creature_n see_v eat_v sleep_v avoyd_v know_v danger_n the_o plant_n grow_v upright_o bring_v forth_o leave_v and_o fruit_n in_o due_a season_n so_o do_v it_o work_v by_o itself_o in_o the_o intellectual_a creature_n when_o man_n move_v himself_o unto_o do_v by_o the_o direction_n of_o true_a reason_n and_o the_o unrestrained_a and_o free_a choice_n of_o the_o will_n natural_a thing_n do_v work_v by_o accident_n when_o the_o instinct_n of_o nature_n be_v suppress_v or_o divert_v the_o intellectual_a creature_n work_v by_o accident_n when_o the_o judgement_n of_o reason_n be_v erroneous_a and_o the_o choice_n of_o the_o will_n carry_v by_o a_o previall_a overrule_a power_n and_o all_o these_o do_v fall_v out_o in_o case_n where_o nature_n meet_v with_o defection_n the_o understanding_n be_v possess_v with_o ignorance_n or_o the_o will_v hale_v by_o the_o naughtiness_n of_o corruption_n and_o violence_n of_o temptation_n last_o the_o secret_a providence_n of_o god_n which_o the_o heathen_a call_v fortune_n make_v the_o creature_n work_v by_o accident_n in_o all_o case_n when_o he_o work_v against_o mean_n as_o he_o do_v when_o he_o bring_v the_o people_n through_o the_o red_a sea_n exodus_fw-la the_o 14._o and_o as_o he_o do_v in_o all_o miracle_n or_o when_o man_n intend_v one_o thing_n but_o another_o thing_n come_v to_o pass_v of_o this_o we_o have_v a_o example_n in_o the_o 45._o of_o genesis_n and_o 5._o vers_fw-la &_o 37._o &_o 27._o verse_n in_o this_o place_n they_o be_v say_v to_o sell_v joseph_n because_o they_o will_v be_v rid_v of_o he_o and_o in_o that_o joseph_n say_v god_n send_v he_o into_o egypt_n to_o preserve_v their_o life_n they_o be_v the_o efficient_a cause_n of_o their_o own_o preserve_n when_o they_o sell_v joseph_n but_o yet_o by_o accident_n through_o god_n secret_a providence_n that_o wrought_v contrary_a to_o their_o intent_n the_o jew_n likewise_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o christ_n glory_n and_o man_n salvation_n when_o they_o deliver_v he_o to_o death_n but_o yet_o by_o accident_n because_o god_n himself_o do_v create_v light_n out_o of_o darkness_n and_o make_v their_o evil_a intention_n serve_v unto_o that_o good_a there_o be_v many_o example_n wherein_o we_o find_v that_o the_o efficient_a cause_n do_v work_v on_o this_o manner_n but_o these_o be_v enough_o for_o this_o present_a the_o efficient_a do_v work_v physical_o morral_o this_o distinction_n be_v receive_v in_o all_o the_o logic_n school_n and_o be_v of_o frequent_a use_n in_o the_o question_n touch_v sanctification_n and_o the_o actual_a motion_n of_o grace_n in_o man_n conversion_n the_o reader_n may_v find_v it_o in_o suarez_n opusc_fw-la 1._o lib._n 3._o cap._n 10._o no._n 1._o and_o in_o many_o other_o place_n a_o physical_a operation_n be_v a_o real_a influence_n into_o the_o effect_n we_o have_v a_o example_n of_o this_o in_o man_n creation_n he_o form_v he_o and_o that_o of_o the_o dust_n and_o pour_v life_n into_o he_o all_o these_o be_v real_a influence_n of_o this_o kind_n be_v the_o bvilder_n of_o the_o tower_n of_o babel_n they_o make_v brick_n and_o rear_v a_o build_n with_o brick_n and_o stone_n of_o this_o sort_n be_v all_o workman_n that_o labour_v with_o their_o hand_n and_o tool_n the_o strength_n of_o nature_n do_v immediate_o flow_v into_o the_o thing_n that_o be_v wrought_v make_v a_o real_a and_o sensible_a change_n in_o the_o matter_n where_o on_o they_o work_v a_o moral_a work_n be_v a_o motion_n offer_v to_o the_o understanding_n and_o serve_v to_o allure_v and_o draw_v it_o on_o with_o reason_n and_o persuasion_n of_o this_o kind_n be_v be_v all_o such_o thing_n as_o be_v object_v to_o the_o understanding_n as_o namely_o the_o testimony_n of_o god_n and_o man_n by_o command_v forbid_a promise_a threaten_a persuade_v therefore_o so_o often_o as_o we_o find_v any_o of_o these_o attribute_v to_o god_n or_o man_n we_o be_v to_o know_v that_o then_o they_o be_v efficient_a cause_n that_o work_v moral_o ramus_n do_v call_v testimony_n exhortation_n commandment_n etc._n etc._n inartificiall_a argument_n because_o they_o argue_v not_o of_o their_o own_o force_n but_z by_o the_o authority_n of_o he_o that_o do_v testify_v but_o this_o be_v altogether_o unfit_o speak_v for_o inartificiall_a and_o argument_n imply_v a_o contradiction_n if_o inartificiall_a than_o no_o argument_n if_o a_o argument_n then_o artificial_a for_o a_o argument_n be_v a_o member_n of_o art_n 2._o these_o thing_n themselves_o be_v no_o argument_n unless_o they_o be_v refer_v unto_o the_o testator_n but_o then_o they_o argue_v as_o property_n or_o adjunct_n and_o otherways_o they_o be_v never_o attribute_v to_o any_o subject_n in_o this_o place_n affirmation_n persuasion_n etc._n etc._n be_v not_o bring_v as_o moral_a cause_n in_o themselves_o but_o the_o causalitie_n be_v refer_v to_o he_o that_o affirm_v persuade_v etc._n etc._n which_o make_v it_o very_o plain_a that_o they_o belong_v to_o this_o place_n or_o seat_n of_o argument_n god_n and_o his_o servant_n be_v the_o moral_a cause_n of_o man_n holiness_n when_o they_o command_v good_a and_o forbid_v ill_a when_o they_o promise_v good_a and_o threaten_v ill_a when_o they_o persuade_v unto_o obedience_n and_o dissuade_v from_o sin_n thus_o our_o saviour_n christ_n be_v the_o moral_a cause_n of_o all_o supernatural_a thing_n when_o by_o his_o obedience_n he_o deserve_v that_o god_n shall_v bestow_v they_o upon_o we_o he_o by_o merit_v i_o say_v be_v the_o moral_a cause_n of_o god_n gift_n because_o by_o his_o merit_n he_o move_v god_n to_o bestow_v they_o and_o so_o much_o shall_v suffice_v for_o this_o distinction_n a_o physical_a efficient_a be_v principal_a first_o second_o instrumental_a this_o distinction_n be_v very_o ancient_a in_o the_o school_n and_o of_o great_a use_n when_o we_o desire_v to_o know_v how_o man_n will_n be_v wrought_v upon_o and_o work_v with_o the_o actual_a motion_n of_o god_n grace_n alvarez_n receive_v it_o from_o thomas_n and_o make_v use_v of_o it_o disp_n 68_o no._n 5._o etc._n etc._n where_o he_o do_v thus_o describe_v each_o member_n of_o it_o a_o principal_a efficient_a be_v that_o which_o work_v out_o of_o its_o own_o power_n or_o form_n as_o thomas_n say_v 1._o p._n q._n 18._o art_n 3._o in_o cor_fw-la a_o first_o principal_a efficient_a be_v that_o which_o work_v only_o out_o of_o its_o own_o power_n thus_o god_n only_o work_v of_o who_o it_o be_v say_v he_o sit_v in_o heaven_n and_o do_v what_o he_o will_n he_o be_v the_o universal_a cause_n for_o in_o he_o we_o live_v and_o moan_n and_o have_v our_o be_v a_o second_o principal_a efficient_a be_v that_o which_o be_v so_o move_v by_o another_o that_o it_o move_v itself_o by_o a_o power_n of_o its_o own_o of_o this_o sort_n be_v man_n mind_n which_o be_v move_v by_o god_n yet_o neverth_n less_o it_o work_v out_o of_o a_o active_a beginning_n remain_v in_o itself_o of_o this_o sort_n be_v all_o those_o say_n in_o the_o scripture_n which_o attribute_v man_n good_a work_n as_o his_o conversion_n and_o the_o like_a sometime_o unto_o god_n alone_o and_o other_o sometime_o unto_o man_n alone_o a_o instrument_n proper_o take_v and_o so_o we_o speak_v of_o it_o here_o be_v that_o which_o work_v only_o out_o of_o a_o power_n receive_v from_o the_o principal_a efficient_a of_o this_o kind_n be_v all_o instrument_n without_o life_n as_o namely_o the_o tool_n of_o a_o carpenter_n or_o smith_n &c_n &c_n thus_o hot_a water_n heat_v another_o thing_n that_o be_v cold_a by_o the_o heat_n receive_v from_o the_o fire_n to_o conclude_v the_o point_n touch_v the_o efficient_a cause_n we_o be_v to_o know_v that_o the_o efficient_a ramus_n ramus_n always_o work_v after_o one_o of_o these_o way_n whether_o it_o work_v alone_o or_o with_o other_o whether_o it_o begin_v the_o work_n or_o preserve_v it_o be_v already_o make_v chap._n viii_o the_o matter_n ramus_n ramus_n be_v a_o cause_n of_o which_o a_o thing_n be_v matter_n this_o word_n be_v often_o time_n use_v to_o set_v out_o every_o bodily_a substance_n but_o it_o be_v not_o so_o take_v in_o this_o place_n for_o as_o thomas_n say_v 1._o p._n q._n 7._o art_n 1._o in_o cor_fw-la the_o matter_n as_o it_o be_v a_o matter_n remain_v only_o in_o power_n or_o capacity_n to_o receive_v many_o form_n and_o therefore_o according_a to_o itself_o have_v no_o be_v nor_o can_v be_v object_v to_o our_o understanding_n 1._o p._n q._n 15._o art_n 3._o ad_fw-la 3m._o in_o this_o place_n it_o signify_v a_o bodily_a substance_n inform_v or_o some_o intellectual_a thing_n answerable_a unto_o that_o a_o cause_n these_o word_n do_v attribute_v a_o active_a power_n and_o actual_a efficacy_n unto_o the_o matter_n whereby_o the_o effect_n be_v produce_v of_o which_o these_o word_n show_v the_o nature_n of_o that_o efficacy_n and_o
the_o manner_n how_o the_o matter_n do_v concur_v unto_o the_o effect_n and_o import_v the_o thing_n that_o so_o receive_v the_o form_n that_o it_o rest_v and_o remain_v in_o it_o this_o we_o see_v in_o a_o house_n wherein_o the_o timber_n stone_n etc._n etc._n be_v frame_v and_o fashion_v together_o and_o make_v fit_a for_o habitation_n so_o do_v a_o piece_n of_o timber_n receive_v the_o picture_n make_v upon_o it_o by_o a_o carver_n a_o thing_n be_v by_o thing_n be_v mean_v the_o effect_n produce_v by_o be_v be_v mean_v essential_o so_o as_o the_o matter_n be_v a_o part_n of_o the_o essence_n viz._n in_o a_o second_o degree_n or_o notion_n we_o conceive_v the_o timber_n etc._n etc._n of_o a_o house_n to_o be_v a_o part_n of_o it_o but_o we_o know_v that_o there_o be_v a_o other_o part_n thereof_o more_o principal_a before_o that_o namely_o the_o form_n &_o fashion_n thereof_o a_o thing_n signify_v a_o individual_a effect_n so_o as_o the_o office_n of_o the_o matter_n be_v to_o bring_v the_o effect_n unto_o asingular_a or_o individual_a be_v thus_o all_o philosopher_n do_v conceive_v of_o it_o the_o matter_n be_v the_o principium_fw-la of_o individuation_n say_v thomas_n 1._o p._n q._n 86._o art_n 3._o in_o cor_fw-la and_o again_o the_o essence_n be_v restrain_v unto_o one_o individual_a thing_n by_o the_o matter_n 1._o p._n q._n 7._o art_n 3._o in_o cor_fw-la we_o have_v a_o instance_n of_o this_o in_o every_o singular_a creature_n peter_n be_v a_o singular_a man_n by_o his_o body_n every_o plant_n be_v singular_a by_o the_o stem_n that_o grow_v up_o for_o they_o enjoy_v all_o other_o thing_n in_o common_a with_o there_a of_o their_o kind_n the_o soul_n of_o peter_n have_v the_o same_o rationalitie_n with_o all_o other_o man_n soul_n no_o singular_a tree_n differ_v from_o other_o tree_n in_o vegititie_n sanctity_n make_v man_n christian_n peter_n sanctity_n make_v peter_n a_o christian_n because_o the_o holy_a ghost_n dwell_v in_o his_o mortal_a body_n this_o argument_n bring_v the_o subject_n to_o which_o it_o be_v attribute_v unto_o our_o clear_a understanding_n and_o it_o be_v of_o singular_a use_n to_o make_v we_o know_v the_o nature_n and_o distinction_n of_o particular_a being_n yea_o of_o absolute_a necessity_n for_o that_o i_o may_v use_v the_o word_n and_o reason_n of_o aristotle_n meta._n lib._n 2._o cap._n 1_o text_n 11_o it_o be_v not_o possible_a to_o know_v until_o we_o come_v unto_o individuall_n it_o be_v impossible_a to_o know_v until_o we_o ataine_v unto_o those_o thing_n which_o do_v not_o admit_v division_n for_o thing_n that_o be_v infinite_a can_v possible_o be_v comprehend_v by_o our_o understanding_n we_o have_v a_o pregnant_a example_n of_o it_o in_o the_o 1._o cor._n 15.39_o etc._n etc._n where_o the_o apostle_n do_v describe_v and_o distinguish_v diverse_a kind_n of_o singular_a body_n and_o say_v some_o be_v celestial_a as_o the_o sun_n moon_n and_o star_n other_o some_o be_v terrestrial_a and_o those_o be_v spiritual_a as_o man_n body_n that_o be_v raise_v other_o some_o be_v natural_a viz_o the_o flesh_n of_o man_n beast_n and_o bird_n and_o from_o hence_o he_o deliver_v the_o nature_n and_o difference_n of_o glory_n that_o these_o particular_a being_n do_v enjoy_v likewise_o the_o holy_a ghost_n revel_v 21_o 18._o etc._n etc._n make_v we_o know_v what_o the_o new_a jerusalem_n be_v by_o the_o matter_n thereof_o the_o example_n of_o this_o kind_n be_v very_o frequent_a and_o well_o know_v to_o every_o man_n therefore_o i_o take_v this_o to_o be_v sufficient_a for_o the_o explication_n of_o the_o material_a cause_n chap._n ix_o of_o the_o formal_a cause_n a_o form_n be_v a_o cause_n ramus_n ramus_n by_o which_o a_o thing_n be_v that_o which_o it_o be_v form_n as_o i_o say_v of_o the_o matter_n so_o must_v i_o say_v of_o the_o form_n if_o it_o be_v consider_v in_o itself_o abstract_v from_o all_o matter_n and_o individualitie_n it_o be_v a_o certain_a thing_n common_a unto_o many_o so_o thomas_n true_o say_v 1._o p._n q._n 7._o art_n 1._o in_o cor_fw-la 2._o under_o the_o name_n form_n sometime_o be_v comprehend_v a_o figure_n which_o consist_v in_o the_o termination_n of_o a_o quantity_n this_o also_o i_o have_v from_o thomas_n 1._o p._n q._n 7._o art_n 1._o ad_fw-la 2m._o but_o we_o take_v not_o this_o word_n at_o this_o time_n in_o either_o of_o these_o sense_n by_o form_n than_o we_o here_o understand_v the_o intrinsicall_a part_n of_o the_o compound_a effect_n so_o say_v suarez_n meta_fw-la disp_n 10._o sect_n 1._o no._n 7._o that_o be_v receive_v of_o the_o matter_n inform_v the_o same_o thus_o say_v thomas_n 1._o p._n q._n 7._o art_n 1._o in_o cor_fw-la a_o form_n say_v thomas_n be_v general_n a_o form_n say_v thomas_n be_v special_a a_o special_a form_n be_v that_o which_o inform_v the_o subject_n but_o itself_o be_v not_o inform_v by_o any_o other_o form_n of_o the_o same_o nature_n as_o one_o colour_n be_v not_o inform_v by_o another_o colour_n 2._o do_v 27._o q._n 1._o art_n 2._o ad_fw-la 1m._o form_n in_o this_o place_n be_v take_v in_o the_o second_o sense_n not_o in_o the_o first_o we_o have_v a_o example_n of_o this_o in_o the_o rationalitie_n of_o man_n and_o vigiditie_n of_o plant_n both_o of_o they_o be_v form_n and_o distinct_a being_n not_o receive_v any_o thing_n from_o other_o form_n of_o their_o kind_n be_v a_o cause_n that_o be_v it_o have_v actual_a exercise_v force_n to_o infer_v the_o effect_n by_o which_o these_o word_n do_v show_v that_o the_o force_n of_o the_o form_n be_v not_o receptive_a nor_o retentive_a nor_o restrictive_a as_o the_o force_n of_o the_o matter_n be_v but_o it_o be_v active_a for_o as_o aristotle_n say_v meta._n lib._n 9_o cap._n 6._o text_n 17._o the_o form_n be_v a_o act_n that_o be_v a_o actual_a determinate_a and_o active_a be_v the_o reader_n may_v see_v this_o matter_n full_o open_v by_o gillius_fw-la col_fw-fr 467._o a_o thing_n be_v by_o these_o word_n the_o essence_n of_o every_o individual_a effect_n be_v attribute_v to_o the_o formal_a cause_n every_o thing_n that_o do_v actual_o exist_v say_v thomas_n 1._o p._n q._n 7._o art_n 2._o in_o cor_fw-la have_v some_o form_n and_o again_o every_o be_v be_v cause_v by_o the_o form_n thereof_o 1._o p._n q._n 51._o art_n 4._o in_o cor_fw-la that_o which_o these_o word_n do_v attribute_v the_o whole_a effect_n unto_o the_o form_n and_o this_o be_v agree_v upon_o by_o the_o learned_a in_o all_o age_n each_o thing_n be_v that_o which_o it_o be_v by_o its_o form_n thus_o thomas_n think_v 1._o p._n q_o 5._o art_n 5._o &_o add_v 3m._o in_o cor_fw-la the_o whole_a compound_n be_v the_o effect_n of_o the_o form_n in_o the_o judgement_n of_o okam_n 1._o do_v 32._o q._n 1._o &_o 2._o light_v c._n and_o this_o sentence_n agree_v well_o with_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o thing_n for_o the_o matter_n do_v finite_a and_o contract_v the_o amplitude_n of_o the_o form_n and_o thereby_o it_o become_v the_o determinate_a form_n of_o this_o or_o that_o individual_a effect_n the_o form_n on_o the_o other_o side_n do_v perfect_a and_o determine_v the_o matter_n and_o bring_v it_o from_o power_n to_o act_v by_o give_v a_o essence_n thereunto_o in_o so_o much_o that_o by_o the_o form_n the_o essence_n be_v termine_v unto_o some_o special_a kind_n and_o thus_o much_o we_o receive_v from_o thomas_n 1._o p._n q._n 7._o art_n 1._o et_fw-la 3_o in_fw-la cor_fw-la q._n 14._o art_n 2._o ad_fw-la 1m._o this_o argument_n be_v of_o necessary_a use_n to_o instruct_v our_o understanding_n in_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o subject_n to_o which_o it_o be_v attribute_v for_o how_o can_v we_o know_v a_o thing_n more_o clear_o and_o certain_o then_o when_o we_o find_v the_o intrinsicall_a primary_n and_o proper_a nature_n and_o be_v thereof_o it_o be_v all_o one_o say_v aristotle_n 2._o post_n cap._n 8._o to_o know_v the_o nature_n of_o a_o thing_n and_o to_o know_v the_o cause_n of_o its_o nature_n we_o have_v example_n of_o this_o kind_n of_o cause_n in_o the_o word_n of_o god_n and_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o creature_n when_o god_n will_v show_v we_o what_o sin_n be_v he_o do_v set_v it_o out_o by_o the_o form_n thereof_o sin_n say_v the_o apostle_n john_n 1_o epist_n chap._n 3._o v._n 4._o be_v a_o vary_a from_o the_o law_n the_o apostle_n paul_n when_o he_o will_v set_v out_o what_o the_o righteousness_n of_o faith_n be_v he_o do_v describe_v it_o in_o his_o epistle_n to_o the_o roman_n ch_z 4._o v._n 6.7.8_o by_o forgiveness_n of_o sin_n the_o holy_a ghost_n do_v yield_v we_o many_o of_o these_o example_n but_o these_o shall_v suffice_v in_o man_n we_o have_v a_o full_a representation_n of_o every_o part_n of_o this_o argument_n we_o
term_n of_o aristotle_n and_o thomas_n be_v more_o significant_a and_o fit_a i_o think_v it_o best_o to_o follow_v they_o of_o the_o essence_n by_o these_o word_n be_v set_v out_o such_o argument_n as_o be_v essential_a unto_o the_o thing_n of_o which_o they_o be_v predicate_v now_o all_o the_o cause_n be_v of_o this_o kind_n for_o as_o much_o as_o the_o effect_n be_v constitute_v by_o all_o the_o cause_n as_o thomas_n have_v teach_v we_o in_o 2._o do_v 27._o q._n 1._o art_n 2._o ad_fw-la 9m._o he_o say_v the_o effect_n be_v constitute_v by_o all_o the_o cause_n that_o be_v each_o one_o in_o its_o kind_n and_o manner_n of_o work_v for_o all_o of_o they_o do_v concur_v and_o bestow_v their_o force_n unto_o the_o procure_n of_o the_o thing_n to_o be_v these_o argument_n be_v all_o comprehend_v in_o the_o 9_o place_n of_o argument_n viz._n to_o do_v chap._n v._o the_o definition_n of_o a_o cause_n a_o cause_n be_v that_o by_o force_n whereof_o ramus_n ramus_n a_o thing_n be_v this_o argument_n which_o we_o call_v a_o cause_n be_v sometime_o take_v for_o every_o thing_n whereupon_o another_o follow_v and_o so_o say_v okam_n 1_o do_v 1._o q._n 3._o lit_fw-fr n._n wherefore_o as_o the_o same_o okam_n say_v 1._o do_v 41._o light_v f._n a_o cause_n be_v take_v two_o way_n sometime_o for_o every_o thing_n that_o have_v another_o thing_n as_o a_o effect_n thereof_o and_o sometime_o also_o for_o a_o proposition_n whereof_o another_o do_v follow_v thus_o far_o okam_n a_o cause_n in_o this_o place_n be_v take_v not_o so_o large_o as_o in_o okamâ—_n first_o and_o three_o sense_n but_o in_o the_o second_o a_o cause_n in_o this_o notion_n be_v also_o take_v for_o the_o thing_n itself_o which_o do_v cause_n and_o sometime_o also_o for_o the_o nature_n of_o cause_v or_o for_o the_o thing_n as_o it_o do_v exercise_v causallitie_n in_o act_n or_o for_o the_o relation_n of_o cause_v a_o cause_n be_v take_v in_o the_o second_o sense_n in_o this_o definition_n wherefore_o a_o cause_n be_v that_o of_o which_o the_o effect_n even_o by_o itself_o depend_v thus_o far_o the_o jesuite_n in_o their_o preface_n unto_o porphyrte_n by_o this_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o ramus_n and_o aristotle_n do_v full_o agree_v in_o the_o define_n of_o a_o cause_n and_o in_o the_o explication_n of_o that_o definition_n therefore_o we_o need_v not_o say_v more_o for_o the_o open_n thereof_o a_o few_o example_n will_v make_v it_o easy_o understand_v but_o we_o may_v not_o do_v that_o in_o this_o place_n lest_o we_o be_v force_v to_o repeat_v the_o same_o thing_n again_o when_o we_o come_v to_o the_o particular_n chap._n vi_o the_o distribution_n of_o a_o cause_n there_o be_v fourecause_n ramus_n ramus_n the_o efficient_a and_o matter_n form_n and_o end_n there_o be_v a_o universal_a agreement_n in_o this_o precept_n also_o aristotle_n make_v they_o these_o four_o as_o we_o may_v find_v in_o the_o 11._o chapter_n of_o the_o second_o book_n of_o his_o postertorum_n his_o word_n be_v these_o there_o be_v 4._o cause_n 1._o that_o which_o show_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v 2._o that_o which_o must_v be_v when_o the_o thing_n be_v 3._o that_o which_o move_v first_o 4._o that_o for_o which_o a_o thing_n be_v he_o have_v the_o same_o thing_n in_o the_o five_o book_n of_o his_o metaphysic_n and_o 23_o chapter_n thomas_n do_v follow_v he_o and_o do_v teach_v the_o same_o thing_n in_o 1a._o 2_o a._n q._n 72._o art_n 3._o in_o cor_fw-la and_o no_o man_n think_v otherwise_o therefore_o i_o will_v descend_v to_o unfold_v the_o nature_n of_o the_o particular_n chap._n vii_o of_o the_o efficient_a cause_n the_o efficient_a cause_n be_v that_o ramus_n ramus_n from_o which_o the_o thing_n be_v efficient_a this_o word_n import_v no_o more_o but_o to_o do_v or_o to_o bring_v to_o pass_v and_o therefore_o it_o signify_v the_o office_n of_o all_o the_o cause_n and_o consequent_o it_o seem_v not_o fit_a to_o be_v give_v unto_o any_o one_o cause_n distinct_o yet_o notwithstanding_o we_o must_v know_v that_o there_o be_v good_a reason_n thus_o to_o call_v it_o else_o the_o learned_a of_o all_o age_n will_v not_o have_v give_v it_o that_o name_n yea_o the_o very_a nature_n of_o it_o deserve_v we_o shall_v call_v it_o so_o as_o we_o shall_v see_v in_o the_o next_o passage_n from_o which_o these_o word_n do_v set_v out_o the_o nature_n or_o office_n of_o that_o cause_n which_o be_v call_v efficient_a and_o signify_v the_o original_n or_o fountain_n from_o whence_o the_o effect_n do_v receive_v tt_n be_v i_o say_v the_o effect_n and_o i_o mean_v the_o whole_a effect_n for_o this_o cause_n do_v join_v together_o all_o the_o other_o cause_n whereof_o the_o effect_n be_v compound_v as_o namely_o it_o bestow_v the_o form_n upon_o the_o matter_n and_o do_v destinate_a the_o matter_n form_v unto_o the_o produce_v of_o something_o that_o be_v good_a and_o therefore_o it_o deserve_v well_o to_o be_v call_v efficient_a the_o form_n do_v make_v the_o effect_n to_o be_v of_o this_o or_o that_o kind_a the_o matter_n form_v do_v make_v the_o effect_n to_o be_v this_o or_o that_o individual_a thing_n the_o end_n make_v it_o fit_a for_o this_o or_o that_o good_a but_o the_o motion_n and_o efficacy_n of_o the_o efficient_a cause_n only_o do_v give_v be_v unto_o the_o effect_n in_o the_o event_n we_o have_v many_o example_n of_o this_o cause_n and_o the_o operation_n thereof_o we_o find_v one_o in_o the_o second_o of_o genesis_n the_o seven_o verse_n where_o it_o be_v say_v god_n form_v man_n of_o the_o dust_n of_o the_o ground_n and_o breathe_v into_o he_o the_o breath_n of_o life_n and_o he_o become_v a_o live_a soul_n in_o this_o example_n the_o make_n of_o man_n be_v attribute_v unto_o god_n therefore_o god_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o efficient_a cause_n of_o man_n the_o office_n of_o this_o efficiency_n be_v place_v in_o join_v the_o form_n unto_o the_o matter_n he_o frame_v he_o of_o the_o dust_n there_o be_v the_o matter_n and_o breathe_v life_n into_o he_o and_o thereby_o the_o form_n be_v impose_v on_o the_o matter_n and_o then_o god_n do_v destinate_a he_o to_o a_o end_n viz._n the_o action_n of_o life_n thereby_o he_o make_v he_o a_o live_a soul_n we_o have_v another_o the_o like_a example_n in_o the_o 11._o of_o genesis_n the_o 3._o and_o 4._o ver_fw-la where_o it_o be_v report_v that_o the_o man_n of_o the_o earth_n do_v build_v a_o high_a tower_n of_o brick_n and_o slime_n for_o a_o memorial_n of_o their_o name_n the_o man_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v make_v the_o bvilder_n of_o the_o tower_n and_o thereby_o they_o become_v the_o efficient_a cause_n of_o the_o whole_a work_n they_o take_v brick_n and_o frame_v it_o into_o a_o tower_n therefore_o they_o join_v the_o matter_n and_o form_n together_o they_o destinate_a the_o same_o unto_o a_o end_n viz._n the_o continuance_n of_o their_o name_n on_o earth_n and_o thus_o much_o shall_v suffice_v to_o set_v out_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o efficient_a cause_n we_o shall_v now_o divide_v a_o efficient_a cause_n into_o the_o several_a kind_n but_o that_o we_o can_v for_o as_o ramus_n true_o say_v they_o be_v unknown_a unto_o we_o therefore_o we_o will_v set_v down_o the_o divers_a and_o various_a manner_n wherein_o the_o efficient_a cause_n do_v work_v for_o that_o be_v well_o know_v and_o do_v help_v we_o much_o in_o the_o understanding_n of_o the_o office_n of_o thus_o cause_n the_o efficient_a cause_n do_v work_v by_o itself_o by_o accident_n a_o cause_n do_v then_o work_v by_o itself_o ramus_n ramus_n when_o it_o work_v by_o force_n of_o and_o according_a unto_o the_o inbred_a fitness_n thereof_o we_o find_v this_o distinction_n and_o the_o explication_n thereof_o in_o the_o school_n of_o all_o age_n the_o efficient_a cause_n say_v thomas_n work_v by_o itself_o or_o by_o accident_n the_o first_o be_v when_o it_o month_n by_o its_o own_o proper_a virtue_n the_o second_o when_o something_o be_v remove_v therefrom_o or_o that_o which_o remain_v be_v hinder_v from_o work_v 1a._o 2d_o q._n 76._o art_n 1._o in_o cor_fw-la if_o we_o join_v okam_n unto_o thomas_n we_o shall_v find_v this_o matter_n full_o open_v a_o cause_n by_o accident_n say_v okam_n 1._o do_v 2._o q._n 10._o light_v b._n h._n be_v that_o which_o work_v by_o a_o thing_n different_a from_o itself_o and_o a_o cause_n which_o work_v by_o itself_o be_v that_o which_o cause_v the_o effect_n according_a to_o its_o proper_a nature_n and_o not_o according_a to_o some_o other_o thing_n which_o outward_o do_v befall_v it_o the_o efficient_a do_v work_v by_o itself_o in_o natural_a thing_n when_o it_o move_v according_a unto_o the_o instinct_n and_o inbred_a disposition_n of_o nature_n as_o when_o the_o live_a
themselves_o for_o thus_o he_o write_v those_o be_v call_v denominate_v which_o have_v the_o appellation_n of_o a_o name_n from_o some_o other_o but_o so_o as_o they_o differ_v in_o case_n as_o from_o grammar_n man_n be_v call_v a_o grammarian_n from_o strength_n he_o be_v call_v strong_a categor_n cap._n 1._o these_o be_v the_o same_o argument_n with_o the_o former_a for_o grammarian_n import_v the_o skill_n of_o grammar_n and_o be_v a_o accident_n because_o it_o may_v be_v and_o not_o be_v in_o man_n it_o be_v a_o formal_a quality_n see_v it_o do_v constitute_v and_o denominate_v a_o man_n a_o grammarian_n grammar_n be_v a_o abstract_n and_o signify_v nothing_o logical_o be_v no_o more_o but_o a_o comprehension_n of_o precept_n if_o we_o refer_v it_o to_o man_n it_o be_v the_o same_o with_o grammarian_n namely_o the_o same_o precept_n literal_o and_o habitual_o distribution_n be_v when_o the_o whole_a be_v divide_v into_o part_n ramus_n ramus_n distribution_n be_v call_v the_o divide_v of_o the_o whole_a the_o gather_n of_o the_o part_n together_o to_o make_v up_o the_o whole_a be_v call_v induction_n when_o we_o say_v a_o man_n have_v two_o part_n soul_n and_o body_n live_v creature_n be_v reasonable_a and_o unreasonable_a than_o we_o make_v a_o distribution_n and_o aristotle_n do_v acknowledge_v these_o distribution_n top._n lib._n 6._o cap._n 1._o but_o in_o a_o different_a sense_n although_o it_o be_v very_o probable_a that_o a_o distribution_n do_v formal_o consist_v in_o a_o axiom_n and_o therefore_o it_o belong_v to_o the_o second_o part_n of_o logic_n yet_o i_o will_v not_o now_o insist_v thereupon_o because_o the_o argument_n predicate_v in_o a_o distribution_n be_v mere_o the_o cause_n themselves_o and_o we_o can_v find_v a_o compound_a effect_n more_o clear_o resolve_v into_o its_o cause_n then_o in_o a_o distribution_n in_o the_o first_o example_n of_o distribution_n before_o go_v we_o find_v the_o matter_n inform_v argue_v the_o whole_a effect_n constitute_v by_o that_o matter_n in_o the_o second_o we_o have_v the_o specifical_a form_n inform_v each_o several_a kind_n and_o argue_v that_o whole_a effect_n which_o comprehend_v both_o kind_n the_o reader_n shall_v find_v this_o answer_n full_o explicate_v and_o prove_v chap._n 38._o etc._n etc._n in_o the_o matter_n of_o a_o distribution_n aristotle_n do_v acknowledge_v a_o division_n belong_v to_o logic_n prior._n cap._n 31._o but_o he_o make_v it_o a_o syllogism_n because_o something_o be_v always_o conclude_v therfrom_o though_o a_o weak_a one_o because_o it_o preâ—umes_v what_o it_o ought_v to_o prove_v he_o do_v acknowledge_v induction_n also_o top._n lib._n 8._o cap._n 2._o lib._n 1._o cap._n 12._o prio_fw-la lib._n 2._o cap._n 23._o and_o by_o a_o induction_n he_o understand_v a_o collection_n of_o all_o the_o singular_n to_o make_v the_o total_a therefore_o he_o do_v acknowledge_v it_o in_o the_o present_a sense_n but_o according_a to_o he_o it_o be_v one_o species_n kind_n or_o form_n of_o dispute_v little_o differ_v from_o a_o syllogism_n for_o thus_o he_o say_v of_o it_o a_o syllogism_n be_v for_o logician_n a_o induction_n for_o the_o multitude_n top._n lib._n 8._o cap._n 2._o second_o it_o be_v a_o instrument_n more_o apt_a to_o persuade_v more_o open_a better_o know_v to_o sense_n and_o be_v common_a among_o the_o multitude_n but_o a_o syllogism_n have_v great_a force_n to_o urge_v and_o be_v more_o effectual_a against_o they_o that_o be_v apt_a to_o gain_v say_v top._n lib._n 1._o cap._n 12._o therefore_o according_a to_o he_o division_n and_o induction_n belong_v to_o the_o second_o part_n of_o logic_n not_o to_o the_o first_o and_o consequent_o a_o distribution_n must_v be_v refer_v thither_o also_o for_o both_o division_n and_o induction_n be_v comprehend_v or_o employ_v in_o a_o distribution_n according_a to_o ramus_n a_o definition_n be_v ramus_n ramus_n when_o we_o declare_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v therefore_o a_o perfect_a definition_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o a_o general_a mark_n or_o badge_n of_o the_o cause_n which_o make_v the_o essence_n or_o nature_n of_o the_o thing_n i_o have_v a_o little_a to_o say_v touch_v this_o four_o seat_n for_o i_o have_v do_v enough_o in_o the_o last_o to_o satisfy_v this_o for_o what_o appertain_v to_o that_o may_v be_v apply_v to_o this_o aristotle_n do_v acknowledge_v definition_n and_o that_o in_o the_o present_a sense_n too_o but_o give_v they_o a_o place_n in_o the_o second_o part_n as_o we_o shall_v see_v cap._n 35._o etc._n etc._n the_o argument_n dispose_v in_o a_o definition_n belong_v to_o the_o first_o part_n of_o logic_n because_o as_o thomas_n say_v 1._o do_v 25._o q._n 1._o art_n 1._o ad_fw-la 2m._o a_o definition_n according_a to_o the_o intent_n thereof_o do_v lâ—aâ—_n to_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o thing_n definea_fw-mi and_o this_o be_v the_o case_n with_o all_o axiom_n whatsoever_o the_o predicate_v in_o a_o definition_n belong_v to_o the_o seat_n of_o cause_n even_o in_o the_o judgement_n of_o ramus_n himself_o for_o the_o predicate_v do_v set_v out_o what_o the_o subject_n or_o thing_n define_v be_v and_o nothing_o can_v do_v that_o but_o the_o cause_n therefore_o a_o definition_n deserve_v no_o other_o place_n in_o logic_n but_o the_o seat_n of_o the_o cause_n upon_o these_o premise_n we_o may_v well_o conclude_v these_o four_o seat_n of_o argument_n in_o question_n be_v superfluous_a because_o art_n have_v give_v they_o place_n already_o in_o the_o precept_n before_o go_v therefore_o we_o must_v not_o seek_v it_o here_o the_o second_o part_n of_o logic_n come_v in_o the_o next_o rank_n the_o second_o part_n chap._n xxix_o of_o disposition_n or_o judgement_n either_o to_o we_o have_v handle_v the_o first_o part_n of_o logic_n call_v invention_n ramus_n ramus_n we_o come_v now_o to_o the_o second_o term_a judgement_n judgement_n be_v a_o part_n of_o logic_n teach_v the_o manner_n of_o dispose_v argument_n that_o we_o may_v judge_v well_o for_o every_o thing_n be_v to_o be_v judge_v according_a to_o certain_a rule_n of_o disposition_n hence_o this_o part_n of_o logic_n be_v call_v both_o judgement_n and_o disposition_n the_o same_o thing_n be_v signify_v by_o both_o term_n the_o substance_n of_o all_o this_o matter_n be_v already_o set_v down_o in_o the_o second_o chapter_n and_o repeat_v here_o for_o the_o benefit_n of_o the_o reader_n there_o be_v no_o great_a difficulty_n in_o the_o part_n nor_o difference_n in_o the_o whole_a from_o aristotle_n i_o have_v show_v the_o consent_n of_o both_o author_n in_o the_o place_n aleadge_v and_o i_o will_v now_o give_v my_o opinion_n of_o the_o sense_n of_o every_o thing_n that_o seem_v not_o clear_a enough_o judgement_n disposition_n these_o word_n be_v use_v for_o the_o same_o thing_n and_o that_o fit_o for_o they_o be_v the_o same_o thing_n various_o consider_v the_o second_o intend_v the_o first_o and_o the_o first_o proceed_v from_o the_o second_o the_o second_o be_v the_o fountain_n the_o first_o be_v the_o stream_n and_o they_o make_v one_o continue_a thing_n the_o first_o be_v the_o supreme_a the_o second_o the_o subordinate_a end_n and_o mean_n unto_o the_o supreme_a in_o that_o respect_n they_o vary_v and_o not_o otherwise_o apart_z logic_n have_v part_n even_o by_o itself_o for_o the_o precept_n thereof_o be_v of_o distinct_a nature_n as_o member_n in_o the_o whole_a and_o therefore_o we_o must_v so_o conceive_v of_o they_o the_o precept_n that_o be_v contain_v under_o this_o name_n make_v a_o second_o part_n for_o the_o dispose_n of_o thing_n do_v suppose_v that_o the_o thing_n themselves_o have_v a_o be_v already_o dispose_v these_o word_n and_o the_o rest_n that_o follow_v do_v contain_v the_o whole_a shot_n or_o general_a sum_n that_o arise_v from_o all_o the_o precept_n belong_v to_o this_o part_n of_o logic_n and_o it_o signify_v a_o join_v together_o of_o distinct_a thing_n in_o a_o orderly_a frame_n argument_n viz._n those_o single_a or_o incomplexed_a term_n whereof_o we_o speak_v in_o the_o former_a part_n judge_n judgement_n be_v a_o act_n of_o the_o understanding_n whereby_o we_o determine_v in_o ourselves_o that_o this_o or_o that_o be_v true_a or_o false_a this_o word_n set_v out_o the_o end_n of_o those_o precept_n which_o belong_v to_o this_o part_n of_o logic_n namely_o the_o thing_n they_o be_v fit_a for_o and_o the_o profit_n we_o receive_v by_o they_o well_o that_o be_v not_o doubtful_o but_o even_o as_o the_o thing_n be_v in_o themselves_o and_o this_o be_v the_o perfection_n of_o judgement_n this_o first_o and_o universal_a precept_n may_v fit_o be_v express_v in_o these_o term_n 1._o some_o precept_n of_o logic_n do_v teach_v we_o to_o dispose_v argument_n fit_o that_o thereby_o we_o may_v judge_v of_o truth_n and_o falsehood_n clear_o and_o certain_o 2._o these_o precept_n make_v up_o a_o second_o part_n
to_o he_o be_v oppose_v as_o contrary_n or_o contradictory_n when_o a_o general_a affirmative_a be_v oppose_v by_o a_o general_a negative_a than_o they_o be_v oppose_v as_o contrary_n but_o when_o the_o same_o predicate_v be_v universal_o affirm_v in_o the_o one_o and_o not_o universal_o in_o the_o other_o of_o the_o same_o subject_n then_o they_o be_v oppose_v as_o contradictory_n de_fw-fr interpre_fw-fr cap._n 7._o a_o singular_a proposition_n be_v contradict_v by_o a_o singular_a as_o socrates_n be_v wise_a socrates_n be_v not_o wise_a cap._n 10._o perspicuum_fw-la autem_fw-la est_fw-la a_o general_a contradiction_n may_v be_v false_a in_o both_o part_n ramus_n ramus_n a_o special_a contradiction_n can_v be_v true_a and_o false_a together_o in_o both_o part_n aristotle_n have_v the_o same_o precept_n word_n for_o word_n in_o the_o place_n last_o allege_v these_o example_n follow_v will_v set_v out_o the_o precept_n of_o a_o axiom_n contain_v in_o this_o and_o the_o former_a chapter_n 1._o all_o man_n be_v learned_a 2._o no_o man_n be_v learned_a 3._o some_o man_n be_v not_o learned_a 4._o some_o man_n be_v learned_a 5._o socrates_n be_v learn_v 6._o socrates_n be_v not_o learned_a the_o first_o be_v a_o universal_a affirmative_a the_o three_o be_v a_o particular_a negative_a and_o the_o one_o do_v contradict_v the_o other_o the_o second_o be_v a_o universal_a negative_a the_o four_o a_o particular_a affirmative_a and_o they_o be_v oppose_v as_o contradictory_n the_o five_o be_v a_o affirmative_a proper_a the_o sixth_o be_v a_o negative_a proper_a therefore_o they_o also_o be_v contradictory_n the_o first_o and_o second_o be_v oppose_v as_o contrary_n ramus_n call_v their_o opposition_n a_o general_a contradiction_n now_o i_o have_v finish_v all_o that_o be_v contain_v in_o the_o definition_n of_o a_o simple_a axiom_n touch_v the_o dispose_n of_o argument_n in_o the_o next_o place_n we_o must_v see_v how_o truth_n be_v contain_v in_o a_o axiom_n chap._n xxxiiii_o of_o simple_a axiom_n necessary_o true_a in_o common_a in_o the_o 30._o chapter_n before_o go_v all_o axiom_n be_v say_v to_o contain_v necessary_a or_o contingent_a truth_n or_o falsehood_n and_o thereby_o be_v employ_v that_o truth_n be_v contain_v in_o they_o various_o even_o according_a unto_o the_o different_a kind_n of_o axiom_n in_o the_o 31._o chapter_n we_o have_v divide_v axiom_n into_o simple_a and_o compound_n therefore_o we_o must_v now_o set_v down_o after_o what_o manner_n truth_n be_v in_o simple_a axiom_n and_o thereby_o finish_v the_o precept_n touch_v simple_a axiom_n i_o think_v it_o sufficient_a to_o show_v how_o and_o in_o what_o case_n a_o simple_a axiom_n be_v necessary_o true_a for_o thereby_o we_o shall_v know_v how_o they_o contain_v a_o contingent_a truth_n and_o when_o we_o see_v how_o they_o contain_v truth_n we_o shall_v be_v able_a to_o judge_v how_o they_o contain_v falsehood_n in_o a_o necessary_a axiom_n the_o consequent_a be_v attribute_v to_o the_o antecedent_n 1._o to_o all_o of_o it_o ramus_n ramus_n and_o always_o 2._o by_o itself_o and_o essential_o 3._o not_o only_o to_o all_o alwate_n &_o essential_o but_o alâ—o_o first_o of_o the_o whole_a and_o enterchangable_o we_o find_v this_o precept_n take_v out_o of_o aristotle_n poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 4._o in_o which_o place_n he_o say_v thus_o in_o a_o necessary_a axiom_n the_o predicate_a be_v attribute_v to_o the_o subject_n 1._o to_o all_o that_o be_v to_o all_o of_o it_o not_o to_o some_o only_o at_o all_o time_n not_o at_o some_o only_o 2._o by_o itself_o that_o be_v 1._o as_o essential_a thereto_o 2._o the_o predicate_a be_v in_o the_o subject_n et_fw-la contra_fw-la 3._o it_o be_v not_o say_v of_o any_o other_o 4._o even_o for_o itself_o not_o by_o accident_n 3._o universal_o that_o be_v of_o all_o by_o itself_o &_o as_o it_o be_v in_o itself_o it_o do_v demonstrate_v the_o subject_n first_o in_o every_o part_n now_o we_o have_v the_o nature_n of_o a_o necessary_a simple_a axiom_n full_o lay_v out_o we_o shall_v unfold_v such_o term_n as_o seem_v doubtful_a but_o we_o can_v do_v that_o in_o this_o place_n for_o here_o we_o speak_v of_o they_o in_o a_o universal_a notion_n abstract_v from_o all_o special_a kind_n of_o simple_a axiom_n we_o shall_v come_v to_o they_o in_o the_o six_o next_o chapter_n and_o then_o we_o shall_v see_v the_o meaning_n and_o use_v of_o this_o general_a precept_n chap._n xxxv_o of_o simple_a axiom_n necessary_o true_a in_o special_a necessary_a simple_a axiom_n be_v definition_n distribution_n i_o do_v not_o find_v this_o precept_n either_o in_o ramus_n or_o aristotle_n express_o yet_o i_o bring_v it_o by_o the_o authority_n of_o they_o both_o according_a to_o ramus_n every_o precept_n of_o art_n be_v a_o necessary_a axiom_n but_o according_a to_o he_o also_o a_o definition_n and_o distribution_n be_v precept_n of_o art_n therefore_o he_o must_v confess_v they_o be_v necessary_a axiom_n the_o principle_n and_o foundation_n of_o a_o demonstration_n be_v necessary_a axiom_n in_o the_o judgement_n of_o aristotle_n poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 2._o but_o a_o definition_n be_v a_o principle_n and_o foundation_n of_o a_o demonstration_n even_o in_o the_o sentence_n of_o the_o same_o aristotle_n poster_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 33._o lib._n 2._o cap._n 3._o therefore_o according_a to_o he_o every_o definition_n be_v a_o necessary_a axiom_n we_o may_v argue_v the_o like_a from_o his_o authority_n for_o a_o distribution_n for_o he_o injoine_v he_o that_o make_v a_o definition_n to_o distribute_v the_o thing_n define_v into_o part_n top._n lib._n 6._o cap._n 1._o and_o in_o frame_v his_o art_n of_o logic_n he_o make_v distribution_n to_o be_v precept_n no_o less_o than_o definition_n last_o though_o i_o have_v not_o their_o authority_n to_o avow_v this_o precept_n yet_o i_o may_v bring_v it_o because_o a_o definition_n and_o a_o distribution_n have_v the_o nature_n of_o a_o necessary_a axiom_n as_o we_o shall_v see_v when_o we_o examine_v they_o chap._n xxxvi_o of_o a_o definition_n in_o this_o chapter_n we_o must_v see_v what_o a_o definition_n be_v a_o definition_n be_v a_o simple_a axiom_n ramus_n ramus_n wherein_o we_o declare_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v a_o definition_n be_v perfect_a this_o contain_v the_o constitute_a cause_n only_o imperfect_a this_o set_v out_o the_o thing_n by_o other_o argument_n also_o the_o first_o be_v a_o definition_n proper_o the_o second_o be_v call_v a_o description_n this_o precept_n be_v avow_v by_o aristotle_n he_o make_v a_o definition_n to_o be_v double_a in_o the_o thing_n though_o not_o in_o word_n he_o set_v out_o the_o nature_n of_o a_o definition_n as_o ramus_n do_v a_o definition_n say_v he_o be_v a_o sentence_n that_o signify_v what_o the_o thing_n be_v top._n lib._n 1._o cap._n 5._o a_o notification_n of_o the_o essence_n and_o do_v explicate_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v poster_n lib._n 2._o cap._n 3._o a_o definition_n thus_o set_v out_o must_v needs_o be_v a_o perfect_a one_o in_o the_o first_o book_n of_o his_o topicke_n and_o 4._o chapter_n he_o have_v these_o word_n there_o be_v something_o that_o be_v proper_a that_o signify_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v and_o some_o other_o that_o do_v not_o so_o signify_v the_o first_o be_v call_v a_o definition_n the_o other_o be_v common_o call_v a_o thing_n proper_a when_o it_o be_v attribute_v to_o the_o same_o subject_n with_o the_o other_o now_o in_o this_o latter_a place_n he_o speak_v of_o a_o definition_n that_o differ_v from_o the_o former_a i_o say_v it_o differ_v 1._o in_o the_o name_n he_o say_v this_o name_n be_v but_o common_o give_v he_o say_v not_o so_o of_o the_o former_a 2._o in_o this_o definition_n the_o nature_n of_o the_o thing_n define_v be_v set_v out_o and_o more_o too_o it_o be_v explicate_v by_o property_n that_o do_v not_o declare_v the_o essence_n and_o therefore_o in_o all_o these_o place_n together_o he_o make_v one_o kind_a of_o definition_n that_o set_v out_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o thing_n only_o and_o another_o that_o do_v so_o and_o more_o too_o and_o consequent_o according_a to_o he_o a_o definition_n be_v perfect_a and_o imperfect_a and_o that_o in_o the_o sense_n and_o meaning_n of_o ramus_n thomas_n teach_v the_o same_o thing_n express_o a_o definition_n say_v he_o be_v either_o perfect_a or_o imperfect_a that_o comprehend_v the_o total_a be_v of_o the_o thing_n as_o it_o be_v constitute_v by_o all_o the_o cause_n this_o express_v some_o of_o these_o and_o divers_a condition_n also_o and_o be_v call_v a_o description_n 2._o do_v 27_o q._n 1._o art_n 2._o ad_fw-la 9m._o in_o this_o place_n we_o speak_v of_o a_o perfect_a definition_n and_o therefore_o unto_o thomas_n i_o will_v join_v aliaco_n in_o he_o i_o find_v cheese_n word_n a_o good_a description_n may_v be_v convert_v with_o the_o thing_n define_v