to act in any thing without the counsel and advice of them and consent of the people and that he would examine the Causes and the merits thereof in their presence and moreover he reproves certain Priests for their irregular proceedings in cases of judgment threatning to give an account thereof unto the people This charity and plain dealings of the Bishops gained them such reputation that their advice and sentence was almost in all matters followed and admitted by the people whose charity in after-Ages growing cold and careless of the mutual good and benefit each of other came by degrees to cast off this burdensom Office of Judgment and to remit it solely to the Incumbence of the Bishop who also degenerating from the primitive humility easily gave way to the allurements of ambition and under the disguise of Charity and Vertue embraced the Authority of passing sentence without the assistance or consultation with co-ordinate Judges So soon as the persecutions ceased great loads of business Cases and Trials at Law devolved upon the Bishop so that then he was forced to erect a Tribunal of Justice and contrive Methods and rules for Judicial proceedings howsoever in those times of simplicity and innocence things were not so wholly corrupted but that though the antient Discipline of remitting matters to the determination of the Church did cease yet sincerity and uprightness in passing Sentence still continued The which when Constantine the Emperour observed and considered the great difference there was between the captious and litigious proceedings of secular Advocats and Proctors who made Law-suits and wranglings their benefit and Trade and the honest and conscientious Methods and determinations of the Clergy he ordained that the Sentence of the Bishop should be definitive and without appeal with power to grant an injunction to all proceedings at Common Law in case the party agrieved should desire to have recourse to the Episcopal judgment and jurisdiction in his case Hence it came to pass that the Sentence of the Bishop was made a judgment of Court and put in execution by the hands of the secular Magistrate and this jurisdiction was farther amplified and increased in the year 365. by the Decree of the Emperour Valens But the extent of this Authority established by the Law of Constantine being afterwards abused by the corruption of succeeding Bishops was recalled by the Emperours Arcadius and Honorius and confined to causes purely religious without Courts or formal processes of Law and without power to intermeddle in civil differences unless the parties concerned should on both sides agree to remit their case by way of Arbitration or compromise to the Sentence of the Bishop But in regard the Bishops of Rome had for a long time been powerful in that City little notice was taken of this Injunction until in the year 452. it was again enforced and renewed by Valentinian the Emperour But not long afterwards the succeeding Emperours restored part of that Authority which had been taken from them and Justinian again erected their Courts of Judicature to which he assigned all Causes about Religion complaints and differences between the Clergy Ecclesiastical Fines and forfeitures with power to determine Cases between Lay-persons who should by way of Umpirage or Arbitration refer themselves to the Episcopal Court and in this manner did that charitable correction and that plain and sincere way of ending and composing differences between Brethren instituted by Christ Jesus begin to degenerate into that Dominion which our Saviour had forbidden to his Apostles And farther to strengthen and confirm this Episcopal Authority so soon as the Empire was divided and that the Western Provinces were separated from the Eastern Dominions then were many of the Bishops taken into the Councils of Princes whereby the Secular Power being annexed to their Spiritual capacity served much to advance and raise the reputation and Authority of the Episcopal Dignity so that two hundred years had not passed in this manner before the Bishops arrogated to themselves a Power to judg the Clergy in all Cases both Criminal and Civil And to extend their Jurisdiction farther they framed a Term called Mixed Actions in which the Bishop as well as the Secular Magistrate might grant Process that is in matters where the Judg had not been diligent or cold and remiss or dilatory in his proceedings then the Bishop might take the Causes out of his hands by which pretence and usurpation little business remained for the Secular Courts And farther by vertue hereof they established a general standing Rule as unalterable as a fundamental of Faith that in Cases where the Magistrate was remiss or delayed to do Justice those Causes did ipso facto devolve to the cognizance of the Bishop Had the Prelats stuck at this point and not proceeded farther it had been pretty tolerable for then a Power might have remained still in the hands of the Civil Magistrate to moderate and retrench the excesses of Ecclesiastical encroachments as occasion served but those who had imposed this yoak on the people thought fit for their own security to rivet it in such manner about their necks that it could never be shaken off again having to that purpose forged a principle in their own Shops under the Title of a fundamental point of Faith That the Bishops power of judging in Causes as well temporal as spiritual took not its Original and Authority from the Decrees or connivence of Emperours or from the will and pleasure of the people or by custom or prescription but from a right inherent in the Episcopal Dignity and conferred thereupon by the institution of Christ himself As appears in the History of the Council of Trent wrote by Father Paul Sarpi This was certainly a bold and a hardy Assertion which could so easily have been refuted by those who had read the Codes of Theodosius and Justinian with the Capitularies of Charles the Great and Concessions and Ordinances of succeeding Princes both of the Eastern and Western Empire in reading and considering which a Man must be strangely blind or stupid who cannot observe by what ways and Methods the excess and exorbitance of Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction was introduced into the World And indeed it is strange to consider that on the bare foundation of that Spiritual Power to bind and loose given by Christ to his Church and by that Ordinance of St. Paul to compose differences between the Brethren and prevent their going to Law before Infidels should by a long tract of time and by several Artifices and subtil contrivances be erected a Temporal Tribunal the most extensive and most considerable of any that ever was in the World and that in the midst of divers Kingdoms and Principalities of Europe there should be an other State established independent on the Publick which is such a Model and form of Political Government as never any of the Antient Legislators could ever fansie or imagine to be consistent with the Sovereignty of a Temporal Prince
the Cardinals the Hymn is sung He hath put down the mighty from their Seats and hath exalted the humble and meek he hath raised the needy from the dust that he may set him amongst the Princes of his People After which several other Ceremonies being performed and the Pope receiving again the Adoration of the Cardinals and Prelats returns towards the Evening to his Palace of Monte-cavallo This is in short the sum of those Ceremonies practised at the Coronation of Popes which we have extracted from the Book entitled the Sacred Ceremonies used in the Roman Church The Popes Elected and Crowned as we have said are for the most part old and decrepit with age or of a weak and tender constitution that so they may not live long to the disappointment of others who live and breath passionate desires after this Sublime exaltation and being thus decayed with years and unable to support the weight of Government have commonly called to their aid some Nephew or near Relation with the Title of Cardinal-Nephew or Cardinal-Patron on whose Wit and dexterous management of Affairs the fortune and success of the Papal Dominion doth depend And indeed a person under such circumstances had need to be qualified with great endowments of Mind and Body for being always obliged to afford his personal attendance on the Pope who is to see and hear with his Eyes and Ears he can never be at leisure or free from thoughts and business either relating to the Palace within or direction of Affairs without He is ever the Chief or President of Councils he assists at all Congregations he appoints the days for Consistories of Chappels Visits Audiences and regulates every thing which relates to the Spiritual or Temporal Government The Pope being established in his Throne begins at first to cast about by what way and means to raise and establish his Family by strong Alliances with Princes and Noble Houses He also divides the great Offices of the Church amongst his Kindred one is made Governour in one place and an other in another The chief Favourite is made General of the Forces of the Church an other General of the Gallies a third Governour of the Castle of St. Angelo and in like manner all the preferments are dispensed amongst the Relations according to that degree and quality that every one possesses in the good will and esteem of the Pope But the great Atlas of State is the Cardinal-Nephew whofe Wisdom is most exerted in his comportment towards the Ministers of forein Princes and especially in taking true measures of Interest between France and Spain which is of such great concernment that in a Book called il Livello Politico it is affirmed That the Glory and happiness of the Popedom the security and honour of the Cardinal-Nephew the Grandieur and prosperity of the City of Rome consists in this one point of a happy correspondence with forein Ambassadours the failure in which hath produced many unhappy Events witness the Government of the Barberini who for not knowing the true means and Methods how and in what manner to maintain a right and good understanding with Christian Princes and especially with those of Italy reduced as is notorious to all the World the Church unto a most unhappy and turbulent Estate And farther in case we reflect with serious thoughts on the Reigns of divers Popes in these latter Ages we shall find the truth of this assertion proved by plain and manifest experience We shall find the Reigns of some Popes full of Lustre and Glory as those of Paul the 2d and Clement the 8th others buried in obscurity and abased with sordid meanness as those of Adrian the 6th and Gregory the 13th Others have passed away in a quiet silent and smooth currant of affairs as those of Celestine and Clement the 9th Others have been engulfed in a thousand troubles and intrigues as were the Reigns of Alexander the 6th Clement the 7th of Paul the 3d and 4th and Urban the 8th And if we will search into the depth hereof we shall find that the Ambition covetousness and exorbitances of the Cardinal-Nephews to be the original cause of all the troubles and misfortunes which have rendered the Lives of some Popes inglorious or perhaps infamous Though indeed to speak true it is almost impossible for a Cardinal-Nephew to hold the ballance of his deportment towards foreign Representatives residing in the Court of Rome so equal as not to give a cause or occasion of offence to some one or other considering that what is pleasing and acceptable to one dissatisfies and interferes with the interest of an other Howsoever there are some Men so dexterous and happy in their Negotiations that they carry all with a good Air and if they are enforced to disoblige some it is done with such circumstances and in such manner as takes off much of the anger and acrimony of the person offended Most Princes of Christendom who are of the Roman Religion maintain their Ambassadours Residents or Agents at the Court of Rome and though many of these Princes have no great zeal or kindness for that Court being disobliged perhaps by some action of the Cardinal-Nephew or some other prejudice taken against the Pope yet it may be that on some score of Interest of State or of their Clergy or for the sake or support of Monasteries or for the determination of differences which arise between them and their Subjects which are to be decided at the Spiritual Judicatures it is necessary for them to conserve an Agent or Resident at Rome The Emperour hath seldom maintained an Ambassadour at that Court because he ordinarily makes use of a Protector of the German Nation to manage his Affairs and in case any matter of great importance occurs which is to be addressed unto the Pope it is performed by some Cardinal in whom his Imperial Majesty reposes a great confidence unless he dispatches an Express The King of Poland follows almost the same Maxim but yet professes a profound Obedience to the Papal See and exercises the power and interest he hath there with such modesty and caution that though like other Kings he might pretend to a Right of nominating Cardinals of his own Nation yet he seldom imposes any but such as the Pope shall offer of his own accord unto him Portugal for the most part maintains a Resident at Rome The State of Venice and the G. Duke of Tuscany make greater applications than the other Princes of Italy to that Court perhaps from a sence of the Pope's temporal power whose Dominions border upon theirs rather than out of an affection to his Spiritual capacity But it is certain that amongst all the Christian Princes none so warmly interest themselves in the Affairs of the Roman Court as France and Spain the Kings of which do always maintain and keep up the honour of their respective Embassies with splendid Equipage And yet these two Kings do
were affixed in all publick places denouncing and publishing a Council to be held and celebrated on the first day of September following at Pisa where the Pope himself was also cited to appear This Council was convened by the Authority of the dissenting Cardinals such as Bernardino Carvagiale a Spaniard who was the chief leader and director of the Schism William Brisoner a French Bishop Francis Borgia a Spaniard Cardinal of S. Cecilia Renat de Brie a Frenchman Cardinal of S. Sabina and Frederick Sanseverino an Italian Cardinal of S. Angelo all which agreed and pretended that a Council might where was apparent necessity be judicially convoked by them and that when a Pope was guilty of Simony infamous and damnable in his manners Author of so many Wars and notoriously incorrigible to the universal scandal of all Christendom that then the power of convocating a Council which was the only remedy and redress for so many evils did lawfully devolve unto them especially having the Authority of the Emperor and the consent of the most Christian King together with the Clergy of Germany and France concurring The Pope enraged with this bold attempt of his contumacious Cardinals issued out his Excommunications against them depriving them of their Hats Honors and Dignities Ecclesiastical notwithstanding which the design of the Council proceeded and on the first day of September the Proctors of the Cardinals being come to Pisa did there celebrate the Acts for opening of the same with which the Pope conceiving yet higher indignation against the Florentines for that they had suffered the Conventicle for so he called it to take beginning in their State did declare and publish that whosoever did favour the Conventicle of Pisa did stand actually Excommunicated Interdicted and subject to all the Penalties severely ordained by Laws against Schismaticks and Hereticks and that accordingly Lewis XII King of France together with the Cities of Florence and Pisa did stand actually Excommunicated and Interdicted And farther to countermine this Council he published a General Council to be held at the Lateran and to do the greatest despight imaginable to the Florentines he constituted Cardinal John de Medices who with his whole Family was exiled from Florence Legate of Bologna Romagna and of the whole Army of the League and to give farther diversion and trouble in France he incited Henry VIII King of England and Ferdinand King of Spain to joyn in a League with him the first to enter his Forces into Aquitaine and the latter to wage War on the King of Navarre who being joyned in Confederacy with Lewis did likewise lie under the censure of Excommunication Matters being thus disposed he finished the Articles of a League made with the Catholick King and the Senate of Venice which was solemnly published on the 5th of October in the Church of Santa Maria del Popolo the Pope and Cardinals being present where it was solemnly declared that the intent thereof was to preserve the Unity of the Church to defend her from the present Schism to recover the City of Bologna which was the right of the Church to confound the Assembly at Pisa and finally to chase and expel the French by force of Arms out of Italy Lewis finding himself on all sides hardly beset hastned the Recruits of his Army and withdrawing the Forces he had in Brescia which he had lately recovered from the Venetians and from Bologna which composed in all a Body of about 15500 men he marched by Ravenna in order to joyn with the Troops of the Duke of Ferrara who was then Confederate with France The Popes Army with the Allies consisting of about 13000 Foot and 1800 men at Arms marched towards the relief of Ravenna which was then hardly besieged by the French Army under the Command of Gaston de Foix a valiant and experienced General The Papal Army being encamped at no far distance from the French endeavoured to avoid a Battel which the Enemy frequently offered them but finding that unless they did fight Ravenna would be taken for such wide breaches were made in the Walls by the Cannon that the Enemy was ready to enter and in sight of their Army to make themselves Masters of the City to prevent which and the disgrace of such a mischief time was not farther to be lost nor an Engagement to be longer declined so that on Easter day both Armies joyned Battel The Fight continued so very long and bloody that in the space of six hours it was scarcely discernable to which side the Victory inclined At length by direction of the Duke of Ferrara the Cannon being brought by a long compass about to play on the Flank of the Army the Spaniards and Italians began to fly leaving their Baggage and the glory of the day unto the French which they gained with so much blood and loss of the principal Commanders and flower of their Army that they seemed rather vanquished than Conquerors and to remain in a condition which afforded them no cause of triumph in their Victory It is said that twenty thousand men were slain in this Battel and the numbers almost equal on each side amongst which 150 Gentlemen belonging to the Court of the French King were killed five of the Family of Colonna with Gaston de Foix their General Of the Popes Army the Legate John de Medices with several other Captains was taken Prisoner The first news of this Defeat and the ill consequences thereof which was the taking and sacking of Ravenna was entertained at Rome with great fear and tumult so that the Cardinals running hastily to the Pope urged and pressed him with earnest and vehement Petitions to conclude the War and accept such reasonable and moderate conditions as they were assured the King of France would be ready to offer On the other side the Embassadors of the King of Aragon and the Senate of Venice entertained other sentiments judging from the advices they had received that matters were not reduced to such extremities as the fears and melancholy fancies of the Cardinals suggested for that the French Army had not gained this Victory with so little loss but that the great effusion of blood which it had cost had weakened their Force to a degree as was not in a short time to be recovered nor was the death of that valiant and wise General Gaston de Foix and other Captains slain on the French side to be repaired in this age Likewise it was further urged that the Vice-Roy was escaped with the greater part of the Cavalry and that the Spanish Infantry were retreated from the Battel in good order which being joyned with the Swissers which were daily expected there would be no necessity at present of yielding to the conditions of the French which in this conjuncture would be very unequal and dishonorable and that therewith they must expect to receive Laws from the pride of Bernardin Carvagiale and the insolence of Frederick de Sancta Severin and the
Germany to hinder if possible by their Preaching and Disputations the farther spreading of these Doctrins The Emperor Charles the Fifth in a Diet at Ratisbon made a publick and solemn Edict against Luther and his Conclusions the University of Paris condemned them and the King of England Henry VIII wrote a Book against them for which he afterwards received from this Pope Leo the Title of Defender of the Faith But Luther being a man of great courage and supported by the favour of the Duke of Saxony little regarded either the Arguments of the School-men or the Authority of the Princes saying That the Prophet forbad to trust in men or Princes before whose judgment the Word of God and the sentence of Scripture was to be preferred These disturbances in Germany were followed by the like in Switzerland where Zuinglius by force of Argument disputed in favour of the Doctrin of Luther which caused such confusions and discord that for the settlement and quiet thereof the Senate of Zurich convened all the Preachers and Doctors of their Country and requested the Bishop of Constance to depute such wise and learned persons as he should think fit to assist at this Conference for determination of the matters in question Great numbers of people being assembled at this Convocation Zuinglius proposed his Thesis and all the points in dispute and offered to answer the Arguments of any Opponent which should be set up against him Peter Faber a man holy in his life and of profound judgment having heard and weighed all the strength of Argument which the Jacobins and others had alledged refused as Moderator in those Controversies to determin any thing in those matters which more properly belonged to the cognizance of that General Council which was shortly by Authority of the Pope and the consent of all the Christian Princes to meet and assemble consisting of all the Prelates of Christendom This Sentence gave Zuinglius advantage to advance his Doctrin and say that these were but delays to amuse the people and lull them in their ignorance that doubtful matters were proper to be treated and discussed and determined by the Authority of General Councils but that matters certain and clear by Scripture which was the Word of God and the rule of our lives and confirmed by the practice of the Primitive Christians stood in need of no other Authority than their own plain evidence to confirm them In fine the Assembly broke up and the Senate concluded with this result that the Gospel should be Preached according to the Canon of the Old and new Testament and not according to the Decrees and Constitutions of men This matter began daily in the Court of Rome to seem of greater importance fearing lest it should greatly shake the Power of the Popes and abate the profits of the Church of Rome and discompose the Union of the Christian Religion for which occasion many Consistories were summoned at Rome and many Consultations held in the Chamber of the Pope amongst the Cardinals and Divines for remedy of this growing evil The Duke of Saxony and Luther were at these Meetings condemned and Excommunications thundered out against them with most grievous Anathemaes the which served only to exasperate the Duke of Saxony and caused him to become a more severe and vehement Protector of that Cause which began now to dilate and spread more diffusely amongst the people by how much the more it was persecuted by vigorous and violent courses At length the Court of Rome as well as other People and Nations did conclude that the only means to quiet mens minds and settle them in a true Belief and Faith was to establish all doubts and Controversies by the Authority of a General Council the which was desired by Princes and Lords of Countries in hopes that thereby the disorderly lives of Priests and Friers would be regulated and reduced to their Primitive Constitutions and that the Regalia and Temporal Jurisdictions which had long been usurped by the Ecclesiastical Power would at length be restored to the Secular Dignity of Princes But to reduce matters to this estate they did not judg it necessary that Ecclesiasticks should be the sole Members to compose such an Assembly whose interest it was to maintain their own Corruptions and determin all matters in favour of themselves against the Rights and Prerogatives of Christian Princes in whose Affairs their consents and Suffrages ought to be consulted The common people also who had some competent knowledg in the Affairs of the world were desirous of a Council in hopes and expectation that the libidinous Power of the Church which had for a long time tyrannized over them might at length be limited and moderated and that the Exactions which were charged upon them under the specious pretences of Alms and Indulgences might not be forced and distrained by the violence and rudenesses of the Episcopal Officers The Court of Rome did likewise desire a Council in hopes the Authority of the Church which began to be shaken by the opposition of Adversaries and the encroachments which Princes made on its Jurisdiction might thereby be confirmed but they were for having it regulated according to the practices of modern times which should not touch on the present Abuses and evil customs introduced in favour of the Papal Power but such an one as was called by the preceding Pope and Assembled at the Lateran which had produced many happy and advantageous successes for it had extinguished the Schisms of the Cardinals reduced the Kingdom of France which before was separated to an Union and abolished that Sanction which highly entrenched on the Temporal and Spiritual Monarchy of Rome and lastly had conferred the collation of Benefices on the Pope which was the great foundation of the Papal Grandeur Howsoever Pope Leo still doubted that this remedy was not entirely adapted to the nature of this evil for tho the power of a Council might have an influence over Princes and great Prelates against whom their Decrees and Determinations might avail yet could not reach the minds of the common people or produce that real alteration and change which was necessary for the quiet and settlement of the Ecclesiastical State In this condition of affairs Leo died about the end of the year 1521. But these Divisions and Dissentions in Spiritual Controversies did not only disquiet the Pope but likewise the Plots of certain Cardinals which designed against his Life and Government of which a discovery being made several of them were deprived of their Hats and Ecclesiastical Benefices and Alfonso Petrucci being chief in the number of the Conspirators was taken and strangled by a Negro Slave in the Castle of St. Angelo at Rome Adrian da Cornetro being fled and escaped from Justice was for ever without hopes of Restauration deprived of the Character and Honor of Cardinal Raphael Riario and Bendinello Sauli were suspended but afterwards restored to the Dignity of Cardinals Saderini was condemned to live in
after that Controversie had been opened heard and examined by many Doctors and Testimonies and Writings produced the Emperor according to the counsel and report made him pronounced that Modena and Reggio appertained of right to the Duke of Ferrara who paying a hundred thousand Ducats to the Pope the Tributes should be reduced to their ancient custom and he invested in the Jurisdiction of Ferrara But the Pope would neither allow that part of the Sentence nor accept the payment of the mony wherein the Duke was condemned refusing the Tribute which was offered to him according to the usual custom so that there was neither open War nor a setled Peace between the Pope and the Duke of Ferrara for having a regard and some respect to the Emperors Award and Sentence he feared to assail him with open force contriving in the mean time secret plots and devices wherewith to ensnare him Matters thus continued with some tranquillity until the year 1532. which was more signal for Forein Wars than for the Commotions of Italy For Francis the French King not forgetting the sufferings he had sustained by the Emperor contrived all ways imaginable for his revenge not being scrupulous or ashamed of secret practices and treaties with Soliman Emperor of the Turks in despight of his Title of Most Christian to stir him up and incite him to a War against Charles the Emperor inviting him to make a second attempt by laying siege to Vienna Soliman being full of anger and disdain for the late foil he had received before that City was easily persuaded to try his fortune in another Expedition but the Princes and Free Towns of Germany concurring with their Forces and uniting them to the Imperial Troops composed a most formidable Army which being conducted by Charles the Emperor who was the greatest Captain of his age and his name terrible to the Turks Soliman made only some incursions into Hungary and then returned again to Constantinople But before this news came and whilst these things were in action Henry VIII King of England and Francis the French King being both highly displeased with the Emperor met together at Boloign in France where they held several Consultations how to improve the present state of Affairs to their own advantage And giving it for granted that the Turk would Winter in Hungary and afford the Emperor sufficient employment for the year following they resolved to make use of this conjuncture of Affairs to their mutual benefit in pursuance of which it was determined between them that the French King was to invade the State of Milan and the Pope was to be induced to assist in the same design and to determin the cause of Divorce of Queen Catharine in favour of King Henry then depending in the Court of Rome with which message and instructions the Cardinals of Ternon and Gramont were sent Embassadors to the Pope But King Henry having not the patience to attend the result contemned the authority of a Divorce by the Papal Power contenting and satifying his own Conscience with what had before been disputed and determined in the Courts of England about that matter and having understood that the Legate Campeius had been sent into England with a Bull of Divorce which afterwards upon change of the Pope's mind he had burnt the King was so enraged thereat that he resolved not to have farther dealings with the Pope and thereupon Proclamation was published that no person of what estate or condition soever should purchase or attempt to purchase from the Court of Rome any thing prejudicial to the Jurisdiction or Prerogative of this Realm upon pain of Imprisonment or other punishment according to the pleasure of the King But the retirement of the Turks out of Hungary put a period to the design of Invading the Dutchy of Milan and to the expectation the King of England had of receiving a favourable sentence at Rome in the point of Divorce for the result of the Interview of these two Kings being known at Rome hastned the Pope to make a League with the Emperor which was concluded at a second meeting at Bologna where the same Ceremonies and terms of amity and friendship passed between them as had been formerly at the first After which the Emperor by the way of Genoua passed into Spain and the Pope returned to Rome accompanied thither by the two Cardinals Ternon and Gramont the which according to their Commission insisted greatly to have the Divorce of Queen Catharine confirmed by the Popes Authority alledging the great damage and ruine that an obstinate persistance to the contrary might bring to the Church but the Cardinals of the Emperors Faction labouring to the contrary and the Pope understanding what Henry had already acted in that point in England issued an Excommunication against him and his whole Realm unless before the end of September following he did revoke all the Acts he had made to the prejudice of the Apostolical Sea and the Papal Authority These French Cardinals finding their Negotiations in reference to England to be unsuccessful and desperate treated notwithstanding an interview between the Pope and the French King to be held at Marseille colouring their design with the specious pretence of finding some expedient to accommodate matters between King Henry and the Pope a Charity so great and Christian and of that high importance as might challenge the labors and endeavours of the most Christian King and farther it was pretended that a League and Union between the Christian Princes was there to be negotiated against the Turk But the desire of the Pope being in reallity to marry his Niece Catharine de Medicis to the second Son of the King of France was easily persuaded to condescend to a proposition so agreeable to his own inclinations in pursuance whereof the Pope with a great retinue of Cardinals Embarked at Pisa on his own Gallies and in a few days of prosperous Navigation he landed at Marseille where being saluted with three hundred pieces of Cannon at his arrival he was lodged for the first night in the Palace of the Duke of Montmorency Grand Master and Mareschal of France The next day he made his entry through the City habited in his Pontifical Vestments and carried in his Chair upon mens shoulders before him a White Horse was led by two men with silken Reins carrying the Sacrament of the Altar then followed the Cardinals in their Habits mounted upon their Mules after which came Catharine de Medicis Dutchess of Vrbin attended with a great number of Ladies and Gentlemen both of the French and Italian Nation in which equipage the Pope passed the Streets to the Lodgings which were provided for him The day following the French King came and with great solemnity went to perform the Offices of Duty and Obedience to the Pope These Solemnities and Ceremonies being past matters of publick concernment were in the first place taken into consideration by those who were by the King and
Conferences that the Pope seemed to refuse nothing which might engage and oblige the Cardinal having at his instance granted an alienation from the Church of three hundred thousand Livers a year to the King of France which Bene had formerly been demanded and sollicited with great importunity but could never be obtained until this endearment happened between the Cardinal and the Pope For now their mutual intimacy and friendship began to be so great that the Pope opened his bosom and heart to him giving him to understand that the Council being become a burden to him which he could not support he had therefore sent a private Bull to his Legats either to prorogue or adjourn it to some other place as should be most agreeable to the state of Affairs but the Cardinal who professed to have the same Interest for that his occasions required his presence in France yet could not concur in Opinion either to have the Council prorogued or adjourned to an other place but rather to dispose matters in order to a Conclusion which might easily be effected by laying aside all those Points which might administer matter or cause of Dispute promising to contribute to this Design all the Power and Interest he had with the Ambassadours and Bishops that so every thing might terminate happily and to the satisfaction of the Court of Rome The Pope being overjoyed with these Promises was comforted in the highest degree by the consolatory expressions of the Cardinal in return for which he promised to use all his endeavours to create him his Successour by engaging such a number of Cardinals in his favour as should secure his Election promising in the mean time to make him the chief Instrument of all his grand Designs Thus was the one elevated in his hopes and expectations of high preferments and the other encouraged against the refractory opposition of the French Prelats who were now grown mutinous and the Papal Authority rendered contemptible to them For at that time Chatillion had voluntarily renounced his character of Cardinal and called himself by the title of Count de Beauvais and in contempt of that Dignity was married in the habit of a Cardinal as if he intended by that action to have rendered that Honour ridiculous The French Prelats also being disgusted five of them retired from Trent having easily obtained their license from the Legats whose chief endeavours and labour was now to appease the Sedition and mutinies of the Bishops who were come to that unbridled usurpation and entrenchments on the temporal jurisdiction of Princes and Magistrates that they constrained the Legats to read in the Congregation that Model of a Decree which they had projected for Reformation of Secular Magistrates the particulars of which were so licentious and extravagant as deserve to be noted for discovery of that Pride which reigned amongst the Clergy of those days the contents of which were these That a Clergy-man was not liable to the Sentence of a Secular Court nor could he be tryed at that Bar though he himself should consent thereunto that the Secular Judges should not intermedle with causes relating to Matrimony to Heresie to Tenths Advowsons or rights of Patronage nor with any other causes whether civil or criminal wherein the Ecclesiastical Censure was or might be concerned That no Injunction be issued out of a Secular Court to hinder the proceedings of the Ecclesiastical in points of Excommunication though taken out against the Emperor himself or against Kings Nor shall the Civil Law contradict or interfere with the Ecclesiastical in matters which relate to the Affairs Goods or possessions of the Church which is endued with a Power of constituting its own Courts and Officers of several degrees ranks and qualities That the Clergy shall be exempt from Taxes Imposts Tithes or Subsidies whatsoever That Princes or Magistrates shall not have Power to quarter Soldiers Officers or Horse within the Houses or on the possessions of the Clergy with several other Articles of like tenure which were so repugnant to the Power of Kings that is seemed to shake their Authority and set up an other Soveraignty within their own Kingdoms independant of the Regal Jurisdiction for which reason the French Ambassadours having made their Protest against these Articles in the space of fifteen days afterwards retired from Trent to Venice according to the Orders which they had received from France The news of this retreat of the Ambassadours was very unwelcome to the Court of Rome and especially to the Cardinal of Lorain who apprehended that this unexpected accident would much eclipse his Credit and Reputation with the Pope and defeat the hopes he had conceived of his new preferment which that he might still keep up he promised the Pope to write and accordingly did write unto the King in such terms as plainly evidenced how far he had abandoned the Principles he brought from France and sacrificed them to a new aad strange Interest which he had acquired at Rome After which the Pope wrote to the Legats to prepare for the following Session according to the time appointed and to commence immediately after the return of the Cardinal to Trent and then speedily to wind all things up so as to put a final conclusion to the Council in which there seemed no great difficulty for that the French and Germans being drawn off they had none to deal with but onely with the Spaniards Howsoever the Pope resenting highly the retirement of the five French Bishops accused them of Heresie and cited them to make their defence before the Tribunal of Inquisition at Rome in like manner he issued out Process against Jane Queen of Navarre Widow of Anthony of Bourbon upon an accusation of Heresie in order to depose her from her Crown and Dignity the which Decrees were divulged and affixed on all publick places And though the Cardinal did in dislike thereof represent unto the Pope that this manner of proceeding was contrary to the received Maxims of France and the liberties of the Gallican Church and that it was not seasonable to proceed with such rigour against a Queen who was an Ally of France and the Relict of one lately slain in Battel against the Hugenots and that it was too early to summon Bishops to receive judgment at Rome against which the Council of France had so lately protested yet the Cardinal having performed this Office in a cold and perfunctory manner as if he intended rather to acquit himself with his Master than gain his Point gave no satisfaction to the Government of France which therefore making use of the Ambassadour Monsieur d' Oisel in this Negotiation his endeavours succeeded so well that the Process against the Queen of Navarre and the five Bishops was superseded and the whole matter buried in silence And that the King might shew how little he regarded the Decrees of the Council he proceeded actually to alienate the Lands of the Church before the License and Grant of the Pope
the Oar in the Gallies of the Turks Of the Christians after the fight was ended upon the numbers wanting in every Vessel the account of the slain amounted to seven thousand six hundred fifty six This signal Victory was attributed as much to the devout Prayers and Benediction of the Pope as to the valour of the Soldiers and conduct of the Captains the report of which as it filled all Europe with joy so it made way for the glories of Don John who was received into Messina with all the Triumphs and Festivals which that City could express also Antonio Colonna was with the like honour and triumph received at Rome Nor did the Venetian General want such encouragements and honours as that Republick commonly bestows in reward of Valour and Merit In memory of which signal Victory they stamped divers Medals with this Inscription Anno Magnae Navalis Victoriae Dei gratiâ contra Turcas This memorable Victory was obtained in the time of this Pius V. who was certainly one of the best of the Popes and therefore I know not why we may not say without offence to any that this happy success might be given in reward of the Devotion and Piety of this Pope for I am persuaded that God hath a particular care of godly Kings and Princes for whose sake as he often blesseth their people so he bestows some memorable blessings on them of signal Remark in their Reign On which persuasion I am apt to believe that as God bestowed this Victory on the Christians in the time of this Pius V. against that great Sultan Selim II. So now in these our days he hath given Victory and unexpected success to the Christians before the Walls of Vienna against Mahomet IV. in reward of the great Piety and Devotion of Leopold the Emperour whose Devotion and Prayers joyned to the Arms of the King of Poland and of other Princes have operated Miracles and delivered Germany in a wonderful manner from the power of the Turk And yet notwithstanding the religious temper of this Pope we find that he excommunicated Queen Elizabeth as far as his Bull would operate he deposed her from Royal Dignities and conferred her Crown on Mary Queen of Scots and persuaded Philip King of Spain to seize on the effects of the English Merchants at Antwerp and other parts of the Low-Countries and to assist the Catholick Subjects in England in their godly and religious Conspiracies as Gabutius calls them against the Queen their natural Sovereign Pius oblatam occasionem haud contemnendam esse ratus efflatigabat ab Rege ut Anglorum in Elizabetham pie conspirantium studia foveret Thus we see how far a mistaken zeal may transport good Men which though it may in some measure excuse from the aggravation of a Crime yet it cannot prove sufficient to set Men entirely upright at the great day of the just Ballance This Pope added also to his other Excellencies the Virtue of loving wife and learned Men and such as were endued with a vivacity and acuteness of parts for he scarce preferred any to considerable Dignity but such as were excellent in some degree or other and of the twenty one Cardinals which he created at three several times there were five of them at least who were Men of extraordinary Abilities and famous in their Generation He founded certain publick places for Learning and Piety amongst which he endowed a College in the University of Pavia for the Education of Youth and affixed over it the Arms of the Ghislers at Boschi the place of his Birth he built a Monastery for Dominican Friers and endowed it with a competent Revenue and to demonstrate his gratitude to his Antient Benefactors he created a Magnificent Sepulcre in memory of Paul V. by whom he was created Cardinal and in short he made many new Buildings and repaired several that were decayed in the Vatican and both within and without the City of Rome After all which about the middle of March 1572. he became indisposed by a stoppage of Urin of which he commonly had a fit in that Month the which illness encreasing upon him gave him notice that his end approached from which time converting all his thoughts to holy and pious meditations he spent the short remainder of his time in the preparation of his Soul for death which happened on the first of May following the same day he died his Body was embowel'd and three little stones found at the neck of his bladder which the Physitians declared to be the cause of his death He was generally lamented by all and especially by vertuous Men for considering his principles his Enemies had nothing worse to object than that he gave a Dispensation to Philip King of Spain to marry with the Daughter of his Sister and of Maximilian his near Kinsman and yet would never be induced to consent unto the Marriage of Margaret of Valois Sister of the King of France with Henry King of Navarre making the difference of Religion a greater bar to Marriage than the degrees of consanguinity forbidden by the Levitical Law The day after his death his Body being clothed in the habit of a Jacobin was carried into the Church of St. Peter where the people assembled in great numbers to render him Honour and Veneration every one touching their Beads and Rosaries at his Body in the same manner as was their practice at the Reliques of Saints and afterwards he was honourably buried in the same Church where his Body lay deposited until afterwards Sixtus V. in grateful remembrance of the benefits he had received from him transported it to the Church of Santa Maria Maggiore and erected a stately Monument over it in a Chappel built for that purpose with this Epitaph inscribed upon it Pio V. Pont. Max ex Ordine Praedicatorum Sixtus V. Pont. Max. ex Ordine Minorum grati animi monumentum posuit GREGORY XIII PIVS the Fifth being dead and his Funeral Rites after the accustomed manner being performed the Cardinals entred the Conclave and with common consent elected Hugo Buoncompagno who was Priest and Cardinal of S. Sixtus to the dignity of Pope he was born at Bologna of the antient Family of the Buoncompagni his Father was called Christopher and his Mother Agnola Marascalchi by whom he was at first educated in the Studies of the Civil Law in which having made great proficiency he took his degree of Doctor in the University of Bologna at the age of twenty eight years and in a short time was made Judg of the Court of Trade erected in that City for tryal of Mercantile Causes afterwards in hopes of better preferment he went to Rome where he was constituted an Assistant to the Senator who was Judg of the Court held in the Capitol and the year following he was made Clerk of the Signet for Dispensasations and other Beneficences In the time of Paul III. he was employed at the Council of Trent and made Vice-Auditor of the
gave Orders to all his People to treat the Ambassadour and his Retinue with all kindness and due respect and moreover wrote a Letter to the Pope complaining of the late design of his Nuntio attempting to publish Ecclesiastical Censures against forein Princes within his Kingdom which was a new and an unknown practice within his State and had been refused in the Case of Henry III. King of France and in the Cause of Cesare d' Este Duke of Ferrara much less could he be induced to allow of such proceedings against the State of Venice whose Cause was the same with that of his own Kingdom And considering that that State had merited well of Christendom by the opposition they made with their Arms against the common Enemy he exhorted his Holiness to supersede farther proceedings for Causes which ought to be stifled and which for better peace of the Church ought never to be brought into question or Dispute Francis Soranzo a Cavalier of Venice being at this time Ambassadour at the Emperor's Court did rightly inform the Imperial Ministers with the true state of the difference between the Pope and that Republick and in regard the Constitutions of all Germany were the same they could not do less than approve the Cause of the Venetians and condemn the Cause of the Pope which confirmed the Protestants in their reasons which they alledged for detaining Ecclesiastical Benefices in their own hands Howsoever the Great Chancellour and Marshal Prainer were of different Opinions taking part with the Pope against the affections sence and Interest of the whole Court When news came first to the Court of Spain of the differences between the Pope and the Venetians the constancy and firmness of that State to the Principles of their Government was highly applauded being the common Cause of all Secular Princes Howsoever the Nuntio made it his business to have the Venetian Ambassadour declared in all Pulpits to be under Excommunication The Genoeses also who were powerful in that Court being touched with envy on old grudges and for having lately yielded that Point of their liberty to the Pope which Venice still conserved did all the ill offices they were able against the Republick but above all the Ambassadour of Tuscany joyning with the Jesuits shewed himself an open Enemy and so prevailed with the King and Council that a Congregation of twelve Divines was held at Madrid in presence of the Cardinal of Toledo to consider whether the Ambassadour of Venice ought to be admitted into the Church at the time of Celebration of Divine Offices the result of which was that the Ambassadour should not be excluded every one concurring in that Opinion the Nuntio and Jesuits onely excepted So soon as the news came to Paris that the Monitory was published against Venice Barberino the Pope's Nuntio made urgent addresses to the King that Priuli the Venetian Ambassadour should be excluded from admission into the Church but his desire was positively rejected both because the King was willing to remain Neuter and because it was and is a Maxim of that Kingdom That Popes have no power over the Temporal Government of Princes and have no Authority on account for Secular matters to proceed against them or their Officers by Ecclesiastical Censures In England we may easily imagine what Opinion was conceived of these proceedings for when Giustiniano the Ambassadour of Venice had acquainted King James with the state of the difference between the Pope and the Republick the King did much applaud the Laws and Constitutions of Venice and the constancy and resolution of the Senate in the maintenance of them adding That he would gladly see a free Council established which was the onely means to reform the Church of God and put an end to all Controversies amongst Christians which had no other original or source than onely from the usurpation of Popes and ambition of the Clergy in which holy and sacred Design he did not doubt but that the French King and all other Christian Princes would readily concur and that perhaps a beginning thereof might arise from these troubles and labours of the Republick And farther the King added That the Popes exalting themselves above God were the ruin of the Church and that it was no wonder that their Pride admitted of no serious reflections or moderate advices being puffed up and elated by the common adulation and flattery which was used towards them The States of the Vnited Provinces wrote very obliging Letters to Venice proffering to assist them with Arms and Provisions in case they came to an open rupture and acts of hostility with the Pope In the mean time many effectual good Offices were performed both at Rome and Venice by the Dukes of Mantoua and Savoy and by Guicciardin Ambassadour of the Great Duke of Tuscany and more especially by Monsieur de Fresnes the French Ambassadour at Venice To all which instances and applications from several Princes the Senate thought fit to make this general Answer First they returned thanks for the good endeavours and labours towards a Mediation and then complained of the firm resolutions of the Pope which could not be shaken or made plyable by any reasonable terms which the Republick could offer That there could be no hopes of accommodation until the Pope by taking off his Censures did open a way to Treaties and terms of Peace That the Pope had proceeded so far in his injuries and affronts as were past all manner of reconciliation and yet the Republick which was truly Catholick would still bear their due respect to the Pope so far as was consistent with their liberty and with that right of Government which was committed to them by God But whilest matters were thus in Treaty at Venice and Rome and in the Courts of Princes the Jesuits who were vigilant and intent to do all the mischiefs they were able against the Republick did not cease to disperse Scandals and Libels as well without Italy as within and to preach and rail against them in their Pulpits and Schools endeavouring to possess their Auditories with the most malicious impressions they could beget or frame in minds of Men they also wrote Letters into all places defaming the Republick some who would not adventure into the Dominions of Venice treated on the Confines with their Disciples and Votaries and others in disguise entered within the Dominions sowing Division and Faction in all parts promising extraordinary Indulgences to all such as should observe the Interdict They also forged several Letters entitling one from the Republick of Genoua to the Senate of Venice another from the City of Verona to the City of Brescia which were most scandalous and abominable Papers Then in other Writings they justified themselves for having in their Sermons inveighed against the Republick calling it a Lutheran Heretical and tyrannical Government with infinite other abominable Epithets In fine it was proved that the Jesuits were the causes of all these disturbances having instigated the
Garrison at Ferrara with a thousand Foot he likewise banished all Strangers from Marca and Romagna and commanded the Natives thereof to return into their own Country But to the management of this War designed many difficulties occurred for in the first place there was an excessive scarcity of all Provisions in Rome and the Ecclesiastical State as also in Naples and Abruzzo by reason of which the People cryed out nothing but Peace and Bread and on the contrary there was great abundance of all things within the Dominions of Venice from whence the People of the Pope's Country receiving the most part of their Provisions were kindly affected to the Venetian State but notwithstanding all these difficulties the Pope resolved to proceed in his War and to recruit his Troops and for maintenance thereof new Impositions were laid on Salt Flesh and Paper with intention also to lay a Tax on Wine and Timber if occasion should require And in the mean time the Count de Fuentes Governour of Milan gave out that he would have an Army speedily in the Field consisting of twenty five thousand Men composed of Germans Napolitans Switzers and Spaniards Though the Venetians did not neglect all due care towards the provisions of War and to make their Defence whensoever they should be attacked yet with more especial regard they had an Eye to Plots and Conspiracies within the State giving Orders to their Sea-Captains to stop all Vessels which sailed in the Gulf unless such as had Passes from the King of Spain for his own particular Affairs which caused great embroils along the Coast of Romagna and the Marca d' Ancona which seemed as it were to be blocked up Orders were likewise given to hinder all exportation of Corn out of the Dominions of Venice and Sequestrations laid on the Revenues of the Clergy who had quitted or abandoned the Venetian Countries for which cause many Prelats at Rome were forced to retrench their Families But notwithstanding the Promises made by the Spaniards of administring Aid to the Pope which at the first heat were positive and large yet the Court at Madrid coming to make more mature reflections on the tenure of their former Letters thought fit to explicate their sence more at large and to signifie to the State of Venice That it was not the intention of his Catholick Majesty to make a War on the Republick but onely to demonstrate unto the World that that Crown would on all occasions be joyned to the Apostolical Sea And accordingly D. Inigo de Cardenas Ambassadour residing in Ordinary at Venice did on the 13th of July present a memorial to the Senate signifying That the King being desirous of doing good Offices in the mediation of Peace between the Pope and that Republick had commanded him his Ambassadour to interpose therein assuring him that whatsoever he should act in order thereunto would be most pleasing to his Majesty And that some Overtures might be made in order to this Accommodation Cardenas desired that for a beginning thereunto the Senate would give him leave in their name to desire and supplicate the Pope that he would be pleased to take off his Censures from them being much troubled that they had ever given his Holiness any cause of displeasure which being words of formality and Complement onely could not in reality be prejudicial to the right of their Cause and yet were in this state of things of importance and absolute necessity To which the Doge made Answer That neither by himself nor by the Senate was there ever any just cause of displeasure given to the Pope and therefore to Scandals and Disgusts voluntarily taken and not given there was no other remedy than voluntary Acknowledgments The same day the French Ambassadour urged the Senate to be the first to make Overtures of Peace to the Pope which could be no dishonour to the Republick considering with what respect and duty all Christian Princes treated the Pope and that it is Jus Commune to submit and humble themselves before his Holiness for other matters they might with all confidence rely on the directions of his Majesty herein whom they had always found a true Friend and a faithful Ally That considering on what terms the King of Spain stood with them and how he had declared himself of the Papal Party it was not now seasonable to disgust the King his Master and that therefore they would be pleased to think of some Answer which he might with confidence communicate to the King The Senate having taken these particulars into consideration gave almost the same Answer as they had newly done to the Spanish Ambassadour Adding onely to the French That by way of Mediation he would be pleased to represent unto the Pope That the Senate was troubled that his Holiness would take displeasure at the actions of a Republick which was entirely devoted and dedicated to the glory and service of God to the publick quiet and tranquillity of the World and to the maintenance of that liberty and Power which was committed to them by Divine Right These Negotiations being ineffectual and fruitless the Senate gave Order to Giustiniano their Ambassadour in England to inform King James with the progress and success of all these Affairs and differences with the Pope which when the King had rightly understood he returned this Answer That he was highly satisfied with the constancy of the People and unanimous resolution of the Senate in defence of their Native liberty and justice and of that Power which God hath bestowed upon Princes That the Declaration made by Spain in a Letter was ridiculous and that matters of such importance required more than words That he was highly sensible of the honour which the Republick had done him in sending him an Ambassadour Ordinary and Extraordinary wherefore that he might return them the like demonstrations of sincere Friendship he promised to grant and condescend to all the desires of the Senate for that he should be very ungrateful and unjust in case he should deny protection to that righteous Cause of the Republick which was engaged in the maintenance of that liberty and Authority which is the common Right of all Princes in the Universe And therefore in case the Senate should at any time be engaged in War for this Cause they might be assured and rely on the word of a Prince that he would assist them with all the power he was able and that he had given Commission to his Ambassadour at Venice to assure the Senate the like in his name And farther the Earl of Salisbury by the King's Order added That the King was not induced to grant them these succours on expectation that they should leave Communion with the Church of Rome but onely from a principle of Justice by which he esteemed himself obliged to vindicate the Cause of Princes and the Authority of the Secular Power as also from a Spirit of Animosity being resolved to take that side to which
that which at that present seemed impossible upon which Advice the Pope was contented to leave that matter wholly to the management of the Cardinal with Instructions to perform the best he could therein but not to break off upon the refusal of it The Cardinal having agreed all matters with the Pope and received Instructions how to manage his Interest for he confided more in the Cardinal than in any other of the Ministers he in the first place gave account to the King his Master of his success and then taking Post rode very hard to Ancona from whence taking a Boat he arrived in hast at Venice hoping in the Holydays of Easter to operate better in favour of the Pope and prevail on the minds of the Senate which he expected to find more gently disposed in the days preparatory to that Festival The next day after his arrival the Cardinal had Audience of the Senate to whom he declared the substance of his Negotiations but did not yet so far open himself as to specifie the particulars which were contained in the Pope's Breviate though the Senate was well advised that the Cardinal had no other Writing than certain Instructions subscribed by the Pope's own hand but yet the reputation which the Cardinal had of being one of the first Degree in the Court of Rome forbad all farther enquiry into his Power or Authority The Cardinal therefore in the first place enlarged himself in a Rhetorical Speech concerning the good will and intention of the Pope which was directed to no other end than the good and welfare of the Christian Church being desirous to support and maintain the Papal Dignity with a constancy becoming the Apostolical Chair and though the Pope had long since endeavoured to accommodate his differences with the Serene Republick yet the conclusion had been often interrupted by the ill Offices and contrivances of Men not well inclined to the publick Peace Howsoever his Holiness being willing to surmount all Controversie the difficulties were reduced unto two Heads The first Point was that an Ambassadour should be designed unto Rome before the Censures were taken off and the second that the Jesuits should be restored howsoever since the Senate had made so much difficulty on the first Point he had received Instructions to yield it unto them and in the first place to take off the Censures but as to that concerning the Jesuits it admitted of longer Dispute of which he desired to be heard at a more private Audience In conclusion after that matters were debated for three or four days in the Senate all came to be resolved in this manner That the Cardinal should publickly in the Palace of St. Mark and in the face of the whole Senate declare that the Censures were taken off or that he did then make them void and null For though the Senate did still insist on their Innocence and that they had never justly incurred the penalty of the Ecclesiastical Censure yet however it being judged an Act of no prejudice to their Cause the Cardinal's Declaration was admitted though the Senate would not consent to accompany the Cardinal to St. Mark 's Church and there after Mass was ended to receive a Benediction from him lest it should appear to the People as if the Censures were taken off by that Benediction which would be a tacite Confession that the State was guilty of some fault which they in no wise yielding unto would not admit of the least colour or appearance of Absolution Secondly That at the same time when the Cardinal declared the Censures taken off the Doge should deliver to his hand a revocation of the Protest which the Senate had made when the Censures were published Thirdly The manner and form was agreed for delivery of the Prisoners Fourthly It was agreed that all Friers and other Religious should be restored again to their Monasteries and Convents excepting onely the Jesuits and fourteen other Friers who were fled for their Crimes and not on account of the Pope's quarrel Fifthly It was agreed that an Ambassadour should be immediately chosen and with all convenient speed sent to the Pope The Articles being thus agreed and confirmed the 21th of April was the day appointed for putting matters in Execution which were performed in this manner The Cardinal being lodged in the Palace of the Duke of Ferrara Monsieur de Fresnes early attended him at that House where Mark Ottobon the Secretary accompanied with two Notaries belonging to the Ducal Office of Chancery and with other Officers of the Prison brought before the Ambassadour the two Prisoners viz. the Abbot of Nervesa and Scipio Saraceno Canon of Vicenza and then the Secretary having made his Obeysance to the Ambassadour said These are my Lord the Prisoners which our most Serene Prince according to a late agreement hath sent to be consigned to your Excellency Protesting howsoever that the same was done with intent and design onely to gratifie his most Christian Majesty without prejudice or infringment of that Authority and Right which the Republick hath to pass Judgment on Ecclesiastical Persons and to cite them before their Secular Tribunals of Justice To which the Ambassadour replyed That he understood it so and in that manner he received them Of which the Ducal Notaries taking notice entered the same in their publick Registers This being done the Prisoners recommended themselves to the Ambassadour's protection who promised them his favour and causing them to follow him into a withdrawing Room where the Cardinal was seated He said to him These are the Prisoners which are to be delivered into the hands of the Pope Then said the Cardinal consign them into the hands of this Person pointing to the Officer who was Claudio Montano the Pope's Commissary sent to that end and purpose who having touched them in token of seizure and possession he desired the Ministers of Justice that they would be pleased to take the care and custody of them This matter being past the Cardinal with the Ambassadour went to the Doge who after Mass returned to the College attended with the Signory and the Savii and having there taken their Seats the Cardinal entered and declared himself in these words I rejoyce much to see this most happy day greatly desired by me in which I declare to your Serene Highness That all the Censures of the Church are taken off from you as in reality they are and hereof I cannot but testifie a most sensible satisfaction in respect to that great benefit which all Christendom and Italy in particular will receive thereby Then the Doge delivered into the hands of the Cardinal the revocation of the Protest which was in this form directed to all the Prelats to whom the Protest was sent and was to this purpose That whereas expedients and means have been found to make the Pope sensible of the true candour of mind and the sincere actions of this Republick so that all Causes are removed of the present
Bread unless supplied from Sicily or other parts The Barberins did now believe that this Pope being sensible of the many Obligations he had to their Uncle Vrban VIII whose Creature he had been and to themselves for his advancement to the Papal Dignity would have protected and defended the greatness and Riches they had gained during the long Pontificate of Vrban but his respects to them being changed with his condition made it soon appear that Services to Princes are acceptable when they can be requited but when the Obligations grow immense and the Debt too great the sense of inability to make due returns changes kindness into hatred Beneficia eousque laeâ— dum videntur exsolvi posse ubi multum ante venêre pro gratiâ odium redditur Tacitus lib. For so it fared with the Barberins For whilest matters were preparing for Coronation of the Pope the Ambassadours from Christian Kings demanded the place of precedency at that Ceremony before Taddeo Barberini Prefect of Rome for though in the time of Vrban that place was granted to him in quality of a Prince for the relation he had to the Pope his Uncle which now expiring the sole Office of Prefect could not entitle him to a precedency before Ambassadours The Marquis of St. Chamont Ambassadour of France appeared most vigorously against the Prefect and was seconded by the Emperour 's and the King of Spains Ambassadours who by several memorials given to the Pope did protest that they would be present at the Solemnity of the Coronation and possess their due rank and place which belonged to them and if his Holiness should think fit to restrain them by force from giving their attendance there they would counsel their Masters to recal them and never send others to perform the Embassies of Obedience For answer hereunto the Pope made no great matter of hesitation or doubt but immediately determined in favour of the Ambassadours Though this indifference and coldness of the Pope to the Barberins was a great mortification to them yet they were more sensibly touched so soon as Cardinal Antonio was informed by the French Ambassadour how ill his matter was satisfied with the late actions of his Family in resentment of which he had Orders to require from him the Commission which constituted him Protectour of the French Nation and consequently to take down the Arms of France from the Portal of his Gate declaring that his unfaithfulness to his Majesty was the cause of his displeasure for that in the late Conclave he had been an active Instrument in the promotion of Pamfilio to the Papal Dignity whom he knew to be an Enemy to him and entirely dedicated to the interest of Spain The two Cardinals Barberins finding themselves thus abandoned by France made their supplications to the Ambassadours of Spain for protection but here also they found their way obstructed by the Cardinal de Medicis who gave the Cardinal Albornos and the Spanish Ambassadour to understand that both he and his Nephew the Grand Duke should be forced to abandon the Interest and Service of Spain in case they should think fit to espouse the quarrel of the Barberins and receive them into the protection of the Catholick King And thus being forsaken by these two powerful Crowns they were desirous to cast themselves into the Arms of the Pope as their last refuge and Sanctuary to gain which they proposed a Marriage between the Daughter of the Prefect and Don Camillo the Son of Donna Olympia offering to give her in Dowry all the Lands of Montelibreto which they had purchased from the Vrsini for a million of Livers together with a Revenue of thirty thousand Crowns of yearly Pension to be raised out of the Benefices which they held from the Church besides such a sum of ready Money as his Holiness should reasonably require And though Donna Olympia was well enough pleased with these Propositions yet the Project was crossed by the French Ambassadour who having represented unto the Pope the ill satisfaction his Master would receive from this Alliance quite broke off the Match the Pope declaring that he had too much consideration for his Majesty to be overborn by any Interest which might be displeasing or inconsistent with that of France and farther to take of all suspition and jealousies of this Match and to put it almost into a state of impossibility he created Don Camillo Cardinal to the great trouble and disappointment of the Barberins who being now without Friends or protection remained exposed to the scorn and injury of the People and to the covetous desires of the Pope who now casting off all considerations to the Family of the Barberins in despight of the Obligations he had to them sought for a pretence or colour to seize thâ—â—r Estates and enrich his own Family The Barberins esteeming their condition desperate unless they could regain the Protection and favour of France adventured to try their antient Friend Cardinal Mazarine to whom they dispatched a Courier Express with a Letter representing their case to the Court of France The Cardinal who was a dexterous Minister and soon hit that point of Interest which concerned his Master did with a most quick and piercing judgment consider that the Court of Rome was then for the most part composed of a Faction entirely devoted to the House of Austria and the Grand Duke and of which the Pope himself was Chief and that to counterpoise so prevailing a Party it might be adviseable to support and make use of the Barberins who having still some Confidents and Adherenrs of their own might be able upon the credit of France to keep the Cardinal Pamfilio formerly Don Camillo the Spaniards and Florentines within some tolerable terms of modesty and moderation This Proposal being debated in the Council of France was judged reasonable and agreed that the Barberins should be received into Protection and favour provided that as pledges of their future Fidelity they should oblige themselves to purchase Lands and Demesnes within the Dominions of France The unexpected news of the restoration of the Barberins to the favour of the French King was strangely surprizing at Rome and much changed the Scene of Affairs for the Commonalty converting their hatred into compassion did much lament the persecutions which the Barberins undeservedly sustained but the Pope and his Party being highly incensed against Cardinal Mazarine by whose sole contrivance a Pardon was granted to the Barberins laboured underhand with the Duke of Orleans against him moving him by a thousand ill suggestions to destroy the Cardinal and for his encouragement and reward promised to advance his Confident the Abbat de la Riviere to the degree of Cardinal but all these Artifices produced little effect for Cardinal Antonio without taking leave of the Pope secretly departing from Rome arrived at Paris where casting himself at the feet of the King was upon his submission received to Pardon and favour And now the restoration of the Barberins
to the protection of France being no longer a secret both the Prefect and Cardinal Francisco with that whole Family loudly professed themselves Servants to his most Christian Majesty and in testimony thereof replaced the Arms of France again over their Gates The reception also of the Barberins to favour was signified by the King in a Letter to the Pope which was delivered by the hand of Cardinal Grimaldi who was at that time employed in the Affairs of France but this Letter operated little of good but served rather to irritate the mind of the Pope for within three days afterwards he erected a Congregation of five Cardinals all Enemies to the Barberins to inspect the Affairs of that Family and to proceed by the methods of Law against them so that Cardinal Francisco who was esteemed innocent and unblameable in his Conversation and had not as yet been attacked by any was cited to make his personal appearance before this Court where an Act was intimated unto him which annulled and made void the Dispensation which his Uncle Vrban had made to indemnifie his Nephews and exempt them from rendering an account of the publick Moneys which had passed through their hands and in pursuance hereof Taddeo the Prefect was enjoyned to bring in all the Accounts of Expences and Moneys which had issued out of the Chamber during the time of his Uncle though the Books and Receipts were in the hands and Office of the Paymasters And in regard that Cardinal Antonio was absent in France a Brief was sent him to appear personally at Rome within the space of two months under pain of Excommunication and forfeiture of all his Estate Revenues and Benefices which he held of the Church and in the mean time Cardinal Francisco and the Prefect were obliged in a Bond of thirty thousand Crowns to advertise Cardinal Antonio of these proceedings and not to remove any of their Goods Housholdstuff Jewels c. out of their Houses at Rome or any other place sequestring also the whole revenue of Cardinal Antonio And whereas Cardinal Francisco had been superintendent over the Revenues of the Church he was ordered not only to give an account of the Moneys but of all other managements and transactions during the Government of his Uncle These violent and severe proceedings against the Nephews of a former Pope seemed a Policy disagreeable to the inclinations and designs of Innocent who intended to advance his Nephew Cardinal Pamfilio and was as passionate towards his Relations as ever Vrban had been and more perhaps than he for being wholly guided by the directions of Donna Olympia Mildachini a Woman of untamed Pride and unsatiable Avarice it was not to be imagined that the Revenues of the Church should be better employed or used with more moderation than they were in the times of the late Vrban This Donna Olympia was but of an ordinary extraction in Rome but being married to Signior Pamfilio Brother to this Pope made the off-spring which came from her to be illustrious and for governing one who governed the Church hath made herself famous in all the Histories of Italy and the Ecclestastical State She was a Woman which naturally affected Rule and Dominion and therefore because her Husband crossed her desires and would subject her to Obedience she had a quarrel to him and held him in abhorrence and detestation though his person was comely and handsom enough to be beloved on the other side none was more pleasing and acceptable to her than her Husband's Brother first Abbat and then Cardinal Pamfilio for though he was one of the most ugly and ill-favoured persons in the World yet because he never entered on any Affair either publick or private before he first consulted his Sister-in-law making her his Oracle and presenting her with the entire disposal of his Will she became perfectly enamoured of his Person and Soul and would never be separated from his company After he was created Pope she then took upon herself the State and Garb of a Princess and seizing with absolute Dominion and Authority on the person of the Pope exerted her Power to such a degree that she made the whole Court of Rome subservient to her Beck and obsequious to her Commands The greediness of the Barberins in amassing Money was the most exorbitant that ever had been known before in Rome but when this Woman came she swept with both hands making the rapine and extortion which had been used before seem to be attempered with some qualifications of modesty and mercy For no Judg of criminal Causes being made without her recommendations they all received their Instructions from her which she gave with such Rules and Methods as conduced to her Avarice She ordered them to bleed the Purse rather than the Veins of Malefactors that all the Fines and redemptions of the Guilty should be sent to her that she might employ them to the use and benefit of the Poor by which means and to satisfie the Judges who would always have their share in the Booty the Fines were raised beyond all the measures of Justice and though complaints hereof were made unto the Pope yet neither were the oppressed relieved nor the Judges punished We have said before that the Pope had created his Nephew Don Camillo Cardinal who was the Son of Donna Olympia and at her instigation was declared Cardinal Patron being a Title commonly conferred on the Pope's nearest Relation the which was done to disappoint the match between Camillo and the Daughter of the Prefect But this young Gallant being of a gay and light temper and uncapable of serious thoughts and business was weary of his Cardinal's Hat which against the consent and without the knowledg of the Pope and his Mother he laid aside to marry the Princess Rossana who by the death of her Husband the Prince was become a Widow The news of this Wedding was strangely surprising to all Rome but more especially to the Pope and his Sister who after a conference of two hours together in private resolved that Prince Camillo and his Lady should be banished from Rome The disgrace of these two personages was as surprising to the World as was the Marriage for there was in reality no Objection to the match especially since he was the onely branch of the House of Pamfilio whose noble change to joyn himself with a Lady of Beauty Quality Riches and Understanding was conducing to that common desire of mankind which is to keep up and perpetuate their Families wherefore there being no just reason why the Pope should be displeased at the match the cause of banishing the new married couple was attributed solely to Donna Olympia who being jealous of having the Princess Partner or Corrival with her in the Government thought fit to keep her at a distance from the Court But the World in the mean time could not but remain astonished at this passage for it was wonderful to see a Pope so sensless as to
be delayed or refused to them So soon as the Barberins were fully restored and received into intimate favour with the Pope the Power of the Cardinal Patron began to decline being seldom or never admitted to secret Consultations so that Ambassadours to make the shorter work omitting the usual address by way of the Cardinal Patron applied themselves to the Barberins to whom the Pope began to disclose all the secrets of his heart being confident of success by the reputation they had gained in the management of Affairs for the space of twenty two years of their Uncle's Reign so that there remained but a shadow of Power to the adopted Nephew For as the Authority and Interest of the Barberins encreased so that of the Cardinal Patron abated at first the Pope seemed very cold and neglective of him but at length burst out into storms of rage and indignation against him he forbad him his presence banished him the Court deprived him of the title of Cardinal Patron disclaimed the Adoption to be his Nephew with express Order that he should no longer be called Pamfilio but Astalli all his Revenues Offices and Preferments were sequestred and at length was banished from Rome and not permitted to carry any of his moveables with him These extravagant changes and sports of fortune made most Men laugh none being able to assign the Cause or Original thereof For they could not attribute it to his Avarice or his unjust gains for besides his ordinary Emoluments which might be worth to him about fifty thousand Crowns a year attended with a great expence he had not laid up one farthing the poor Man had once made a little Money of a vacant Benefice which so soon as Donna Olympia had smelt out she ran with open mouth to the Pope and complained and caused him to refund all into her Apron Azzolini by exclusion of Astalli being created Cardinal was admitted into the Cabal where deep designs and plots were hatching the Barberins suggested the conquering of the Kingdom of Naples blaming the Pope for not making his advantage of the Insurrection of Masinello in the year 1647. Howsoever in this declining Estate of the Spaniards the design upon Naples seemed very feasible The Barberins promised to maintain an Army of ten thousand Men at their own cost until they had reduced that Kingdom to the Dominion of the Church provided that the principality of Salerno might remain to their Family independant of any other Prince and with such fancies and projects as these did they tire and torment the decaying carcass of the dying Pope But as the Pope daily languished so Donna Olympia was ever more industrious taking bribes with both hands bestowing Benefices and Livings in all parts of Italy having in the Marca onely which is but a small Province disposed of three hundred thirty six Benefices which were commonly known besides what had passed underhand and at that time the Sin of Simony was become so scandalous and common that People began to abhor Churchmen and hate their Ministery to which they had attained by abominable practices These transactions at Rome were equally displeasing to the Courts both of France and Spain who now considering that the two Parties and Families of Pamfilio and Barberin were united in one they imagined them able to stand on their own bottoms and to have power sufficient to elect a Pope in despight of those two Kingdoms or opposition of the Medices The Spaniards were most of all vexed at this Conjunction entertaining an inveterate hatred against the Barberins to whom they attributed all the Affronts and neglects passed upon them in the time of their Uncle and judged the loss of Piombino and Portolongone to proceed from them and on score of their quarrel with the Pope the French also though angry enough with the person of Cardinal Barberin whom they considered as unconstant faithless and wedded to his own Interest yet entertained more gentle thoughts of Cardinal Antonio whom having obliged with the honour of Grand Almoner of France with the Bishoprick of Poictiers and the Order of the Holy Ghost they imagined that the impressions they had made upon him by such obliging favours could never be defaced by time or altered by a new Conversation Nor did they wholly lose all hopes of conserving this Interest which was the cause that when the French Ambassadour at Rome made his Complement to young Barberin Son of the Prefect on his promotion to the degree of a Cardinal he put him in mind of the good correspondence which had passed between his Uncle Vrban VIII and the Court of France what affection that good Pope demonstrated to Henry IV. and after him to Lewis XIII and afterwards to his present Majesty now reigning the memory of which was so grateful to him and the Queen Regent that they could not but rejoice in all the good fortune of their Family wishing it might still advance and be exalted to a greater height of grandeur and glory And now all the Art was and great labour used by the Pope Donna Olympia and Cardinal Barberin to draw off Cardinal Antonio from his patiality and concernment which he had a thousand times vowed in the Interest of France the which abated much of their confidence in him and gave a stop to many of their great designs the French Ambassadour endeavoured to keep him firm by many obliging favours the Pope persuaded him to a neutrality which was most agreeable to a good Italian and a religious Cardinal his Brother urged him to cast off the blue Ribbon of his Order as incompatible with the great Cross of Malta and to entertain no intimate communication with the French Ambassadour nor to affix the Arms of France over the gate of his Palace but Antonio giving no ear to any of these insinuations Francisco plainly told the Pope that the onely way to reclaim his Brother from the French was to shew his displeasure by refusing to restore to him the Offices and Places of Trust which Vrban VIII had conferred upon him and to bestow that of Great Chamberlain on his Nephew Charles lately made Cardinal but this course seemed too violent both to the Pope and Donna Olympia they took a contrary way and caused a Brief to be carried to Cardinal Antonio for restitution of all his Offices and Places the which was delivered him by the Prince of Palestrina his Nephew that so he might seem to have gained these favours from the Pamfilians and not from the French After which Cardinal Antonio with all liberty avowed his concernment for France which appeared much more generous to the Pope than the dissimulations of Cardinal Barberin in whom the Pope could never retain a perfect confidence nor an entire affection that it is believed had the Pope lived but some years longer he would have been as weary of the Barberins as he had declared himself satisfied in them after some few months experience of their conduct the misfortune of this Pope
it was thought a convenient season in the heat of these Negotiations for the Pope to propose the restoration of the Jesuits to their possessions on the Dominions of Venice from whence they had been banished on occasion of the differences between Paul V. and the Venetians Carlo Carafa Bishop of Antwerp then Nuntio at Venice represented the Pope's desires herein at a full Senate laying before them the conveniences they might expect and benefits they might reap by closing with the Pope's demands in this Case which seemed to be much changed since the first Original Decree and bando against them for that those Jesuits who had fomented the divisions and Sedition were already dead and that those who were to supply their places would be more cautious and careful for the future in what manner they incurred the displeasure of the Republick these considerations being seconded by warm instances of the French Ambassadour to the same purpose the matter was carried in the Senate for restoration of the Jesuits and though the antient Decrees of the Senate in this case were positive and rigorous to the contrary and that Cavalier Soranzo greatly opposed the admission yet the pressure of Affairs and the necessity of gratifying the Pope was such that the former Decrees were repealed and the Laws against the Jesuits made void and in this manner and on this occasion in the year 1657. they again restored to their possessions within the Venetian Dominions the Church of the Crociferi being conferred upon them in the City of Venice The whole Court of Rome being gratified by this concession not onely the Pope but the Cardinals also concurred in their liberal contributions towards maintenance of the War against the Turk of which five especially were signally bountiful and munificent above the others namely Antonio Barberino who gave one hundred thousand Ducats in Gold Cardinal Mazarine gave two hundred thousand Francisco Barberino and Flavio Ghigi agreed to maintain three Gallies at their own expence and lastly Cardinal Nicholas who was a Count of the Bath not having sufficient Estate in ready Money to make such a contribution as he desired sold his Palace and Houshold-stuff and Vineyards that he might be registred amongst the Benefactors to this War At this time also the Ottoman Arms prevailed against the Emperour in the upper parts of Hungary so that Varadin was taken and the Turks became very formidable Wherefore that Pope Alexander might not seem less sollicitous for conservation of the Emperour than he was for the Venetians he issued considerable sums out of his Treasury and laid a Decimation on the Revenue of the Clergy over all Italy wherewith to assist the Imperial Arms and farther wrote Letters to the Kings of France and Spain then busily employed in a Treaty at the Pyreneans that having concluded a Peace amongst themselves and confirmed and strengthned the Alliance by the ties and Obligations of a Marriage they would have respect to the Wars in Hungary which were carried on by the Turk to the destruction and ruin of the Christian Cause But we are not here to omit that this Treaty of the Pyreneans which was held in the Island of Pheasants where the Marriage was concluded between the present King Lewis XIV and Maria Teresa Infanta of Spain was acted and carried on between Cardinal Mazarini and Don Luis d' Haro without the mediation and concurrence of this Pope Alexander which seems the more strange in regard that this very Pope was Nuntio at Munster and once managed that Treaty there in behalf of Innocent X. with great applause and proof of his abilities and integrity and was personally known to the Cardinal many therefore and various were the reflections on this Point by the Politicians of those times and many Writers on this Subject have assigned divers Causes and reasons for it Some would have it that during the time that Cardinal Mazarine and the Pope then in quality of Nuntio were together in Germany several differences had arisen between them not then reconciled and that the Nuntio had always shewn some partiality towards the Court of Spain for which cause Mazarine had opposed the election of him to be Pope and though afterwards he had been sweetned by the character and commendations which Sachetti had given of him yet still some acrimony remained on the spirits of the Pope because he observed an aversion in the Cardinal to treat the Peace in any part where the Pope did reside he also observed with what indignity to the Papal Sea he had treated the Cardinal of Retz and with what neglect and almost contempt he comported himself towards his Nuntio at Paris Moreover the Pope was not a little displeased to observe what backwardness and delay was used by the Court of France no onely in sending the Extraordinary Embassy of Obedience to Rome but the Ordinary also of Residency nor was the Pope ignorant of those slight and contemptible expressions which both the Cardinal and his Favourite the Bishop of Omodei publickly uttered with ill reflections on his Person On the other side the Cardinal complained of the Pope's Ingratitude for that after he had so freely concurred in his Election he always evidenced an aversness to comply with him in the most reasonable Demands and ever favoured that Party which interfered with the Interest of France so that the Cardinal would often say that the Pope offered him frequently injuries that so if at any time he did him right it might seem to proceed from favour rather than from the motives of Justice These matters and the like occasioning coldness of correspondence it is no wonder that Writers should attribute the reason of the Pope's exclusion from this Treaty of Peace to the preceding Causes Whenas the most reasonable Obstacle might be the Pope's incapacity to moderate and concur in the terms of this Peace for whereas the foundation of this Peace between the two Crowns was established on the Articles concluded and agreed at the Treaty of Munster which the Pope having condemned disanulled and protested against it could not be expected that the Pope should be called and made a Party to that Treaty unless they had resolved to raise difficulties by that opposition and obstructions which would have been made by the Pope and his Ministers In short the Marriage being celebrated between the most Christian King and the Infanta Maria Teresa the onely cause and Object of the Peace was afterwards the original of many quarrels and disorders in Christendom For the Spaniards not having been so strict and wary as the importance of the matter required did not take care to pen the Instrument of Renuntiation which the Infanta signed to the Dominions of her Father and all her Paternal Inheritance with such strict terms but that there was still a Gate open to pretensions nor was the form of the Oath so strict and expressive but that there was place left for evasions as the ambition of Men and their desire of
the Papal Power 106. her Ambassadours how receiv'd at Rome ibid. and 111. Matthias King of Hungary 3 Maurice Duke of Saxony 104 Medicis the Family disoblig'd by Sixtus IV. 4. a Plot against 'em 4.5 one of 'em murther'd ibid. John of that House made Pope with the name of Leo X. 29. Julio another Pope with the name of Clement VII 46. the Family driven out of Florence 57. Alexander made first Hereditary Duke of Florence 62. John Angelo de Medicis Pope by the name of Pius IV. 119. Cosmo de Medicis made Great Duke of Tuscany 159. Alexander chosen Pope and call'd Leo XI 205 Messina seized by the French 374 Milan its various fortune 15.27.30.31.39.49.52.71 Modena taken by the Pope's Forces 24 Monasteries suppress'd by the Pope's permission 328.348 Montalto Cardinal chosen Pope with the name of Sixtus V. 172 Monti Cardinal chosen Pope by the name of Julius III. 90 Munster the Treaty of Peace there 307 N Naples besieged by the French 59 Nepotism declar'd against by Alexander VII 325. but practis'd ib. Nerius Philip Canoniz'd 263.270 Nitardo Inquisitor General of Spain made a Cardinal 368 Novaro its stout resistance of the French 30 Nuntio's from the Popes denied admittance by several Princes 126.180 O Obelisc raised by Sixtus V. 186 Odescalchi Cardinal chosen Pope and call'd Innocent XI 380 Donna Olympia her Character 298. and managements 299.300.301.310.311.312.313.319 confined to Orvieto 324. dies of the Plague ibid. Orsini see Vrsini Osnaburg a Peace concluded there 308 Otranto seiz'd by the Turks 6 P Palace of the Farnese 68 Palatine of the Rhine despoil'd of his Dominions 269 Pamfilio Cardinal made Pope and call'd Innocent X. 594 Paris made an Arch-Bishoprick 270 Parma Edward Duke thereof his Contest with Vrban VIII 284 to 292. Pasquil upon Sixtus V. 191 Pavia the Cardinal thereof assassinated 24. the City besieged by French King 48. taken by Lautrec 56. Persia an Embassie from thence to the Pope 262 Pescara the Marquess a noble Commander 48 Peter-pence the paying of 'em a great Duty 111 Philip de Comines sent with succours to the Florentines 5 Piccolomini Francis chosen Pope with the name of Pius III. 20 Pinarolo Tutor to Sixtus IV. 1 Pius V. Canoniz'd 368 Plague in Italy 168.324.326 Plot of Sixtus IV. against the lives of the Medici 4.5 Of some Villains against Pius IV. 156 Poland great Contests there about chusing a King 167.195.369 Pool Reginald made a Cardinal 68. sent Legat to the Council at Trent 80. almost chosen Pope 89. recall'd from his Office of Legat in England 116 Portugal great troubles there 168 Priests Secular and Mendicant Friers a long Dispute between 'em determin'd by the Pope 4 Progress of Clement VIII from Rome to Ferrara 216 Protest of the King of France to the Pope 94 Protestants routed by the Imperialists 84 Q Queens of Cyprus and Bosna entertain'd by the Pope 7 R Ravenna taken by the French 26 Ravillac murthers Henry IV. of France 263 Reformation design'd by Adrian VI. 44. by Marcellus II. 108. by Marcellus II. 108. by Paul IV. 117. by Pius V. 158 Relations See Kinred Rhodes taken by the Turks 42 Rome taken and sack'd by the Imperial Army 56. and spoil'd by the Vrsins 59 Rospigliosi Cardinal created Pope with the name of Clement IX 346 Rovere Francis created Pope with the name of Sixtus IV. 1 Rovere Julian made Cardinal 2. and Pope with the name of Julius II. 20 S Salvian Arch-bishop of Pisa in a Plot with the Pope against the lives of the Medici 5. hang'd ib. Saraceno Prebendary of Vicenza occasion of the quarrel of Paul V. with the Venetians 230 Saxony the Duke excommunicated 38 Sebastian K. of Portugal slain 168 Sfondrati Nicolas created Pope and call'd Gregory XIV 207 Sforza D. of Milan taken and sent into France 31. his Heir restor'd to his Dukedom 52. dies 71 Shoomaker of Macerata a Story of him 183 Siena revolts from the Emperour 104. recover'd 105 Simony practised and punished by the Pope 12. Debate about its qualifications 117 Sobietzki John chosen King of Poland 369 Soliman the Magnificent 42.52.61 Spalato A. de Dominis the Archbishop thereof 270 Spain the Kings thereof when first honour'd with the Title of Catholick 13 Statue of Paul IV. ignominiously used by the People 119 Strozzi General for the French in Tuscany defeated 105 Stuart John D. of Albany of the Scotch Bloud-Royal General of the French in Naples 48 Swiss-Cantons their Embassie to the Pope 187 Switzers their actions in the Pope's Cause 27.30.31 T Teresa the Virgin Canoniz'd 203.270 Theatines the Order when first instituted 110 Title of Catholick given to the King of Spain 13. of Defender of the Faith to the King of England 37 Treaty at Munster 307. at Osnaburg 308. of the Pyreneans 329. at Aix la Chappelle 352 Trent a General Council appointed there 78. begun 80 Trivulse General of the French takes Bologna 24 Tunis taken by Charles V. 71 Turks seize Otranto 6. alarm Christendom 35. take Rhodes 42. and Buda 52. besiege Vienna 61. invade Dalmatia 75.160 demand Cyprus of the Venetians 160 take it 161. receive a great overthrow at Lepanto 161. successful in Hungary 214. invading Poland are defeated 270 U Vanoccia Harlot to Alexander IV. 16 Vatican Library much improv'd by Sixtus IV. 7. much more by Sixtus V. 186. by Paul V. 265. by the addition of the Palatine Library 269. by Alexander VII 344 Venetians bandy against the Pope 5. are excommunicated by him 7. absolv'd 9. a formidable League against them 22. strip'd of all their Acquisitions in Italy 23. regain some Towns 27. their Victory at Lepanto 162. make Peace with the Turks 166. kind to the Nuntio of Sixtus V. 190. they are quarrel'd with by Paul V. 230 to 261. disoblig'd by Vrban VIII 283 Vienna besieg'd by the Turks 61 Vitelli Count of Tiferno against the Pope 4 Vladislaus King of Bohemia excommunicated 4 Vrbin the Dutchy seiz'd into the Pope's hands 32.35 restor'd 42. devolves to the Church 281 Vrsini and Colonneses a Discord between the two Families 9. are reconcil'd 10. both spoil'd by Caesar Borgia 16. Vrsini cause a great tumult at Rome 170 W Wednesdays auspicious to Sixtus V 137. X Xaverius Francis a Jesuite Canoniz'd 270 Z Zizime Brother to the Grand Signior brought to Rome 11. dies 14 Zuinglius opposes the Pope 37 FINIS Div. S. The Original of Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction 1 Cor. cap. 6. The degrees by which the greatness of the Clergy did arise The difficulties which the Clergy met in making themselves great The Popes depended on the Emperor How the Temporal Power was derived to the Popes Charles the Bald resigns the power of Election of the Emperour to the Pope How the Election of Emperours was transferred to the seven Electors Presbyters called Cardinals and when Election of Popes by Cardinals and when begun The form and manner of Electing Popes The several ways by which Popes are Elected and the methods and forms thereof The