20._o four_o and_o last_o form_n be_v divide_v into_o principal_n and_o dispose_v ax._n 21._o the_o principal_a be_v that_o which_o constitute_v the_o species_n itself_o ax._n 22._o disponent_fw-la which_o dispose_v the_o matter_n to_o a_o aptitude_n for_o the_o reception_n of_o the_o principal_a form_n 1._o §_o the_o principal_a form_n be_v always_o a_o substantial_a form_n dispose_v either_o accidental_a or_o substantial_a disposition_n accidental_a be_v require_v in_o all_o thing_n have_v a_o substantial_a form_n substantial_a in_o animate_v only_o for_o example_n when_o wood_n burn_v it_o be_v first_o make_v hot_a and_o dry_v and_o after_o this_o manner_n make_v fit_a to_o receive_v the_o form_n of_o fire_n so_o likewise_o when_o a_o statue_n be_v make_v out_o of_o a_o beam_n or_o timber_n it_o be_v by_o degree_n to_o be_v dispose_v and_o form_v into_o the_o figure_n of_o a_o statue_n but_o when_o a_o animal_n be_v to_o be_v generate_v of_o seed_n this_o seed_n not_o only_o by_o its_o quality_n but_o also_o substantial_a form_n be_v to_o be_v dispose_v and_o make_v fit_a to_o receive_v the_o soul_n which_o form_n in_o respect_n of_o the_o seed_n be_v a_o principal_a though_o of_o the_o soul_n or_o animal_n a_o dispose_v etc._n etc._n 2._o §_o form_n also_o may_v be_v divide_v into_o intelligible_a and_o sensible_a but_o of_o this_o enough_o have_v be_v say_v already_o in_o the_o doctrine_n of_o matter_n chap._n xvii_o of_o efficient_a cause_n ax._n 1_o have_v external_n be_v those_o which_o enter_v not_o the_o essence_n of_o the_o thing_n as_o efficient_a and_o end_n ax._n 2._o a_o efficient_a be_v a_o external_n cause_n from_o which_o a_o thing_n proceed_v by_o a_o true_a causality_n 1._o §_o for_o a_o thing_n may_v be_v say_v to_o proceed_v also_o from_o the_o end_n but_o by_o a_o metaphorical_a not_o a_o true_a causality_n ax._n 3_o a_o efficient_a be_v of_o a_o very_a large_a extent_n ax._n 4._o and_o be_v first_o divide_v into_o active_a which_o by_o the_o mediation_n of_o action_n cause_v the_o effect_n and_o into_o that_o from_o which_o a_o thing_n immediate_o flow_v and_o proceed_v without_o any_o action_n 1._o §_o it_o sometime_o happen_v that_o a_o cause_n cause_v the_o effect_n by_o the_o mediation_n of_o some_o action_n which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v its_o causality_n in_o cause_v such_o a_o cause_n we_o call_v active_a sometime_o by_o its_o own_o existence_n without_o any_o causality_n distinct_a from_o its_o existence_n and_o this_o by_o some_o be_v call_v emanative_n which_o word_n though_o feign_v with_o repugnance_n to_o the_o analogy_n of_o the_o latin_a tongue_n yet_o be_v it_o to_o be_v use_v upon_o this_o occasion_n till_o a_o more_o convenient_a can_v be_v find_v out_o for_o example_n the_o fire_n be_v the_o emanative_a cause_n of_o its_o own_o heat_n but_o the_o active_a of_o another_o ax._n 5._o second_o cause_o efficient_a be_v divide_v into_o immanent_a and_o transient_a ax._n 6._o immanent_a be_v that_o which_o produce_v the_o effect_n in_o its_o self_n ax._n 7._o transient_a out_o of_o itself_o 1._o §_o for_o example_n when_o a_o workman_n build_v a_o house_n or_o any_o one_o throw_v a_o stone_n both_o these_o be_v say_v to_o be_v transient_a but_o when_o our_o mind_n understand_v or_o desire_v any_o thing_n it_o be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o immanent_a cause_n of_o those_o conception_n or_o affection_n which_o in_o understanding_n or_o desire_v it_o form_n ax._n 8._o the_o condition_n of_o the_o transient_a cause_n be_v two_o one_a
that_o it_o be_v conjoin_v with_o the_o patient_n and_o two_o unlike_a unto_o it_o 1._o §_o the_o first_o of_o these_o be_v precept_v book_n 7._o physics_n cap._n 3._o and_o the_o other_o book_n 1._o of_o gener._n and_o corrup_n cap._n 7._o a_o efficient_a be_v say_v to_o be_v two_o way_n join_v to_o the_o patient_n to_o wit_n either_o by_o existence_n vulgar_o call_v suppositum_fw-la or_o virtue_n for_o example_n when_o fire_n burn_v wood_n it_o be_v conjoin_v to_o the_o wood_n by_o its_o existence_n when_o heat_n the_o sitter_n by_o it_o be_v not_o join_v to_o they_o by_o its_o existence_n but_o power_n or_o virtue_n 2._o §_o a_o agent_n likewise_o be_v say_v to_o be_v two_o way_n unlike_o the_o patient_n either_o as_o to_o species_n or_o degree_n in_o the_o first_o manner_n hot_a to_o cold_a in_o the_o last_o that_o which_o be_v more_o hot_a to_o that_o which_o be_v less_o hot_a or_o that_o which_o be_v more_o cold_a to_o that_o which_o be_v less_o cold_a those_o which_o neither_o the_o one_o can_v act_v upon_o the_o other_o or_o suffer_v from_o it_o any_o manner_n of_o way_n ax._n 9_o three_o the_o efficient_a be_v divide_v into_o free_a and_o necessary_a ax._n 10._o a_o free_a be_v that_o which_o cause_n consult_o or_o with_o design_n ax._n 11._o a_o necessary_a not_o but_o by_o necessity_n of_o nature_n 1._o §_o liberty_n in_o general_n be_v a_o faculty_n of_o do_v what_o one_o please_v and_o therefore_o he_o who_o be_v absolute_o free_a be_v free_a from_o all_o servitude_n law_n impose_v upon_o he_o by_o other_o coaction_n and_o necessity_n of_o nature_n but_o when_o the_o will_n be_v say_v to_o be_v free_a and_o a_o free_a cause_n oppose_v to_o a_o necessary_a nothing_o far_o be_v understand_v by_o the_o name_n of_o liberty_n but_o a_o immunity_n from_o coaction_n necessity_n and_o natural_a determination_n for_o he_o who_o be_v a_o servant_n or_o subject_a to_o another_o law_n enjoy_v the_o liberty_n of_o his_o own_o will_n when_o he_o judge_n that_o he_o be_v to_o live_v according_a to_o the_o law_n or_o beck_n of_o he_o with_o who_o he_o live_v but_o natural_a necessity_n and_o coaction_n evert_v liberty_n why_o therefore_o be_v not_o co-act_a cause_n contain_v in_o this_o division_n because_o he_o who_o be_v compel_v be_v so_o compel_v by_o another_o as_o that_o he_o conduce_v nothing_o to_o the_o effect_n himself_o and_o therefore_o can_v be_v number_v among_o the_o efficient_n 2._o §_o by_o natural_a necessity_n we_o understand_v not_o only_o that_o by_o which_o inanimate_a thing_n act_v as_o plant_n but_o that_o also_o by_o which_o brute_n and_o infant_n before_o the_o use_v of_o reason_n for_o the_o action_n of_o brute_n and_o infant_n proceed_v almost_o in_o the_o same_o manner_n from_o natural_a instinct_n and_o sense_n as_o do_v the_o action_n of_o plant_n from_o nature_n itself_o in_o this_o sense_n be_v the_o part_n of_o the_o division_n immediate_o oppose_v and_o in_o this_o be_v contain_v all_o the_o species_n of_o cause_n which_o follow_v ax._n 12._o a_o free_a cause_n can_v act_v and_o not_o act_n what_o how_o and_o when_o it_o please_v ax._n 13._o a_o necessary_a be_v determine_v to_o one_o certain_a thing_n and_o act_n both_o when_o and_o as_o much_o as_o it_o can_v 1._o §_o for_o example_n for_o this_o cause_n be_v one_o say_v free_o to_o dispute_v or_o write_v because_o voluntary_o and_o of_o one_o own_o accord_n one_o dispute_n or_o write_v and_o also_o because_o one_o can_v dispute_v or_o not_o dispute_v and_o the_o disputation_n begin_v can_v at_o will_v interrupt_v or_o do_v any_o of_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v in_o our_o own_o power_n for_o to_o these_o only_o do_v the_o liberty_n of_o the_o will_v extend_v cause_n necessary_a be_v determine_v to_o one_o thing_n that_o be_v they_o can_v but_o can_v but_o act_v and_o that_o only_a which_o they_o do_v and_o nothing_o else_o and_o as_o much_o as_o they_o can_v so_o fire_n can_v but_o heat_v fit_a matter_n and_o heat_v every_o thing_n so_o much_o as_o that_o it_o can_v heat_v it_o any_o more_o ax._n 14._o four_o cause_o efficient_a be_v divide_v into_o cause_n by_o it_o self_n and_o cause_n by_o accident_n ax._n 15._o cause_o by_o itself_o be_v that_o which_o as_o it_o be_v such_o produces_z a_o effect_n of_o its_o own_o council_n and_o agreeable_a to_o its_o natural_a disposition_n ax._n 16._o by_o accident_n which_o not_o as_o such_o or_o else_o beside_o its_o own_o council_n or_o natural_a propension_n 1._o §_o that_o a_o cause_n efficient_a be_v a_o cause_n of_o itself_o two_o condition_n thus_o be_v require_v first_o that_o the_o effect_v answer_v to_o its_o council_n or_o natural_a propension_n to_o its_o council_n if_o a_o free_a propension_n if_o a_o necessary_a the_o other_o that_o it_o produce_v it_o as_o such_o if_o either_o of_o these_o be_v want_v the_o cause_n be_v say_v to_o be_v by_o accident_n if_o the_o first_o because_o some_o event_n or_o effect_v by_o accident_n coheres_fw-la with_o the_o effect_n which_o be_v produce_v by_o the_o cause_n efficient_a by_o itself_o as_o when_o one_o dig_v up_o the_o earth_n find_v a_o treasure_n for_o to_o dig_v the_o earth_n be_v the_o effect_n of_o the_o dig_a by_o itself_o with_o which_o effect_n the_o find_n of_o the_o treasure_n by_o accident_n that_o be_v beside_o the_o council_n of_o the_o dig_a and_o nature_n of_o the_o digging_z be_v join_v so_o when_o a_o animal_n beget_v a_o monster_n it_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o monster_n by_o accident_n because_o the_o generation_n of_o the_o monster_n be_v join_v with_o that_o of_o nature_n by_o accident_n and_o beside_o its_o scope_n and_o intention_n if_o the_o latter_a that_o be_v if_o the_o latter_a qualification_n be_v want_v the_o cause_n be_v say_v by_o accident_n because_o the_o effect_n be_v not_o ascribe_v to_o the_o cause_n but_o that_o which_o happen_v to_o it_o as_o when_o polyclete_n or_o a_o musician_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o a_o statue_n for_o neither_o do_v polyclete_n make_v the_o statue_n as_o he_o be_v polyclete_n or_o musician_n as_o he_o be_v musician_n but_o a_o statuary_n for_o it_o be_v accidental_a to_o the_o statuary_n that_o he_o be_v either_o polyclete_n or_o a_o musician_n see_v book_n 2._o of_o the_o physics_n cap._n 2._o ax._n 17._o to_o cause_v by_o accident_n be_v reduce_v fortune_n and_o chance_n 1._o §_o videlicet_fw-la to_o the_o first_o species_n of_o it_o which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v by_o reason_n of_o its_o effect_n fortune_n in_o greek_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d be_v define_v by_o aristotle_n book_n 2._o of_o the_o physics_n cap._n 5._o thus_o it_o be_v therefore_o manifest_a that_o fortune_n be_v a_o cause_n by_o accident_n in_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v do_v for_o the_o sake_n of_o something_o and_o consult_o undertake_v by_o themistius_n in_o his_o periphrase_n upon_o this_o place_n more_o full_o to_o be_v a_o cause_n by_o accident_n of_o those_o thing_n which_o neither_o necessary_o nor_o often_o but_o rare_o happen_v and_o in_o those_o alone_o which_o for_o the_o sake_n of_o something_o be_v consult_o undertake_v 2._o §_o now_o chance_n in_o creek_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d be_v a_o cause_n by_o accident_n of_o those_o thing_n which_o rare_o happen_v and_o that_o in_o all_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v undertake_v for_o the_o sake_n of_o another_o and_o not_o only_o consult_o for_o chance_n extend_v far_a than_o fortune_n for_o whereas_o both_o be_v cause_n by_o accident_n which_o act_n for_o the_o sake_n of_o some_o end_n and_o be_v conversant_a in_o thing_n rare_o happen_v fortune_n only_o be_v place_v in_o those_o thing_n which_o act_v consult_o chance_v also_o in_o those_o which_o act_n by_o necessity_n of_o nature_n as_o in_o infant_n brute_n plant_n and_o also_o inanimate_a thing_n in_o which_o there_o be_v no_o place_n for_o fortune_n as_o for_o instance_n when_o any_o one_o dig_v find_v a_o treasure_n we_o may_v say_v that_o it_o be_v by_o chance_n or_o fortune_n do_v but_o when_o a_o tile_n fall_v from_o a_o house_n shall_v wound_v a_o passer_n by_o that_o be_v we_o say_v by_o chance_n not_o fortune_n do_v all_o fortune_n therefore_o be_v chance_n but_o not_o on_o the_o contrary_a as_o be_v say_v book_n the_o same_o cap._n 6._o although_o '_o these_o word_n be_v often_o confound_v ax._n 18._o five_o cause_o efficient_a be_v divide_v into_o principal_a and_o less_o principal_a ax._n 19_o a_o principal_n be_v that_o which_o produce_v the_o effect_n by_o its_o own_o virtue_n ax._n 20._o a_o less_o which_o inserve_n the_o principal_a towards_o its_o produce_v the_o effect_n ax._n 21._o the_o principal_a cause_n be_v either_o equal_a to_o or_o noble_a never_o worse_o than_o
the_o effect_n the_o less_o principal_a as_o far_o as_o it_o cause_v be_v always_o worse_o then_o or_o inferior_a to_o the_o effect_n 1._o §_o when_o we_o compare_v the_o effect_n with_o the_o cause_n we_o be_v to_o consider_v the_o cause_n as_o it_o be_v such_o that_o be_v according_a to_o that_o virtue_n by_o which_o it_o cause_v when_o the_o virtue_n of_o the_o cause_n be_v such_o as_o that_o it_o contain_v in_o it_o whatever_o be_v in_o the_o effect_n it_o be_v say_v to_o be_v a_o principal_a cause_n the_o effect_n be_v say_v to_o be_v contain_v in_o the_o cause_n either_o formal_o or_o eminent_o when_o formal_o or_o the_o effect_n be_v of_o the_o same_o nature_n with_o the_o cause_n the_o cause_n be_v say_v to_o be_v univocal_a and_o be_v equal_a to_o its_o effect_n as_o when_o heat_n beget_v heat_n or_o a_o mouse_n a_o mouse_n when_o eminent_o or_o the_o cause_n by_o a_o noble_a sort_n of_o virtue_n produce_v the_o effect_n it_o be_v say_v to_o be_v aequivocal_a and_o be_v better_a than_o its_o effect_n as_o when_o light_n produce_v heat_n or_o the_o architect_n a_o house_n when_o neither_o formal_o nor_o eminent_o it_o be_v say_v to_o be_v less_o principal_a and_o that_o not_o so_o much_o effect_n as_o subserve_v the_o principal_a in_o produce_v the_o effect_n ax._n 22._o the_o less_o principal_a be_v subdivide_v into_o procatarctical_a proëgumenal_a and_o instrumental_a ax._n 23._o procatarctical_a be_v that_o which_o extrinsical_o excite_v the_o principal_a cause_n to_o action_n ax._n 24._o the_o proëgumenal_a which_o inward_o dispose_v or_o also_o excite_v the_o principal_a cause_n to_o action_n 1._o the_o cause_n in_o greek_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o procatarctical_a in_o latin_a may_v be_v call_v incipiens_fw-la or_o inchoans_fw-la that_o be_v beginning_n or_o inchoat_v and_o be_v either_o object_n occasion_n author_n or_o merit_n so_o far_o it_o may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o object_n as_o it_o move_v or_o excite_v the_o principal_a cause_n to_o action_n occasion_n be_v the_o conveniency_n of_o time_n and_o place_n to_o act_v in_o which_o itself_o also_o have_v some_o force_n of_o move_v to_o action_n in_o as_o much_o as_o it_o remove_v impediment_n to_o action_n author_n here_o be_v say_v to_o be_v he_o who_o propose_v reason_n persuade_v the_o principal_a cause_n either_o to_o or_o from_o action_n he_o be_v also_o call_v the_o moral_a cause_n merit_n or_o meritorious_a cause_n be_v that_o which_o move_v the_o agent_n to_o a_o requital_n and_o that_o either_o in_o good_a or_o evil_a thing_n and_o even_o all_o these_o be_v without_o the_o principal_a cause_n in_o which_o they_o be_v distinguish_v from_o the_o proegumenal_a which_o consist_v in_o the_o principal_a cause_n itself_o for_o example_n if_o any_o one_o walk_v about_o in_o the_o night_n shall_v see_v many_o precious_a thing_n in_o the_o open_a house_n of_o his_o enemy_n from_o who_o just_o before_o he_o have_v receive_v a_o injury_n to_o be_v negligent_o keep_v and_o at_o the_o instigation_n of_o another_o shall_v take_v they_o away_o the_o objective_a cause_n of_o of_o this_o will_v be_v the_o precious_a thing_n themselves_o exciting_a the_o covetousness_n of_o the_o thief_n the_o occasion_n the_o darkness_n of_o the_o night_n and_o open_a house_n which_o in_o no_o little_a measure_n further_o he_o in_o his_o purpose_n the_o author_n or_o moral_a cause_n he_o who_o instigate_v he_o the_o meritorious_a the_o injury_n receive_v for_o which_o the_o thief_n come_v to_o be_v more_o prone_a to_o steal_v the_o proëgumenal_a cause_n be_v the_o proper_a avarice_n of_o the_o thief_n farthermore_o author_n or_o cause_n moral_a have_v place_n only_o in_o voluntary_a cause_n object_n occasion_n meritorious_a and_o proëgumental_a also_o in_o other_o occasion_n be_v sometime_o take_v for_o cause_n meritorious_a as_o when_o a_o injury_n commit_v or_o do_v be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o occasion_n of_o a_o fight_n or_o war_n or_o slaughter_n and_o in_o this_o sense_n if_o feign_v be_v call_v by_o the_o greek_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o the_o latin_n pretext_n the_o proëgumenal_a either_o dispose_v only_o the_o principal_a cause_n as_o when_o the_o temperament_n of_o the_o body_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o manner_n or_o also_o move_v it_o and_o spur_n it_o on_o as_o when_o anger_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o revenge_n or_o avarice_n of_o theft_n 2._o §_o the_o procatarctical_a and_o proëgumenal_a cause_n be_v of_o great_a use_n in_o physic_n for_o physician_n reduce_v almost_o all_o disease_n to_o three_o cause_n procatarctical_a proegumenal_a and_o synectical_a or_o contain_v the_o procatarctical_a with_o they_o be_v the_o external_n and_o evident_a cause_n the_o other_o two_o the_o internal_a and_o hide_a cause_n the_o proëgumenal_a the_o antecedent_n the_o contain_v the_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o that_o which_o be_v connate_a with_o and_o also_o exist_v together_o with_o the_o disease_n and_o coheres_fw-la immediate_o with_o it_o and_o this_o with_o we_o be_v the_o next_o cause_n for_o example_n the_o procatarctical_a cause_n of_o the_o fever_n be_v either_o cold_a or_o the_o astringent_a bath_n the_o proëgumenal_a the_o skin_n bind_v up_o and_o evaporation_n hinder_v the_o contain_v the_o humour_n putrescent_fw-la and_o accend_v ax._n 25._o the_o instrumental_a cause_n be_v that_o which_o subserve_v the_o principal_a cause_n in_o its_o effect_v 1._o §_o all_o instrument_n subserve_v not_o the_o principal_a in_o the_o like_a manner_n for_o there_o be_v some_o instrument_n join_v to_o the_o principal_a cause_n in_o act_v and_o there_o be_v some_o in_o act_v separate_a from_o they_o those_o be_v instrument_n conjoin_v of_o which_o the_o principal_a cause_n make_v use_v in_o the_o effection_n of_o the_o thing_n and_o these_o be_v either_o active_a as_o the_o heat_n in_o the_o fire_n or_o passive_a as_o a_o knife_n a_o sword_n etc._n etc._n separate_a instrument_n be_v those_o which_o act_n in_o the_o place_n and_o stead_n of_o the_o principal_a cause_n so_o the_o ambassador_n be_v the_o instrument_n of_o the_o prince_n and_o the_o seed_n seem_v to_o many_o the_o instrument_n of_o generation_n but_o mistaken_o for_o separate_v instrument_n have_v no_o place_n in_o natural_n but_o moral_n and_o this_o bring_v we_o to_o the_o next_o maxim_n viz._n ax._n 26._o the_o essence_n of_o instrument_n consist_v in_o their_o fitness_n for_o use_v 1._o §_o instrument_n say_v aristotle_n book_n 2._o of_o an._n cap._n 4._o in_o office_n and_o uses_n be_v distinguish_v or_o convene_v among_o themselves_o for_o every_o instrument_n be_v that_o which_o it_o be_v because_o and_o so_o far_o as_o it_o be_v fit_a for_o some_o certain_a use_n so_o a_o axe_n be_v so_o far_o a_o axe_n as_o that_o in_o the_o quality_n of_o its_o matter_n and_o form_n it_o be_v fit_a to_o cut_v and_o the_o eye_n so_o far_o a_o eye_n as_o it_o be_v fit_a to_o see_v with_o for_o the_o eye_n the_o hand_n and_o other_o organical_a part_n of_o man_n or_o beast_n when_o dead_a be_v not_o eye_n or_o hand_n unless_o homonymous_o or_o ambiguous_o that_o be_v doubtful_o as_o aristotle_n say_v book_n 4._o of_o the_o meteor_n cap._n 17._o ax._n 27._o six_o cause_v efficient_a be_v divide_v into_o first_o and_o second_o ax._n 28._o the_o first_o be_v that_o which_o depend_v upon_o none_o ax._n 29._o the_o second_o which_o depend_v upon_o the_o first_o 1._o §_o a_o cause_n be_v two_o way_n say_v to_o be_v first_o to_o wit_n absolute_o or_o in_o its_o own_o genus_fw-la that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v absolute_o on_o which_o all_o thing_n depend_v both_o when_o they_o be_v make_v exist_v and_o operate_v or_o as_o they_o say_v in_o fieri_fw-la esse_fw-la and_o operation_n the_o cause_n absolute_o first_o be_v only_o one_o to_o wit_n god_n for_o all_o thing_n depend_v on_o god_n both_o as_o to_o their_o make_v be_v and_o operate_n according_a to_o that_o of_o the_o apostle_n st._n paul_n act_v 17._o in_o he_o we_o live_v and_o move_v and_o have_v our_o be_v furthermore_o all_o thing_n be_v say_v to_o depend_v upon_o god_n as_o they_o be_v make_v or_o in_o fieri_fw-la as_o they_o say_v by_o reason_n of_o creation_n and_o that_o either_o proximate_o or_o remote_o as_o they_o be_v or_o in_o be_v by_o reason_n of_o conservation_n as_o they_o operate_v of_o his_o providence_n either_o ordinary_o or_o extraordinary_o etc._n etc._n 2._o §_o that_o cause_n be_v say_v to_o be_v first_o in_o its_o own_o genus_fw-la on_o which_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o same_o genus_fw-la depend_v such_o a_o first_o cause_n be_v not_o only_o give_v in_o every_o genus_fw-la of_o cause_n but_o also_o in_o every_o subordination_n so_o adam_n be_v the_o first_o cause_n of_o man_n in_o his_o species_n
world_n be_v eternal_a there_o be_v four_o term_n because_o begin_v and_o end_n in_o the_o major_n be_v to_o be_v understand_v of_o duration_n in_o the_o minor_a of_o magnitude_n 3._o §_o second_o because_o concretes_n be_v confound_v with_o abstract_n or_o abstract_n with_o concretes_n as_o in_o this_o syllogism_n whiteness_n be_v a_o quality_n snow_n be_v white_a therefore_o snow_n be_v a_o quality_n 4._o §_o three_o because_o the_o case_n be_v change_v in_o the_o noun_n or_o tense_n in_o the_o verb_n as_o in_o these_o example_n all_o servant_n be_v their_o own_o master_n that_o be_v servants_z of_o their_o own_o master_n davus_n be_v a_o servant_n therefore_o davus_n be_v his_o own_o master_n no_o boy_n ever_o live_v long_o nestor_n be_v a_o boy_n therefore_o nestor_n do_v not_o live_v long_o but_o if_o the_o same_o mutation_n of_o case_n or_o time_n that_o be_v make_v in_o the_o premise_n be_v make_v also_o in_o the_o conclusion_n it_o make_v not_o a_o four_o term_n as_o appear_v from_o these_o example_n all_o servant_n be_v of_o their_o master_n davus_n be_v a_o servant_n therefore_o davus_n be_v of_o his_o master_n that_o be_v belong_v to_o he_o no_o boy_n live_v long_o nestor_n be_v a_o boy_n therefore_o nestor_n as_o a_o boy_n do_v not_o live_v long_o ax._n 8._o the_o second_o law_n be_v that_o there_o shall_v be_v no_o more_o nor_o less_o in_o the_o conclusion_n than_o there_o be_v in_o the_o premise_n 1._o §_o that_o be_v the_o extreme_n which_o be_v with_o the_o medium_fw-la dispose_v in_o the_o premise_n shall_v be_v so_o posit_v in_o the_o conclusion_n as_o they_o be_v in_o the_o premise_n without_o any_o either_o addition_n or_o detraction_n for_o if_o any_o thing_n be_v either_o add_v or_o withdraw_v there_o will_v be_v four_o term_n as_o appear_v from_o the_o follow_a example_n those_o which_o please_v god_n be_v happy_a all_o those_o which_o be_v faithful_a please_v god_n all_o those_o which_o be_v faithful_a therefore_o be_v happy_a and_o be_v afflict_v with_o no_o calamity_n all_o repent_a sinner_n be_v admit_v into_o favour_n some_o man_n be_v not_o admit_v into_o favour_n some_o man_n therefore_o be_v not_o sinner_n for_o both_o syllogism_n be_v vicious_a the_o first_o because_o there_o be_v more_o and_o the_o second_o because_o less_o in_o the_o conclusion_n than_o there_o be_v in_o the_o premise_n ax._n 9_o the_o three_o be_v the_o medium_fw-la must_v not_o enter_v the_o conclusion_n 1._o §_o vicious_a therefore_o be_v those_o syllogism_n in_o which_o either_o the_o whole_a or_o part_n of_o the_o medium_fw-la be_v include_v in_o it_o for_o example_n every_o horse_n differ_v from_o a_o man_n socrates_n differ_v not_o from_o a_o man_n therefore_o socrates_n differ_v not_o from_o a_o horse_n this_o syllogism_n be_v bad_a because_o the_o word_n differ_v be_v part_n of_o the_o medium_fw-la for_o it_o ought_v to_o have_v be_v infer_v therefore_o socrates_n be_v not_o a_o horse_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 10._o the_o four_o be_v the_o extreme_n be_v so_o to_o be_v place_v in_o the_o conclusion_n as_o they_o be_v before_o in_o the_o premise_n 1._o §_o that_o be_v that_o which_o be_v predicate_v of_o the_o medium_fw-la in_o the_o premise_n aught_o to_o be_v so_o in_o the_o conclusion_n and_o that_o which_o be_v subject_v to_o the_o medium_fw-la in_o the_o premise_n aught_o to_o be_v so_o in_o the_o conclusion_n or_o if_o both_o extreme_n be_v subject_v or_o both_o predicate_v that_o aught_o to_o be_v predicate_v in_o the_o conclusion_n which_o be_v conjoin_v with_o the_o medium_fw-la in_o the_o major_a proposition_n and_o that_o subject_v which_o be_v conjoin_v with_o the_o medium_fw-la in_o the_o minor_a proposition_n this_o syllogism_n therefore_o be_v vicious_a viz._n every_o animal_n live_v every_o man_n be_v a_o animal_n therefore_o every_o thing_n live_v be_v man._n for_o the_o inference_n ought_v to_o have_v be_v therefore_o every_o man_n live_v for_o when_o the_o site_n of_o the_o extreme_n be_v otherwise_o in_o the_o premise_n than_o it_o be_v in_o the_o conclusion_n the_o syllogism_n either_o conclude_v nothing_o or_o indirect_o ax._n 11._o five_o from_o two_o negative_n nothing_o be_v conclude_v which_o law_n lean_v upon_o this_o reason_n viz._n that_o the_o dictum_fw-la of_o all_o require_v both_o and_o the_o dictum_fw-la of_o none_o one_o affirm_v proposition_n this_o syllogism_n therefore_o be_v vicious_a no_o stone_n be_v a_o animal_n no_o man_n be_v a_o stone_n no_o man_n therefore_o be_v a_o animal_n etc._n etc._n 2._o §_o and_o yet_o if_o the_o negation_n be_v part_n of_o the_o argument_n a_o good_a syllogism_n may_v be_v make_v of_o two_o negative_n for_o this_o syllogism_n that_o which_o do_v not_o feel_v be_v not_o a_o animal_n a_o plant_n do_v not_o feel_v a_o plant_n therefore_o be_v not_o a_o animal_n do_v right_o conclude_v because_o the_o particle_n not_o join_v with_o feel_v in_o the_o major_n do_v not_o make_v a_o negation_n but_o only_o render_v the_o medium_fw-la infinite_a and_o the_o same_o force_v it_o ought_v to_o exercise_v in_o the_o assumption_n or_o second_o proposition_n and_o therefore_o though_o the_o minor_a be_v in_o specie_fw-la deny_v yet_o be_v it_o take_v for_o a_o affirm_v viz._n of_o a_o infinite_a predicate_v etc._n etc._n ax._n 12._o the_o six_o be_v that_o from_o two_o particular_n nothing_o be_v conclude_v 1._o §_o which_o depend_v upon_o this_o reason_n viz._n that_o the_o dictum_fw-la of_o all_o and_o none_o require_v either_o that_o both_o or_o at_o least_o one_o proposition_n be_v universal_a this_o syllogism_n therefore_o be_v vicious_a some_o animal_n be_v a_o man_n some_o animal_n be_v a_o beast_n some_o beast_n therefore_o be_v a_o man_n etc._n etc._n 2._o §_o that_o from_o two_o singulars_n something_o right_o may_v be_v conclude_v and_o not_o from_o two_o particular_n this_o be_v the_o reason_n uncertain_a individual_n which_o compose_v particular_a proposition_n be_v ambiguous_a and_o therefore_o in_o syllogism_n that_o consist_v of_o pure_a particular_n there_o be_v four_o term_n but_o now_o determinate_a individual_n of_o which_o singular_n consist_v be_v not_o subject_a to_o the_o same_o homonymy_n or_o doubtful_a signification_n ax._n 13._o the_o seven_o be_v that_o the_o conclusion_n shall_v follow_v the_o weak_a or_o deterior_fw-la part._n 1._o §_o wherefore_o since_o a_o proposition_n deny_v be_v deterior_fw-la to_o a_o affirm_v and_o a_o particular_a to_o a_o universal_a if_o either_o of_o the_o premise_n be_v deny_v the_o conclusion_n also_o must_v be_v so_o and_o if_o either_o of_o they_o be_v particular_a the_o conclusion_n also_o must_v be_v so_o for_o the_o proposition_n premise_v be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o conclusion_n but_o the_o cause_n can_v be_v deterior_fw-la to_o its_o effect_n wherefore_o if_o any_o debility_n adhere_v to_o the_o premise_n it_o must_v necessary_o pass_v into_o the_o conclusion_n no_o less_o than_o hereditary_a disease_n do_v to_o posterity_n this_o rule_n extend_v itself_o also_o to_o the_o condition_n of_o the_o matter_n so_o that_o if_o one_o of_o the_o premise_n be_v necessary_a the_o other_o contingent_a the_o conclusion_n also_o must_v be_v contingent_a as_o be_v teach_v book_n 1._o prior._fw-la cap._n 21._o and_o these_o law_n be_v general_a ax._n 14._o the_o special_a law_n be_v these_o three_o and_o first_o the_o major_a of_o the_o first_o figure_n must_v be_v always_o universal_a and_o the_o minor_a affirm_v 1._o §_o this_o law_n be_v collect_v out_o of_o book_n 1._o prior._fw-la cap._n 4._o and_o therefore_o these_o syllogism_n must_v be_v vicious_a some_o animal_n be_v a_o beast_n every_o man_n be_v a_o animal_n every_o or_o some_o man_n therefore_o be_v a_o beast_n every_o man_n be_v a_o animal_n no_o horse_n be_v a_o man_n therefore_o no_o horse_n be_v a_o animal_n but_o yet_o if_o the_o negation_n be_v part_n of_o the_o medium_fw-la the_o syllogism_n be_v not_o vicious_a as_o we_o say_v above_o ax._n 15._o the_o second_o be_v that_o the_o major_a of_o the_o second_o figure_n must_v be_v always_o universal_a and_o one_o of_o the_o premise_n deny_v 1._o §_o and_o therefore_o these_o syllogism_n be_v vicious_a some_o animal_n be_v a_o man_n no_o horse_n be_v a_o man_n some_o horse_n therefore_o be_v not_o a_o animal_n every_o man_n be_v a_o animal_n every_o horse_n be_v a_o animal_n every_o horse_n therefore_o be_v a_o man._n ax._n 16._o the_o three_o be_v the_o minor_a of_o the_o three_o figure_n must_v be_v affirm_v and_o the_o conclusion_n particular_a 1._o §_o and_o therefore_o these_o syllogism_n be_v vicious_a every_o animal_n live_v no_o animal_n be_v a_o plant_n therefore_o some_o plant_n do_v not_o live_v every_o man_n be_v a_o animal_n every_o man_n live_v every_o live_a thing_n therefore_o be_v a_o animal_n ax._n 17._o the_o propriety_n convening_n to_o syllogism_n which_o
the_o argumentation_n be_v infirm_a and_o beget_v not_o science_n when_o subject_a frivolous_a and_o inept_v for_o in_o vain_a shall_v we_o prove_v for_o instance_n that_o the_o pigmy_n be_v cholorick_n because_o of_o their_o short_a stature_n unless_o it_o appear_v that_o there_o be_v pigmy_n etc._n etc._n of_o premise_n or_o principle_n also_o that_o they_o be_v true_a for_o otherwise_o we_o lay_v a_o foundation_n of_o thing_n that_o be_v not_o know_v it_o remain_v therefore_o that_o of_o the_o affection_n it_o shall_v be_v demonstrate_v that_o it_o be_v and_o of_o the_o whole_a conclusion_n consist_v of_o subject_a and_o affection_n that_o it_o be_v true_a or_o that_o the_o affection_n be_v in_o the_o subject_a etc._n etc._n ax._n 6._o of_o which_o precognition_n those_o that_o be_v self-evident_a that_o be_v so_o that_o no_o body_n can_v be_v ignorant_a of_o they_o be_v only_o make_v in_o the_o mind_n those_o not_o so_o but_o that_o they_o may_v be_v unknown_a be_v always_o express_v in_o the_o first_o entrance_n of_o science_n ax._n 7._o and_o if_o so_o soon_o as_o produce_v they_o be_v believe_v by_o the_o disciple_n they_o may_v be_v proper_o term_v supposition_n but_o if_o not_o and_o the_o disciple_n be_v doubtful_a of_o they_o or_o even_o incline_v to_o a_o contrary_a opinion_n postulata_fw-la or_o thing_n to_o be_v require_v or_o demand_v 1._o §_o there_o be_v some_o thing_n say_v aristotle_n in_o science_n of_o which_o no_o one_o can_v be_v ignorant_a and_o these_o they_o call_v supposition_n as_o we_o say_v before_o or_o axiom_n that_o be_v such_o as_o carry_v such_o a_o native_a clarity_n with_o they_o as_o they_o be_v worthy_a of_o every_o body_n to_o be_v credit_v some_o of_o which_o one_o may_v but_o yet_o so_o soon_o as_o propose_v by_o a_o master_n be_v believe_v without_o proof_n and_o such_o as_o these_o be_v term_v definition_n and_o some_o not_o so_o immediate_o but_o deliver_v precarious_o and_o by_o way_n as_o it_o be_v of_o agreement_n because_o the_o probation_n of_o they_o if_o any_o belong_v to_o the_o metaphysic_n and_o such_o as_o these_o they_o call_v postulata_fw-la or_o thing_n require_v or_o to_o be_v demand_v etc._n etc._n and_o so_o we_o come_v to_o the_o condition_n which_o in_o every_o demonstration_n why_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v and_o first_o to_o those_o of_o the_o question_n to_o be_v demonstrate_v and_o medium_fw-la which_o be_v to_o be_v use_v in_o demonstration_n chap._n xxii_o of_o the_o question_n to_o be_v demonstrate_v and_o medium_fw-la which_o be_v to_o be_v use_v in_o demonstration_n ax._n 1_o the_o condition_n which_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v in_o demonstration_n why_o be_v partly_o belong_v to_o the_o question_n partly_o to_o the_o cause_n or_o medium_fw-la of_o demonstration_n and_o partly_o to_o the_o premise_n or_o principle_n of_o which_o in_o the_o chapter_n follow_v ax._n 2._o every_o question_n do_v not_o admit_v of_o a_o demonstration_n why_o but_o only_o that_o which_o be_v true_a and_o have_v a_o certain_a and_o immutable_a cause_n of_o its_o truth_n ax._n 3_o and_o therefore_o neither_o proposition_n immediate_a nor_o fortuitous_a can_v be_v demonstrate_v but_o only_o proper_a accident_n 1._o §_o now_o proposition_n immediate_a can_v because_o they_o have_v no_o medium_fw-la or_o cause_n of_o their_o truth_n 1._o §_o chance_n likewise_o can_v because_o they_o have_v not_o any_o dependence_n upon_o any_o certain_a cause_n or_o rule_n accident_n therefore_o and_o those_o proper_a only_a can_v be_v demonstrate_v for_o substance_n have_v no_o cause_n why_o they_o be_v in_o the_o subject_a because_o they_o be_v predicate_v always_o as_o genus_n or_o difference_n and_o accident_n improper_a have_v no_o certain_a and_o definite_a cause_n now_o whether_o these_o accident_n proper_a flow_n from_o the_o essence_n of_o the_o subject_a or_o some_o external_n cause_n or_o whether_o they_o be_v perpetual_a or_o only_o frequent_v it_o matter_n not_o but_o this_o that_o they_o cohere_v with_o their_o cause_n so_o as_o that_o they_o be_v put_v these_o also_o be_v put_v and_o that_o be_v take_v away_o these_o also_o may_v be_v take_v away_o be_v necessary_a and_o require_v for_o instance_n although_o the_o moon_n be_v not_o always_o deficient_a yet_o that_o she_o be_v so_o when_o so_o may_v be_v demonstrate_v because_o she_o be_v always_o so_o when_o the_o earth_n be_v diametrical_o interpose_v between_o the_o sun_n and_o the_o moon_n and_o never_o so_o when_o otherwise_o etc._n etc._n and_o so_o much_o of_o the_o question_n to_o be_v demonstrate_v ax._n 4._o now_o the_o medium_fw-la of_o demonstration_n must_v be_v the_o next_o cause_n of_o the_o predicate_v and_o that_o either_o efficient_a or_o final_a and_o if_o efficient_a either_o internal_a or_o external_n 1._o §_o now_o whereas_o cause_n be_v say_v to_o be_v two_o way_n next_o that_o be_v either_o absolute_o or_o in_o its_o own_o genus_fw-la in_o this_o place_n be_v to_o be_v understand_v the_o absolute_o next_o that_o be_v such_o as_o that_o be_v put_v the_o effect_n also_o must_v be_v put_v and_o that_o take_v away_o the_o effect_n also_o must_v be_v take_v away_o and_o far_o it_o be_v require_v that_o it_o be_v also_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o predicate_a for_o that_o it_o be_v also_o of_o the_o subject_a be_v not_o so_o necessary_a because_o it_o be_v not_o inquire_v whether_o the_o subject_a be_v for_o that_o be_v pre-supposed_n but_o whether_o the_o predicate_v or_o in_o plain_a term_n whether_o the_o predicate_v be_v in_o the_o subject_a or_o not_o etc._n etc._n 2._o §_o this_o next_o cause_n must_v be_v either_o efficient_a or_o final_a because_o the_o predicate_v be_v a_o accident_n have_v not_o matter_n or_o form_n proper_o so_o call_v the_o cause_n final_a be_v adhibit_v in_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v do_v for_o the_o sake_n of_o another_o as_o means_n natural_a instrument_n etc._n etc._n also_o action_n and_o habit_n if_o such_o be_v to_o be_v demonstrate_v and_o in_o other_o case_n the_o efficient_a it_o happen_v sometime_o indeed_o that_o the_o cause_n proximate_n viz._n the_o efficient_a be_v also_o the_o form_n or_o matter_n of_o the_o subject_a and_o when_o it_o be_v so_o the_o better_a but_o however_o they_o differ_v not_o in_o specie_fw-la from_o the_o rest_n but_o these_o thing_n will_v appear_v more_o by_o example_n as_o here_o 1._o every_o rational_a creature_n be_v capable_a of_o science_n every_o man_n be_v a_o rational_a creature_n every_o man_n therefore_o be_v capable_a of_o science_n etc._n etc._n in_o this_o be_v the_o medium_fw-la rational_a the_o cause_n efficient_a internal_a of_o the_o predicate_v and_o form_n of_o the_o subject_a here_o 2._o every_o earthly_a thing_n be_v overwhelm_v wiâ—n_o throw_v into_o the_o water_n a_o ebony-tree_n be_v a_o earthly_a thing_n and_o therefore_o every_o ebony-tree_n be_v overwhelm_v when_o throw_v into_o the_o water_n the_o cause_n efficient_a internal_a and_o matter_n of_o the_o subject_a here_o 3._o whatever_o consist_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n have_v a_o threefold_a dimension_n every_o body_n consist_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n and_o therefore_o every_o body_n have_v a_o threefold_a dimension_n etc._n etc._n cause_o efficient_a internal_a of_o the_o predicate_v and_o both_o form_n and_o matter_n of_o the_o subject_a here_o 4._o that_o which_o be_v endue_v with_o a_o threefold_a dimension_n admit_v not_o of_o another_o body_n be_v with_o it_o in_o the_o same_o place_n but_o every_o body_n be_v endue_v with_o a_o threefold_a dimension_n etc._n etc._n the_o cause_n efficient_a internal_a of_o the_o predicate_v and_o the_o propriety_n of_o the_o subject_a etc._n etc._n here_o viz._n 5._o that_o which_o the_o earth_n be_v object_v can_v be_v illustrate_v by_o the_o ray_n of_o the_o sun_n that_o suffer_v a_o eclipse_n of_o the_o light_n receive_v from_o the_o sun_n but_o the_o moon_n the_o earth_n be_v object_v can_v be_v illustrate_v with_o the_o ray_n of_o the_o sun_n etc._n etc._n the_o cause_n efficient_a external_n of_o the_o predicate_a here_o 6._o he_o who_o be_v make_v for_o the_o contemplation_n of_o celestial_a thing_n aught_o to_o be_v of_o a_o upright_a countenance_n man_n be_v make_v for_o the_o contemplation_n of_o celesti-thing_n and_o therefore_o man_n ought_v to_o be_v of_o a_o upright_a countenance_n the_o cause_n final_a and_o also_o that_o of_o the_o predicate_v etc._n etc._n 3._o §_o now_o sometime_o it_o happen_v that_o the_o same_o question_n may_v be_v demonstrate_v by_o the_o cause_n efficient_a together_o with_o the_o final_a and_o so_o you_o may_v demonstrate_v that_o a_o animal_n sleep_v viz._n either_o because_o the_o common_a sense_n be_v sopit_v or_o drown_v by_o vapour_n and_o the_o passage_n of_o the_o external_n sense_n obstruct_v and_o this_o be_v from_o the_o efficient_a or_o else_o that_o the_o spirit_n may_v be_v refresh_v and_o strength_n
a_o point_n be_v that_o which_o do_v not_o consist_v of_o part_n a_o line_n be_v a_o longitude_n void_a of_o latitude_n a_o right_a line_n that_o which_o lie_v equal_o betwixt_o its_o point_n etc._n etc._n hypothesis_n in_o the_o first_o that_o there_o be_v a_o natural_a body_n a_o heaven_n a_o soul_n etc._n etc._n arithmetic_n that_o there_o be_v a_o unity_n seu_fw-la non_fw-la dari_fw-la maximum_fw-la numerum_fw-la that_o be_v that_o there_o be_v no_o such_o thing_n as_o the_o high_a number_n geometry_n that_o there_o be_v a_o line_n that_o from_o one_o point_n to_o any_o other_o point_v a_o right_a line_n may_v be_v draw_v etc._n etc._n all_o which_o be_v such_o as_o though_o they_o want_v not_o demonstration_n yet_o be_v they_o such_o as_o that_o out_o of_o the_o signification_n of_o the_o word_n mere_o know_v without_o the_o accession_n of_o any_o thing_n else_o they_o can_v be_v know_v to_o be_v true_a for_o although_o any_o one_o shall_v know_v what_o be_v signify_v by_o the_o name_n body_n yet_o can_v he_o not_o know_v by_o this_o that_o every_o body_n consist_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n nay_o that_o there_o be_v such_o a_o thing_n as_o natural_a body_n if_o not_o assist_v by_o the_o help_n of_o his_o sense_n etc._n etc._n 4._o §_o hence_o be_v it_o that_o axiom_n ought_v to_o be_v hold_v by_o he_o that_o will_v learn_v any_o science_n before_o he_o come_v to_o his_o master_n theses_n not_o because_o these_o be_v to_o be_v explain_v in_o the_o very_a entrance_n of_o science_n definition_n especial_o always_o but_o if_o know_v by_o the_o judgement_n of_o the_o sense_n hypothesis_n indeed_o need_v not_o etc._n etc._n ax._n 14._o now_o when_o a_o demonstration_n be_v conform_v to_o these_o law_n it_o not_o only_o prove_v that_o the_o affection_n be_v in_o the_o subject_a but_o also_o explain_v what_o that_o be_v and_o contain_v the_o perfect_a definition_n of_o it_o 1._o §_o that_o be_v contain_v all_o those_o thing_n that_o be_v necessary_a to_o it_o only_o in_o invert_v order_n for_o a_o demonstration_n be_v thus_o propose_v viz._n the_o earth_n be_v interpose_v between_o the_o sun_n and_o the_o moon_n and_o therefore_o the_o moon_n suffer_v a_o eclipse_n or_o a_o defect_n of_o light_n viz._n receive_v from_o the_o sun_n and_o a_o definition_n thus_o viz._n a_o eclipse_n be_v a_o defect_n of_o light_n in_o the_o moon_n receive_v from_o the_o sun_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o earth_n interposition_n etc._n etc._n and_o this_o of_o demonstration_n why._n now_o come_v we_o to_o that_o which_o we_o call_v demonstratin_n that_o of_o which_o the_o next_o chapter_n as_o also_o of_o that_o which_o the_o logician_n call_v a_o regress_n chap._n xxiv_o of_o demonstration_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o that_o and_o regress_n ax._n 1_o now_o of_o demonstration_n that_o the_o one_o be_v from_o the_o effect_n and_o the_o other_o from_o the_o remote_a cause_n ax._n 2._o of_o which_o that_o collect_v the_o cause_n from_o the_o effect_v sensible_a and_o this_o the_o effect_n from_o the_o remote_a cause_n 1._o §_o for_o example_n if_o any_o one_o rise_v something_o late_a than_o usual_a shall_v see_v the_o wall_n of_o his_o chamber_n collustrate_v with_o the_o sunbeam_n and_o collect_v from_o thence_o that_o the_o sun_n have_v be_v sometime_o rise_v this_o will_v be_v from_o the_o sensible_a effect_n from_o the_o remote_a cause_n this_o viz._n plant_n have_v not_o a_o sensitive_a soul_n and_o therefore_o they_o do_v breath_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 3_o now_o that_o from_o the_o effect_n may_v be_v as_o well_o affirm_v as_o deny_v the_o remote_a cause_n always_o deny_v and_o conclude_v in_o the_o second_o figure_n in_o camestre_n and_o therefore_o as_o we_o collect_v plant_n live_v because_o they_o grow_v and_o be_v nourish_v so_o also_o may_v we_o that_o stone_n do_v not_o because_o they_o neither_o grow_v nor_o be_v nourish_v etc._n etc._n and_o as_o from_o a_o unequal_a concitate_v pulse_n of_o the_o artery_n we_o collect_v that_o there_o be_v a_o fever_n so_o also_o from_o a_o equal_a and_o sedate_v that_o there_o be_v none_o or_o that_o there_o be_v a_o immunity_n from_o a_o fever_n etc._n etc._n but_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v that_o all_o animal_n breathe_v because_o they_o have_v a_o sensitive_a soul_n although_o it_o do_v that_o no_o plant_n do_v because_o it_o have_v not_o because_o have_v a_o sensitive_a soul_n be_v not_o the_o next_o cause_n of_o breathe_v etc._n etc._n 3._o §_o now_o of_o these_o two_o species_n of_o demonstration_n the_o first_o be_v much_o noble_a than_o the_o last_o first_o because_o it_o have_v more_o necessary_a proposition_n consist_v of_o the_o same_o term_n of_o which_o do_v the_o demonstration_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d second_o beget_v knowledge_n though_o not_o simple_o yet_o such_o as_o be_v in_o its_o genus_fw-la perfect_a for_o a_o cause_n can_v no_o other_o way_n be_v know_v but_o by_o its_o effect_n three_o it_o be_v frame_v in_o the_o first_o figure_n and_o may_v also_o be_v affirm_v whereas_o demonstration_n from_o the_o cause_n remote_a consist_v of_o less_o necessary_a proposition_n and_o not_o immediate_a neither_o do_v it_o beget_v knowledge_n in_o its_o own_o kind_a perfect_a neither_o can_v it_o be_v frame_v in_o the_o first_o figure_n etc._n etc._n both_o yet_o beget_v such_o a_o knowledge_n as_o that_o we_o may_v know_v whether_o the_o thing_n be_v or_o be_v not_o etc._n etc._n ax._n 4._o as_o soon_o then_o as_o the_o cause_n be_v deprehend_v from_o the_o sensible_a effect_n a_o comparison_n be_v institute_v between_o that_o cause_n and_o the_o effect_n and_o when_o the_o mind_n by_o its_o sagacity_n discover_v that_o that_o cause_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o that_o effect_n then_o a_o regress_n be_v make_v from_o the_o cause_n to_o the_o effect_n by_o a_o demonstration_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o sometime_o the_o effect_n be_v unknown_a and_o the_o cause_n know_v and_o then_o immediate_o be_v make_v use_n of_o the_o demonstration_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d sometime_o the_o effect_n perceive_v and_o cause_v unknown_a and_o then_o first_o the_o cause_n from_o the_o effect_n and_o then_o the_o effect_n from_o the_o cause_n be_v to_o be_v demonstrate_v and_o this_o sort_n of_o demonstration_n be_v usual_o call_v by_o the_o latin_n a_o regress_n in_o which_o the_o cause_n be_v first_o to_o be_v investigate_v by_o the_o effect_n and_o then_o from_o the_o true_a knowledge_n of_o those_o cause_n be_v to_o be_v derive_v a_o true_a and_o perfect_a knowledge_n of_o those_o effect_n whereby_o we_o not_o only_o know_v that_o the_o effect_n be_v of_o which_o our_o sense_n be_v judge_n but_o also_o why_o and_o what_o they_o be_v further_a than_o which_o our_o mind_n can_v reach_v and_o thus_o much_o may_v suffice_v for_o a_o account_n of_o true_a syllogism_n note_n and_o observation_n from_o the_o learned_a heereboord_n in_o relation_n to_o this_o 24_o chapter_n when_o the_o demonstration_n from_o the_o remote_a cause_n be_v say_v to_o be_v always_o negative_a by_o the_o ingenious_a author_n it_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v with_o this_o restriction_n viz._n when_o it_o be_v large_a than_o the_o effect_n and_o not_o reciprocate_v with_o it_o as_o in_o the_o instance_n which_o he_o have_v give_v which_o be_v very_o true_a but_o sometime_o it_o may_v happen_v that_o the_o remote_a cause_n may_v be_v equal_a to_o and_o not_o large_a than_o the_o effect_n and_o then_o it_o be_v reciprocate_v with_o it_o and_o may_v be_v affirm_v as_o in_o this_o instance_n those_o thing_n which_o be_v animal_n vegetative_a be_v nourish_v plant_n be_v animal_n vegetative_a and_o therefore_o they_o be_v nourish_v wherein_o the_o middle_a term_n be_v the_o remote_a cause_n for_o the_o next_o be_v the_o nutritive_a faculty_n and_o yet_o the_o syllogism_n proceed_v in_o the_o first_o figure_n and_o be_v affirm_v because_o the_o remote_a cause_n be_v adequate_a to_o the_o effect_n and_o reciprocate_v with_o it_o for_o whatsoever_o be_v nourish_v have_v a_o vegetative_a soul_n and_o whatsoever_o be_v not_o have_v not_o etc._n etc._n chap._n xxv_o of_o sophism_n ax._n 1_o next_o follow_v syllogism_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o fallacious_a which_o counterfeit_v a_o show_n of_o the_o true_a produce_v error_n or_o a_o ignorance_n of_o deprave_a disposition_n commentary_n 1._o §_o now_o precept_n concern_v this_o be_v very_o necessary_a in_o logic_n for_o fear_n lest_o other_o shall_v impose_v upon_o we_o for_o he_o that_o be_v liable_a to_o be_v deceive_v by_o another_o and_o be_v not_o aware_a of_o it_o may_v also_o be_v deceive_v by_o himself_o 2._o §_o but_o say_v they_o who_o wo'n_v admit_v of_o the_o doctrine_n of_o fallacious_a syllogism_n in_o logic_n the_o right_o be_v the_o rule_n both_o of_o itself_o and_o the_o wrong_n
note_n or_o affection_n of_o quality_n arise_v either_o from_o contrariety_n or_o disposition_n of_o the_o matter_n habit_n and_o patible_a quality_n receive_v more_o and_o less_o from_o contrariety_n for_o they_o be_v remit_v when_o intermix_v with_o their_o contrary_n and_o intend_v when_o they_o be_v free_a from_o it_o light_v except_v which_o although_o a_o a_o patible_a quality_n yet_o be_v intend_v or_o remit_v upon_o the_o account_n of_o the_o unequal_a disposition_n of_o the_o subject_a because_o be_v have_v not_o a_o contrary_a after_o the_o same_o manner_n be_v the_o natural_a power_n intend_v and_o remit_v to_o which_o nothing_o be_v contrary_a with_o which_o they_o can_v be_v mix_v ax._n 13._o thing_n by_o quality_n be_v say_v to_o be_v like_a or_o unlike_a 1._o §_o for_o likeness_n and_o unlikeness_n be_v relation_n agreeable_a to_o thing_n by_o reason_n of_o their_o quality_n chap._n vii_o of_o thing_n relate_v to_o each_o other_o ax._n 1_o those_o thing_n be_v say_v to_o be_v relate_v which_o in_o respect_n of_o what_o they_o be_v be_v say_v to_o be_v other_o that_o be_v of_o other_o or_o in_o any_o other_o manner_n or_o respect_n be_v refer_v to_o 〈◊〉_d 1._o §_o this_o definition_n of_o thing_n relate_v be_v extant_a in_o the_o beginning_n of_o the_o first_o chapter_n of_o the_o category_n ax._n 2._o related_n be_v usual_o divide_v into_o related_n in_o respect_n of_o their_o name_n and_o those_o in_o respect_n of_o their_o essence_n ax._n 3_o relateds_n according_a to_o their_o name_n be_v absolute_a thing_n which_o include_v or_o connote_v a_o relatition_n and_o therefore_o not_o in_o essence_n but_o in_o name_n only_o be_v refer_v to_o something_o else_o ax._n 4._o relateds_n according_a to_o their_o essence_n be_v those_o thing_n in_o who_o to_o be_v and_o to_o have_v respect_n to_o something_o else_o be_v the_o same_o thing_n or_o who_o essence_n be_v whole_o place_v in_o the_o respect_n they_o bear_v to_o some_o other_o thing_n 1._o §_o relateds_n in_o respect_n of_o their_o name_n and_o related_n in_o respect_n of_o their_o essence_n differ_v not_o in_o the_o nature_n of_o their_o relation_n but_o their_o name_n for_o the_o name_n which_o agree_v to_o relateds_n according_a to_o their_o name_n signify_v of_o themselves_o first_o a_o absolute_a thing_n and_o second_o connote_v a_o relation_n which_o be_v include_v in_o that_o absolute_a thing_n but_o to_o relateds_n according_a to_o their_o essence_n be_v such_o name_n give_v which_o of_o themselves_o signify_v a_o relation_n and_o connote_v a_o absolute_a thing_n which_o that_o relation_n presuppose_v as_o it_o be_v its_o subject_a for_o example_n knowledge_n and_o a_o thing_n knowable_a be_v say_v to_o be_v relateds_n according_a to_o their_o name_n because_o science_n be_v the_o name_n of_o a_o quality_n which_o include_v a_o respect_n to_o the_o object_n knowable_a or_o which_o may_v be_v know_v and_o therefore_o the_o whole_a essence_n of_o science_n be_v not_o place_v in_o respect_n to_o the_o object_n which_o may_v be_v know_v nay_o the_o essence_n of_o knowledge_n or_o science_n be_v a_o absolute_a quality_n which_o be_v yet_o say_v to_o be_v refer_v to_o another_o because_o it_o connote_v a_o relation_n but_o father_n and_o son_n be_v relateds_n according_a to_o their_o essence_n because_o these_o word_n of_o themselves_o first_o signify_v a_o relation_n or_o mutual_a respect_n and_o therefore_o the_o whole_a essence_n of_o the_o father_n as_o he_o be_v father_n be_v place_v in_o respect_n to_o the_o son_n and_o that_o of_o the_o son_n in_o respect_n to_o his_o father_n for_o what_o be_v it_o else_o to_o be_v a_o father_n but_o to_o have_v a_o son_n and_o to_o be_v a_o son_n but_o to_o have_v a_o father_n 2._o §_o from_o related_n according_a to_o their_o name_n little_a or_o nothing_o differ_v relateds_n transcendent_a so_o call_v because_o they_o surpass_v or_o transcend_v all_o the_o bound_n of_o category_n for_o there_o be_v nothing_o to_o which_o such_o related_n do_v not_o agree_v so_o accident_n to_o the_o subject_a action_n to_o the_o object_n part_v to_o the_o whole_a and_o cause_n to_o the_o cause_v etc._n etc._n ax._n 5._o related_n be_v also_o divide_v into_o relateds_n real_a and_o relateds_n rational_a ax._n 6._o relateds_n real_a be_v those_o which_o of_o their_o own_o nature_n and_o without_o the_o help_n of_o the_o mind_n be_v refer_v to_o some_o other_o thing_n ax._n 7._o relateds_n of_o reason_n be_v such_o as_o only_o by_o the_o operation_n of_o the_o mind_n be_v refer_v or_o relate_v to_o somewhat_o else_o 1._o §_o for_o example_n father_n son_n husband_n and_o wife_n and_o other_o related_n of_o that_o sort_n be_v real_a related_n because_o the_o father_n be_v the_o son_n father_n and_o the_o husband_n be_v the_o wive_n husband_n do_v not_o depend_v upon_o the_o cogitation_n of_o our_o mind_n but_o right_o and_o left_n be_v relation_n of_o reason_n because_o that_o to_o one_o stand_v betwixt_o two_o column_n this_o shall_v be_v right_o that_o leave_v rather_o than_o the_o contrary_a be_v from_o the_o ordination_n of_o the_o mind_n in_o this_o sense_n to_o the_o heaven_n also_o we_o assign_v right_o and_o left_a before_o and_o after_o and_o other_o difference_n of_o position_n but_o that_o one_o hand_n shall_v be_v call_v right_o and_o the_o other_o leave_v seem_v not_o to_o be_v attribute_v to_o reason_n but_o nature_n to_o related_n of_o reason_n also_o identity_n or_o sameness_n be_v to_o be_v refer_v for_o when_o any_o thing_n be_v so_o compare_v with_o itself_o as_o that_o it_o be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o same_o with_o itself_o that_o one_o thing_n be_v so_o use_v by_o the_o understanding_n as_o if_o it_o be_v two_o hitherto_o also_o refer_v being_n of_o reason_n which_o be_v mutual_o refer_v to_o each_o other_o as_o genus_fw-la and_o species_n subject_a and_o predicate_v etc._n etc._n ax._n 8._o in_o every_o relation_n be_v require_v subject_a and_o term._n ax._n 9_o that_o be_v call_v the_o subject_a to_o which_o the_o relation_n be_v attribute_v or_o that_o which_o be_v refer_v to_o some_o other_o thing_n ax._n 10._o that_o the_o term_n to_o which_o the_o subject_n be_v refer_v ax._n 11._o the_o subject_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o relate_v and_o the_o term_n the_o correlate_n when_o affect_v with_o a_o relation_n and_o consider_v together_o with_o it_o ax._n 12._o relate_v and_o correlated_a be_v mutual_o refer_v each_o to_o the_o other_o and_o that_o not_o in_o one_o but_o a_o twofold_a relation_n ax._n 13._o in_o which_o reciprocation_n or_o mutual_a relation_n that_o which_o be_v the_o subject_a of_o one_o relation_n be_v the_o term_n of_o the_o other_o and_o so_o on_o the_o contrary_n ax._n 14._o as_o also_o that_o which_o be_v in_o one_o relation_n the_o relate_v be_v in_o the_o other_o the_o correlate_n and_o so_o on_o the_o contrary_n 1._o §_o these_o thing_n that_o you_o may_v understand_v suppose_v we_o between_o the_o father_n and_o the_o son_n two_o relation_n to_o intercede_v of_o which_o the_o one_o in_o which_o the_o father_n be_v refer_v to_o the_o son_n be_v common_o call_v paternity_n the_o other_o in_o which_o the_o son_n be_v refer_v to_o the_o father_n filiation_n or_o sonship_n but_o paternity_n and_o filiation_n be_v not_o one_o but_o two_o relation_n diverse_a from_o each_o other_o because_o the_o father_n be_v otherwise_o relate_v towards_o the_o son_n than_o the_o son_n be_v towards_o the_o father_n these_o two_o relation_n require_v two_o subject_n and_o two_o term_n which_o be_v two_o man_n as_o suppose_v philip_n and_o alexander_n philip_n be_v the_o subject_a of_o paternity_n alexander_n the_o term._n on_o the_o other_o side_n alexander_n be_v the_o subject_a of_o filiation_n philip_n the_o term_n father_n be_v the_o relate_v in_o paternity_n son_n the_o correlate_n on_o the_o other_o side_n son_n be_v the_o relate_v in_o filiation_n father_n the_o correlate_n 2._o §_o father_n the_o subject_a of_o relation_n be_v wont_v vulgar_o to_o be_v distinguish_v into_o subject_n of_o inhaesion_n and_o subject_a of_o denomination_n but_o these_o thing_n have_v more_o in_o they_o of_o subtlety_n than_o truth_n ax._n 15._o some_o relation_n be_v suppose_v suppose_v the_o subject_a and_o term_n other_o beside_o these_o do_v require_v a_o foundation_n ax._n 16._o and_o a_o foundation_n be_v that_o by_o who_o mean_n the_o relation_n accrue_v to_o the_o subject_a 1._o for_o example_n when_o a_o egg_n be_v say_v to_o be_v like_o a_o egg_n the_o similitude_n between_o these_o two_o egg_n arise_v in_o each_o as_o soon_o as_o they_o begin_v to_o exist_v nor_o be_v there_o any_o thing_n require_v towards_o their_o relation_n beside_o the_o existence_n of_o two_o eggs._n but_o the_o relation_n of_o servant_n do_v not_o present_o arise_v in_o the_o subject_a so_o soon_o as_o
be_v say_v to_o be_v action_n as_o receive_v by_o the_o patient_n a_o passion_n for_o as_o the_o way_n from_o athens_n to_o thebes_n and_o from_o thebes_n to_o athens_n be_v one_o only_a way_n collate_v to_o diverse_a term_n and_o as_o the_o rise_n and_o fall_v of_o a_o mountain_n or_o hill_n differ_v only_o in_o respect_n so_o also_o action_n and_o passion_n be_v in_o this_o only_a respect_n different_a one_o be_v refer_v to_o the_o agent_n the_o other_o to_o the_o patient_n ax._n 11._o of_o action_n some_o be_v immanent_a other_o transient_a ax._n 12._o a_o action_n immanent_a be_v that_o who_o effect_n be_v in_o the_o agent_n as_o to_o understand_v to_o will_n ax._n 13._o transient_a who_o effect_n be_v in_o another_o thing_n as_o to_o burn_v to_o beat_v ax._n 14._o in_o the_o action_n immanent_a the_o agent_n and_o the_o patient_n be_v the_o same_o in_o the_o transient_a different_a in_o the_o thing_n itself_o ax._n 15._o a_o action_n transient_a be_v divide_v according_a to_o the_o diversity_n of_o its_o term_n to_o which_o into_o four_o species_n the_o first_o of_o which_o be_v that_o of_o substance_n as_o generation_n to_o which_o be_v oppose_v corruption_n the_o second_o quantity_n as_o accretion_n to_o which_o be_v oppose_v diminution_n the_o three_o quality_n as_o alteration_n the_o four_o of_o place_n or_o ubi_fw-la as_o local_a motion_n 1._o §_o these_o thing_n be_v deliver_v by_o aristotle_n in_o the_o 14_o chapter_n of_o the_o category_n but_o more_o full_o to_o be_v handle_v in_o the_o physics_n ax._n 16._o action_n may_v also_o be_v divide_v into_o univocal_a and_o aequivocal_a ax._n 17._o action_n univocal_a be_v that_o by_o which_o the_o agent_n produce_v a_o effect_n of_o its_o own_o species_n ax._n 18._o action_n aequivocal_a of_o a_o diverse_a 1._o §_o as_o when_o a_o mouse_n generate_v a_o mouse_n or_o heat_v heatt_z the_o action_n be_v univocal_a but_o when_o the_o sun_n generate_v mouse_n or_o light_n heatt_z the_o action_n be_v aequivocal_a ax._n 19_o last_o action_n be_v divide_v into_o perficient_fw-la or_o corrupt_v that_o be_v spoil_v ax._n 20._o action_n perficient_fw-la be_v that_o by_o which_o something_o be_v effect_v without_o the_o destruction_n of_o any_o thing_n ax._n 21._o corrupt_v that_o by_o which_o something_o be_v do_v and_o another_o thing_n destroy_v 1._o §_o for_o example_n illumination_n be_v a_o action_n perficient_fw-la for_o when_o the_o air_n be_v enlighten_v it_o be_v do_v by_o light_n nothing_o of_o form_n destroy_v but_o generation_n and_o heat_n be_v action_n corrupt_v for_o when_o a_o animal_n or_o any_o such_o thing_n be_v generate_v at_o the_o same_o time_n something_o else_o be_v destroy_v and_o he_o that_o be_v hot_a become_v so_o by_o the_o dismission_n of_o the_o cold._a the_o cause_n of_o this_o difference_n be_v because_o action_n perficient_fw-la be_v conversant_a among_o term_n privative_o oppose_v corrupt_v between_o either_o contrury_n or_o disparate_v ax._n 22._o the_o note_n of_o action_n be_v two_o first_o action_n have_v a_o contrary_a ax._n 23._o second_o action_n receive_v more_o or_o less_o 1._o §_o the_o action_n of_o heat_n be_v contrary_a to_o that_o of_o make_v cold_a and_o some_o thing_n heat_n or_o cool_v more_o other_o less_o and_o to_o heat_v more_o in_o this_o place_n be_v not_o to_o heat_v more_o swift_o but_o intense_o that_o be_v to_o produce_v a_o more_o intense_a heatt_z both_o these_o note_n belong_v to_o action_n upon_o the_o account_n of_o the_o term_n to_o which_o and_o therefore_o neither_o to_o all_o but_o those_o only_a who_o term_n be_v contrary_a and_o receive_v intention_n and_o remission_n and_o therefore_o to_o generate_v to_o figure_n etc._n etc._n have_v no_o contrary_a nor_o be_v they_o intend_v or_o remit_v because_o substance_n or_o figure_n neither_o have_v a_o coutrary_a or_o be_v intend_v or_o remit_v 2._o §_o and_o all_o those_o thing_n which_o we_o have_v say_v of_o action_n agree_v also_o to_o passion_n for_o the_o division_n and_o note_n of_o both_o be_v the_o same_o chap._n ix_o of_o the_o four_o last_o category_n ax._n 1_o ubi_fw-la be_v a_o mode_n after_o which_o finite_a thing_n be_v say_v to_o be_v somewhere_o 1._o §_o ubi_fw-la differ_v from_o place_n in_o that_o place_n if_o strict_o take_v agree_v only_o with_o body_n ubi_fw-la also_o with_o incorporeal_a substance_n if_o finite_a for_o substance_n incorporeal_a be_v say_v to_o be_v in_o a_o place_n definitive_o that_o be_v they_o be_v so_o say_v to_o be_v somewhere_o as_o not_o to_o be_v elsewhere_o but_o yet_o so_o as_o they_o occupy_v not_o any_o place_n or_o exclude_v other_o substance_n whether_o corporeal_a or_o incorporeal_a out_o of_o it_o which_o be_v improper_o to_o be_v in_o a_o place_n but_o corporeal_a substance_n be_v say_v to_o be_v in_o a_o place_n circumscriptive_o that_o be_v be_v say_v to_o occupy_v and_o expel_v other_o corporeal_a substance_n out_o of_o it_o which_o be_v proper_o to_o be_v in_o a_o place_n i_o say_v definite_a because_o god_n who_o be_v infinite_a be_v not_o say_v to_o be_v somewhere_o but_o everywhere_o 2._o §_o there_o be_v also_o another_o difference_n between_o place_n and_o ubi_fw-la for_o place_n belong_v to_o the_o question_n in_o which_o it_o be_v ask_v how_o much_o a_o thing_n be_v in_o quantity_n or_o how_o much_o room_n will_v it_o take_v up_o ubi_fw-la to_o the_o question_n in_o which_o it_o be_v ask_v where_o or_o whence_o the_o thing_n be_v whither_o or_o which_o way_n go_v and_o those_o answer_n which_o be_v make_v to_o these_o question_n as_o at_o home_n abroad_o in_o the_o country_n in_o the_o temple_n hence_o thence_o hither_o thither_o this_o way_n that_o way_n etc._n etc._n be_v place_v in_o this_o category_n ax._n 2._o when_o be_v a_o mode_n after_o which_o finite_a thing_n be_v say_v sometime_o to_o be_v to_o have_v be_v or_o to_o come_v 1._o §_o quando_fw-la or_o when_o differ_v from_o time_n strict_o and_o proper_o so_o call_v as_o ubi_fw-la from_o place_n for_o time_n strict_o take_v agree_v only_o to_o thing_n successive_a and_o consist_v in_o a_o perpetual_a motion_n and_o flux_n of_o part_n posterinrity_n that_o be_v according_a to_o priomty_n or_o posterinrity_n for_o it_o be_v define_v a_o number_n of_o motion_n according_a to_o first_o and_o last_o in_o book_n 4._o of_o the_o physics_n cap._n 11._o but_o when_o be_v also_o attribute_v to_o thing_n moment_n any_o and_o permanent_a if_o finite_a for_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v infinite_a and_o eternal_a be_v not_o say_v sometime_o to_o be_v but_o always_o 2._o sect_n beside_o the_o word_n of_o time_n belong_v to_o quantity_n and_o to_o the_o question_n make_v by_o how_o long_o as_o a_o hour_n a_o year_n a_o age_n &c_n &c_n but_o the_o word_n which_o belong_v to_o this_o category_n to_o the_o question_n make_v by_o when_o as_o to_o day_n to_o morrow_n yesterday_n in_o the_o summer_n in_o the_o spring_n in_o the_o calends_o in_o the_o nones_n in_o the_o consulship_n of_o manlius_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 3_o site_n be_v the_o order_n of_o the_o part_n of_o the_o body_n among_o themselves_o 5._o §_o for_o site_n belong_v only_o to_o body_n for_o the_o order_n of_o the_o part_n in_o time_n or_o number_n use_v not_o to_o be_v call_v site_n for_o although_o site_n can_v be_v change_v without_o local_a motion_n which_o be_v a_o motion_n to_o where_o yet_o be_v not_o site_n to_o be_v confound_v with_o ubi_fw-la not_o so_o much_o as_o in_o body_n for_o the_o ubi_fw-la may_v be_v change_v not_o change_v the_o site_n as_o when_o one_o without_o any_o motion_n of_o part_n be_v carry_v out_o of_o one_o place_n into_o another_o 2._o §_o site_n be_v either_o natural_a as_o that_o of_o the_o arm_n at_o the_o shoulder-blade_n or_o of_o the_o hand_n at_o the_o wrist_n or_o voluntary_a as_o to_o sit_v to_o stand_v to_o lie_v to_o be_v prone_a supine_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 4._o habit_n be_v a_o manner_n after_o which_o clothes_n or_o any_o thing_n like_o clothes_n be_v put_v about_o the_o body_n append_v or_o any_o other_o way_n adjoin_v to_o it_o 1._o §_o to_o this_o category_n belong_v all_o those_o word_n which_o signify_v the_o conjunction_n of_o clothes_n armour_n and_o such_o like_a thing_n with_o the_o body_n as_o clothe_v arm_v gowned_a shield_v spear_v beard_a strew_v or_o cover_v with_o arras_n tapestry_n etc._n etc._n these_o and_o the_o like_a word_n signify_v not_o clothes_n or_o arm_n but_o the_o conjunction_n of_o clothes_n or_o arm_n with_o the_o body_n which_o aristotle_n signify_v when_o in_o the_o four_o book_n of_o the_o metaph._n cap._n 20._o he_o call_v habit_n the_o act_n of_o he_o which_o have_v and_o of_o that_o which_o be_v have_v and_o between_o he_o which_o have_v on_o the_o garment_n and_o the_o garment_n itself_o etc._n
man_n differ_v from_o another_o because_o one_o sit_v the_o other_o stand_v one_o be_v silent_a the_o other_o speak_v or_o from_o itself_o so_o hector_n seem_v to_o aencas_n when_o he_o appear_v to_o he_o in_o a_o dream_n to_o differ_v from_o that_o hector_n who_o return_v clad_v with_o the_o spoil_n of_o achilles_n difference_n proper_o so_o call_v be_v that_o by_o which_o one_o thing_n differ_v from_o another_o by_o a_o inseparable_a accident_n or_o propriety_n as_o a_o crow_n from_o a_o swan_n because_o this_o be_v white_a that_o black_a both_o of_o these_o difference_n be_v accidental_a the_o difference_n most_o proper_a with_o porphyry_n be_v that_o which_o we_o call_v essential_a as_o when_o a_o man_n because_o endue_v with_o reason_n be_v say_v to_o differ_v from_o brute_n beast_n 2._o §_o every_o difference_n say_v porphyry_n adjoin_v to_o any_o thing_n else_o make_v it_o to_o be_v other_o than_o it_o be_v accidental_a that_o it_o be_v dislike_n or_o other_o way_n affect_v essential_a that_o it_o be_v quite_o different_a whence_o by_o the_o greek_n they_o be_v call_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v specific_a ax._n 5._o the_o office_n of_o essential_a difference_n be_v two_o to_o divide_v the_o genus_fw-la and_o constitute_v the_o species_n 1._o §_o as_o it_o divide_v the_o genus_fw-la it_o be_v call_v divisive_a as_o it_o constitute_v the_o species_n constitutive_a or_o completive_a because_o it_o complete_v the_o definition_n of_o the_o species_n when_o it_o be_v conjoin_v to_o the_o genus_fw-la difference_n therefore_o divisive_a and_o constitutive_a be_v not_o two_o diverse_a difference_n but_o office_n of_o the_o same_o difference_n the_o high_a genus_n have_v no_o constitutive_a difference_n because_o first_o and_o immediate_o diverse_a and_o the_o low_a species_n have_v no_o divisive_a because_o individual_n agree_v in_o their_o whole_a essence_n but_o accidental_a difference_n belong_v to_o the_o follow_a predicable_n only_o essential_a to_o this_o place_n and_o be_v so_o define_v ax._n 6._o difference_n be_v that_o which_o be_v predicate_v essential_o of_o many_o thing_n different_a whether_o in_o number_n or_o species_n in_o the_o question_n in_o which_o it_o be_v ask_v of_o what_o quality_n a_o thing_n be_v 1._o §_o the_o difference_n of_o the_o low_a species_n be_v predicate_v of_o many_o thing_n different_a in_o number_n as_o rational_a of_o plato_n and_o socrates_n etc._n etc._n those_o of_o species_n subaltern_n in_o species_n as_o to_o be_v endue_v with_o sense_n of_o man_n and_o beast_n difference_n be_v say_v to_o be_v predicate_v in_o the_o question_n in_o which_o it_o be_v ask_v of_o what_o quality_n a_o thing_n be_v because_o it_o be_v a_o certain_a quality_n of_o the_o genus_fw-la for_o genus_fw-la be_v in_o its_o own_o nature_n indetermine_v be_v determine_v and_o as_o one_o may_v say_v qualify_v by_o difference_n for_o to_o one_o ask_v what_o sort_n of_o animal_n be_v man_n it_o be_v apt_o answer_v a_o rational_a difference_n be_v say_v to_o be_v essential_o predicate_v because_o put_v in_o the_o definition_n of_o species_n and_o predicate_v synonymous_o of_o it_o that_o be_v as_o to_o name_n and_o definition_n and_o therein_o be_v difference_n distinguish_v from_o propriety_n and_o accident_n chap._n xiii_o of_o property_n and_o accident_n ax._n 1_o proper_a be_v that_o which_o declare_v not_o what_o a_o thing_n be_v and_o yet_o be_v only_o in_o it_o and_o reciprocate_v with_o it_o commentary_n 1._o §_o a_o thing_n be_v say_v by_o porphyry_n to_o be_v proper_a four_o way_n first_o that_o which_o agree_v and_o convene_v to_o one_o only_a species_n and_o not_o to_o all_o its_o individual_n so_o it_o agree_v to_o man_n to_o be_v musical_a second_o that_o which_o convene_v to_o all_o the_o individual_n of_o any_o one_o species_n but_o not_o to_o it_o only_o and_o so_o it_o agree_v to_o man_n to_o be_v two-footed_n three_o that_o which_o agree_v to_o one_o only_a species_n and_o all_o its_o individual_n but_o not_o always_o so_o it_o agree_v to_o man_n to_o laugh_v four_o that_o which_o belong_v only_o to_o one_o species_n and_o all_o its_o individual_n and_o always_o and_o so_o it_o agree_v to_o man_n to_o be_v risible_a or_o a_o laugh_a creature_n 2._o §_o the_o four_o of_o these_o property_n porphyry_n call_v proper_o proper_a for_o the_o rest_n say_v he_o be_v only_o proper_a in_o some_o respect_n and_o for_o some_o time_n 3._o §_o this_o definition_n of_o property_n be_v extant_a in_o the_o first_o book_n of_o the_o topic_n cap._n 5._o property_n say_v he_o do_v not_o declare_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v that_o be_v they_o be_v not_o contain_v in_o the_o essence_n of_o the_o subject_a but_o follow_v it_o reciprocate_v with_o that_o in_o which_o alone_o they_o be_v that_o be_v with_o the_o first_o and_o proximate_a subject_n not_o those_o contain_v under_o that_o proximate_a subject_n for_o of_o property_n some_o be_v of_o genus_n other_o species_n the_o property_n of_o genus_n with_o genus_n not_o species_n and_o those_o of_o species_n with_o species_n not_o individual_n be_v to_o be_v confer_v and_o reciprocate_v so_o to_o be_v of_o quantity_n be_v reciprocate_v with_o natural_a body_n and_o not_o the_o heaven_n or_o element_n or_o stone_n and_o risibility_n be_v to_o be_v reciprocate_v with_o man_n not_o socrates_n or_o plato_n when_o the_o property_n then_o of_o the_o genus_fw-la be_v predicate_v of_o the_o species_n as_o when_o the_o heaven_n be_v say_v to_o be_v of_o quantity_n or_o the_o property_n of_o the_o species_n with_o the_o individual_a as_o when_o plato_n be_v say_v to_o be_v risible_a the_o predication_n be_v not_o of_o the_o accident_n of_o the_o subject_a nor_o yet_o the_o property_n for_o the_o number_n of_o predicable_a arise_v from_o a_o comparison_n of_o the_o predicate_v with_o the_o proximate_a subject_n for_o those_o compare_v with_o the_o remote_a be_v not_o of_o this_o place_n as_o have_v be_v beforesaid_a ax._n 2._o property_n either_o flow_n from_o the_o essence_n of_o the_o subject_a or_o from_o external_n cause_n 1._o §_o propers_n either_o flow_v immediate_o from_o the_o essence_n of_o the_o subject_a as_o risibility_n from_o the_o rational_a soul_n quantity_n from_o the_o essence_n of_o natural_a body_n or_o by_o the_o mediation_n of_o some_o other_o property_n so_o to_o be_v in_o a_o place_n flow_v from_o the_o essence_n of_o a_o body_n by_o reason_n of_o its_o quantity_n but_o now_o a_o eclipse_n which_o be_v the_o property_n of_o the_o moon_n flow_v not_o from_o the_o essence_n of_o the_o moon_n but_o from_o a_o external_n cause_n to_o wit_n the_o interposition_n of_o the_o earth_n between_o the_o sun_n and_o the_o moon_n these_o be_v not_o absolute_o proper_a but_o only_o from_o supposition_n of_o some_o external_n cause_n which_o cause_n yet_o be_v in_o be_v they_o be_v no_o less_o necessary_o in_o their_o subject_n than_o the_o other_o ax._n 3_o property_n which_o flow_v from_o the_o essence_n of_o the_o subject_n be_v so_o necessary_o in_o it_o that_o they_o can_v be_v separate_a from_o it_o so_o much_o as_o in_o thought_n 1._o §_o so_o that_o he_o will_v be_v guilty_a of_o a_o contradiction_n that_o shall_v say_v or_o think_v that_o the_o property_n be_v absent_a from_o it_o for_o whosoever_o say_v or_o think_v a_o body_n be_v not_o quantity_n or_o that_o the_o fire_n be_v not_o hot_a say_v or_o think_v as_o much_o as_o if_o he_o shall_v say_v or_o think_v a_o body_n be_v not_o a_o body_n or_o a_o fire_n a_o fire_n ax._n 4._o property_n can_v be_v communicate_v to_o subject_n of_o different_a species_n 1._o §_o let_v no_o body_n call_v that_o a_o property_n say_v aristotle_n book_n 4._o of_o the_o topic_n cap._n 5._o which_o may_v be_v in_o another_o for_o since_o property_n flow_v from_o the_o essence_n of_o the_o subject_a if_o property_n shall_v be_v communicate_v of_o necessity_n also_o the_o essence_n will_v be_v communicate_v for_o if_o risibility_n or_o rationability_n can_v be_v communicate_v to_o a_o horse_n a_o horse_n will_v be_v a_o man_n if_o quantity_n to_o a_o spirit_n a_o spirit_n will_v be_v a_o body_n and_o if_o to_o be_v every_o where_o to_o a_o creature_n a_o creature_n will_v be_v god_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 5._o as_o property_n which_o flow_v from_o the_o essence_n of_o the_o subject_n be_v to_o their_o absolute_a subject_n so_o be_v property_n also_o which_o flow_v from_o a_o external_n cause_n to_o they_o the_o cause_n be_v put_v 1._o §_o so_o although_o the_o moon_n do_v not_o always_o suffer_v a_o eclipse_n yet_o when_o the_o earth_n be_v interpose_v between_o the_o sun_n and_o the_o moon_n it_o be_v as_o necessary_a it_o shall_v suffer_v a_o eclipse_n as_o that_o a_o body_n shall_v be_v a_o quantity_n or_o that_o the_o fire_n shall_v be_v hot_a etc._n etc._n
for_o existence_n and_o not_o causality_n after_o this_o manner_n depend_v the_o father_n upon_o his_o ancestor_n in_o the_o beget_n of_o his_o son_n and_o every_o near_a cause_n upon_o the_o more_o remote_a second_o when_o it_o also_o depend_v upon_o a_o superior_a cause_n when_o it_o cause_n or_o for_o its_o causality_n but_o not_o for_o as_o much_o as_o it_o cause_v or_o not_o in_o the_o same_o manner_n after_o which_o it_o cause_v in_o this_o manner_n the_o statuary_n be_v subordinate_a to_o the_o heaven_n in_o the_o make_n of_o the_o statue_n for_o because_o the_o statuary_n stand_v in_o need_n of_o the_o virtue_n of_o the_o heaven_n towards_o his_o work_n he_o may_v be_v say_v to_o depend_v upon_o the_o heaven_n in_o respect_n of_o his_o causality_n but_o because_o not_o as_o he_o make_v the_o statue_n but_o as_o he_o live_v he_o be_v say_v to_o depend_v upon_o the_o heaven_n by_o accident_n and_o to_o be_v accidental_o subordinate_v to_o they_o in_o the_o make_n of_o the_o statue_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n the_o horse_n spur_v on_o by_o his_o rider_n hurt_v his_o leg_n halt_v the_o hurt_a leg_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o his_o halt_a subordinate_v to_o the_o rader_n by_o accident_n for_o the_o leg_n or_o horse_n be_v impel_v on_o by_o the_o rider_n to_o motion_n but_o not_o to_o a_o vicious_a motion_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 11._o in_o such_o a_o subordination_n there_o be_v ever_o one_o next_o cause_n the_o rest_n be_v remote_a ax._n 12._o the_o next_o cause_n be_v that_o which_o immediate_o constitute_v the_o cause_v ax._n 13._o remote_a that_o which_o concur_v to_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o cause_v by_o the_o mediation_n of_o some_o other_o cause_n of_o its_o own_o genus_fw-la 1._o §_o a_o cause_n be_v say_v to_o be_v next_o two_o way_n either_o in_o its_o own_o genus_fw-la or_o absolute_o that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v absolute_o next_o which_o not_o only_o immediate_o but_o by_o its_o own_o existence_n constitute_v the_o cause_v and_o so_o that_o it_o be_v suppose_v it_o be_v necessary_a the_o cause_v be_v so_o too_o the_o next_o cause_n in_o its_o genus_fw-la we_o have_v already_o define_v and_o have_v say_v it_o immediate_o concur_v towards_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o cause_v no_o other_o of_o its_o own_o order_n come_v between_o one_o thing_n may_v have_v many_o cause_n in_o their_o own_o genus_fw-la next_z but_o one_o only_a that_o be_v absolute_o next_o which_o in_o substance_n be_v form_n accident_n efficient_a and_o end_n so_o whereas_o to_o man_n the_o proximate_a matter_n be_v humane_a body_n efficient_a father_n end_v well-being_a form_n rational_a soul_n the_o rational_a soul_n yet_o only_o be_v the_o next_o absolute_a cause_n ax._n 14._o last_o in_o every_o genus_fw-la there_o be_v some_o cause_n total_a some_o partial_a ax._n 15._o that_o cause_n be_v total_a which_o in_o its_o species_n whole_o cause_v the_o whole_a cause_v ax._n 16._o that_o partial_a which_o join_v with_o the_o other_o cause_n of_o its_o own_o species_n cause_n the_o cause_v only_o in_o part._n 1._o §_o in_o every_o genus_fw-la of_o cause_n there_o be_v many_o species_n of_o cause_n and_o those_o either_o subordinate_a as_o cause_o first_o and_o second_o next_o and_o remote_a principal_a and_o instrumental_a or_o coordinate_a of_o which_o one_o depend_v not_o upon_o another_o a_o total_a cause_n be_v say_v whole_o to_o constitute_v the_o cause_v because_o not_o assist_v by_o other_o cause_n of_o its_o own_o species_n for_o example_n the_o write_v depend_v upon_o the_o quill_n and_o the_o hand_n but_o upon_o both_o as_o total_a cause_n for_o the_o quill_n be_v only_o or_o whole_o the_o instrumental_a and_o the_o hand_n the_o principal_a cause_n so_o likewise_o when_o god_n the_o sun_n and_o man_n be_v say_v to_o generate_v man_n every_o one_o of_o these_o cause_n be_v total_a god_n be_v the_o first_o the_o sun_n or_o heaven_n be_v the_o total_a universal_a man_n the_o total_a second_o and_o particular_a but_o when_o two_o horse_n draw_v in_o a_o cart_n they_o be_v say_v to_o be_v partial_a cause_n because_o they_o be_v both_o of_o the_o same_o species_n which_o bring_v we_o to_o the_o next_o axiom_n viz._n ax._n 17._o of_o one_o thing_n there_o can_v be_v many_o total_a cause_n of_o the_o same_o species_n but_o there_o may_v be_v many_o different_a in_o species_n and_o subordinate_a 1._o §_o if_o many_o cause_n not_o subordinate_a do_v concur_v to_o the_o same_o cause_v of_o necessity_n they_o must_v be_v partial_a for_o the_o total_a cause_n cause_v the_o whole_a thing_n wherefore_o if_o there_o be_v many_o total_a cause_n either_o the_o rest_n cause_n nothing_o and_o so_o be_v not_o cause_n or_o else_o cause_n again_o what_o be_v cause_v before_o but_o if_o cause_n different_a in_o species_n be_v subordinate_a it_o may_v so_o be_v that_o the_o same_o cause_v may_v depend_v upon_o many_o cause_n total_a so_o the_o whole_a write_n depend_v on_o the_o hand_n and_o the_o quill_n and_o the_o whole_a man_n upon_o god_n and_o the_o sun_n and_o his_o parent_n chap._n xvi_o of_o matter_n and_o form_n ax._n 1_o of_o the_o four_o cause_n two_o be_v internal_a matter_n and_o form_n and_o as_o many_o external_n efficient_a and_o end_n ax._n 2._o those_o cause_n be_v say_v to_o be_v internal_a which_o enter_v the_o essence_n of_o the_o cause_v as_o part_n commentary_n 1._o §_o although_o form_n be_v far_o more_o noble_a than_o matter_n and_o confer_v more_o to_o the_o constitute_v the_o cause_v yet_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v doubt_v but_o that_o matter_n also_o be_v part_n of_o the_o essence_n and_o not_o only_o a_o vehicle_n or_o receiver_n ax._n 3_o matter_n in_o greek_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d be_v define_v to_o be_v that_o out_o of_o which_o inexi_v something_o be_v make_v 1._o §_o this_o definition_n be_v extant_a book_n 2._o of_o the_o physics_n cap._n 3._o and_o book_n 4._o of_o the_o metaph._n cap._n 2._o but_o it_o may_v more_o full_o and_o explicatious_o be_v define_v in_o this_o manner_n matter_n be_v a_o internal_a cause_n of_o which_o any_o thing_n be_v make_v or_o consist_v why_o i_o add_v consist_v will_n be_v sufficient_o understand_v out_o of_o the_o 9th_o theorem_a matter_n be_v also_o define_v book_n 2._o post_n cap._n 11._o but_o more_o obscure_o to_o be_v that_o which_o any_o thing_n be_v suppose_v of_o necessity_n must_v be_v so_o too_o 2._o §_o general_o matter_n be_v divide_v into_o that_o out_o of_o which_o in_o which_o and_o about_o which_o that_o out_o of_o which_o be_v that_o which_o be_v proper_o so_o call_v and_o we_o have_v but_o now_o define_v in_o which_o the_o subject_a about_o which_o the_o object_n of_o which_o in_o their_o place_n ax._n 4._o the_o office_n of_o matter_n be_v two_o to_o take_v up_o form_n and_o sustain_v they_o and_o with_o the_o form_n to_o constitute_v the_o compose_v ax._n 5._o matter_n be_v either_o first_o or_o second_o ax._n 6._o the_o first_o matter_n be_v inform_v ax._n 7._o the_o second_o form_v 1._o §_o although_o no_o matter_n may_v exist_v without_o form_n yet_o because_o matter_n be_v not_o altogether_o nothing_o nor_o the_o same_o with_o form_n why_o may_v it_o not_o by_o itself_o be_v understand_v not_o understand_v form_n and_o this_o be_v the_o first_o matter_n which_o aristotle_n book_n 1._o of_o the_o physics_n cap._n 9_o define_v in_o this_o manner_n that_o be_v matter_n say_v he_o which_o be_v the_o first_o subject_n out_o of_o which_o any_o thing_n be_v make_v so_o that_o it_o be_v not_o in_o it_o by_o accident_n and_o if_o it_o shall_v be_v spoil_v it_o will_v be_v into_o that_o resolve_v at_o last_o nor_o be_v it_o yet_o to_o be_v think_v that_o the_o first_o and_o second_o matter_n be_v two_o several_a matter_n nay_o one_o and_o the_o same_o matter_n be_v say_v to_o be_v first_o and_o second_o as_o it_o be_v this_o way_n or_o that_o way_n consider_v ax._n 8._o far_o matter_n be_v either_o of_o natural_a or_o artificial_a body_n 1._o §_o for_o example_n element_n be_v the_o matter_n of_o mix_v body_n seed_n of_o live_v gold_n or_o silver_n of_o the_o cup_n wood_n of_o the_o shelf_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 9_o and_o both_o of_o these_o either_o of_o composition_n or_o generation_n ax._n 10._o the_o matter_n of_o composition_n be_v that_o of_o which_o a_o thing_n consist_v ax._n 11._o of_o generation_n out_o of_o which_o it_o be_v make_v 1._o §_o for_o example_n the_o body_n be_v the_o matter_n of_o composition_n in_o a_o animal_n seed_n of_o generation_n in_o thing_n of_o art_n the_o matter_n of_o generation_n and_o composition_n be_v almost_o the_o same_o as_o also_o in_o meteor_n for_o a_o shelf_n be_v make_v and_o consist_v of_o wood_n cloud_n of_o vapour_n ice_n of_o water_n etc._n etc._n
some_o condition_n suppose_v indeed_o or_o respect_n be_v necessary_a but_o that_o condition_n or_o respect_n be_v take_v away_o or_o alter_v without_o such_o contradiction_n may_v be_v say_v not_o to_o be_v or_o to_o be_v otherwise_o than_o it_o be_v both_o these_o together_o with_o contingency_n be_v consider_v either_o in_o existence_n cause_n or_o enunciation_n and_o that_o alone_o be_v of_o this_o place_n which_o be_v no_o other_o than_o a_o indissoluble_a connection_n of_o part_n whilst_o contingency_n be_v a_o dissoluble_a and_o mutable_a for_o example_n this_o enunciation_n man_n be_v a_o animal_n be_v a_o necessary_a because_o it_o can_v be_v otherwise_o but_o that_o a_o man_n must_v be_v a_o animal_n and_o this_o necessity_n be_v absolute_a this_o enunciation_n also_o a_o crow_n be_v black_a be_v necessary_a but_o not_o absolute_o but_o according_a to_o some_o respect_n because_o although_o natural_o a_o crow_n can_v be_v otherwise_o than_o black_a yet_o by_o the_o supernatural_a power_n of_o god_n it_o may_v but_o this_o enunciation_n crassus_n be_v rich_a be_v contingent_a because_o it_o may_v so_o be_v that_o crassus_n may_v not_o be_v rich_a ax._n 6._o necessity_n of_o enunciation_n be_v distinguish_v by_o three_o degree_n the_o first_o of_o these_o be_v of_o every_o one_o the_o second_o by_o itself_o the_o three_o universal_o first_o ax._n 7._o that_o of_o every_o one_o be_v that_o in_o which_o the_o predicate_a agree_v with_o every_o subject_a and_o always_o 1._o §_o these_o two_o condition_n be_v always_o necessary_a for_o example_n this_o enunciation_n man_n be_v just_a be_v not_o of_o every_o one_o because_o to_o be_v just_a do_v not_o agree_v with_o every_o man_n neither_o this_o a_o live_a creature_n grow_v because_o it_o do_v not_o always_o grow_v but_o this_o a_o crow_n be_v black_a be_v of_o every_o one_o because_o every_o crow_n be_v black_a and_o that_o always_o ax._n 8._o a_o enunciation_n by_o itself_o be_v only_o that_o who_o subject_a and_o predicate_v be_v cohere_v together_o by_o a_o essential_a tye._n ax._n 9_o and_o be_v either_o of_o the_o first_o or_o second_o mood_n ax._n 10._o and_o the_o first_o be_v when_o the_o predicate_a be_v contain_v in_o the_o definition_n of_o the_o subject_a axe_n 11._o the_o other_o when_o the_o subject_a in_o the_o definition_n of_o the_o predicate_a ax._n 12._o to_o which_o be_v oppose_v enunciation_n by_o accident_n ax._n 13._o that_o be_v that_o in_o which_o neither_o the_o predicate_v be_v contain_v in_o the_o definition_n of_o the_o subject_a nor_o the_o subject_a in_o the_o definition_n of_o the_o predicate_a 1._o §_o to_o the_o first_o mood_n viz._n that_o by_o itself_o belong_v five_o genus_n of_o enunciation_n first_o when_o the_o next_o genus_fw-la be_v predicate_v of_o the_o species_n as_o man_n be_v a_o animal_n second_o the_o remote_a as_o man_n be_v a_o substance_n three_o the_o next_o difference_n as_o man_n be_v rational_a four_o the_o remote_a as_o man_n have_v the_o faculty_n of_o feel_v five_o and_o last_o the_o definition_n of_o the_o define_v as_o man_n be_v a_o rational_a animal_n to_o the_o second_o belong_v those_o enunciation_n in_o which_o the_o propriety_n be_v predicate_v of_o their_o subject_n and_o that_o either_o single_o and_z separately_z as_o man_n be_v risible_a or_o two_o disjunctive_o as_o number_n be_v either_o even_a or_o odd_a but_o this_o enunciation_n a_o crow_n be_v black_a although_o nec_fw-la ssary_n yet_o be_v it_o by_o accident_n because_o neither_o the_o crow_n in_o the_o mention_n of_o blackness_n nor_o blackness_n in_o the_o mention_n of_o the_o crow_n be_v define_v ax._n 14._o the_o enunciation_n universal_o first_o be_v only_o that_o in_o which_o the_o predicate_a agree_v or_o convene_v with_o the_o subject_a as_o it_o be_v its_o self_n that_o which_o it_o be_v ax._n 15._o and_o therefore_o consist_v of_o reciprocal_a term_n 1._o §_o for_o example_n this_o enunciation_n man_n be_v risible_a be_v from_o hence_o know_v to_o be_v universal_o first_o because_o it_o may_v be_v say_v that_o man_n as_o man_n be_v risible_a and_o also_o that_o all_o man_n and_o only_a man_n be_v risible_a etc._n etc._n ax._n 16._o of_o these_o degree_n the_o second_o include_v the_o first_o and_z the_o third_z the_o second_o viz._n of_o those_o have_v a_o universal_a subject_n but_o not_o on_o the_o contrary_n ax._n 17._o of_o enunciation_n contingent_a some_o be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n true_a some_o seldom_o some_o of_o a_o doubtful_a nature_n that_o be_v now_o true_a now_o false_a 1._o §_o as_o for_o example_n for_o the_o most_o part_n it_o be_v true_a that_o parent_n love_v their_o child_n seldom_o that_o a_o man_n be_v bear_v with_o two_o head_n of_o a_o doubtful_a nature_n viz._n now_o true_a now_o false_a that_o a_o player_n at_o dice_n win_v etc._n etc._n now_o ax._n 18._o a_o false_a enunciation_n be_v either_o possible_a or_o impossible_a ax._n 19_o possible_a that_o when_o false_a may_v be_v true_a ax._n 20._o impossible_a which_o when_o false_a can_v be_v true_a 1._o §_o a_o thing_n be_v say_v to_o be_v impossible_a also_o two_o way_n to_o wit_n either_o absolute_o or_o according_a to_o something_o a_o absolute_a be_v that_o which_o imply_v a_o contradiction_n as_o that_o a_o man_n shall_v be_v a_o stone_n according_a to_o something_o which_o when_o not_o may_v be_v do_v indeed_o by_o god_n but_o not_o natural_a cause_n as_o for_o the_o sun_n to_o stand_v still_o the_o fire_n not_o to_o burn_v a_o virgin_n to_o bring_v forth_o so_o likewise_o a_o thing_n may_v be_v say_v possible_a two_o way_n for_o one_o thing_n it_o be_v to_o be_v possible_a to_o god_n another_o to_o natural_a cause_n and_o this_o in_o reality_n differ_v not_o from_o that_o which_o be_v contingent_a but_o only_o in_o reason_n for_o that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v possible_a which_o be_v not_o but_o can_v be_v contingent_a which_o be_v and_o yet_o may_v not_o be_v and_o this_o of_o absolute_a affection_n note_n and_o observation_n extract_v from_o the_o learned_a heereboord_n and_o apply_v as_o proper_a to_o the_o end_n of_o this_o chapter_n 1._o a_o predicate_a be_v say_v to_o agree_v with_o the_o subject_a as_o the_o subject_n be_v that_o which_o it_o be_v when_o there_o be_v nothing_o else_o in_o the_o subject_a to_o which_o it_o can_v first_o be_v attribute_v as_o of_o these_o two_o enunciation_n man_n be_v sensible_a man_n be_v risible_a the_o former_a be_v not_o universal_o first_o because_o to_o be_v sensible_a do_v not_o convene_v to_o man_n as_o he_o be_v man_n but_o as_o he_o be_v a_o animal_n to_o which_o in_o the_o first_o place_n it_o be_v to_o be_v attribute_v but_o to_o be_v risible_a convenes_n to_o he_o as_o man_n because_o to_o none_o it_o be_v to_o be_v attribute_v before_o man._n 2._o term_n be_v say_v to_o be_v reciprocal_a when_o there_o may_v be_v a_o conversion_n of_o the_o predicate_v into_o the_o place_n of_o the_o subject_a and_o so_o on_o the_o contrary_a that_o be_v when_o one_o may_v be_v put_v into_o the_o place_n of_o the_o other_o as_o for_o instance_n as_o one_o may_v say_v every_o man_n be_v risible_a so_o one_o may_v say_v that_o every_o risible_a be_v man._n but_o although_o one_o may_v say_v every_o man_n be_v sensible_a yet_o can_v one_o say_v that_o every_o sensible_a be_v man_n and_o so_o in_o other_o instance_n and_o that_o we_o may_v full_o know_v when_o a_o enunciation_n be_v universal_o first_o it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o when_o the_o predicate_v may_v be_v say_v of_o the_o subject_a with_o these_o particle_n viz._n quà _fw-la quatenus_fw-la quia_fw-la that_o be_v as_o so_o as_o because_o etc._n etc._n that_o be_v when_o with_o the_o predicate_v either_o any_o causal_n or_o reduplicative_a particle_n may_v be_v use_v the_o enunciation_n be_v always_o universal_o first_o as_o man_z as_o and_o because_o he_o be_v man_n be_v risible_a etc._n etc._n when_o otherwise_o the_o enunciation_n must_v be_v of_o some_o other_o degree_n 3._o of_o the_o degree_n of_o necessity_n the_o second_o include_v the_o first_o and_z the_o third_z the_o second_o not_o reciprocal_o for_o instance_n every_o man_n be_v risible_a be_v a_o enunciation_n universal_o first_o because_o consist_v of_o reciprocal_a term_n of_o itself_o and_o of_o the_o second_o mood_n because_o the_o subject_a and_o the_o predicate_v cohere_v together_o in_o a_o reciprocal_a tie_n and_o the_o subject_n be_v contain_v in_o the_o definition_n of_o the_o predicate_a also_o of_o every_o one_o because_o every_o man_n be_v risible_a and_o always_o but_o when_o i_o say_v a_o man_n be_v two-footed_n it_o be_v also_o of_o every_o one_o but_o not_o of_o itself_o because_o neither_o man_n be_v contain_v in_o the_o definition_n of_o the_o two-footed_n nor_o two-footed_n in_o the_o definition_n of_o man_n much_o
〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v from_o number_n it_o be_v collect_v that_o arithmetic_n be_v the_o science_n of_o number_n and_o physic_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v nature_n it_o be_v collect_v that_o physic_n be_v the_o natural_a science_n or_o science_n of_o nature_n etc._n etc._n 5._o §_o from_o derivation_n a_o definition_n be_v collect_v when_o from_o the_o definition_n of_o one_o conjugate_v the_o definition_n of_o another_o be_v collect_v as_o the_o definition_n of_o prudence_n from_o that_o of_o a_o prudent_a man._n 6._o §_o from_o the_o definition_n of_o one_o contrary_a also_o may_v be_v collect_v that_o of_o another_o for_o of_o contrary_n the_o science_n be_v the_o same_o and_o therefore_o when_o aristotle_n book_n 3_o cap._n 1._o have_v define_v a_o unvoluntary_a thing_n to_o be_v that_o which_o be_v either_o do_v by_o force_n or_o ignorance_n and_o affirm_v that_o to_o be_v do_v by_o force_n who_o principle_n be_v external_n and_o such_o as_o that_o he_o contribute_v nothing_o to_o it_o who_o do_v or_o suffer_v it_o he_o thence_o collect_v that_o a_o voluntary_a thing_n be_v that_o who_o principle_n be_v in_o he_o who_o act_n and_o be_v not_o ignorant_a of_o the_o circumstance_n of_o the_o fact_n etc._n etc._n hence_o then_o proceed_v we_o to_o the_o consideration_n of_o the_o next_o to_o be_v consider_v viz._n division_n its_o law_n and_o species_n which_o will_v be_v the_o subject_a of_o the_o next_o chapter_n chap._n v._o of_o division_n its_o law_n and_o species_n ax._n 1_o of_o division_n one_o be_v of_o the_o name_n or_o nominal_a the_o other_o of_o the_o thing_n ax._n 2._o division_n of_o the_o name_n be_v a_o enunciation_n of_o the_o signification_n of_o a_o homonymous_n or_o doubtful_a word_n or_o sentence_n of_o a_o ambiguous_a or_o doubtful_a speech_n commentary_n 1._o §_o as_o if_o any_o one_o shall_v recite_v the_o signification_n of_o these_o latin_a word_n jus_n canis_fw-la malum_fw-la etc._n etc._n or_o distinguish_v in_o this_o oration_n aio_fw-la te_fw-la aeacide_n romanos_fw-la vincere_fw-la posse_fw-la that_o be_v i_o say_v you_o aeacides_n can_v conquer_v the_o roman_n this_o proper_o indeed_o be_v not_o so_o much_o division_n as_o enunciâ—â—â—â—â—_n and_o be_v more_o frequent_o call_v distinction_n than_o division_n ax._n 3_o and_o be_v to_o be_v adhibit_v in_o the_o beginning_n of_o a_o disputation_n 1._o §_o so_o that_o the_o disputation_n may_v seem_v to_o be_v institute_v against_o the_o thing_n not_o word_n for_o it_o may_v happen_v say_v aristotle_n that_o the_o answerer_n may_v not_o direct_v his_o thought_n the_o same_o way_n with_o he_o that_o interrogate_v when_o any_o thing_n be_v ambiguous_a in_o a_o speech_n book_n 1_o top._n cap._n 8._o ax._n 4._o now_o division_n of_o the_o thing_n which_o be_v proper_o say_v to_o be_v a_o division_n be_v a_o explication_n of_o the_o whole_a by_o its_o part_n ax._n 5._o and_o be_v either_o by_o its_o self_n or_o by_o accident_n ax._n 6._o division_n by_o itself_o be_v that_o by_o which_o be_v divide_v a_o whole_a into_o its_o part_n which_o be_v in_o it_o of_o or_o by_o themselves_o ax._n 7._o accident_n by_o accident_n 1._o §_o for_o example_n when_o animal_n be_v divide_v into_o man_n and_o beast_n or_o into_o body_n and_o soul_n the_o division_n be_v a_o division_n by_o itself_o because_o man_n and_o beast_n be_v by_o themselves_o contain_v under_o animal_n and_o animal_n be_v of_o itself_o compose_v of_o body_n and_o mind_n but_o when_o man_n be_v divide_v into_o freemen_n and_o slave_n good_a and_o bad_a the_o division_n be_v by_o accident_n because_o here_o not_o man_n of_o themselves_o be_v divide_v but_o the_o state_n and_o condition_n of_o man_n or_o other_o accident_n which_o happen_v to_o they_o ax._n 8._o division_n of_o itself_o again_o be_v fourfold_a one_o of_o the_o universal_a whole_a or_o genus_fw-la into_o species_n another_o of_o the_o formal_a or_o define_v into_o its_o part_n define_v as_o genus_fw-la and_o difference_n another_o of_o the_o essential_a or_o compose_v into_o its_o compose_v as_o matter_n and_o form_n another_o last_o of_o the_o integrate_a into_o its_o integrate_n and_o this_o by_o a_o peculiar_a name_n be_v call_v partition_n 1._o §_o for_o example_n when_o animal_n be_v divide_v into_o man_n and_o beast_n or_o element_n into_o fire_n air_n water_n and_o earth_n or_o moral_a virtue_n into_o justice_n fortitude_n and_o temperance_n etc._n etc._n the_o division_n be_v of_o the_o universal_a or_o genus_fw-la into_o species_n when_o the_o definition_n of_o man_n be_v resolve_v into_o its_o part_n or_o when_o animal_n and_o rational_a be_v say_v to_o be_v part_n of_o man_n or_o of_o the_o definition_n of_o human_a essence_n the_o division_n be_v say_v to_o be_v of_o the_o whole_a define_v or_o formal_a when_o man_n into_o a_o body_n and_o rational_a soul_n the_o division_n be_v a_o division_n of_o the_o whole_a compose_v or_o essential_a etc._n etc._n and_o hitherto_o be_v to_o be_v refer_v all_o distinction_n of_o thing_n into_o material_a and_o formal_a as_o when_o the_o material_a of_o a_o word_n be_v say_v to_o be_v voice_n formal_n signification_n last_o when_o man_n or_o human_a body_n be_v divide_v into_o its_o three_o region_n and_o limb_n or_o the_o year_n into_o 12_o month_n a_o kingdom_n into_o its_o province_n great_a into_o less_o or_o logic_n into_o thematical_a and_o organical_a it_o be_v a_o definition_n of_o the_o integrate_a or_o mathematical_a and_o be_v call_v partition_n ax._n 9_o division_n by_o accident_n be_v fourfold_a to_o wit_n either_o of_o a_o cause_n by_o its_o effect_n or_o a_o effect_n by_o its_o cause_n to_o wit_n material_a efficient_a or_o final_a or_o a_o subject_a by_o its_o adjunct_n or_o a_o adjunct_n by_o its_o subject_n etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o of_o cause_n by_o its_o effect_n as_o plant_n other_o heat_n other_o cool_v syllogism_n other_o effect_v faith_n other_o opinion_n other_o science_n effect_v by_o its_o cause_n and_o one_a efficient_a as_o of_o testimony_n other_o divine_a other_o humane_a by_o cause_n material_a as_o of_o statue_n other_o be_v marble_n other_o brass_n of_o live_v thing_n other_o be_v of_o seed_n other_o putrid_a matter_n etc._n etc._n cause_o final_a as_o of_o man_n other_o voluptuous_a other_o studious_a of_o money_n other_o speculative_a other_o ready_a for_o action_n etc._n etc._n cause_v formal_n that_o be_v division_n by_o cause_n formal_n be_v a_o division_n by_o itself_o division_n by_o itself_o also_o be_v when_o a_o proper_a accident_n be_v divide_v by_o its_o next_o cause_n efficient_a or_o final_a so_o disease_n or_o distamper_n do_v differ_v in_o species_n which_o have_v a_o diverse_a next_o cause_n or_o synectical_a or_o contain_v as_o a_o fever_n and_o a_o pleurisy_n etc._n etc._n of_o subject_a and_o adjunct_n as_o of_o man_n some_o be_v bond_n some_o free_a some_o be_v learned_a some_o unlearned_a sound_n some_o be_v grave_a some_o acute_a number_n some_o be_v even_o some_o odd_a charity_n one_o towards_o god_n the_o other_o towards_o one_o neighbour_n flower_n some_o spring_n other_o summer_n animal_n some_o land_n other_o water_n other_o both_o but_o division_n of_o subject_a by_o adjunct_n be_v often_o a_o division_n by_o itself_o as_o the_o external_n sense_n be_v conversant_a either_o about_o colour_n sound_v or_o smell_v or_o taste_v or_o the_o tactile_a quality_n last_o adjunct_n by_o subject_n as_o vice_n some_o be_v of_o the_o mind_n some_o body_n virtue_n some_o of_o the_o understanding_n some_o appetite_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 10._o the_o principal_a law_n of_o division_n in_o general_n be_v seven_o and_o first_o the_o part_n of_o it_o ought_v to_o consent_v or_o agree_v in_o the_o whole_a 1._o §_o and_o therefore_o vicious_a be_v the_o division_n of_o man_n into_o live_v and_o dead_a real_a and_o paint_a because_o dead_a and_o paint_a man_n be_v not_o man_n unless_o aequivocal_o so_o vicious_a be_v the_o division_n of_o animal_n into_o mortal_a and_o immortal_a because_o no_o animal_n be_v immortal_a etc._n etc._n ax._n 11._o second_o the_o part_n ought_v among_o themselves_o to_o be_v oppose_v 1._o §_o vicious_a therefore_o that_o division_n when_o either_o the_o part_n be_v not_o different_a as_o when_o pleasure_n be_v divide_v into_o delectation_n and_o joy_n or_o when_o one_o part_n be_v contain_v in_o the_o other_o as_o if_o animal_n shall_v be_v divide_v into_o mortal_a and_o rational_a etc._n etc._n and_o that_o division_n be_v the_o best_a which_o consist_v of_o part_n affirm_v but_o oftentimes_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o imbecility_n of_o our_o mind_n and_o want_v of_o word_n we_o be_v force_v to_o divide_v by_o privation_n as_o when_o the_o body_n be_v divide_v into_o animate_v and_o inanimate_a etc._n etc._n ax._n 12._o three_o in_o division_n be_v to_o be_v take_v the_o next_o and_o
shall_v argue_v in_o this_o manner_n viz._n animal_n be_v a_o genus_fw-la or_o trissylable_a man_n be_v a_o animal_n and_o therefore_o man_n be_v a_o genus_fw-la or_o trissyllable_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 9_o second_o take_v away_o the_o genus_fw-la you_o take_v away_o the_o species_n or_o that_o from_o which_o you_o take_v away_o the_o genus_fw-la you_o take_v away_o also_o the_o species_n 1._o §_o as_o if_o to_o prove_v that_o the_o sense_n be_v not_o science_n one_o shall_v say_v it_o be_v not_o a_o habit_n because_o if_o not_o a_o habit_n it_o can_v be_v a_o science_n since_o there_o be_v no_o science_n but_o what_o be_v a_o habit_n that_o be_v but_o what_o be_v comprehend_v under_o that_o genus_fw-la etc._n etc._n the_o canon_n from_o hence_o observe_v the_o caution_n above-given_a be_v always_o very_o certain_a ax._n 10._o the_o next_o place_n be_v that_o of_o the_o species_n which_o have_v three_o canon_n first_o suppose_v the_o species_n you_o suppose_v also_o the_o genus_fw-la or_o that_o to_o which_o the_o species_n be_v attribute_v to_o that_o also_o the_o genus_fw-la etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o and_o so_o it_o may_v be_v conclude_v that_o logic_n be_v a_o habit_n because_o it_o be_v a_o art_n which_o be_v a_o species_n of_o habit_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 11._o second_o the_o species_n be_v all_o take_v away_o the_o genus_fw-la be_v also_o take_v away_o or_o that_o from_o which_o all_o the_o species_n be_v take_v away_o from_o that_o also_o the_o genus_fw-la 1._o §_o as_o friendship_n be_v not_o fortitude_n or_o temperance_n or_o justice_n or_o prudence_n etc._n etc._n and_o therefore_o not_o a_o virtue_n etc._n etc._n and_o such_o a_o argumentation_n as_o this_o be_v a_o syllogism_n of_o numeration_n of_o part_n ax._n 12._o three_o that_o which_o to_o all_o the_o species_n that_o also_o to_o the_o genus_fw-la and_o that_o which_o to_o none_o that_o neither_o to_o the_o genus_fw-la etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o and_o this_o canon_n be_v the_o foundation_n of_o induction_n as_o well_o the_o affirm_v as_o deny_v of_o which_o we_o have_v entreat_v in_o its_o proper_a place_n to_o which_o recourse_n may_v be_v have_v if_o the_o reader_n shall_v so_o think_v fit_a for_o example_n now_o all_o the_o canon_n of_o this_o place_n be_v very_o faithful_a ax._n 13._o the_o place_n from_o the_o whole_a have_v two_o canon_n and_o first_o the_o whole_a be_v posit_v all_o the_o principal_a part_n be_v so_o 1._o §_o or_o that_o to_o which_o the_o whole_a be_v attribute_v to_o that_o also_o all_o the_o principal_a part_n as_o to_z sempronius_z there_o be_v maintenance_n give_v and_o therefore_o clothes_n victual_n and_o habitation_n etc._n etc._n i_o say_v the_o the_o principal_a because_o the_o whole_a be_v suppose_v that_o every_o the_o least_o part_n that_o tend_v to_o the_o integrity_n not_o essence_n of_o it_o shall_v be_v so_o be_v not_o necessary_a ax._n 14._o second_o that_o which_o agree_v to_o the_o similar_v whole_a that_o also_o to_o the_o singular_a part_n of_o it_o and_o that_o which_o not_o to_o such_o a_o whole_a that_o neither_o to_o any_o part_n of_o it_o as_o for_o instance_n 1._o §_o water_n by_o its_o own_o nature_n be_v moist_a and_o therefore_o every_o drop_n of_o it_o be_v moist_a the_o heaven_n be_v not_o corruptible_a and_o therefore_o not_o the_o star_n etc._n etc._n here_o we_o be_v to_o take_v heed_n lest_o what_o be_v attribute_v to_o the_o whole_a as_o whole_a be_v not_o also_o attribute_v to_o the_o part._n for_o not_o because_o there_o be_v water_n every_o where_n about_o the_o earth_n do_v it_o follow_v that_o every_o drop_v of_o it_o be_v every_o where_o about_o the_o earth_n etc._n etc._n now_o the_o canon_n of_o this_o place_n be_v very_o certain_a ax._n 15._o the_o place_n from_o part_n have_v four_o canon_n and_o first_o all_o the_o part_n be_v posit_v and_o join_v the_o whole_a must_v be_v also_o posit_v too_o as_o for_o instance_n 1._o §_o caesar_n occupy_v belgium_n and_o aquitaine_n and_o celtica_n and_o therefore_o all_o gallia_n i_o say_v unite_v because_o posit_v all_o the_o part_n of_o a_o whole_a and_o those_o part_v not_o unite_v the_o whole_a be_v not_o yet_o posit_v as_o for_o instance_n a_o house_n which_o you_o know_v till_o the_o material_n be_v join_v as_o well_o as_o provide_v become_v not_o a_o house_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 16._o the_o second_o be_v take_v away_o the_o principal_a part_n you_o take_v away_o also_o the_o whole_a as_o for_o instance_n 1._o §_o infant_n be_v destitute_a of_o the_o knowledge_n of_o christ_n and_o therefore_o of_o faith_n i_o say_v the_o principal_a part_n because_o the_o hand_n take_v away_o the_o man_n do_v not_o die_v but_o become_v only_o lame_a but_o let_v it_o be_v the_o head_n or_o the_o other_o principal_a part_n and_o he_o total_o expire_v etc._n etc._n ax._n 17._o three_o that_o which_o agree_v to_o all_o the_o part_n that_o also_o to_o the_o whole_a and_o that_o which_o to_o none_o that_o neither_o to_o the_o whole_a etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o as_o for_o instance_n the_o law_n prophet_n gospel_n with_o the_o write_n of_o the_o holy_a apostle_n be_v all_o divine_o inspire_v and_o therefore_o the_o whole_a scripture_n be_v divine_o inspire_v the_o wall_n column_n beam_n rafter_n roof_n of_o the_o house_n etc._n etc._n seem_v not_o to_o be_v old_a and_o therefore_o the_o house_n seem_v not_o to_o be_v old_a etc._n etc._n ax._n 19_o four_o that_o which_o agree_v to_o a_o similar_v part_n that_o also_o to_o the_o whole_a and_o that_o which_o agree_v not_o to_o the_o similar_v part_n that_o neither_o to_o the_o whole_a 1._o §_o as_o for_o instance_n every_o drop_n of_o water_n be_v moist_a and_o therefore_o the_o water_n itself_o be_v so_o the_o star_n be_v incorruptible_a and_o therefore_o the_o heaven_n etc._n etc._n here_o one_o be_v to_o take_v care_n that_o that_o which_o agree_v to_o the_o similar_v part_n only_o by_o some_o external_n cause_n and_o not_o the_o condition_n of_o its_o proper_a nature_n be_v not_o conclude_v of_o the_o whole_a for_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v from_o every_o drop_n of_o water_n be_v round_o that_o the_o whole_a element_n be_v so_o for_o beside_o that_o no_o element_n beside_o the_o earth_n be_v of_o any_o determinate_a figure_n even_o the_o rotundity_n of_o the_o drop_n do_v not_o proceed_v from_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o water_n but_o the_o paucity_n of_o their_o matter_n by_o which_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o they_o can_v flow_v in_o other_o case_n the_o canon_n of_o this_o place_n be_v very_o certain_a ax._n 19_o the_o place_n from_o the_o cause_n in_o general_n have_v this_o canon_n viz._n that_o the_o cause_n be_v actual_o put_v it_o be_v necessary_a that_o the_o cause_v shall_v be_v so_o too_o and_o so_o vice_n versà _fw-fr 1._o §_o the_o cause_n in_o act_n be_v say_v to_o be_v that_o which_o cause_n or_o exercise_n its_o office_n and_o causality_n now_o it_o will_v imply_v a_o contradiction_n for_o one_o to_o say_v that_o the_o cause_v cause_n and_o yet_o that_o the_o cause_v be_v not_o cause_v as_o for_o example_n that_o the_o workman_n be_v building_n and_o yet_o that_o the_o house_n be_v not_o or_o that_o the_o house_n be_v a_o building_n and_o yet_o that_o there_o be_v no_o workman_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 20._o the_o place_n from_o matter_n have_v two_o canon_n and_o first_o the_o matter_n be_v take_v away_o the_o compose_v and_o also_o its_o material_a form_n be_v so_o 1._o §_o as_o if_o you_o shall_v prove_v where_o there_o be_v no_o wood_n there_o can_v be_v no_o ship_n or_o because_o stone_n have_v no_o organical_a body_n neither_o can_v they_o have_v a_o soul_n i_o say_v material_a form_n because_o immaterial_a such_o as_o be_v the_o humane_a soul_n by_o take_v away_o the_o matter_n can_v be_v take_v away_o etc._n etc._n ax._n 21._o second_o such_o as_o be_v the_o matter_n such_o be_v also_o the_o compose_v 1._o §_o as_o the_o statue_n be_v of_o worm-eaten_a or_o rot_a wood_n and_o therefore_o itself_o also_o be_v so_o this_o canon_n take_v place_n only_o in_o thing_n make_v of_o art_n for_o in_o other_o thing_n it_o will_v be_v fallacious_a ax._n 22._o the_o place_n from_o form_n have_v this_o canon_n viz._n posit_v the_o form_n the_o compose_v also_o be_v post_v and_o that_o take_v away_o the_o compose_v be_v also_o take_v away_o 1._o §_o as_o the_o pigmy_n have_v a_o rational_a soul_n and_o therefore_o they_o be_v man_n the_o star_n have_v not_o a_o soul_n and_o therefore_o they_o do_v not_o live_v this_o canon_n be_v altogether_o irrefragable_a provide_v the_o first_o part_n be_v understand_v of_o material_a form_n for_o posit_v the_o rational_a soul_n that_o the_o man_n shall_v be_v so_o too_o be_v not_o necessary_a but_o yet_o this_o viz._n
answer_v to_o the_o first_o absolute_a canon_n of_o the_o same_o place_n which_o be_v this_o that_o to_o which_o one_o of_o the_o conjugate_v agree_v to_o that_o also_o agree_v the_o other_o to_o this_o canon_n be_v add_v this_o caution_n viz._n that_o there_o shall_v not_o be_v adhibit_v conjugate_v join_v only_o in_o affinity_n of_o word_n net_n nature_n this_o same_o caution_n be_v to_o be_v add_v to_o the_o comparate_a which_o be_v thus_o declare_v that_o to_o which_o agree_v one_o of_o the_o conjugate_v more_o to_o that_o also_o agree_v the_o other_o and_o therefore_o as_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v that_o this_o man_n be_v drink_v and_o therefore_o a_o drunkard_n so_o neither_o this_o that_o this_o man_n be_v more_o drink_a and_o therefore_o more_o a_o drunkard_n etc._n etc._n 17._o there_o remain_v of_o comparate_a canon_n which_o contain_v no_o designation_n of_o any_o certain_a place_n of_o which_o many_o be_v extant_a book_n 3_o top._n of_o which_o we_o have_v here_o select_v the_o principal_a as_o first_o the_o more_o last_a and_o constant_a good_n be_v the_o more_o to_o be_v choose_v as_o the_o good_n of_o the_o mind_n than_o those_o of_o the_o body_n second_o any_o thing_n be_v then_o the_o more_o to_o be_v wish_v for_o when_o more_o opportune_a and_o useful_a as_o fear_v in_o youth_n prudence_n in_o old_a age._n three_o that_o which_o always_o or_o often'_v of_o use_n be_v better_a than_o that_o which_o seldom_o as_o temperance_n than_o fortitude_n four_o those_o thing_n which_o content_a one_o in_o themselves_o be_v more_o to_o be_v choose_v than_o those_o which_o need_v other_o thing_n as_o abundance_n of_o thing_n than_o money_n for_o he_o that_o abound_v in_o the_o last_o viz._n money_n may_v want_v other_o thing_n but_o he_o that_o abound_v in_o thing_n can_v want_v money_n etc._n etc._n five_o that_o which_o be_v the_o more_o splendid_a be_v the_o more_o to_o be_v wish_v for_o so_o glory_n than_o riches_n six_o difficult_a thing_n be_v better_a than_o those_o that_o be_v more_o facile_a and_o seven_o proper_a than_o common_a by_o common_a here_o be_v not_o to_o be_v understand_v public_a but_o only_o those_o thing_n which_o many_o have_v by_o proper_a which_o we_o have_v alone_o or_o in_o common_a with_o but_o very_o few_o for_o these_o be_v the_o thing_n which_o we_o most_o love_n eight_o those_o thing_n which_o can_v be_v communicate_v to_o other_o be_v more_o precious_a than_o those_o which_o can_v as_o knowledge_n than_o riches_n nine_o thing_n not_o necessary_a be_v to_o be_v prefer_v before_o those_o that_o be_v so_o we_o choose_v rather_o to_o live_v commodious_o than_o to_o live_v which_o canon_n be_v be_v not_o evert_v by_o cicero_n when_o in_o his_o topic_n he_o say_v thing_n necessary_a be_v to_o be_v prefer_v before_o unnecessary_a for_o by_o unnecessary_a he_o understand_v superfluous_a but_o to_o aristotle_n unnecessary_n signify_v no_o more_o than_o those_o which_o belong_v to_o the_o bene_fw-la esse_fw-la necessary_n the_o esse_fw-la ten_o those_o thing_n which_o can_v be_v give_v by_o other_o be_v better_o than_o those_o which_o may_v as_o virtue_n and_o learning_n than_o riches_n etc._n etc._n eleven_o that_o which_o one_o will_v have_v other_o leave_v one_o as_o friend_n than_o wealth_n for_o friend_n we_o will_v get_v to_o ourselves_o but_o riches_n we_o have_v rather_o that_o other_o shall_v leave_v we_o etc._n etc._n 18._o and_o these_o be_v the_o principal_a canon_n by_o which_o problem_n compare_v be_v to_o be_v confirm_v which_o be_v to_o be_v draw_v either_o from_o the_o absolute_a canon_n or_o aristotle_n be_v three_o book_n of_o topic_n in_o all_o of_o which_o especial_o those_o which_o contain_v a_o comparison_n of_o thing_n in_o goodness_n this_o caution_n be_v to_o be_v use_v viz._n that_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v compare_v be_v in_o other_o thing_n equal_a for_o example_n the_o more_o last_a good_n be_v then_o to_o be_v prefer_v before_o the_o less_o when_o in_o other_o thing_n they_o be_v equal_a etc._n etc._n and_o thus_o much_o of_o the_o dialectical_a syllogism_n chap._n xx._n of_o demonstration_n ax._n 1_o now_o follow_v demonstration_n define_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v a_o syllogism_n beget_v knowledge_n commentary_n 1._o §_o demonstration_n in_o the_o greek_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d be_v among_o the_o geometrician_n a_o delineation_n of_o a_o diagram_n in_o which_o they_o exhibit_v the_o truth_n of_o their_o proposition_n to_o be_v see_v by_o the_o eye_n to_o that_o be_v oppose_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v a_o description_n or_o false_a delineation_n now_o these_o word_n as_o many_o other_o which_o be_v use_v in_o the_o doctrine_n of_o syllogism_n be_v translate_v from_o geometry_n into_o logic_n and_o there_o demonstration_n be_v take_v sometime_o for_o any_o certain_a and_o perspicuous_a proof_n but_o here_o in_o this_o place_n strict_o for_o syllogism_n scientific_n and_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o false_a syllogism_n for_o syllogism_n beget_v error_n or_o the_o contrary_a to_o science_n etc._n etc._n 2._o §_o demonstration_n genus_fw-la be_v syllogism_n and_o herein_o it_o agree_v with_o the_o dialectical_a it_o be_v difference_n be_v fetch_v from_o the_o end_n which_o be_v science_n now_o the_o word_n science_n be_v either_o take_v large_o to_o signify_v any_o cognition_n or_o true_a assent_n or_o strict_o a_o firm_a and_o infallible_a one_o or_o last_o a_o assent_n of_o proposition_n make_v know_v by_o the_o cause_n or_o effect_n and_o that_o only_o come_v under_o the_o notion_n of_o science_n here_o which_o be_v get_v by_o the_o cause_n or_o the_o effect_n and_o be_v proper_a to_o this_o place_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 2._o of_o demonstration_n one_o be_v why_o a_o thing_n be_v and_o the_o other_o that_o a_o thing_n be_v ax._n 3_o that_o of_o why_o be_v that_o which_o not_o only_o prove_v the_o thing_n be_v or_o be_v not_o but_o also_o render_v a_o reason_n why_o the_o thing_n be_v or_o be_v not_o ax._n 4._o the_o demonstration_n that_o only_o prove_v that_o the_o thing_n either_o be_v or_o be_v not_o 1._o §_o now_o this_o division_n be_v fetch_v from_o the_o end_n for_o whereas_o demonstration_n be_v a_o syllogism_n scientific_n it_o altogether_o follow_v that_o how_o manifold_n science_n be_v so_o many_o must_v demonstration_n be_v but_o science_n one_o be_v why_o and_o the_o other_o that_o and_o therefore_o so_o must_v demonstration_n be_v see_v cap._n 13._o book_n 1._o of_o the_o post_n science_n and_o demonstration_n in_o short_a why_o differ_v from_o that_o of_o that_o a_o thing_n be_v in_o the_o ratio_fw-la and_o quality_n of_o the_o medium_fw-la which_o in_o that_o of_o why_o a_o thing_n be_v be_v the_o next_o cause_n that_o be_v such_o a_o cause_n as_o that_o be_v put_v the_o propriety_n must_v be_v put_v also_o and_o that_o take_v away_o the_o propriety_n also_o must_v be_v take_v away_o when_o that_o of_o the_o other_o be_v not_o the_o cause_n but_o effect_v at_o least_o not_o the_o next_o but_o remote_a as_o will_v hereafter_o be_v make_v appear_v etc._n etc._n in_o the_o interim_n take_v we_o a_o view_n of_o what_o be_v necessary_a to_o be_v know_v before_o we_o enter_v upon_o this_o head_n chap._n xxi_o of_o precognition_n or_o thing_n requisite_a to_o be_v know_v before_o we_o enter_v upon_o demonstration_n ax._n 1_o in_o every_o demonstration_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o why_o or_o demonstrative_a science_n three_o thing_n be_v to_o be_v consider_v viz._n subject_a affection_n and_o cause_n by_o which_o demonstrate_v that_o the_o affection_n be_v in_o the_o subject_a etc._n etc._n ax._n 2._o of_o subject_a and_o affection_n be_v compose_v the_o question_n of_o cause_n with_o the_o affection_n first_o then_o subject_a combine_a the_o premise_n or_o principle_n by_o which_o such_o question_n be_v to_o be_v demonstrate_v ax._n 3_o and_o in_o these_o two_o thing_n be_v to_o be_v consider_v first_o precognition_n and_o then_o condition_n which_o in_o such_o a_o demonstration_n be_v to_o be_v observe_v ax._n 4._o of_o precognition_n the_o one_o be_v whether_o it_o be_v the_o other_o what_o that_o be_v which_o be_v say_v or_o what_o signify_v the_o name_n ax._n 5._o of_o the_o three_o term_n it_o be_v to_o be_v foreknow_v what_o signify_v the_o name_n that_o be_v what_o the_o mean_v or_o importance_n of_o they_o be_v subject_a cause_n also_o premise_n or_o principle_n whether_o they_o be_v and_o this_o of_o the_o affection_n and_o conclusion_n be_v to_o be_v demonstrate_v 1._o §_o of_o the_o three_o term_n what_o be_v the_o name_n because_o otherwise_o we_o shall_v dispute_v concern_v thing_n unknown_a 2._o §_o of_o subject_a and_o cause_n whether_o they_o be_v for_o when_o it_o be_v uncertain_a whether_o there_o be_v any_o such_o thing_n as_o the_o cause_n
repair_v and_o this_o be_v from_o the_o final_a etc._n etc._n 4._o §_o demonstration_n why_o be_v not_o only_o affirm_v but_o also_o deny_v for_o as_o we_o may_v demonstrate_v that_o a_o man_n be_v capable_a of_o science_n because_o endue_v with_o reason_n so_o also_o that_o a_o beast_n be_v not_o because_o not_o etc._n etc._n for_o as_o a_o affirmation_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o a_o affirmation_n so_o must_v a_o negation_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o a_o negation_n etc._n etc._n see_v book_n 1._o post_n cap._n 13._o and_o so_o we_o proceed_v to_o the_o chapter_n of_o the_o condition_n of_o the_o principle_n of_o demonstration_n in_o which_o we_o be_v teach_v what_o they_o ought_v to_o to_o be_v chap._n xxiii_o of_o the_o condition_n of_o the_o principle_n of_o demonstration_n ax._n 1_o the_o condition_n of_o the_o principle_n or_o proposition_n of_o demonstration_n why_o be_v either_o absolute_a or_o relate_v ax._n 2._o absolute_a be_v those_o which_o agree_v to_o the_o proposition_n in_o themselves_o consider_v and_o relate_v as_o compare_v with_o the_o conclusion_n ax._n 3_o the_o absolute_a be_v these_o and_o first_o that_o the_o proposition_n be_v necessary_o true_a and_o reciprocal_a second_o immediate_a and_o first_o commentary_n true_a because_o a_o false_a can_v be_v know_v and_o also_o necessary_o because_o from_o proposition_n not_o necessary_a a_o necessary_a conclusion_n can_v be_v draw_v unless_o by_o chance_n or_o accident_n 2._o §_o immediate_a because_o if_o not_o there_o will_v be_v a_o progress_n to_o infinite_a which_o be_v inconsistent_a with_o the_o nature_n of_o rnowledge_n ax._n 4._o these_o two_o in_o the_o major_n be_v require_v necessary_o but_o that_o the_o minor_a suppose_n it_o be_v true_a shall_v be_v also_o necessary_a and_o immediate_a be_v not_o absolute_o necessary_a 1._o §_o for_o the_o major_n be_v to_o consist_v of_o the_o affection_n and_o its_o next_o cause_n which_o be_v not_o only_o reciprocate_v among_o themselves_o but_o also_o necessary_o and_o immediate_o cohere_v but_o the_o minor_a of_o the_o affection_n cause_n and_o subject_n which_o it_o be_v not_o necessary_a shall_v so_o close_o cohere_v as_o that_o they_o shall_v constitute_v a_o necessary_a immediate_a and_o reciprocal_a proposition_n since_o of_o the_o affection_n not_o subject_a the_o knowledge_n be_v require_v etc._n etc._n 2._o §_o now_o the_o minor_a be_v not_o necessary_a much_o less_o reciprocal_a and_o universal_o first_o when_o the_o medium_fw-la of_o the_o demonstration_n be_v the_o cause_n efficient_a external_n of_o the_o predicate_a for_o example_n that_o which_o with_o the_o ray_n of_o the_o sun_n the_o earth_n be_v object_v can_v be_v illustrate_v that_o suffer_v a_o defect_n of_o light_n receive_v from_o the_o sun_n the_o moon_n with_o the_o ray_n of_o the_o sun_n the_o earth_n be_v object_v can_v be_v illustrate_v and_o therefore_o etc._n etc._n in_o this_o demonstration_n the_o minor_a have_v no_o degree_n of_o necessity_n because_o it_o be_v not_o perpetual_a in_o demonstration_n from_o cause_n efficient_a internal_a or_o final_a indeed_o the_o minor_a be_v always_o necessary_a but_o not_o reciprocal_a because_o often_o the_o next_o and_o reciprocal_a subject_n want_v a_o name_n for_o example_n every_o plant_n who_o humour_n be_v apt_a to_o congeal_v at_o the_o foot_n or_o stalk_v of_o its_o leaf_n be_v apt_a to_o shed_v its_o leave_n but_o the_o humour_n of_o the_o vine_n be_v apt_a to_o congeal_v at_o the_o foot_n or_o stalk_v of_o its_o leaf_n and_o therefore_o the_o vine_n be_v apt_a to_o shed_v its_o leave_n etc._n etc._n in_o which_o the_o minor_a be_v not_o reciprocal_a because_o it_o happen_v not_o only_o to_o the_o vine_n to_o have_v its_o humour_n congeal_v but_o to_o all_o other_o plant_n to_o who_o it_o happen_v to_o shed_v their_o leave_n but_o this_o happen_v because_o there_o be_v not_o a_o proper_a name_n by_o which_o shall_v be_v signify_v all_o and_o only_o those_o plant_n to_o which_o the_o congelation_n of_o the_o humour_n and_o fall_v of_o the_o leaf_n evene_v for_o the_o same_o reason_n be_v it_o also_o that_o the_o conclusion_n be_v not_o reciprocal_a see_v book_n 1._o post_n cap._n 5._o and_o book_n 2._o cap._n 66._o 3._o §_o the_o minor_a be_v not_o immediate_a also_o when_o the_o next_o cause_n of_o the_o predicate_v have_v any_o former_a cause_n by_o which_o it_o may_v be_v demonstrate_v for_o in_o all_o cause_n which_o enter_v demonstration_n there_o be_v a_o certain_a series_n and_o subordination_n so_o that_o every_o posterior_n be_v the_o effect_n of_o the_o precedent_n as_o often_o therefore_o as_o any_o effect_n be_v demonstrate_v by_o such_o a_o cause_n as_o be_v the_o effect_n of_o a_o former_a cause_n that_o minor_n must_v necessary_o be_v mediate_v and_o than_o that_o minor_n be_v to_o be_v resolve_v into_o that_o former_a cause_n and_o so_o on_o till_o you_o come_v to_o the_o first_o of_o that_o series_n which_o constitute_v a_o demonstration_n of_o both_o proposition_n immediate_a and_o this_o demonstration_n be_v the_o foundation_n of_o all_o the_o rest_n which_o be_v of_o the_o same_o series_n and_o therefore_o in_o search_v of_o science_n we_o be_v to_o proceed_v from_o the_o first_o demonstration_n to_o the_o follow_v in_o synthetic_a order_n and_o then_o the_o minor_a mediate_v be_v esteem_v as_o it_o be_v immediate_a because_o now_o before_o demonstrate_v for_o a_o demonstrate_v proposition_n be_v no_o less_o apt_a to_o beget_v knowledge_n than_o a_o proposition_n immediate_n and_o indemonstrable_a but_o yet_o if_o any_o one_o shall_v happen_v upon_o a_o demonstration_n who_o minor_a be_v mediate_v he_o must_v proceed_v in_o analytic_a order_n towards_o the_o first_o and_o fundamental_a demonstration_n nor_o will_v he_o first_o have_v attain_v science_n before_o he_o shall_v have_v arrive_v at_o the_o first_o cause_n for_o in_o this_o the_o mind_n acquiesces_fw-la but_o let_v we_o add_v example_n that_o the_o thing_n may_v be_v so_o much_o the_o better_o understand_v that_o which_o be_v endue_v with_o a_o threefold_a dimension_n admit_v not_o another_o body_n to_o be_v with_o it_o at_o the_o same_o time_n in_o the_o same_o place_n all_o body_n be_v endue_v with_o a_o threefold_a dimension_n and_o therefore_o etc._n etc._n the_o minor_a of_o this_o syllogism_n may_v be_v demonstrate_v in_o this_o manner_n that_o which_o consist_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n be_v endue_v with_o a_o threefold_a dimension_n every_o body_n consist_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n and_o therefore_o every_o body_n etc._n etc._n now_o the_o minor_a of_o this_o syllogism_n be_v immediate_a as_o well_o as_o the_o major_a because_o to_o consist_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n be_v the_o definition_n of_o body_n etc._n etc._n 4._o §_o the_o same_o series_n there_o be_v in_o demonstration_n from_o cause_n final_a in_o which_o the_o subordinate_a be_v demonstrate_v by_o the_o far_a end_n until_o you_o shall_v come_v to_o the_o last_o in_o every_o genus_fw-la in_o which_o the_o mind_n acquiesces_fw-la for_o example_n a_o animal_n have_v lung_n that_o it_o may_v breath_n breathe_v that_o it_o may_v refresh_v the_o heart_n the_o heart_n be_v to_o be_v refresh_v to_o preserve_v a_o temperature_n of_o heat_n a_o temperature_n of_o heat_n be_v to_o be_v keep_v that_o the_o life_n of_o the_o animal_n may_v be_v preserve_v etc._n etc._n if_o these_o demonstration_n be_v propose_v in_o form_n all_o except_v the_o last_o will_v have_v a_o mediate_v minor_a and_o the_o last_o be_v the_o foundation_n of_o all_o the_o rest_n 5._o §_o it_o sometime_o happen_v that_o demonstration_n from_o cause_n efficient_a can_v be_v resolve_v into_o proposition_n mediate_v unless_o the_o demonstration_n from_o cause_n final_a be_v commix_v with_o the_o demonstration_n from_o cause_n efficient_a for_o example_n a_o man_n be_v of_o a_o most_o acute_a touch_n because_o he_o be_v of_o a_o very_a thin_a skin_n a_o thin_a skin_n because_o have_v abundance_n of_o elaborate_v animal_n spirit_n abundance_n of_o those_o elaborate_v animal_n spirit_n because_o have_v a_o very_a large_a brain_n the_o shop_n or_o office_n of_o those_o elaborate_v animal_n spirit_n hitherto_o be_v they_o all_o cause_n efficient_a that_o a_o man_n have_v a_o very_a large_a brain_n be_v to_o be_v demonstrate_v from_o the_o end_n to_o wit_n because_o he_o shall_v reason_v that_o man_n shall_v reason_v again_o from_o cause_o efficient_a to_o wit_n because_o he_o be_v a_o rational_a animal_n here_o now_o we_o acquiesce_v because_o the_o minor_a be_v the_o definition_n of_o man_n and_o therefore_o immediate_a and_o indemonstrable_a axe_n 5._o the_o condition_n of_o principle_n relate_v to_o the_o conclusion_n be_v three_o and_o first_o that_o they_o be_v the_o cause_n second_o prior_n to_o and_o three_o more_o know_v than_o the_o conclusion_n ax._n 6._o and_o these_o condition_n be_v require_v in_o both_o proposition_n 1._o §_o for_o as_o be_v the_o