that by the Peristaltic Motion of the Intestines the Chylous Particles may be forc'd through their innermost mucous Tunicle into the Milkie Vessels while the rest that are more thick fall down by degrees into the thick Guts there to be kept till the time of Evacuation Now this Effervescency is occasion'd by the Volatil Salt of the Choler and the sulphurous Oyl meeting with the Acidness of the Pancreatic Iuice as in Chymistry we find in like manner the same Effervescencies occasion'd by the meeting together of the like Mixtures XXI These things being more seriously consider'd I was confirm'd in my self that the Pancreas or Sweet-bread is no such useless Bowel as it is by many describ'd to be nor that the Iuice which is prepar'd within it is so small that it can scarcely be discern'd nor that it is unprofitable or excrementitious as many have hitherto thought but that it is a Iuice of which there is a moderate Quantity and by reason of its specific subacid Quality very necessary to raise a new Effervescency in the Guts together with the Choler that is mixed with it of the Nourishment concocted and fall'n already down from the Stomach and by that means a separation of the profitable from the unprofitable Particles and that therefore a sound Constitution of Health depends in good part upon a sound Pancreas or Sweet-bread and that through the unsoundness of the Sweet-bread many Diseases proceed hitherto ascrib'd to Distempers of the Spleen Liver Mesentery and other parts And it may be easily observ'd that upon its Juice being out of order that is either too plentiful or too sharp especially if there be too copious a mixture of sharp Choler there is occasion'd an Effervescency too violent and disorderly in the Guts which is the cause of sowre Vomits Belchings Wind distension of the Bowels Diarrhea's Dysenteries Colick Passions and several other Diseases tho' it is as certain that most of these Diseases may proceed from a vitiousness in the Choler only XXII On the other side if the Sweetbread Iuice be two scanty too mild and insipid it causes but a weak Effervescency Obstructions Atrophie and extraordinary binding of the Body Or being too Salt and Acid and rising toward the Stomach it occasions Canine Hunger Reaching sowre Belches c. but falling down into the Guts extraordinary Gripings Corrodings Loosness c. Ascending toward the Head together with the Blood Epileptic Convulsions and as it were Hysteric Passions and Melancholy Ravings Therefore Highmore out of Aubertus relates That in a noble Woman long troubled with an Epilepsie and as it were an Hysteric Passion and at length dying of those Distempers there was nothing found defective but her Sweetbread XXIII Ascending toward the Stomach or the Heart it causes Palpitations of the Heart Swooning Fits together with an inequality and weakness of the Pulses c. Thus Highmore relates from the same Aubertus That a Merchant of Leyden could not sleep or if he did he swooned away and at length went away in one of those Fits in whose Carkass all other parts being safe only the Sweetbread was found putrified with an Aposteme And thus according as this Juice is variously affected it occasions various Distempers as are to be seen in those that are troubled with Hypochondriacal Diseases of which a great part are to be attributed to the bad disposition of this Juice Which Impurities it contracts partly through ill Dyet as salt Meats smoak'd Meats Sowre Acid Food and such like or through the bad Concoctions of the other Bowels especially of the Spleen For that from these Causes by reason of the vitious Ferment of the Blood many Particles of the Blood in the Heart being render'd less spiritous and somewhat acid and salt and remaining prone to Coagulation and so being carried through this Bowel to the Arteries cannot be sufficiently concocted therein nor chang'd into a Ferment convenient and proper for the concocted Aliments already slid down to the Guts XXIV Two years after I had made these Examinations and committed 'em to writing there was brought me a Disputation of the Learned Regner de Graef once my Scholar held in the Academy of Leyden under the Presidentship of the famous Professor Fr. de le Boe Sylvius concerning the Pancreas or Sweetbread and its Iuice which confirm'd me much more in my Opinion For at length among many other Experiments after several Endeavours and Inventions to little or no purpose he found out an ingenious way whereby this Juice might be gathered together in a living Dog which he afterwards very liberally shewed to Us and several other Spectators in the Month of March 1665. He took a fasting Dog and having ty'd his Mouth that he should not bite and opened his Aspera Arteria with a Pen-knife that he might breath through that hole presently he ript open his Abdomen and then binds the Gut as well under the Pylore as under the Egress of the Pancreatic Ductus and then dissects and opens it between those two Ligatures in the External Part which is free from the Mesentery and with a Sponge wipes away the Choler Flegm and other Stuff which he found there Then taking a small Quill of a wild Duck at the one end of which he had fitted a small Glass Bottle close stop'd round about he thrust the other end into the Ductus Pancreaticus which in Dogs is two Inches broad below the Egress of the Ductus Biliarius and then with a needle and a double Thred sew'd the Gut and the Ductus to the Quill and the Bottle so that the Quill with the Glass Bottle hanging without the Abdomen should not stir either from the Gut or the Ductus This done he put back the Guts that hung out before into the inner Parts and sews up the slit of the Abdomen with a strong Thread and so keeps the Dog alive as long as he could that is for eight or ten Hours In this manner within the space of seven or eight hours he received into his Bottle an indifferent quantity of this Limpid Juice that distill'd into the Bottle thorough the Quill sometimes half an Ounce sometimes six Drams sometimes a whole Ounce of which we tasted and found the taste to be the same as I had tasted in several of my Experiments before mentioned that is a little sowre somewhat saltish and somewhat Subacid The whole Operation De Graef relates more at large in his Disputation and describes in his Tables annexed and farther testifies That in some Dogs that perhaps were not so sound he has observ'd that Juice to be very impure that it yielded sometimes a stinking sometimes a nauseous sometimes a very austere and astringent taste in so much that they who tasted it were all that day troubled with an uneasie Suffocation sometimes with stinking Belches and Reaching of the Stomach The same De Graef in a little French Book which he published in the Year 1666. upon the same Subject writes That at
Choler is conveighed to the Porus and Gall-Bladder which is the cause of the Jaundice by reason of the great Quantity of Choler diffused over the whole Body when as it is apparent that no Choler was generated in the mean time in the Porus or empty Gall-Bladder tho the Cystic Arteries conveighed Blood sufficient to the Bladder as they used to do 4. Because that in Gluttons and great Drinkers the Jaundice proceeding from a hot Distemper of the Liver cannot be caused by the arterial Blood being chang'd into Choler which was equally both before and then carried â—…o the Gall-Bladder nor is there any Reason it should then be more copiously conveighed thither to be changed into Choler than at any other time 5. Because this Opinion seems to presuppose as if all the whole Mass of Choler were generated in the Gall-Bladder whereas it is all generated in the Liver before it comes to the Bladder As is apparent from hence for that very much Choler flows through the Porus to the Intestin which never comes near the Gall-Bladder and therefore could not be generated out of the Particles of the arterial Blood gliding into the Bladder 6. Because this Opinion seems also to maintain that real Choler does not pre-exist in the Blood and that the Particles of it being separated from the Blood flow down into the hollow of the Bladder and are there made perfect Choler But the Vanity of this Opinion we have at large demonstrated C. 10. artic de generat Suc. pancreat XXXVII Moreover what Sylvius in his Addition to his Disputation alledges for the Support of his Opinion do not seem to be of so much Weight as to establish his Doctrine For the Insertion of the Hepatic Artery into the Branches of the Porus does not prove it because the Insertion it self is as yet very much questioned as being grounded more upon uncertain Belief than certain Sight and therefore to be laid up among those Doubts which are not to be credited unless visible to the Eyes In like manner also his Experiment made in a Dogg by means of a little Pipe thrust into the Hepatic Artery and blowing through it into the Gall-Bladder is very uncertain even by the Confession of Sylvius himself Thes. 54. Moreover if the Wind could be so easily blown into the Concavity of the Gall-Bladder store of Blood might easily be also forc'd into it by the Protrusion of the Heart and the Cystic Arterys which never was yet observ'd by any Person XXXVIII But Malpigius absolutely denys the Generation of Choler l. de hep l. 3. believing that Choler is not generated out of any Blood by the Mixture and Concoction of several Humors in the Blood but that it is only separated from the Blood by means of the Glandulous Balls of the Liver it self and that such as it is it pre-exists in the Blood and therefore has need of nothing more than Separation Which Separation he thinks to be thus brought to pass Neither says he is there any Necessity for Suction to the End the Choler should be sent to the Intestins or Gall-Bladder through the Porus for a strong and continued Compression of the Glandules of the Liver caused by continual Respiration and the Impulse of the Blood running through the Arteries and the Branches of the Portae promote the Office of Separation in the Glandulous Balls and its Propulsion through the Branches of the Porus as it happens in other conglomerated and conglobated Kernels in the Parotides and the like XXXIX But herein the learned Gentleman is very much mistaken for there is in the Blood coming to the Liver and bilarie Vessels a certain Substance intended for Choler but not Choler it self As there is in the Nourishment a certain Matter out of which a Chylus is to be prepared by the mixture of a specific Ferment and the specific Concoction of the Stomach which is not the Chylus it self And in the Chylus there is the Substance of Blood but not the Blood it self And as these Humors the Chylus and Blood are made by specific Fermentations and Concoctions in the Bowels design'd for that purpose of those things which before they were not in like manner the yellow and bitter Choler is made out of sweet Blood and acid splenic Juice of which neither is yellow or bitter neither of 'em is Choler or contain any Choler in themselves being mix'd together in the Liver and fermented and concocted after a specific Manner And the chiefest part of it for some of the thinnest remains mix'd with the Blood is carried to the Vena Cava and the Heart is separated from the rest of the Blood being unfit to be changed into Choler and is carried to the Roots of the bilary Vessels and so by degrees proceeds to the Porus and bilarie Bladder In like manner as in Chymistry various Bodies are changed into Metals which before were not Metals And out of things void of Colour mixed and boyling together a new Colour is raised which was not in the Substance before as out of white Salt-Tartar and transparent Spirit of Wine is produced a red Colour And hence it may be certainly concluded that there is not any single Separation of Choler pre-existent in the Blood but a new Generation of Choler which was not before As to the Arguments which Malpigius alledges of the pre-existency of Urine in the Blood and other things too prolix to be here cited they are not of so much Moment as to prove that pre-existency of Choler in the Blood and single Separation from it when as there is not the same Reason for the Separation of the superfluous Serum pre-existent and the Generation of necessary Choler not pre-existent Of this see more in C. 10. already cited XL. The natural Colour of Choler is yellow the Tast bitter and somewhat tart the Substance Fluid But by several Causes all these three in a sickly habit of Body suffer Alteration as the Blood is either in a bad or good Condition or the splenetic Iuice conveighed to the Liver is more or less Salt Acid Sowre or Austere For hence arise many preternatural Qualitys of Choler and as they vary happen Fevers Cholerick Distempers Dysenteries Iaundice Colic Pains and several other Diseases Which Regner Graef affirms to arise only from the Corruption of the Pancreatic Iuice but contrary to Experience for the Dissections of Bodys that have been brought to the Grave by those Diseases frequently tell us that when the Sweetbread has been firm and sound the Cause of the Disease has lain hid in the Liver Bladder and other Bilarie Vessels tho' we do not deny but that the same Diseases may arise from a vitious Pancreas Hence there are several Alterations of the Colour of the Choler which is sometimes Pale sometimes Saffron Coloured sometimes Red sometimes Rust-coloured and sometimes inclining to Black Nevertheless Regner de Graef not considering the Flux of the splenetic Juice to the Liver has
and Restlesness Watching and such like Inconveniencies arise which cause true Melancholy But if that thicker Salt be somewhat more exalted and fluid and yet is not sufficiently Spirituous then the Blood requires an acid and austere Disposition as in the Scurvy and then the nervous Parts are torn and rack'd by it the thin Skins invelloping the Bones are pain'd and the softer Parts are corroded the Guts also are terribly grip'd and Ulcers arise in the Thighs very hard to be cured Moreover the Blood becomes unfit for Nutrition and thence a slow Atrophie of the whole Body The aforesaid salt Particles being coagulated in colder Kidneys and separated from the serous Humor harden into Stones but being separated in the Joynts and fixed to the sensitive Parts and corroding 'em they cause the sharp Pains of the Gout And lastly heap'd together in greater Quantity they breed knotty Bunches and Corns All which things happen if the fermentaceous Juice in the Spleen be too raw and thick XXIV But if the same Iuice be too thin and full of Spirits and be prepared too sharp then other Diseases arise It excites in the Blood a great Heat conjoyned with some Acrimony which because of the quick and disorderly Motion of the Animal Spirits causes Restlesness Watchings high Deliriums and Madness Sticking lightly coagulated in the Guts it breeds the running Gout for that sharp Humor being by reason of its Tenuity easily dissipated in one Part presently the Pain arises again in another Part to which some other Particles of the same Blood happen to adhere XXV The Spleen Scirrhous or Obstructed or any other manner of way vitiated by breeding a bad fermentaceous Iuice begets a thousand grievous Mischiefs All which things sufficiently make manifest the Office and Duty of the Spleen XXVI And in like manner the Function of the Liver is apparent from the Diseases that proceed from it when the Liver is colder than ordinary it is not able duly to digest the said Splenetic Iuice and together with the Venal Blood and the sulphury Iuice intermix'd and sticking to it to alter the splenetic Iuice into a due Ferment Whereby there can never be a due Fermentation The Chylus is not sufficiently concocted nor sufficiently prepared for future Fermentation in the Heart The venal Blood becomes Crude Serous neither does it get Spirits sufficient in the Heart but is attenuated only into a watry Vapour which turns to a watry Liquor in the Vessels and sost Parts and so filling the whole Body with Serum begets the Dropsy call'd Anasarca attended with continual Drought by reason of the salt Particles lodg'd in the Serum not well mix'd with the Blood which together with the Juices flowing from the Salival Vessels and at that time also saltish being carried to the Chaps and Gullet by reason of their dry Vellication or twitching of the Part occasion continual Drought XXVII But when the Liver is hot and consequently weak then by exalting the sulphury and oily Spirits out of the Blood it raises 'em in too great a Quantity by which the Force of the acid Iuice coming from the Spleen is very much weakened and a bad Ferment generated which produces Inflammations Corruption Fevers and other hot Diseases arising from an over deprav'd Fermentation and begets over much Choler Which Choler if it grow milder by reason of the Mixture of a little acid Juice then it breeds the yellow Iaundice But if sharp by reason of much Salt or acid and sharp splenetic Juice concocted with it then it occasions the Disease Cholera Diarrhaea Dysentery and other like Diseases XXVIII The Liver obstructed and scirrhous not causing the Generation and due distribution of good Ferment is also the Cause of several Crudities and many Diseases arising from Crudities As for the fermentaceous Quality of the Pancreatic Juice and what Diseases arise from a deprav'd Sweetbread has already been discoursed C. 10. XXIX In the Birth while it is in the Womb there is no need of any such Ferment at the Beginning because it is nourished by the Dissolution and Fusion of the Seed which contains in it self a Spirit moderately Fermentaceous and then by the milkie Iuice contained in the Amninium that needs less Ferment Afterwards when it requires somewhat stronger Nourishment brought through the umbilical Vein and begins to enjoy it then the whole Uterine Placenta supplies the Office of the Spleen and Liver and makes a more mild Ferment more proper for the Birth in the Beginning In the mean time the Liver and Spleen increase their Ferment to future Uses that is to prepare a more sharp Ferment afterwards that is when the Child being born should feed upon more solid Nourishment Which Duty however those Bowels do not perform presently after the Birth of the Child as it were by way of a Leap but were also by degrees accustomed to it in the Womb. For the more the Heat of the Heart increases and Blood is generated more full of Spirits and the more the Brain is brought to Perfection and becomes stronger the more sharp Spirits are generated in the Womb. And out of these two things Blood and Animal Spirits meeting every day stronger and stronger in the Spleen which by Degrees is brought to greater Perfection together with the Spleen and preparation of the fermentaceous Matter begins to be made and as for the manner of preparing the same Matter the said Bowels have gain'd to a sufficient Perfection as appears by the Choler which you shall find well concocted in the Gall-bladder of a newborn Infant XXX And thus I think I have set forth the true and never as yet sufficiently demonstrated Duty of the Liver and Spleen As also the Use of Choler Pancreatic Iuice and Lympha Many more things might be alledged for farther Proof but to the Learned what has been said may suffice The impartial Reader may confer these things with the Opinions of other Doctors that have wrote before us and then he will perceive how far they have err'd from the Mark. XXXI And now from what has been said it is manifestly apparent what a necessary League and Confederacy there is between the Liver and the Spleen and what and how many Diseases arise from the bad Constitution of either of these two Bowels How unlikely it is for a Man to live after his Spleen is cut out of his Body It is also apparent how erroneously the second grand Concoction is said to be made in the Liver Spleen and Sweet-bread when of necessity it must be made in the Heart For the forementioned Ferment is only made of the Blood and the Blood must be first made in the Heart before it can come to the Liver Spleen and Sweetbread And therefore the second general Concoction is made in the Heart the third in the Liver Spleen and Sweetbread CHAP. XVIII Of the Serum and Kidneys I. HAving thus explain'd the Office of the Liver
the Spleen and Parts aforesaid to be the greatest part concocted into a more perfect Ferment by the Liver for the Venal Blood and Chylus XVIII And thus the first Original of Internal Ferment is from the Nourishment which afterwards is more and more attenuated by various Concoctions and alter'd in our Body into a more subtle Ferment XIX Now that it is the true Office of the Liver Spleen and Sweet-bread to make Ferment in the manner aforesaid is apparent from hence that when those Bowels are perfectly Sound and perform their Duty according to Nature the whole Mass of Blood is better and more full of Spirits and thence the Body more Lively and Active and all the Natural and Animal Operations are rightly perform'd On the other side when these Bowels are out of Order a thousand Diseases arise from the Blood and Chylus ill fermented XX. As we have already said there is a sharp Salt acid Iuice which is made in the Liver out of the artery Blood copiously forc'd through the splenic Artery into this Bowel which by the plentiful pouring in of Animal Spirits through the Nerves and by the specific Temper of this Bowel is soon altered and the sulphury Spirit that was before predominant in it is dull'd fix'd and suffocated so the salt acid latent Spirits comes forth into Action and the salt Particles somewhat separated from the Sulphury get the upper hand And hence it comes to pass that the hot sweetish Blood flows through the Arteries into the Spleen but by and by the sulphury Heat being extinguish'd together with the Sweetness it becomes Saltish or somewhat Acid and flows through the Splenic Branch from the Spleen to the Liver Which is the Reason a boyl'd Spleen tasts somewhat Sowrish And thus it happens in this Matter as in a Vinegar Vessel Vinegar is made out of Wine for the Vinegar Vessel is laid in a warm Place commonly in the Garret where the Sun may come at it Into this Vessel not quite full they pour a moderate Quantity of good strong Wine for weak Wine will not make good Vinegar Which done presently the sulphury sweet Spirit of the Wine is fix'd and suffocated by the salt and acid Particles predominating in the Vinegar and the salt and acid Particles which are lodg'd in the Wine are melted dissolv'd attenuated and forc'd to Action by the sharp Acidity of the Vinegar and so the Wine turns Eager and becomes Vinegar And thus the sulphureous Spirit of the Arterial Blood is fix'd and stifl'd partly by the Animal Spirits flowing through the Nerves partly by the acid and salt Spirits prepared and contain'd in the Spleen and the salt and acid Spirits that are in it get the upper hand which afterwards new sulphury Spirits that ly in the Venal Blood being mix'd therewith afresh are to be by the Liver altered into perfect Ferment XXI Now that the first Matter of the Ferment to be perfected in the Liver is prepared in the Spleen may be in some measure demonstrated by Experience For if the Spleen of an Ox Hog or other Male Creature be cut into small Bits and macerated in luke-warm Water and afterwards mixed with a small Quantity of Dough it dilates it and causes it to ferment like Yest or any other Leven Which it does so much the more effectually if the smallest Quantity of Vinegar be added to it XXII Now if this Function of the Spleen be interrupted there are two Causes of Diseases which arise from thence Some by reason of the salt and acid Iuice too thick and fix'd Others when it is too thin and volatile For when the salt and acid Juices in the Spleen are not sufficiently dissolv'd and attenuated then the Spirits which are extracted out of them are too sharp corroding and in too great Abundance and this Diversity produces Diversity of Diseases XXIII If the Spleen be weak either through its own or the Fault of the Nourishment or through any other Cause then the acid Iuice that is concocted in it is not sufficiently dissolv'd attenuated and volatiliz'd but remains thick and tartarous or earthy and the greatest Part of it lyes heap'd together in the Bladdery Substance of the Spleen and adjoyning Parts by reason of its crude Viscosity which causes the Spleen to wax great and to swell in regard the Spirit that lies hid within it is not sufficiently rous'd up but boyling a little in the narrow Passages in the Spleen and about the Spleen distends the whole Spleen and Parts adjoyning to it and raises a thousand windy Vapours with rumbling and roaring and a troublesome Distemper familiar to Hypochondriacks Which Mischiefs are very much encreased by a deprav'd Condition of the Pancreas proceeding from the Blood corrupted by the vitious Humors of the Spleen and brought to it through the Arteries By reason whereof it concocts its own Juice but ill and of over Salt leaves it too Acid or Austere which partly begets great Obstructions in the Pancreas the Disturbeâ—…s of the Function of that Bowel Partly flowing into the Intestines causes an undue Effervescency therein and infuses a bad subacid Quality into the Chylus whereby it becomes lyable to fixation or coagulation nor cannot be sufficiently attenuated Whence by reason of the more fixed and thicker Chylus remaining in the Abdomen and less prepared to farther Solution are generated Obstructions in the milkie Vessels in the Mesentery and Glandules of the Mesentery and therein a great Quantity of crude and ill Humors is heaped together from the Quantity and Corruption of which a thousand Diseases arise which are vulgarly called Melancholic and are said to arise from the Spleen but how they are bred by it has not been as yet sufficiently Explain'd But when the Blood remains too thick for want of effectual and convenient Ferment and Spirits not supply'd in sufficient Quantity the whole Body grows dull and languid and many Diseases arise For the Blood being thick and not sufficiently Spirituous and having salt crude and slimy Parts intermix'd with it by coagulating the Humors in the Liver and other Bowels of the Abdomen it breeds Obstructions and Scirrhosities It is not sufficiently dilated in the Heart but is forc'd too thick into the Lungs and there being yet more refrigerated by the Air drawn in it difficultly passes through the narrow Passages of 'em and so stuffing the Lungs and compressing the Gristles of the Windpipe causes difficulty of Breathing In the Heart it self by reason of the inequality of the Particles and the difficult Dilatation of many it produces an unequal and sometimes an intermitting Pulse In the Brain passing difficultly and disorderly through those narrow Channels it causes Noises and Heaviness of the Head and because it endammages the natural Constitution of the Brain and because it tears it with its remaining Acrimony the principal Animal Actions are thereby impaired the Imagination and Judgment are deprav'd the Memory is spoyl'd and thence Madness
will object that the ruddy Colour of the Blood-bearing Vessels demonstrates that there is Blood in them which Colour however is hardly ever seen in the substance of the Stones and therefore no Blood-bearing Vessels seem to enter that substance I answer that happens through the extraordinary thinness of the Arteries pressed by the white Seed-bearing Vessels for which reason in a thousand other parts the little small Arteries and Veins are imperceptible Besides if a Stone be newly taken out of the Body and any ruddy Liquor be injected through a Syringe into the Spermatic Artery several Blood-bearing Vessels will swell up in the midst of the Stone and so become conspicuous Lastly I shall add what I have learnt by experience in Man That is in cutting out the Stones of vigorous and healthy Men that have been slain that for the most part no Blood-bearing Vessels are to be discovered in the inner Substance no nor in the Stones of living People cut out after the Cure of Burstenness or at most only some small Foot-steps of such Vessels appear in those sound persons But in Bodies emaciated by Diseases I have observed several small Branches of Blood-bearing Vessels slightly manifest but very slender running through the inner parts of the Stones which we did not only shew privately to several young Students in Physick but in March 1663. November 1668. in two Human Bodies emaciated by a long Distemper shewed the same to divers Spectators publickly in our Anatomy Theater The cause of which seems to be this For that as there is in the Brain a peculiar Specific power by vertue of which Animal Spirits are made of the Blood in its Vessels Fibres and Pores so also there is in the Testicles a peculiar Seminifick Power by vertue of which the Blood being carried into their Vasa Sanguifera is altered into Seed Now this active Power being strong and vigorous in sound People hence the more subtile and more salt Particles of the Blood carried through the little Arteries to their more inward parts together with the Animal Spirits coming through the Nerves fall into those Plexures or labyrinth-like and most wonderfully interwoven Vasa Sanguifera and being there received by them lose their ruddy Colour as the Chylus loses its white Colour in the Heart and is changed into white Seed But as for that small remainder of Blood remaining in the Vasa Sanguifera it is so obscur'd and discolour'd by the whiteness of the substance of the Stones and the said Vasa Sanguifera that it is not preceptible to the sight But in sickly People whose Stones as well as other bowels are weak the separation of those Particles of blood which are necessary for the making of Seed is neither well perform'd nor with sufficient speed for which reason the Sanguiferous Vessels are more tumid and containing more blood than ordinary and more visible to the Sight Moreover at the same time the ill separated and over ruddy Particles of the blood being affused into the Seminiferous Vessels are but ill and slowly concocted and altered into Seed therein and therefore the Sanguine red Colour appears in some measure here and there in these Vessels For the same cause it also happens that in those that are too frequent in Copulation there is sometimes an Ejection of blood instead of Seed the Stones being so debilitated by frequent Venery and over much spending of the Seed that the convenient Particles of blood flowing into those Vessels cannot so soon be separated from the rest nor changed into blood Now the forementioned Power proceeds from an apt convenient and proper formation and temper of the Stones which temper being either altered or weakned by Diseases or overmuch use of Women they also suffer in their Seminific Power as for the same reason the Power of making Spirits is weaken'd in the Brain XXVII Here a great question arises How the more salt Particles of the Arterial Blood infus'd into the Stones and most apt for Generation and the watery or white Particles come to be separated from the red Particles Which is a thing so dubious so obscure and intricate that never any Man as yet durst go about to unfold it or at least they who durst attempt to say any thing flying to peculiarity of Substance and Pores seem to have hardly said any thing at all In the preceding 14 Chapter we have told ye how that in the Liver the Separation of Humours to be segregated from the rest of the sanguin Humours is performed by small invisible Glaudulous Balls formerly unknown but in our times discovered by the diligence of Malpigills with the help of his Microscopes Also c. 18. We have likewise shewn ye that the blood passing through the Ash-coloured Substance of the Brain in that passage by reason of the peculiar property of its Glandulous Substance and its Pores loses its most subtil and spirituous saltish Particles which being imbibed by the beginning and roots of the small Nerves are there by degrees more and more rarified and attenuated and exalted to a more refin'd Spirituosity while the other ruddy and more Sulphury Particles are sucked up by the more small Veins and so by degrees return to the Heart And thus it seems probable that the same Operation is perform'd in the Stones For either some very small and hitherto by reason of their extraordinary Exility invisible Kernels or Glandulous Balls are intermix'd and scattered among the small Vessels of the Testicles by means of which such a necessary Separation is made Or else there is a certain white marrowy peculiar substance surrounding the small Vessels of the Testicles of which the Stones chiefly consist into which Substance the Arterious Blood being infused loses in its passage the most subtil saltish Particles of which the Seed chiefly consists most apt for the generation of Seed to be thereupon suckt up by the peculiar Vasa seminifera of the Testicles and more exactly to be prepared while the other Particles entring the Orifices of the small and imperceptible Veins return to the Spermatick Veins and so farther to the Heart But which of these ways is to be asserted or whether any other third way is to be determin'd upon we shall leave to them who by a more accurate Inspection or by the help of Microscopes shall be able to make a clear discovery In the mean time there must be something certain and assur'd of necessity by means of which the aforesaid Separation is to be performed For otherwise if by Transfusion alone the blood should immediately flow out of the Arteries into the Seminal Vessels there would be no reason why it should not all be converted into Seed but that some part of it should return through the little Veins to the Heart and moreover why its red Colour should not alwaâ—…s appear in the said Vessels XXVIII Besides the Vessels already mentioned by more accurate Inspection of Anatomists and that not so lately neither many Lymphatick Vessels have bin
the odoratory Organ this or that way XVIII Senertus labours to prove that Smells are no Substances nor real Qualities but only Species's of them But in answer to Senertus we say that no Qualities or Species's can subsist without any Body and therefore none can be allow'd nay there are no Odorable Species's impress'd upon no Corporeal substance that can be conceiv'd in the Imagination This in the Sight is notorious where the visible Species's are certain Modifications of the Air depainted therein by things visible and imprinted therein which without the Air are nothing for Species's without Substance cannot subsist and therefore are nothing Thus in Smells the odorative qualities necessarily are inherent in some Substances and because they cannot subsist without 'em hence they are properly call'd Smells because they are Substances endued with odorable qualities Philosophers commonly constitute Scent in dry predominating above moist However we are to understand that there is no Scent without Moisture nay that it is generated out of Moisture attenuated and rais'd by Heat I say by Heat because Heat is the efficient Cause which acts upon the subject containing Smell or Scent in Potentia and by raising therein Fumes that are endu'd with Scent excites Smell out of Power into Act And therefore Bodies endu'd with Scent smell when they are chaâ—…'d but growing cold they send forth no Scent for Scent is not in act unless it exhale forth which it cannot do nor be sent forth while the astringent Cold binds up the Pores of the Substance containing the Scent Here it will perhaps be objected that Scent is something subsisting of it self and therefore Moisture and Heat cannot be the Cause of it I answer that Scent or Odour is an accident subsisting in the Subject and Latent therein nor able to breath out of it unless both in and with some part of its subject accompanying it for without the Subject it is a moist vapor which cannot be rais'd unless by Heat and hence both Moisture and Heat of necessity concur the first as the Subject without which it cannot be and be perceiv'd the other as the agent Cause without which it cannot be excited into Act. But here some one may say that according to this Opinion Odor of it self will prove to be nothing and so there will be no knowledge of Odor since there can be no knowledge of a Non-Entity We grant that Odor separately consider'd is nothing neither does it fall under Sence but when we consider it in and with Fume it peirces the Sence and falls under knowledge so far as the Accident by the Subject and the Subject by the Accident in a mutual Order come to be perceptible Here again some one will oppose me and urge if Odor actually exist only in Fumes how comes the Fish in the Water to be sensible of Odors where there are no Fumes I answer 1. It may be question'd whether Fish are sensible of Odors and whether they approach or avoid things that carry an Odor but are not rather lead by a grateful or unpleasing quality perceiv'd by Savour Sight or Feeling from other qualities diffus'd into the Water from things that carry a Scent 2. But grant they are sensible of Odors there is no doubt but that in the Water it self some Fumes may be rais'd by a subtil Aethereal matter penetrating the Water some way or other and by its Motion causing a Heat in it in which Fume Odorous qualities may be excited from Power into Act and so the Fish may be made sensible of Odor if they are sensible of Odors as they are Odors XX. There are several sorts and differences of Odors some are sharp some sweet some acid some odoriferous others stinking some grateful others loathsome and many Odors are apply'd to the difference of Savors Moreover Smells some are simple and natural some by nature are in the Bodies Others are Compounded and Artificial such as the Perfumers make for Luxury and Delight Others are preternatural which arise from Corruption and Putrefaction XXI The Organ of Smelling is the Nose Which being constituted of many and various parts which since they cannot all officiate that particular function it is a great question in what part of the Nose the Smelling faculty has it's seat That it is not in the Blood-conveighing or Lymphatic-Vessels nor in the Bones or Grisles is confess'd by all XXII Some are of Opinion that the Sense of Smelling proceeds from some certain Nerves peculiar and of another Nature inserted into the Nose and some Specific Animal Spirits flowing through those Nerves But they did not observe that all the Nerves of the whole Body both in their Composition and Construction hardly difâ—…er in any thing else but that some are bigger others less some longer some shorter some thicker some thinner some softer and some harder but that let them be what they will their Office is the same as being the Passages through which the Animal Spirits are conveigh'd Moreover they did not consider that those Spirits carry'd through whatsoever Nerves are no way different but of the same substance and nature through whatsoever Nerves and to whatsoever places or parts they are conveigh'd Lastly They did not observe that the diversity of Operations which are perform'd by their assistance does not proceed from the diversity of them or the Nerves that conveigh them but from the diversity of the Parts into which they flow Thus in the Eye they are the cause of sight in the Muscles of motion in the Flesh they cause the sence of Feeling Therefore as they are the cause of Smelling in the Nostrils there must be also in the Nostrils some specific Parts in which by the means of those Spirits not only the feeling but the smell of sweet stincking rosy Camphory is perceiv'd and distinguish'd XXIII Formerly Galen and after him most Anatomists and Philosophers concluded that the Papillary Processes are the true Odoratory Nerves and the immediate Organs of Smelling But we have already refuted that Opinion Chap. 8. where we have shewn that those Processe sare no Nerves but Channels serving for the Evacuation of Excrements Vallesius also opposes and confutes this Opinion But Sneider and Rolfinch finding no reason why the smelling Sence should lye in the Papillary Processes add to their assistance Nerves deriv'd from the third Pair to the Nostrils But from what has been said it is apparent that the Sence of Smelling does not lye in any particular Nerves but in some certain specific Parts into which the Nerves infuse their Animal Spirits Which cannot be the Papillary Processes which neither carry Spirits nor admit those Nerves into their Body XXIV Others were of opinion that the Sence of Smelling lyes in the Membrane over-spreading the Inner part of the Nostrils and ascribe to it a Specific Constitution above other Membranes by reason of which it distinguishes Odors But in regard that Membranes are the Organs of Feeling not of
any thing which is also perceiv'd by the last I answer'd that insippidness is not any thing positive which moves the Taste being nothing else but a privation of the Salt and consequently of the Savor and it is vulgarly said to be perceiv'd by the Taste as Silence is said to be heard or darkness to be seen when there is no light to peirce the Eye LII But the Savor which proceeds from Salt is communicated to the fleshy Teats by the means of Humids For whatsoever things are dry unless they deposite their salt Asperities in something Humid loose their savor This Humid is either the Soporiserous Bodies themselves Wine Honey juices of Herbs and Flowers c. Or Water Ptisans Broth Spittle or any other Liquor wherein dry things being bruis'd dissolv'd boyl'd or macerated dissolve and discharge themselves of Savory Salt which then by means of that Humid may be imprinted into the little fleshy Teats of the Tongue and perceiv'd by the Taste LIII When things Tastable are put into the Mouth and mov'd therein upon the Tongue then their salt Asperities being prest into the humid through the Pores of the Tongue fall into the little fleshy Teats and alter after a Specific manner so or so according to the variety of the figures of the salt particles and so the several sorts of Savor come to be produc'd the Idea of which being carry'd to the common Sensory through the little Fibers of the Nerves of the Fourth Pair inserted into the Tongue and commâ—…icated to the Mind Thus if the Particles of the Salt are long hard pricking or câ—…tting and fall into the round Pores of the Tongue then by reason of the disparity of the Figures of the Pores and the Salt difficultly getting in they cause a pricking trouble as in acid bitter and sharp things But if the Particles of the Salt are soft flexible or round then they easily enter the Pores of the little fleshy Teats and of the Tongue and delighting the Tongue cause a grateful relish as in Sugar Honey c. In the same sence Lucretius says that the little Atoms of sweet things are smooth and round of bitter and acid things poynted and forked LIV. The Agitation or stirring of the Mouth is requisite to the end the Savor may the better be perceiv'd though Liquids require a less motion dry things more vehement and a longer Agitation For in the Liquids the savory Salt already dissolv'd glides more suddainly through the Membrane covering the Tongue into the nervous Teats But in dry things the salt Particles adhering to the thicker substance require longer time for this dissolution and mixture with the Spittle before they can be felt Besides that by the same stirring the Pores of the Membrane of the Tongue are open'd and dilated by which means the said salt Particles now adhering to the Liquor are forc'd upon them by a kind of violence For without stirring the Mouth the Savor is not so perceptible in liquids as in dry things For if Salt Sugar or Ashes be put upon the Tongue continuing motionless the the Taste will not be so quick but upon stirring the Tongue the Taste is presently perceiv'd and the difference proceeding from the diversity of the figures of the Salt is judg'd of by the Mind LV. Yet the various figure of the Salt alone is not always the Reason of the different sorts of Tastes seeing that sometimes the different Constitution of the Organ conduces much to it For the Pores of it in all men are not always of the same Figure but those which are round in some shall be oblong in others or quadrangular which will admit the smooth round Particles with some difficulty but the long and pointed without any trouble Which is the reason that sweet things are not grateful to all nor bitter things nauseous to others LVI But notwithstanding all that has been said we must understand that the Imagination contributes very much to the gratefulness or dispeasing Relish of the Taste In regard that some imagin more pleasure from Tastes that please their fancy by pleasing the Organs of Taste others from such things as strike the Organs of Taste with a kind of sharpness Thus we see many People delighted with the Taste of Wormwood-wine Vinegar salted Herrings though they cause some trouble in the Organs of Taste others abhor sweet things not but they that perceive the Tastes such as they are sweet or bitter c. but because a moderate sharpness pleases their fancy more than the pleasantness of sweet things Concerning Speech and Voice so which the Tongue also mainly contributes See l. 2. cap. 15. THE FOURTH BOOK OF ANATOMY Concering the JOYNTS CHAP. I. Of the HAND THE Limbs by the Greeks call'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 are Members growing to the Bellys and distinguish'd with Joynts These are twofold the upermost commonly call'd Manus the Hands in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and the lowermost Pedes or the feet in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 I. Between these Limbs there is requir'd a convenient Proportion in Men well shap'd that is that there should be almost the same Proportion from the Share-bone to the extremity of the Heel as from the Arm-hole to the top of the middle Finger I say almost for that for the most part the Thighs are somewhat longer than the Arms. And the length of the Thighs ought to be the length of the Trunk measuring from the Share-boâ—…e to the top of the Forehead Here Spigelius observes that they who have long Feet are most commonly loose in their Body and therefore strong Purgations are never to be given to such Persons II. The hands were given to Man for grasping that being a naked and unarm'd Creature by the assistance of his Reason he might be able by the help of these Instruments to provide himself not only with one sort of Weapons Garments and Habitations but with infinite numbers and by that means subdue all manner of Beasts though never so fierce and untam'd Moreover to the end so divine a Creature might be enabl'd to commit to writing the Laws of God the Histories and Transactions of worthy Hero's the Miracles of God and Wonders of Nature to paint forth the Ornaments of Heaven and Earth the Delineations of Arts and Sciences and other Monuments of his Divinity therefore two Hands were given him that if the one fail'd the other might be serviceable to him III. Now the Hand is an Organic Part extending from the uper part of the Shoulders to the Extremities of the Fingers IV. It is divided into the Arm and extream Hand The Arm Brachium in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is divided into the Arm strictly so taken and the Elbow The one reaching from the top of the Shoulder to the bending of the Elbow the other from the bâ—…nding of the Elbow to the Wrist V. The hollow under the Ioynt of the Shoulder is call'd
superficial contiguous or disjoyn'd white or ruddy livid violet or other colored soft or hard high or low quick or slowly coming forth External or Internal CHAP. III. Of the Causes of the Small Pox. THE Causes of the Small Pox are External or Internal Concerning which there are various and great Contentions among the most Eminent Physitians so much the more vainly eager because of little or no use in regard that whatsoever be the cause of the Distempers the cure is still the same Avicen and most of the Arabians the first most accurate Describers of these Diseases refer the material Cause to the Impurity of the Mothers Blood slagnant in the Woman with Child and with which the Birth was nourished in the Womb. Which Corruption they write lyes dormant so long in the Body till by vertue of some specific efficient Cause it be provoked to a fermentaceous Effervescency and being powred forth into the Mass of the Blood it sets it all in a boiling Condition and by that means separates that Defilment adhering from the Birth to some minute Particles of the Body and being so separated pushes it forward together with the Particles of the Blood so defiled by it to the Extream Parts of the Body and there raises up those Wheals as in new Wine the Heterogeneal Parts are separated from the Homogeneal Parts of the Wine by Fermentaceous Ebullition Avenzoar seems to differ somewhat from Avicen for observing that the Birth in the Womb without hazard of Life can hardly be nourished by the impure menstruous Blood restagnant therein but with some other Blood good of it self only by reason of its Fellowship with the menstruous Blood defiled by its Superior Corruption and farther that Men in the Womb must be nourished either with some such menstruous Blood or some other impure Blood and for that reason contracted that Impurity from the first Nutrition of the Parts Hence it was that the Arabians believed that all Men were subject to the Small-Pox in regard that Impurity was again to be separated from the Parts So that if that Specific Fermentaceous Effervescency be strongly and efficiently performed at the first coming of the Small-Pox then that Impurity becomes totally evacuated and then the Person to whom that Disease happens lives free from that Distemper all the rest of his Life as when Butter is once by a strong Churming separated from Milk turning sowr no Churming how violent soever can separate any more Butter from it But if that Effervescency be not violent enough that Impurity happens not to be totally expelled and so the same Person when the Reliques of that Defilement ferment again upon some other Cause may happen to have the same Distemper a second and third time but rarely a fourth Duncanus Liddelius stoutly defends the Opinion of the Arabians which is also followed by Fracastorius Amatus Forestus and several other Physitians and among the rest by Thomas Willis Lib. de Feb. c. 15. Where among other Reasons for greater Confirmation he adds these Words In the Womb of Woman says he as in most other Creatures there is generated a certain Ferment which being communicated to the Mass of Blood gives it Vigor and Spirit and causes it to swell at certain Periods of Time and procures an Expulsion of the Superstâ—…ous Blood But at the time of Conception when the Flowers cease to â—…low the chiefest Part of this Ferment is expended upon the Birth and the Particles of it heterogeneous from some of the rest as it were somewhat of foreign Substance are confused with the Mass of the Blood and Humors where they lye dormant a long time Afterwards being stirred and provoked by some evident Cause they ferment with the Blood and make it first boyl and then congeal from whence various Symptoms of this Disease arise Gentilis rejects this Opinion of the Arabians not believing the Birth to be nourished in the Womb with any Impure Blood nor that so much Impurity could abide for so many years in Men grown up and old People when they are seized with the Small-Pox after so many Purgations by Sweat Fevers Itches and other intervening Diseases besides the Cure of the Great Pox nor can he think but that Women must be cleared of those Impurities in so long a time by their monthly Evacuations Mercurialis complies with Gentilis who also asserts that the Small Pox is a Hereditary Disease and consequently that there is hardly any Man who can escape them because all Men are born of Parents vitiated by this Distemper and he endeavours to confirm this Opinion of his by several sinewy Reasons which however Daniel Sennnertus overthrows by others much the stronger Fernelius observing something occult in the Productions of the Small Pox besides the various Reasons propounded by Gentilis and others affirms that they are produced by sâ—…me Celestial and hidden Causes which when Infants and Children are less able to withstand than People grown up Hence he says it happens that the one are much more Subject to this Disease than the other But this Opinion of Fernelius is notably refuted by Mercurialis Lib. de Morb. Puer Sennertus grants the Small Pox to rise and be thrust forth by some certain and determined putrid Ebullition of the Humors but he will have this Ebullition to arise from three Causes from the Malignant Air from the Mothers Blood and vitious Nourishment and labours in a large Explanation of his this his own and the Opinion of the Arabians and Fernelius But to speak the truth none of these Opinions please me Not that of the Arabians because besides the Reasons alledged by Gentilis there is this one more For that seeing that Defilement contracted from the Mothers Blood is asserted to be common to all Men there would be no Man excused from this Disease which is contrary to Experience when several that have liv'd to an extream old Age never had the Small-Pox in their Lives as we have known several in our own Family Besides if the Impurity of the Menstruous Blood communicated to the Birth were the Cause of the Small-Pox why are not those Women themselves subject to it whose Flowers stop beyond the Course of Nature especially they who never had their Courses in all their Lives yet for all that were fruitful and had several Children of which Women there are several Examples to be found in Trincavellius Guainerius Bertinus Marcellus Donatus Ioubert Fabricius and several others Besides that private Defilement of every Woman could very hardly infect others by Contagion or excite a latent Contamination in the Bodies of others to a like Ebullition If you say it may then give me a Reason why all they that fit by and attend upon People when the Pox is come forth and endure their Stenches are not infected with the Small Pox though they never had them before Why has not that Contagion infected me that am near seventy years of Age who have visited thousands in the height
of that Distemper endured their Stenches and handled their Ulcers Why some upon the Sight at a distance of a Person that has newly had the Small-Pox are presently seized by the Distemper It being a thing almost incredible that the Contagion or infecting Contamination flowing from the Sick Patient should fly at such a distance from the Sick to the Sound and Healthy and so infect him and leave those untouch'd that are always conversant in the Room Nor do I understand that which Thomas Willis adds for the Confirmation of his Opinion that that same private Contamination being provoked by some Cause serments with the Blood and makes it first boyl and then coagulate For since Ebullition always causes a greater Attenuation I do not comprehend how that can cause Coagulation Moreover if such a spontaneous Coagulation were necessary after Ebullition Physitians at the beginning of the Distemper would ill apply attenuating Diaphoretics as being a hindrance to that Coagulation and afterwards they would as erroneously prescribe thickning things as Lentils Tragacanth Figgs c. which would cause too great a Coagulation Both which are repugnant to Experience when both the one and the other are successfully made use of in the Cure of this Distemper Nor does the Opinion of Fernelius please me for he according to his Custom deduces occult Celestial Causes in occult Diseases from the Influences of the Stars But how uncertain and how frivolous all those things are which are deduced from those Influxes either by Astrologers or Physitians is apparent from what we have wrote in our Treatise De Peste Lib. 1. Cap. 8. Neither can I approve the Opinion of Sennertus For he proposes three Causes of vitious Fermentation yet by means of that Specific Malignancy which remains in the Small-Pox cannot be explained and why by vertue of that vitious Fermentation procured by those three Causes the Small-Pox should be occasioned rather than other malignant putrid and pestilent Fevers or the Itch St. Anthonies-Fire Cancers or such like Diseases As to the External and Primary Causes of the Small-Pox by which the Internal Humors are moved Physitians agree the chief of them to be 1. A peculiar Disposition and depraved Quality of the Air to which belong the more remarkable Mutations of the Seasons as the hot and moist Constitution of the Spring and Autumn the Southern Winds and warm Constitution of the Winter 2. The Perturbation of the Blood and Humors to which belong immoderate Exercise frequent Bathings Anger Fear and Over-eating c. 3. Contagion for Experience tells us that this Disease is caught by Contagion For out of an infected Body continual Steams flow forth which being received by other Bodies presently like Poyson ferment with the Blood and excite the latent and homogeneal Seeds of the same Distemper and dispose them into the Idea of this Disease and thus those Contaminations flowing forth are not only communicated by immediate touch but at a Distance But by all these Causes whether good or bad Disposition or Quality of the Air perturbation of the Humors or Contagion that Malignant Specific which we observe in the Small-Pox is not sufficiently made out nor wherefore it operates more in these than upon those Subjects and in these than at those Seasons For many times we have observed hot or moist and hot with moist Seasons and Constitutions of the Air many times bad Diet as in Famines and Sieges which has occasioned aâ—… vast Corruption of Humors in the Body many we find continually indulging their Appetites which Willis numbers among the Primary Causes of this Distemper and yet no Small-Pox ensued On the other side in temperate Seasons and in cold Winters they have raged Epidemically among those who have used moderate Diet and fed upon the best of every thing and have seized upon Bodies replenished with good Humors and that many times first of all before any other Body has been ill to communicate the Contagion merely upon some Fright and by the Force of Imagination Seeing then that notwithstanding all the Causes propounded by Physitians the true and Specific Essence of the Malignity which is in the Small-Pox nor the peculiar and determinate Corruption of the Blood nor the Cause and Manner of Specific Fermentation can be explained I think we are rather to conclude that the next Causes of the Small-Pox as well the Internal as the External which move the Internal are occult as are also the Causes of the Pestilence it self and cannot be unfolded by Us. And therefore it is better to acknowledge the Weakness of our Knowledge then to betray our Ignorance by so many Disputes and various Conjectures that are grounded upon no Foundation For who can pretend to give a true and perceptible Reason of so great a Matter For these are in the Number of those Mysteries which the Chief Creator is not pleased to let us know exactly CHAP. IV. Of the Didgnostic Signs THE Small-Pox are not easily discerned before the Wheals themselves betray the Distemper But they appearing never so little then the Sight is easily Judge of the Disease Seeing therefore it is of great moment in reference to the Cure to know before the breaking out of the Wheals whether it be the Small-Pox or no the Signs of their coming out are first to be inquired into and observed The Signs foretelling the Small-Pox to be at hand are various A Fever sometimes more intense sometimes more remise with a low Pulse quick unequal and a Heat for the most part not very violent An Oppression of the Heart with Melancholy and a Palpitation often returning and sometimes a fainting Fit Head-ach Deleriums or Ravings sometimes Epileptic Convulsions frequent Sneezing Sleep more heavy than usual and unquiet Dreams of Thunder Fire and Flames Waking with a Fright difficult Respiration with frequent Sighs continual Gaping Pain in the Back and Loyns and Pulsation in the Spine Heaviness and Weariness of the whole Body a Pricking and as it were Itching in the Skin and in the Nostrils a Red Face Dimness of Sight yet Brightness and Itching of the Eyes Tears without any force sometimes Bleeding at the Nose Swelling of the Face Driness of the Mouth Hoarsness with a little dry Cough trembling of the Extream Parts small Red Spots in the Skin But these Signs are the more certain the more rife the Small-Pox are or if there be any suspition of having caught them as if the Person has been to visit any one that was Sick of that Disease or had been frighted with the Sight of any one newly recovered But there is no certain Sign of the Small-Pox at hand to be taken from the Urine For that in this Distemper the Urine for the most part resembles that of sound People If the Small-Pox besides the outward Skin have seized the Inner Parts then you must judge which Parts they are by the Disturbance of those Parts For if the Stomach be infected it will appear by Vomit and Pain in the Heart
before we came had laid him upon his Belly and kept the Wound open with their Hands so that he had bled three full Chamber-pots After we had bound up the Wound the Patient sounded and it was thought he would have died but upon giving him corroborating Cordials he came to himself For the first day he voided sometimes a great deal of Blood and sometimes Corruption and frothy coagulated Blood came forth from the Wound but not much yet to be short this Man was cured of this dangerous Wound by the Use of proper Medicaments nor did he afterwards feel any inconvenience in his Chest. Hildan tells us also of a remarkable Cure of the Lungs wounded at what time a good Part of the Lungs was cut away And many other Examples of the Lungs cured are frequently to be found in several other Authors OBSERVATION XC An Extraordinary Binding of the Belly N. ab Offendorph a German Gentleman a strong Man in the Flower of his Age was usually so bound in his Body that he could hardly go to the Stool without the help of Physic yet he was not sick but when he had not gone to Stool in five or six days he grew sleepy dull and lazy In August not having been at Stool for seven days together when his usual Pills would not move him he went to Monsieur Romphius Physitian to the Queen of Bohemia who gave him two Glisters and two Purges without success then afraid of his Life he came to me at what time he had been bound for sixteen Days together first therefore I try'd to move him with this following Glister ℞ Roots of Bryony ℥ j. Herbs Mallows Althea Herb Mercury Wormwood Lesser Century Flowers of Camomil and Melilot an M j. Leaves of Senna ℥ j. s. Colocynth Apples ʒj fat Figs no. vij Anise-seed ℥ s. Boyl them in Common-water q. s. to ℥ x. add to the Straining Stibiate-Wine ℥ iiij For a Glister After he had kept this a quarter of an hour his Belly was much moved and he had above twenty Stools with a great deal of ease afterwards I prescribed him a loosning and emollient Diet and so sent him away back to the Camp quite eased of his burthen ANNOTATIONS SChenkius has collected several Examples of People that have been strangely bound in their Bellys In which Cases when Cathartics will do no good I have observed the wonderfull Operations of Stibiate-Wine I remember I gave a Purge to a strong lusty Country-man once that was very much bound in his Body but without success The next day therefore I gave him a Glister wherein among other things I boiled ℥ s. of dry Tobacco which presently opened his Body with a Witness I knew a Captain of a Man of War also that told me how he was bound in his Body at Sea to that degree that when no Medicaments would move him and that he was in dispair of his Life by the advice of one of his Seamen drank the Parings of his Thumb-Nails in a draught of Ale which when he had done at first he fell into a Swoon so that every body thought he would have dy'd but coming to himself he purged upward and downward to that degree that he was soon freed from his Distemper OBSERVATION XCI A Bastard Ague A Daughter of Captain Rifflaer about six Years of Age had been troubled a long time with a disorderly kind of Ague yet not very vehement which took her sometimes in the Forenoon sometimes after Dinner sometimes at Night sometimes every day sometimes every other day she looked black and blew about the Eyes slept unquietly had her Belly swelled and distended rubbed her Nose often but complained of no pain from these signs I conjectured that crude and Flegmatic Humors were putrified in the lower Region of her Belly which caused the Ague and that moreover she might have Worms in her Belly now in regard she was very squeamish and would take nothing that was bitter I gave her ℈ j. of Mercurius Dulcis which gave her five or six Stools that brought away much viscous and slimy Matter and three or four large Worms the three days following I ordered her to take a dose of the following Powder Morning and Evening in which time she voided eight Worms ℞ Harts-horn burnt Coral prepared an ℈ iiij Sugar-candy ʒij to be divided into six equal Doses Afterwards when I observed her Ague and the distension of her Belly to continue in the same condition I gave her again ℈ j. of Mercurius Ducis which after it had given her six Stools she found her self better the next three days she would take nothing the fourth day I got her to take Mercurius Dulcis again which after she had voided much viscous and watry Matter but without Worms the distension and tumour of her Belly went off together with her Ague and she recovered her former Health ANNOTATIONS IN these Cases I have frequently with success made use of Mercurius Dulcis and though several eminent Physitians disapprove the use of it as too dangerous yet so it be well prepared I never observed that it did any harm in moist Bodies For dry Constitutions it is not thought so proper and therefore to such I either give other Physic or mix other Purgatives with it that it may be the sooner expelled out of the Body Thus Simeon Iacoz gave xii gr of it mixed with gr v. of Diagridion to a Child of four Years of Age which within two hours brought away twenty Worms And indeed it is a most excellent Remedy against Worms in the Belly for it not only kills and expels the Worms but brings away the the cause that breeds them therefore says Sebastian Strommayien there is no such Remedy to be found for it falls upon all manner of Worms bred in our Bodies speedily safely and pleasantly and by a certain Specific quality utterly expels them which Experience has sufficiently made manifest Sometimes instead thereof ℈ j. of Jalap pulverized or less according to the Age of the Patient which is an insipid Medicine and and not displeasing to the Taste which gently Purges away the Cause of Worms and Agues joyned together Rondeletius extols Electuary Diacarthamum as a powerful Remedy to expel Worms and Purge away Flegm and the corrupt Chylus that breeds and nourishes Worms Others commend Diaturbith with Rhubarb For such as can take ill tasted Physic Hiera Picra or Aloes alone is an excellent Remedy given in Pills Dodoneus tells us of a Woman of forty Years of Age suddenly taken with terrible gripings in her Stomach that upon taking Hiera Picra voided forty Worms and the same Vertue have all Medicaments wherewith Aloes is mixed Benivenius writes of one that after he had taken a Composition of Aloes Myrrh and Saffron voided forty eight Worms Crato recommends these Pills that follow ℞ Aloes Rosat ℥ j. choice Mirrh ʒ j. Make them into Pills the Dose ʒ s. Plater commends these ℞ Aloes ʒij Myrrh ʒj Worm-seed ℈
Tamarisch an ℥ s. Herbs Baum Borage March Violets Tops of Hops Betony Germander Majoram an M. j. Flowers of Stoechas M. s. Cordial Flowers an one little handful Citron and Orange Peel an ʒ iij. Seeds of Fennel and Caraways an ʒ j. s. Currants ℥ ij Water and Wine equal Parts Make an Apozem for a Pint and a half to which mix Syrup of Stoechas and Borage an ℥ j. s. XI After this preparation Purge with this Potion ℞ Leaves of Senna ℥ s. White Agaric ʒ j. Anise-seed ʒ j. Ginger ℈ j. Decoction of Barly q. s. Infuse them all Night Then add to straining Confect Hamech ʒ iij. XII This done let him take this Apozem again and continue it for some time loosing his Belly every three or four days either with the foresaid draught or Confect Hamech or Cochiae Pills or Mesues and compounded Syrup of Apples highly commended by Rondeletius in this Case XIII After every Dose of his Apozem as also after Dinner and Supper let him eat the quantity of a Nutmeg of this Conditement ℞ Specier Diambr sweet Diammosch Dianthos an ℈ ij Candid Citron and Orang Peels an ʒ iij. Conserve of Flowers of Borage Baum and Rosemary an ℥ s. Confect Alkermes ℈ j. s. Syrup of Citron Rind q. s. Mix them for a Conditement XIV In the midst of these Cures peculiar Evacuations of the Head will not be amiss either by Masticatories or Sternutories made of Mar joram Gith-seed Roots of white Hellebore and Pellitory or the like XV. Great care is to be taken to provoke the Patient to sleep Therefore for his Supper give him sometimes a Hordeate or Amygdalate made with a Decoction of Barly and Lettice with which if he be hard to sleep mix one Ounce of Syrup of Poppys or more Or if these avail not of the Mass of Pills of Storax fifteen grains or of Laudanum Opiat three grains but this not often When he is not so much troubled with Waking it will suffice to anoint his Temple with Oyntment of Populeon mixt with some few grains of Opium Though Narcotics are to be used as little as may be for fear of accustoming the Patient too much to the use of them XVI His Diet must be such as breeds good Blood and corrects all the qualities of Melancholly Humors easie of Digestion moderately hot and moist prepared with Barly cleansed Borage Baum Bugloss Marjoram Raisins Betony c. avoiding Leeks Onions Garlic Cabbige Fish long pickled or dry'd in the Smoak and whatever beeds ill Juice and Melancholly nourishment let the Patient be moderate in his Diet neither too full nor too empty Let his Drink be small with a little Baum Rosemary or other such Herb mixt with it Let his Exercises be moderate His sleeping time much longer Let his Body be kept soluble And which is of great moment in this Cure let his Mind be taken off from all manner of sadness and thougthfulness and all occasions of fear and grief be avoided while his friends on the other side labour with grateful Arguments to perswade him of the vanity and falsehood of his idle Dreams and Imaginations HISTORY IV. Of Hypochondriac Melancholy A Noble German of forty Years of Age of a Melancholy Constitution having suffered deeply in the calamities of the late German War as Captivity Exile Famine and other Miseries which had reduced him to an ill sort of Diet the long use of which had begot wind roarings and distensions about his Midriff and a troublesom Ponderosity especially about his left Hypochondrium with difficulty of respiration and a palpitation of the Heart though not continual with loss of Appetite which made him sad fearful and thoughtful till at length understanding the death of his Wife he became so consternated that no perswasive and kind Language could asswage his sadness so that through continual watching restlessness horrible thoughts and want of sleep he began to rave at first by intervals but afterwards without ceasing he thought every Body came to kill him and therefore sought retirement and avoided Society No body but Servants entered his Chamber and of them he was afraid too if any other Persons came to visit him he besought them not to Murder him unprovided but to give him time to prepare himself for Death he only seemed to trust his Physitian from whom he often desired Antidotes against Poyson which he assured himself were often mixed with his Meat and took any Medicaments that were brought him IN this Person thus Distempered various Parts were grievously afflicted especially the Brain as appeared by the Delirium and the Bowels of the middle and lower Belly which the Palpitation of his Heart difficulty of breathing distention and ponderosity of his Hypochondriums and loss of Appetite plainly demonstrated II. The Symptom that chiefly insested is called Melancholly which is a Delirium without Rage or Fever arising from a Melancholly Phantasm III. The remote Causes of this Malady are Fear Terrors and Grief occasioned by Misfortunes which had long troubled and disordered the Spirits in their Motion to which an ill Diet mainly contributed For thereby Crudities were bred in the Bowels of the lower Belly thence Obstructions in the Spleen and neighbouring Parts The faculty of the Spleen was weaken'd so that not able to do its Office in Chymification and breeding Matter unfit for convenient Fermentation of the Humors it left many feculent acid sour thick and crude Humors which not able to pass the small Vessels got together in a large quantity in the left Hypochondrium about the Spleen which occasioned that troublesom Ponderosity accompanied with wind and roarings for that while Nature endeavours the Concoction of that acid Matter which she cannot well accomplish those acid Humors receive some Fermentation which begets that great quantity of Wind which not finding an easie Exit occasions those rumblings and distensions of the Parts This thicker acid and sharp Matter being carried to the Heart causes Palpitation while the Heart endeavours to expel that sharp pricking Matter from it And in regard that Melancholly Juice is not equally troublesom to all the Parts of the Heart thence it happens that the Palpitation does not always continue but comes by intervals The same Juice being expelled from the right Ventricle of the Heart to the Lungs when it comes to fill the small branches of the Arterious Veins and Veiny Artery as not being able to pass them without great difficulty fills the Breast with many Vapors and causes difficulty of Respiration But being carried through the Arteries with the Vital blood to the Brain it disorders the Motion of the Animal Spirits renders them more impure and alters them by a Specific and bad mistemper Thence those Melancholly Imaginations by which the Operations of the Mind and Ratiocination are disturbed which occasions a Delirium accompanyed with fear and sadness IV. But because that Melancholly humor is not generated at first in the Head but ascends from the Hypochondriums especially the left to
chylous Iuice The â—…tation What sort of Liquor the Lympha is Whether Water Whether a Vapour of the Blood Whether the Lymphatis Vessels are Veins Whether composed of Animal Spirits and Acids Whether Alimentary What sort of Liquor it is Whether the Serum The difference between the Lympha and the Serum The Impulsive Cause The Cause of the Dropsie call'd Ascites 1. Observation 2. Observation Lobes Bigness Substance As to the truth of this Hypothesis see our Synopsis Medicinae lib. 4. cap. 8. Sect. 10. §. 14. ad 36. where we have by indubitable Reason strong Arguments and matter of Fact prov'd that there is no Choler or Bâ—…le separated from the Blood in the Liver Salmon Whether the Liver may be call'd a Bowel Colour of the Liver The Temperament It s Membrane The Ligaments It s 〈◊〉 Its Arteries The Veins The Choler Vessels The Lymphatic Vessels The Intermixture of the Vessels The Passage of the â—…lood out of the Porta into the Cava Glisson's memorable Experiment The Office of the Liver Whether it be a Streiner The true office None wounded in the Liver escape Worms and Stones in the Liver * I once saw the Liver of a great Drinker of Canary which when it was cut in two with the Knife abounded with many thousands of Worms and above a quart of small living Worms were taken from it this man usually drank two three or four quarts of Canary in a day and that for some years together by reason whereof he grew fat and dyed suddenly without any premonitory Sickness indeed the whole Substance of the Liver was nothing but Worms Salmon The Liver sometimes joyned with the Lungs A History Another Rarity where no Liver or Spleen could be found Two passages in the right and hollow part of the Liver * Rather a kind of Lymphatic Iuice fâ—…r in the place above-cited of Synop. sis Medicinae it is there demonstratively proved that there is 〈◊〉 such thing in Nature as the separation of Gall from the 〈◊〉 but a kind of Lymphatic Iuice which by the Fermentum of the Gall-bladder is changed into Gall. Salmon The Gall-bladder Situation Membranes It s Fibres Two sorts of Vessels The division The bottom Stones sometimes found in it Observation * I have twice in my life seen Patients afflicted with a green Iaundice the one I cured the other dyed being given over by other Physicians as uncurable The Patient whom I cured was all over of a yellowish green he which dyed was of a dark or deep green The cause or reason for this Distemper is rendred in our Synopsis Medicinae lib. 4. cap. S. Sect. 10. § 26. ad 36. to which I refer you Salmon The Neck Whether any Valves in it * This is something of the Doctrine which we have maintained in the places aforecited of our Synopsis Medicinae which thing is worthy the serious consideration of all the Sons of Art and it is without doubt the same kind of Iuice which being conveyed to other parts as the Amygdalae maxillary Glandules Womens Breasts Piss-bladders Pancreas Seminal Vessels and Pores of the Skin by the Fermentum of the same parts is converted into the Humor proper to the same as Spittle Milk Urine and Iuice Seed and Sweat Salmon The way of the Choler to the Bladder ‖ That is the Serous or Lymphaphatic Iuice which by the Fermentum of the Bladder as aforesaid is changed into the Choleric Humor for several and various intentions of Nature Salmon The vse The Bilary Porus. The Valves Whether two sorts of Choler Differences of Choler * Or rather Iuice for the generating of Choler as aforesaid Salmon The way of the Choler into the Bilary Porus Sylvius his Opinion The Choler is taken from the Substance of the Liver The Ductus Cholidochus It is for the most part solitary Its Valves Glisson would have it to be a Sphincter Muscle An Objection â—…swer'd An unusual Constitution A white Gall-Bladder An Argument for the Passage of Choler through the bilary Pore Whether the Choler â—…ows continually The unuâ—…ual Chanel A Digression * That is to say the Iuice generating Choler more specially because the same Iuice cannot be brought from other remote Parts at the same time Salmon What Choler is a That is to say the said Iuice is prepared and fitted in the Liver for Separation to be received into the Gall-Bladder and there by the Fermentum inherent to be perfected and made that choleric Iuice which is bitter and so sent into the Iejunum Salmon The Mâ—…ion of Câ—…ler Whether Choler be generated in 〈◊〉 Parâ—… The Place generating Choler depends upon the inner Tunicle of the Gall-Bladder the Choler residing therein A new Opinion * This Opinion of Sylvius comes very near the Truth if it be considered as to the Particles or Matter of which Choler is generated But as to the Ways and Passages leading that Matter to the proper Place I am very confident he is wide from the Mark For the Passages out of the Liver into the Gall-Bladder whiâ—… are indeed Strainers are evident in many Persons to the 〈◊〉 Eyes but with a Microscope they appear famous So 〈◊〉 deny them a man must absolutely deny his Senses Salmon * I beg the Diversion of the Author in believing of this since the contrary can be prov'd by ocular Demonstration Salmon The Insertion of the Hepatic Artery into the Branches of the Porus uncertain Whether Choler be only separated and not generated * This Assertion of the learned Author agrees with Truth it self and with what we have before in several places declared concerning this matter and without doubt in this Sense he is always to be understood when he speaks at any time of the Separation of Choler from the Blood in the Liver viz. That it is a certain Substance intended for Choler but not Choler it self The which Substance or Iuice is neither Yellow nor Bitter nor Choler nor contains any Choler till it is transmitted thereinto by the proper Ferment of the Part. Salmon Colour and Tast. Variety of Colours from variety of Humors confirm'd by Observation Whether the Choler ascend to the Liver through the Porus. The use of the Choler It s chief vse is for Fermentation The names Unusual Situation The number The Connexion * Not many months ago I had a Child under my cure who had a Spleen so large that it covered almost the whole Abdomen and reached down to the left Groin it was so apparent that it might outwardly be felt being above nine Inches in length and about seven Inches in breadth The Child died and was opened by which we were confirmed in the extravagancy of this Bowel Salmon The bigness Lean people most subject to 〈◊〉 Spleens Small Spleens The Shape 〈◊〉 Colour Membraces Various Lymphatic Vessels form'd like a kind of Net It is furnish'd with Fibres Its Vessels Its Arteries Its Veins Highmore denies the great number of the Veins Its Valves It s Aâ—…