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cause_n	according_a	ecclesiastical_a	law_n	1,550	5	5.5075	4	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A08534	Andreas Ornithoparcus his Micrologus, or Introduction: containing the art of singing Digested into foure bookes. Not onely profitable, but also necessary for all that are studious of musicke. Also the dimension and perfect vse of the monochord, according to Guido Aretinus. By Iohn Douland lutenist, lute-player, and Bachelor of Musicke in both the Vniuersities. 1609.; Musice actiue micrologus. English	Ornithoparchus, Andreas, 16th cent.; Dowland, John, 1563?-1626.; Guido, d'Arezzo.	1609 (1609)	STC 18853; ESTC S115197	65,261	101

and a Musitian and also because it is to be had rather by vse than by writing and further because either none or very few men haue handled this point by this difficulty the worke was a while hindred from seeing the light now being set out and perfected I commit it to your tuition and subiect it to your censure beseeching you both to mend the errours you find in it and to defend it from the inuasion of enuious men because thou art able learned godly and besides other gifts of nature hast an elegant stile a sweet vain and in singing a graceful cunningnesse wherin thou doest exceed thy fellow-Musitians in entertaining strangers as I to your cost found a liberall humour Whence it is come to passe that all the Masters of the Budorine vniuersity which they call Heydelberg do singularly loue honour and respect you Farewell worthy Sir and defend thy Andreas from the enuious backebiter THE THIRD BOOKE OF ORNITOPARCHVS HIS MVSICKE TOVCHING THE ECCLESIASTICALL ACCENT The Argument of Master Choterus vpon the Third Booke THE FIRST CHAPTER In Praise of Accent ACcent hath great affinitie with Concent for they be brothers because Sonus or Sound the King of Ecclesiasticall Harmony is Father to them both and begat the one vpon Grammar the other vpon Musicke whom after the Father had seene to be of excellent gifts both of body and wit and the one not to yeeld to the other in any kind of knowledge and further that himselfe now growing in yeeres could not liue long he began to thinke which he should leaue his kingdome vnto beholding sometime the one sometime the other and the fashions of both The Accent was elder by yeares graue eloquent but seuere therefore to the people lesse pleasing The Concent was merry frollicke liuely acceptable to all desiring more to be loued than to be feared by which he easily wonne vnto him all mens minds Which the Father noting was daily more and more troubled in making his choyse For the Accent was more frugall the other more pleasing to the people Appointing therefore a certaine day and calling together the Peeres of his Realme to wit Singers Poets Orators morall Philosophers besides Ecclesiastical Gouernors which in that Function held place next to the King before these King Sonus is said to haue made this Oration My noble Peeres which haue vndergone many dangers of warre by land and sea and yet by my conduct haue caried the Prize throughout the whole world behold the whole world is vnder our Rule wee haue no enemy all things may goe prosperously with you only vpon me death increaseth and life fadeth my body is weakned with labor my soule consumed with Care I can expect nothing sooner than death Wherfore I purpose to appoint one of my Sonnes Lord ouer you him I say whom you shall by your common voyces choose that he may defend this Kingdome which hath been purchased with your blood from the wrong and inuasion of our enemies When he had thus said the Nobles began to consult and by companies to handle concerning the point of the common safety yet to disagree and some to choose the one some the other For the Orators and Poets would haue the Accents the Musitians and the Moralists chose the Concent But the Papale Prelates who had the Royalties in their hands looking more deepely into the matter enacted that neither of them should be refused but that the kingdome should be diuided betwixt them whose opinion the King allowed and so diuided the Kingdome that Concentus might be chiefe Ruler ouer all things that are to be sung as Hymnes Sequences Antiphones Responsories Introitus Tropes and the like and Accent ouer all things which are read as Gospels Lectures Epistles Orations Prophecies For the Functions of the Papale kingdome are not duely performed without Concent So these matters being setled each part departed with their King concluding that both Concent and Accent should be specially honoured by those Ecclesiasticall persons Which thing Leo the Tenth and Maximilian the most famous Romane Emperour both chiefe lights of good Arts and specially of Musicke did by generall consent of the Fathers and Princes approoue endow with priuiledges and condemned all gaine-sayers as guilty of high Treason the one for their bodily the other for their spirituall life Hence was it that I marking how many of those Priests which by the leaue of the learned I will say doe reade those things they haue to read so wildly so monstrously so faultily that they doe not onely hinder the deuotion of the faithfull but also euen prouoke them to laughter and scorning with their ill reading resolued after the doctrine of Concent to explaine the Rules of Accent in as much as it belongs to a Musitian that together with Concent Accent might also as true heire in this Ecclesiasticall kingdome be established Desiring that the praise of the highest King to whom all honour and reuerence is due might duely be performed THE SECOND CHAPTER Of the Definition and Diuision of Accent WHerefore Accent as Isidorus lib. 1. eth cap. 17. writeth is a certaine law or rule for the raysing or low carrying of sillables of each word Or it is the Rule of speaking For that speaking is absurd which is not by Accent graced And it is called accent because it is ad Cantū that is close by the song according to Isidore for as an aduerbe doth determine a Verbe so doth accent determine Concent But because these descriptions doe rather agree with the Grammaticall accent than with the Musicall I hold it necessary to search out by what means the Ecclesiasticall accent may rightly be described Therefore accent as it belongeth to Church-men is a melody pronouncing regularly the syllables of any words according as the naturall accent of them requires Of the Diuision of accent NOw it is three-fold as Priscian and Isidore witnesse the Graue the Acute and the Circumflex The Graue is that by which a sillable is carried low but to speake musically it is the regular falling with finall words according to the custome of the Church Of which there be two sorts One which doth fall the finall word or any syllable of it by a fift and this is properly called Graue Another which doth fall the finall word or any syllable of it onely by a third which by the Musitians is called the middle Accent Neither haue the Grammarians cause to be angry if they find any thing here contrary to their lawes For we goe not about to handle the Grammaticall Accent which Priscian and others haue throughly taught but the Ecclesiasticall as here followeth Medius Grauis Parce mihi domi ne ni hil enim sunt di es me i. An acute Accent grammatically is that by which the syllable is raised But musically it is the regular eleuation of the finall words or syllables according to the custome of the Church Wherof there are likewise two kinds one which reduceth the finall syllable or word

lib. 3. de Rep. much reprehend the Lydian both because it is mournful and also because it is womanish But he alloweth of the Dorian both because it is manly also doth delight valiant men is a discouerer of warlike matters But our men of a more refined time do vse somtime the Dorian somtime the Phrygian sometime the Lydian sometime other Moodes because they iudge that according to diuers occasions they are to choose diuers Moodes And that not without cause for euery habit of the mind is gouerned by songs as Macrob. writeth for songs make men sleepy and wakefull carefull merrie angry merciful songs do heale diseases produce diuers wonderful effects as saith Fran. Petrac mouing some to vain mirth some to a deuout holy ioy yea ofttimes to godly teares Of al which I had rather be silent than to determine any thing rashly least I do burthen the wits of children with vnprofitable vnnecessary precepts Because who so in expounding any thing doth poure on more than is needful increaseth the darknesse and maketh not the mist thinner as Macrobius saith in the second booke vpon the dreame of Scipio Therfore let learners study those few precepts because they are necessary for the vnderstanding of that which followes Here endeth the first Booke TO THE VVORTHY HIS kinde friend George Brachius a most skilfull Musitian and chiefe Doctor of the Duke of Wittenberg his Chappell Andraeas Ornithoparchus of Meyning wisheth health WHen I had throughly ruminated of that saying of Plato That we were not made for our selues but to doe good to our Countrey and friends I was euen out of heart my most respected friend euen as if my powers had fayled me and as one stroken with amazement And as that first Monarch of the Romane Empire when he first saw Alexanders statue at Gades lamented for that he himselfe had done nothing worthy the remembrance euen so I because I haue done no such thing did euen lament considering that beauty pleasures age health and delicacies doe fade away Sed famam extendere factis hoc virtutis opus Wherefore after many harty sighes taking heart againe though I were tossed with many flouds of Cares many gusts of aduersities and many stormes of diuers perturbations yet began I to thinke what I should leaue to posteritie for witnesse that I had liued Now my mind being turned hether and thither in the end I chose the learning of Harmony both because it is fit for morall education and also because it is the seruant of Gods praise For amongst all Scholler-like Arts which they commonly call Liberall none is more morall more pleasant more diuine than Musicke Whereof although there be many Professors yet be there very few writers I know not whether it grow out of hatred to the Art or their owne slothfulnesse that haue deliuered the Art in a good forme Hence is it that excepting those which are or haue been in the Chappels of Princes there are none or very very few true Musitians Wherupon the Art it self doth grow into contempt being hidden like a Candle vnder a bushel the praising of the almighty Creatòr of all things decreaseth and the number of those which seeke the ouerthrow of this Art doth dayly increase throughout all Germany By this occasion stirred vp further relying vpon your kindnes most worthy Sir a great testimony wherof you gaue me when I came frō the Vniuersity of Tubyng turned in at your pleasāt indeed most pleasant house which you haue of your Princes gift I turned my pen to the writing of Mensural Musick hauing before writtē of Plain-Song And what flowers soeuer other mens volumes had in them like a Bee I sucked them out and mad this second Book the hiue to lay them vp in Now as I haue dedicated it in your name so doe I subiect it to your censure that you may both mend those faults you find in it and detect it from the barking of those who doe commonly defame all good men For hauing a fit iudge of these things which I write I doe fitly submit my selfe to his Censure euen his whom alreadie both my owne experience hath found and all Sueuia doth acknowledge and all high Germanie doth honour for a godly vpright and learned man Farewell most learned friend and defend thy Andraeas from the tooth of Enuie THE SECOND BOOKE of Ornithoparchus his Musicke wherein are contained the Rudiments of Mensurall Song THE FIRST CHAPTER Of the Profit and Praise of this Art BOêtius that Romane whose wit in Musicke no man euer mended nay neuer attained to in the first Chapter of his Musicke writes That there is such efficacie in Harmonicall Consents as a man though he would cannot want them For Musicke driueth away those cares which driue away sleepe stilleth crying children mitigateth the paine of those which labour refresheth wearied bodies reformeth appassionate minds And euery liuing soule is so ouercome with Musicall sounds that not onely they which are of the gallanter sort as saith Macrobius but euen all barbarous Nations doevse Songs either such as stirre them vp to an ardent embracing of vertue or doe melt them in vnworthy pleasures and so are they possessed with the sweetnesse of Harmony that by Musicke the Alarum to warre is giuen by Musicke the Retraite is sounded as if the Note did both stirre vp and after allay that vertue of fortitude Now of the two that Musicke which we call Mensurall doth specially performe these effects For this as Isidorus saith stirreth vp not onely men but also beasts serpents birds and Dolphins with the sweetnesse of the harmony By this did Arion preserue himselfe in the middle of the sea by this did Amphion the Dircaean gather together stones for building the Theban walles By this did Timotheus the Phrygian so enflame Alexander Magnus the Conquerour of the whole world that he rise from the table where he sat and called for his armes and afterwards changing his Moode on the Instrument did cause him to put off his armour and sit downe againe to banquet By this did Dauid the princely Singer helpe Saul the King of Israel when he was vexed with an vncleane Spirit by this not onely the great God the maker of all things but also the furies of the Stygian God are delighted appeased and mitigated For this is the Lady and Mistresse of all other Arts which can delight both those that be in Plutoes iurisdiction and those that abode in Neptunes fields and those that liue in Iupiters eternally-lightsome Mansions This Art onely leauing the earth flyeth vp before the tribunall seat of the highest Iudge where together with the Instruments of the Saints it soundeth where the Angels and Archangels doe incessantly sing Hymnes to God where the Cherubins and Seraphins cry with a continuall voyce Holy holy holy Besides no Art without Musicke can be perfect wherefore Pythagoras appointed his Schollers they should both when they went to rest and when they

the Tenor for below it cannot the Altus shal be in a third aboue or an eight below But if the Base fall to an eight below the Altus may be in a fourth below or in a third or fift aboue 7 When the Discantus is in a twelfe aboue the Tenor the Base must be in an eight below the Altus in a third fift or eight aboue But when the Base is in a third aboue the Altus shall be in a fift eight or tenth concordantly 8 If the Discantus be in a fourth aboue the Tenor the Base requires a a fift below the Altus a third or sixt aboue Contrarily if you make your Base first you shall make it with the Discantus But if a man will make more than 4. parts let him take the Concords aboue or below as other parts shall require obseruing those things which are to be obserued which we referre to the Setters iudgement THE SEVENTH CHAPTER Wherefore Rests are put in the Counter-point THe placing of Rests in a Counterpoint is for many causes tollerated 1 To auoide difficulty For whilst two parts of a song or more are so fitted together that it is hard to fit the other parts we set Rests for so long till that difficultie cease 2 To auoide Fict Voices and the forbidden Interuals 3 To distinguish two perfect Concords which cannot mutually follow one another vnlesse a Note or pause come betwixt 4 For the making of Signes Now a signe is the successiue distribution of one and the same Close in the beginning or any other place by diuers parts of a Song Or it is the repetition of the same Close in diuers parts of the song thus Discantus Tenor. Bassus 5 Rests are admitted for taking breath least by the swiftnesse of the Song either the Singer might be out of breath or breed confusion by taking his breath at vnfit times 6 That the Intrinsecall signes and markes of Musicall degrees consisting in their perfection may be perceiued For a perfect Mood is inwardly noted by a rest of 3. times A perfect time by 2. Semibreefe Rests placed with a Semibreefe as before is said in the fift Chapter of the second booke 7 Because of the many parts of a song For when a song goes with more parts than foure it is necessary that some Rest whilst others sing least the sweetnesse be dulled either by the too much prolonging of the Voices or by the vnelegant commixtion of Concords and so the Consort seeme rather to make a noyse then a Concordant sound THE EIGHT CHAPTER Of the diuers fashions of singing and of the Ten Precepts for Singing EVery man liues after his owne humour neither are all men gouerned by the same lawes and diuers Nations haue diuers fashions and differ in habite diet studies speech and song Hence is it that the English doe carroll the French sing the Spaniards weepe the Italians which dwell about the Coasts of Ianua caper with their Voyces the other barke but the Germanes which I am ashamed to vtter doe howle like Wolues Now because it is better to breake friendship than to determine any thing against truth I am forced by truth to say that which the loue of my Countrey forbids me to publish Germany nourisheth many Cantors but few Musitians For very few excepting those which are or haue been in the Chappels of Princes doe truely know the Art of Singing For those Magistrates to whom this charge is giuen doe appoint for the gouernment of the Seruice youth Cantors whom they choose by the shrilnesse of their Voyce not for their cunning in the Art thinking that God is pleased with bellowing and braying of whom we read in the Scripture that he reioyceth more in sweetnes than in noyse more in the affection than in the Voice For whē Salomon in the Canticles writeth that the voice of the church doth sound in the eares of Christ hee doth presently adioyne the cause because it is sweet Therefore well did Baptista Mantuan that moderne Virgil inueigh euery puffed vp ignorant bellowing Cantor saying Cur tantis delubra Boum mugitibus imples Tu ne Deum tali credis placare tumultu Whom the Prophet ordained should be praised in Cymbals not simply but well sounding Of the Ten Precepts necessary for euery Singer BEing that diuers men doe diuersly abuse themselues in Gods praise some by mouing their body vndecently some by gaping vnseemely some by changing the vowels I thought good to teach all Cantors certaine Precepts by which they may erre lesse 1 When you desire to sing any thing aboue all things marke the Tone and his Repercussion For he that sings a Song without knowing the Tone doth like him that makes a syllogisme without Moode and Figure 2 Let him diligently marke the Scale vnder which the Song runneth least he make a Flat of a Sharpe or a Sharpe of a Flat 3 Let euery Singer conforme his voyce to the words that as much as he can he make the Concent sad when the words are sad merry when they are merry Wherein I cannot but wonder at the Saxons the most galiant people of all Germany by whose furtherance I was both brought vp and drawne to write of Musicke in that they vse in their funerals an high merry and ioconde Concent for no other cause I thinke than that either they hold death to be the greatest good that can befall a man as Valerius in his fift Booke writes of Cleabis and Biton two brothers or in that they beleeue that the soules as it is in Macrobius his second Booke De somnio Scip. after this body doe returne to the original sweetnes of Musicke that is to heauen Which if it be the cause we may iudge them to be valiant in contemning death and worthy desirers of the glory to come 4 Aboue all things keepe the equalitie of measure For to sing without law and measure is an offence to God himselfe who hath made all things well in number weight and measure Wherefore I would haue the Fasterly Franci my countrey-men to follow the best manner and not as before they haue done sometime long sometime to male short the Notes in Plain-song but take example of the noble Church of Herbipolis their head wherin they sing excellently Which would also much profit and honour the Church of Prage because in it also they make the Notes sometimes longer sometime shorter than they should Neither must this be omitted which that loue which we owe to the dead doth require Whose Vigils for so are they commonly called are performed with such confusion hast and mockery I know not what fury possesseth the mindes of those to whom this charge is put ouer that neither one Voyce can be distinguished from another nor one sillable from another nor one verse sometimes throughout a whole Psalme from another An impious fashion to be punished with the seuerest correction Think you that God is pleased with such howling such noise such mumbling in