that Christianity being a system of most wise and holy Maxims perfective of Humane Nature might render it most happy in its highest capacity by making the dictates of a clear Understanding directive of a most compliant Will whose commands might be observed by regular Appetites as some Faculties being commanding and others obeying Powers might all in their proper Sphaeres contribute to Man's happiness by advancing our prime inbred principles as now modelled by Christian Philosophy which having adopted the Law of Nature into Religion might make its intendments more elevated and perfect For the prime Law founded in Nature The prime Law was adequate to the design of making Man happy was so excellent a constitution that the principles of it were adequate to that design of making Man happy and the nature of that Law was Eternal in its substance and so admitteth no variation in time and being the same for ever in its essential parts of which it is constituted So that it cannot be conceived reasonable that Vertue should assume a new nature or new constituent parts but only new improvements in reference to accidental perfection and the nature of Morality as Justice Temperance and Religion cannot be essentially altered but may be newly moulded and advanced by more exact rules of Christian Philosophy The rules of Christian Philosophy do not constitute a new but only improve an old Law more highly to promote the first intendment of Nature instituted in our Creation to put us into a great capacity of Felicity for the Laws of Nature were originally in the first Creation engraven by a Divine hand on the Tables of our Hearts in fair Characters which being defaced are refreshed and as it were re-ingraven in the New Creature by the Finger of God's Spirit the great Engraver and the Scribe of the New Covenant as the Author to the Hebrews hath it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Here God merely out of his great goodness The Covenant of Grace repaired the defaced Image of God in Man being as it were in love with Man the work of his hands made a new and more excellent Covenant with him being that of Grace wherein he repaired his defaced Image in us and restored the corrupt principles of Nature depraved by ill habits and customes in some degree to their native purity and instituted holy methods of Grace to reduce the perverted Oeconomy of Nature to perfection and to Sign us a Pardon of our enormous Crimes by the intercession and mediation of his own Law and to consign us to as great if not greater Felicity then was intended us in our first Creation and that the happy establishment of the Gospel enacted by the Holy JESVS might be preserved God provided in mercy that all his holy Ordinances Precepts Promises and Examples set forth in Holy Writ as so many Sacred Rolls should be recommended from Age to Age to the utmost period of the World Now the Laws of Nature referring to Religion The primitive Law of Piety Justice and Sobriety are not cancelled but reinforced by the Evangelical precepts Justice and Sobriety are not at all cancelled or repealed but reinforced and refined by the more excellent Sanctions of the Gospel and our prefession of Piety to God groweth more spiritual by Evangelical Precepts which is styled by our Saviour Worshipping God in Spirit and Truth in which we ought to pay of Devotion to our Maker in all knowledge and sincerity in opposition to Ceremonial Rites and Hypocrisie and all fond representations of God a most pure Spirit in ridiculous material Forms which run counter to all Reason and Religion and are inconsistent with the perfection of his Essence and the most Glorious Majesty of his Person The Holy Jesus In Prayer we praise God and recommend our needs to his Divine Majesty the great Law-giver hath given us his Commands to lift up our hands without fear and doubting that we may speak excellent things of his great and glorious Name for his Wonderful works of Creation Preservation Redemption and the daily supernatural aids of his Spirit and all Temporal blessings for which we must for ever pay him our duty of Eucharist Adoration and Obedience always resigning our selves by Faith and Patience into the gracious conduct of his Providence humbly prostrating our selves at his feet to be wholly guided and governed by his holy Will And these are many explicatory Instances of the natural Law relating to Religion Evangelical Rules are Suppletories of the primitive Law of Nature advancing it to greater degrees of spirituality as new modelled by more exact Evangelical Rules as so many Suppletories making good the defects of the Law of Nature whose instruments being insufficient to estate us into that Happiness designed us by our Maker in our first Creation God gave us supernatural principles advanced above the ordinary sphaere of Nature and are the object of our Faith which is thus defined by the great Author to the Hebrews 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Faith is a substance of things hoped for and an evidence of things not seen Faith is no shadow no meer notion whose essence is not meerly objective in our Conception And because we may vainly apprehend the object of Faith to consist of Entities never to be produced as they are set forth under divers terms relating to things Therefore Faith is styled by this Great Apostle The definition of Faith a substance of things to come which though now only in possibility and in their Causes yet in due time will be as truly reduced into Act as if they did now according to God's determination subsist in the nature of things And upon this account Faith is named an Evidence of things unseen because it hath a greater evidence then that of Sense which is obnoxious to Error but this of Faith cannot err as it is founded upon a better evidence then that of outward Objects because they being apprehended by sensitive faculties are liable to deception Quatenus nititur authoritate revelantis who is faithful and cannot deceive and infallible and cannot be deceived Faith is a supernatural Grace infused into us by God's Spirit giving a certain and clear apprehension of Divine things Faith giveth a full assent to the Word of God and therefore styled an Evidence of things unseen by the Eye of Sense and Reason too unless enlightned by Supernatural Rays and so Faith giveth a full assent and consent to the Word of God as being of Divine Revelation And although those high Credenda the great Mysteries of the Incarnation of our Saviour and the unity of Essence in the Trinity of Persons and the Resurrection from the Dead are incredible to natural reason which being elevated by supernatural Principles may upon good grounds give a firm assent to any proposition set forth by God who is all Power and Veracity for Faith is a submission of our Understanding to such Dictates as God which is Truth it self hath thought fit to reveal to us and is an Omnipotent
contexture of nervous Fibrils faced with Fat in its outward Surface The Membrana Adiposa is accommodated with many minute Cavities as so many repositories of Fat. and to that intent it is furnished with great variety of minute Apartiments within whose little spaces are lodged many small unctuous concreted bodies which are subject to be rendred fluid as melted by immoderate heat produced by violent motion of the Body And therefore Nature hath most wisely contrived these numerous particles of Fat to be confined within several Membranous Cavities as so many safe allodgments in which it is conserved as in so many proper places wherein the Fat is secured in opposition to â—iquation in case of extravagant motion It seemeth to be a great secret in Nature how Fat is generated Heat cannot cause Fat whose efficient cause is consigned by many Anatomists of no mean Rank to the first qualities of Heat and Cold. As to the first It can hardly be conceived how it should be productive of Fat which I guess proceedeth from Sulphureous parts concreted no ways to be effected by Heat rendring them fluid which is effected by a Colliquating power And all unctuous bodies which are rather condensed by Cold are rarefied and melted by hot Particles So that Cold rather Cold is rather productive of Fat then Heat or at least a very gentle Heat which is a kind of comparative Cold in reference to a more intense Heat doth contribute something to the concretion of Fat made of Oily Particles secerned from the Succus Nutricius associated with the Blood in the substance of many Glands besetting the Membrana Adiposa and thence conveyed to the empty spaces of the Vessels to whose sides the unctuous parts of Fat do adhere Whereupon I do humbly conceive that Fat being attenuated by heat and condensed by cold is only altered by them according to different modes of the Matter as being rendred fluid or condensed which are no ways the intrinsick causes of Fat formed out of the Sulphureous parts of the Succus Nutricius which are liquid as long as they move in company with the Chyme and Vital Liquor in the Vessels out of whose Terminations they are transmitted into the substance of many small Glands as so many strainers of the oily Juice which afterward exudeth into the habit of the Body where it being despoiled of motion in Extravasation gaineth a more solid substance and there being concreted is affixed to the Walls of the Vessels And oftentimes concreted Matter doth reassume its primitive nature of a Liquor when colliquated by unnatural heat or extraordinary motion When the Alimentary Liquor is expended in Diseases it is repaired by Colliquated Fat and thereby these resolved Oily Particles are reconveyed into the Veins and reassociate with the Blood and Succus Nutricius to give a supply to the Alimentary Liquor when expended in Acute and Chronick Diseases which hath been often discovered in Humane Bodies when opened after Death and diligently inspected with curious Eyes In great cetaceous Fish as Whales Porpesses and the like great proportions of Oyl are conserved in numerous Vesicles as so many Receptacles seated in a Membrane not far remote from the inward surface of the Skin and may be called Oleosa in the abovesaid Fish these unconcreted Particles are of the same ingeny with the Fat of Men and other Animals as being of an unctuous inflamable nature A most learned Author is of this Sense That Fat being Colliquated and flowing with the Mass of Blood is unnatural which is one reason saith he why Fat cannot be generated out of the Vital but Nervous Liquor I confess in Diseases when Fat is melted by an over intense heat and received into the Vessels it may be truly called an unkindly Liquor and no proper Fat but when it is originally In solutis Principiis as it were the creamy part of the Succus Nutricius it may be well reputed the Materia substrata of Fat as consisting of oily Particles which though in confaederacy with the Blood yet they admit a secretion from it in the glandulous substance of the Adipose Membrane Caul and Interstices of the Muscles which abound with many minute Glands and I believe there are scarce any Membranes or muscular parts in the whole Body which are not furnished in some degree or other with them And although the Glands seated in the Liver Splene Kidneys and the like are not secretories of Fat but of the Recrements of Bile Urine and the like And the Glands lodged in the Membrana Adiposa Caul and empty spaces of the Muscles are fit Organs to secern the oily Particles of the Succus Nutricius Membranes may supply the places of Colatories as endued with many minute Pores through which Liquors may be strained as having Vessels proper for it and I do suppose the many thin Membranes inclosing the minute globules of Fat may supply the places of Colatories seeing it may be not improbable that the Sulphureous Particles of the Alimentary Liquor moving with the Vital may be strained through the secret passages of the Membranes which may hold Analogy with the minute oily Bodies both in shape and size And I most humbly conceive that these Sulphureous Particles circulating with the Blood are no more capable to be evacuated with the serous Recrements through the Urinary Ducts into the pelvis of the Kidney then the Vital Liquor or Succus Nutricius with which the oily parts the matter of Fat are embodied because the extreamities of the Urinary Ducts do not agree with these oily parts in Figure and Magnitude And farther Fat is not generated of Nervous Liquor This most learned Author seemeth to reinforce his Opinion by affirming that Fat is produced out of Nervous Liquor and no ways out of parts associating with the Blood because in the Dissection of a dead Scorbutick Body he discerned many drops of Oyl swimming in the Blood which could not be the cause of Fat because this person was Emaciated To which I take the boldness to reply That these oily Particles floating in the Blood were unnatural being the product of Colliquation hindring the generation of Fat made by Concretion which cannot be accomplished as long as the oily parts are in motion with the Blood whose heat rendreth them thin and fluid Wherefore it is necessary for the Sulphureous Liquor to be severed from the Succus Nutricius accompanying the Blood by proper Organs which putteth the oily parts being Extravasated into a capacity of Concretion whence ariseth the more solid coagulated substance of Fat consisting of many small Globuls encircled with Concave Membranes which are formed one after another by a new afflux of oily parts Concreted and conjoyned to each other by interposition of many thin Coats and are primarily affixed to the Adipose Membrane as to their great support and common parent This Membrane having a double surface The situation of the Membrana Ddiposa is fastened above to the Fat with
which are lodged backward toward the Extreamities of Flies This choice Composition of wings of Flies and other Insects The wings of Insects are covered with fine Feathers or Down consisteth of thin Membranes covered with fine Feathers or Down beautified with various Colours and accommodated with all sorts of Vessels fit for Life and Motion the last of which is celebrated by various Ranks of curious Muscles and Fibrils seated in the upper and lower Region of the wings as so many Abductors and Adductors Elevators and Depressors drawing them up and down with equal quickness productive of nimble Flight in these pretty Creatures So that the Motion of the wings is fainter or brisker to make less or greater hast according to pleasure and the utmost extent of the Motion of them is acted above a little beyond the Back and below beyond the Belly And I conceive the wings being strained by vertue of their Fibres to the utmost strech in the height of their Motion are almost brought to a Plain only the fore part is lowred a little and the wings being modelled after this manner and brought to a lower pitch their hinder part is carried with somewhat a greater quickness then their former and the Area of the wings doth somewhat dip behind according to ingenious Mr. Hook and after the same manner they seem to be carried back again in a quick Motion to their first Position and the Area is lowred as they tend backward because the Fibres making a greater Contraction do cause a greater Vibration of the same Stem which fringeth the Wing And these Vibrations acted with great Velocity The wings of Insects are carried up and down by Abductors and Adductors are produced by nimble Contractions of Antagonist Muscles the Abductors and Adductors lodged in the wings which move with so much Dexterity and Quickness that they seem to resemble the most nimble Vibrations of the Musical Strings which being highly streched do make numerous motions in a Minute Thus having given some Preliminary Account of the Structure and various Vibrations of the wings of Insects with your leave I shall now endeavour to speak my Thoughts how the flight of Insects is performed which being light Bodies and pendulous in the Air are supported by their Expanded wings resting upon many Columns of a Fluid Body of an Elastick nature which being highly Vibrated by repeated stroaks do give the advantage to bodies of Insects to recoil forward which is very much promoted by their Expanded wings Insects fly by their Wings depressed and somewhat bent backward by Adductors carried downward and somewhat backward by Minute Muscles which may be stiled Adductors whence the Air being Vibrated toward the hinder part of Insects doth by its springy disposition force their Bodies forward with great Agility and afterward the wings being lifted up by the Abductors to relax the Antagonist Muscle to give them the advantage of a repeated Motion and to make a new stroak upon the Air confining toward the Posterior parts of Insects to dispose their bodies to a farther Motion which is produced by the stroaks of the wings moved downward Insects boy up their Bodies by their wings gently moving downward upon Air underneath them and somewhat backward which being acted upon the Air running immediately under them do only boy up their Bodies in a Tonick motion of the wings which is often seen in Insects and Birds as Goss-Hawks Falcons and others keeping themselves in a fixed posture in the Air upon the wing when they endeavour to view their Game upon the Ground And to speak a Period to this Discourse Insects move by repeated down and back repeated jirks of their wings somewhat resembling the back stroaks of Oars upon the troubled water which putteth the Boat forward with great force caused by the Elastick power of that Fluid Body pressing forward upon the violent jirks of the Oars CHAP. XXII Of the Swimming of Fish ANother kind of Progressive is this of Swimming which hath some Affinity with Flying this being proper to Birds and that agreeable to Fish those Swimming in Water and the other in Air and both Mediums agree as Fluid Bodies Birds move with greater quickness in Air then Fish in Water and differ by reason the last is a more thin Consistence whereupon Birds move in Air with far greater quickness than Fish in Water which is a more gross Medium The Instruments of Motion in Fish and Birds are different these being acted with Expanded wings and those with displaied Fins as some conceive which have some Analogy with each other But in truth Fish that are destitute of Fins sport themselves in their watry Element and others holding their Fins still and close to their Bodies by frisking their Tails in various postures do quit one place to gain another So that Fish and Fowl Fish and Fowl have different Mediums and Instruments of Motion in reference to Swimming and Flight have not only several Instruments but also different mediums of Motion the one having a more gross the other a more thin whereupon Birds are clothed with light coverings of Feathers holding proportion with the Levity of the Air to countermand the weight relating to the bodies of Birds thereby giving them the advantage of Motion which is managed with the greater labour of their wings making stronger and more frequent Vibrations upon the Air by whose resistance they dart their Bodies forward Whereas Fish moving in a more solid Medium of water Fish having heavy bodies move in a more solid medium then Air. more commensuate in weight to the bodies of Fish are more easily carried as being supported by a Medium of greater consistence by the stroaks of the Tails of Fish to push their Bodies forward after the manner of Levers whence it may be consequently inferred that Swimming Animals might be the better treated under the Surface of Water and sport themselves backward and forward and up and down within its fluid Territories it is requisite that Animals conversing in this Chrystalline Element should very much correspond with it in parity of weight The weight of the water in which Fish swim doth somewhat balance the weight of Fish that the Gravity of the one might somewhat balance the other in a kind of aequipondium else if the Fish be much more Light than Water they would hardly contain themselves within its over-weighty Body And if they were too ponderous they would not be capable of Motion without very much strugling which would lessen the pleasure of their passage from place to place to support themselves with Aliments in order to their preservation Vesicles of Air seated in the lower venter do help to bear up Fish in Water Wherefore it is wisely disposed by Nature in Carps Pikes Tench and the like and in most Fish that Vesicles big with Air should be lodged in the lower Apartiments to the end their overmuch weight should be boied up by light
substance of it An Oedema is a white soft Indolent Swelling An Oedema is caused by an indigested Chyme seated very often in the Limbs caused by reason of ill Sanguification proceeding from a Phlegmatick Matter an indigested Chyle associated with the Purple Liquor which giveth a trouble to Nature seeing it cannot be assimilated into Blood and so improper for Nutrition which being impelled out of the Terminations of the Arteries into the Interstices of the Muscles where it is lodged by reason of its great thickness as not being able to be admitted into the Orifices of the Veins whereupon the habit of the Body is distended causing a great Tension and Stiffness in the parts affected which being near akin to an Anasarca hath the same Indications and Cure recited in the discourse of the Leucophlegmatia A Student in Philosophy being affected with an Ascitis and Timpanites was restored out of a Quartan Ague unto perfect Health and afterward being unmindful of his former Distemper applied himself to his Studies and led a Sedentary Life and thereupon fell into a great difficulty of Breathing derived from a gross Mass of Blood impelled out of the Pulmonary Artery into the substance of the Lungs receiving frequent draughts of Air to inspire the Mass of Blood with fine Volatil Particles to promote its Circulation by the Pulmonary Veins into the left Chamber of the Heart and within a very short space this gross Mass of Blood was carried down by the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta into the Iliack Branch and so into the Muscles of the Thighs which were much swelled with this pituitous Mass of Blood not lodged only in the empty spaces of the Muscles but also in the Minute Glands of the Skin very much swelled in Oedematous Tumours and Anasarca's which very much resemble one another both in Pathology and in Pharmaceuticks A Scirrhus is a hard Indolent Tumour taking its rise from gross Blood A Scirrhus is caused by a gross indurated serous of pituitous Liquor or from a thick Lintous Humour mixed with the Vital Liquor transmitted into the habit of the Body where the more thin and watry Particles being Evaporated the gross parts of the Blood do communicate a hardness to the distended Fleshy parts which may also arise from gross Humours settled in the habit of the Body consisting of Saline Earthy Particles which are disposed for Concretion In order to the Cure of a Scirrhus two Indications do offer themselves the Indicative and Curative The first hath relation to the Antecedent Cause the gross Mass of Blood resident in Scorbutick habits of Body which are to be Cured by Purgatives Antiscorbuticks Diureticks and Chalybeats so that the more gross parts of the Peccant Matter being carried off by Catharticks the more thin may be discharged by Diureticks and the Fermentation of the Blood may be renewed by Chalybeats As to the Curative Indication of a Scirrhus derived from the continent Cause of gross Humours settled and indurated in the empty spaces of the Muscles it doth denote Emollient and Moistning Medicines which must be applied again and again to soften the Indurated parts and afterward gentle Discutients mixed with Emollients may be used else if hot Discutients be first applied before the parts be softned they acquire a greater Induration and the Scirrhus will be rendred more difficult to be Cured A Cancer is a hard round Tumour of a Blew or Blackish Colour A Cancer is a hard painful Tumour like Crabs Claws full of sharp pain beset with many Veins big with a Black Humour resembling Crabs Claws from whence it borroweth its Denomination and taketh its origen from Blood infected with a Malignant Disposition and Venenate Nature This Humour concreteth it self in the beginning not exceeding the bigness of a Pea and afterward groweth greater in Bulk especially if it be enraged with sharp Medicines whereupon it encreaseth in acute hot pains somewhat like the pricking of Needles derived from sharp Vitriolick Particles and the poysonous quality of the Blood grievously torturing the Nervous and Membranous parts the subject of pain in this Disease The antecedent cause of a Cancer according to the Ancients is a Melancholick Humour But in truth the Blood affected with a Venenate Nature while it circulates in the Vessels but when this Poysonous Humour is Extravasated and lodged in the Interstices of the Vessels as not received into the Veins it is the continent cause of a Cancer which is a Black venenate Blood making a Tumour in the habit of the Body tormenting the Nervous parts with severe pains Cancers are of two kinds the one not Ulcered the other Ulcered A Cancer not not Ulcered The first proceedeth from a more gentle and less malignant Mass of Blood easily confining it self within the empty Spaces of the Fleshy parts without intolerable pains as not offering any great Violation to the union of the Muscular and Cutaneous parts The Ulcered Cancer is derived from a most hot Mass of Blood full of fierce Saline and Malignant Particles which being settled in the empty Spaces of the Vessels A Cancer Ulcered parteth them from each other and raiseth a Tumour arising from these sharp Vitriolick Humours corroding the Fleshy parts and Skin whence gusheth out a thin sharp Gleet sometimes mixed with a depraved Blood very offensive to the adjacent parts As to the Curative parts of a Cancer it is so stubborn by reason of its great Malignity that it cannot be subdued by the most powerful Pharmacy In order to hinder the growth of it Blood-letting may be advised as also Decoctions of China Sarsa Parilla and Antiscorbuticks and other Medicines which do cool purge and sweeten the Blood by Diureticks of a mild nature a cooling and moistning Diet may prove very Beneficial and above all Milk and the most choice is that of Asses which being of a serous substance may be easily Concocted without any Coagulation in the Stomach and hath a cooling and moistning quality Topicks in this Disease prove often prejudicial Sharp and hot Topicks are very prejudicial in Cancers especially hot and sharp Applications that enrage the Fiery and Malignant disposition of a Cancer and outward Medicines of an Emplastick Oily nature are very poysonous By reason they hinder Transpiration and by deteining the hot and poysonous steams of the Blood do much Exasperate the fierce Saline Atomes of this Disease rendring it Ulcerous whose sharp Matter doth Corrode the Neighbouring parts with intolerable pains An Ancient Woman a Victualer by Profession being affected with a Scorbutick habit of Body was afflicted with a Cancerous Tumour in her Breast to which an unskilful Chyrurgeon applied sharp and Emplastick Medicines to bring the Tumour to Suppuration which could not be affected but at last ended in a most Malignant Ulcer whose thin Caustick Matter did eat away her Breast and penetrating the Intercostal Muscles into the Thorax did destroy the Noble parts whereupon this devouring Disease gave
the Saline and are kept in a state of Mediocrity or Maturity The cause of sweet Tastes proceedeth from sweet oily parts evident in ripe Fruits which is conspicuous in well ripened Fruits which being of a Vinous nature have divers Periods and Intermedial Steps before they arrive their Maturity Fruits in their greatest degrees of Crudity and Fixation Insipid tastes arise out of fixed oily indigested parts have their Sulphureous parts so gross and depressed that they have a kind of sticky and insipid taste in their first Production but afterward though by degrees the Oily parts are somewhat exalted yet they are depressed by Saline causing an Acidity which afterward is much alaied by the Vinous Oily Particles growing more exalted and in conclusion acquire a sweetness and delicacy of Taste as appeareth in Fruits perfectly ripened But a more rich unctuous and nourishing Sweetness The unctuous sweetness is derived from sweet oily well tempered Particles is derived from sweet and oily well tempered Particles having the power over the Saline this sweetness is eminent in delicious Aliment highly Nutritive as in sweet Flesh Fat Marrow Butter and the like which being well fraught with sweet oily and well Digested parts predominant over the other Elementary Bodies do render them very grateful to the Taste Soureness relating to Taste springeth from Saline parts Soure Tastes flow from Saline parts overpowring the Oily overacting the Sulphureous which evaporating in Vinous Liquors the Saline grow more and more exalted till at last they come to a Fluor and Wine Sider and the like loosing their Oily Volatil Particles do grow more and more Green and Acid and at last degenerate into Vineger And as Sweetness hath its rise from the predominancy of Oily Particles The pleasant Taste of sweet and soure may be deduced from oily and saline parts equally mixed and Soureness from Saline so there is a mixed pleasant Taste compounded of Sweet and Soure brought to a Mediocrity proceeding from Oily and Saline parts equally mixed so that one of them is not at all exalted above another and this taste in Wine is called by Italians Dulce Pickante and Multo Delicato and Gustevole which courteth our Taste with Pleasure and Delight And as there is a sweet Taste made of sweet Oily parts and soure of Saline having the superiority and also a mixed Taste made of Oily and Saline parts Rancid tastes are derived from innate rank Oâ—ly Particles well and equally embodied so there is a Rancid Taste either springing from a Primogeneal Rancid Oil extracted out of Galbanum Sagapenum and the like or from secondary degenerate Oyl where the sweet and thinner parts are exhaled and the gross and faetide remain as in Oyl excted out of Olives or Almonds Or when the purer Volatil Oyl is first drawn out by a soft heat and afterward the more gross and rancid commonly called the Empyreuma because it is forced up by most intense and violent heat of the Fire Another kind of insipid Taste Insipid tastes come from few saline and oily Parts as in simple destilled Waters c. is either produced by the defect or paucity of Elementary Principles productive of Taste as in fair and some destilled simple Waters impraegnated with very few Saline and Sulphureous Particles and in Phlegm and the Caput Mortuum which are wholly destitute of Active Principles Or also an insipid Taste may come from its Elements immersed in too great a proportion of Crude Faeces so that they cannot exert themselves as when the Salt and Oily parts are bound up in the Caput Mortuum of some Minerals and Stones so that though they be beaten to Powder yet they cannot at all affect the Tongue with any gust whatsoever Thirdly Insipid tastes flowing from crude Sulphur and fixed Salt An insipid Taste may be derived from a gross crude Sulphur and fixed Salt whereupon the Spirituous parts are so highly depressed that they can impart little or no Taste as in the first productions of Fruits as Apples Plumbs Grapes c. but afterward the Saline parts being rendred a little more Volatil the Fruits first acquire a Soureness and afterward their Oily parts are more and more exalted till they overpower the Saline and by a due Maturity do partake of a grateful Sweetness in their accomplished Perfection Having after my manner The manner of Tasting wherein sapid objects make first appulses upon the Nervous Fibrils seated in the Coat of the Tongue and are thence imported by the continuation of Nerves to the common Sense preceptive of the variety of sapid objects rudely Discoursed the several objects of Tasting and their various Productions as inwardly constituted of Elementary Principles it may be Methodical in some kind now to express how they are imparted to their proper Sensory seated in the Tongue which I humbly conceive is thus performed The sapid substance being broken into small Particles and mollified and impraegnated with Salival Liquor derived from the Glands of the Mouth communicateth its Oily and Saline Particles through the pores of the outward Membrane of the Tongue making Appulses upon the Nervous Fibrils implanted into it and from thence are carried by the continuation of Nerves into the common Sense judging and determining the outward sensible Objects which do not only make impressions upon the outward Sensory as they are inwardly constituted of Elementary Principles but also give various stroaks upon the Organs of Sensation Divers objects of Tasting are differenced by Schematisms according to their different Schematisms consisting in divers Shapes and Sizes so that the Salts the various causes of Tastes being extracted out of the simple family of Vegetables Minerals and Animals marvellously declare the Wisdom of the Omnipotent Creator in speaking the great variety of Nature clearly represented in the different and beautiful Aspects of Salts wherein we may see and admire different elegant Figures of Cubes Pyramides Cylinders Trigons Prismes and an innumerable variety of Trapezia Rhombi c. as the admirable Sportings of Nature and the Heralds of divers Tempers and Vertues relating to different Inanimate and Animate Beings Whereupon I conceive with some probability that the several distinctions of Tastes may be deduced from the various shapes and magnitudes of Salts drawn out of Vegetables Minerals and Animals Sweetness may be derived from the round Figure and well proportioned magnitude of Saline Particles And a Stiptick Soureness such as in green Fruits from a large Figure and acidity from an acute Conick crooked Figure and a sharp hot Taste as in Spices is borrowed from a slender Angular and Saltness from an Angular distorted Figure consisting of equal sides And Bitterness may be deduced from a small distorted and round shape Bitterness may be derived from a little distorted round Figure But perhaps to derive the several objects of Tasting from various determinate Figures and Magnitudes may seem more Curious then Rational And it carrieth with it
dry the immediate subject of Thirst And there are divers Dispositions The first disposition rendring the subject capable of Thirst is the acuteness of the Nervous Fibrils which render this Subject capable of Thirst The first is its acute Sense as being a large Membranous Compage made up of great variety of Nervous Fibrils freely drawn out by Nature and close struck and rarely interwoven and because they have various Ranks running above and below long-ways cross-ways and obliquely so that every way this rare Contexture is garnished with numerous Filaments the subjects of quick Sensation The second natural qualification of this Membrane the seat of Thirst The second quality of the Membrane the seat of Thirst is to be affected with moisture is to be endued with Moisture both in its Ambient parts and in its more inward Penetrals which is very conducive to the happy constitution and repose of the subject of Thirst which groweth peevish and disordered when destitute of its due Liquor which being defective from without is supplied within with natural Fontanels the numerous Salival Glands in the Mouth and neighbouring parts to water the Membranes encompassing the Tongue Palate Throat and Gulet The third condition qualifying the Membranes liable to Thirst The third condition of Thirst is the driness of the Membrane the subject of Thirst is the natural inclination they have to suffer Driness caused by the neighbourhood of the Heart and Aorta parts always in Motion and heat and the frequent ejection of hot fuliginous Vapours out of the Bronchia and Aspera Arteria with the expired Air and by its perpetual access into the subject of Thirst parching it with the hot steams and flame of Life and besides all this the Stomach being emptied of its Alimentary Liquor is rendred dry which is afterward communicated to the Gulet and Throat These several causes are productive of driness in the Tongue Palate and the rest leaving them sensible of a rough disposition which nature endeavoureth to alleviate by the reception of fluid and moist Particles The fourth requisite putting the faculty of Thirst into act is the tender and delicate constitution of its Subject whose frame is made up of many Nervous Filaments full of exquisite Sense which is easily discomposed upon the least disorder of Driness by reason it is the natural temper of the Membranes relating to Thirst to be superficially besprinkled and inwardly softned with Moisture which being altered by the withdrawing of Liquid Particles or their consumption by Heat the aggrieved faculty groweth impatient and resenteth its disposition of Driness and representeth its case by an appeal made to the superior court of the Understanding and Will who give their Commands to inferior Agents as so many Officers of lower Degree to supply the needs of the Tongue Palate Throat and Gulet which speedily giveth ease and pleasure Thirst hath more or less steps to greater or less Intenseness as it is hightned or lowred by the different degrees of Drought affecting the Membranes of the Faculty flowing either from the Evacuation of the natural fountains of Salival Liquor seated in and about the Mouth moistning the Coats belonging to the faculty of Thirst or from the vehement drying heat of the neighbouring parts The subject of Thirst The first discomposure of the Membrane the seat of Thirst is from â—â—s driness and roughess is obnoxious to divers Disorders First Because it is a fine Contexture framed of delicate Minute Nerves whereupon it is highly discomposed by Roughness and Driness which importeth an unnatural sensation and touch to the Membranes of the Mouth and neighbouring parts disordered by an uncouth hardness and Asperity Secondly The second diaffection of the subject of Thirst is Stiffness proceeding from violent heat The subject of this Faculty looseth its pliableness by reason of Drought whence the Membranes of the Mouth grow stiff and uneasie to the Tongue in giving a check to its repose and freedom of Motion Thirdly The subjects of Thirst the Coats of the Mouth are sometimes so parched with violent heat of Malignant Fevers that they grow rigid and uncapable of Extension cracking into Chinks and Furrows and are also besmeared with a clammy Matter spued out of the Salival Glands by their Excretory Vessels upon the surface of the Tongue and Mouth where the Viscid Matter growing more Indurated is afterward accreted to the Membranes appertaining to Thirst sometimes huing them with Pale and Yellow othertimes with Brown and Black as so many dismal Characters speaking the great prevarications of our Tongue and Palate giving us the opportunity of sad reflexions upon our Guilt in the glass of our Sufferings I will close this Discourse with the Causes productive of Thirst of which some are Primary and far fetched and others more near and Immediate The first cause of Thirst may be fetched from the heat of the Blood The first may be borrowed from violent heat of the Blood having constant recourse to the Membranes the seats of Thirst which taketh its birth from a great Ebullition in Putrid Fevers flowing from opposite Elements which being in high contest with each other are not easie to be reconciled under one Chain of Mixtion whereupon the Blood doth tend to Putrefaction always accompanied with Effervescence a cause generative of Drought which is also derived from the smoaky steams of the Vital Flame when highly acted with violent Motion passing through the Branches of the Bronchia into the common Channel of the Aspera Arteria and from thence into the Cavity of the Mouth which it affecteth with driness of which Thirst is an immediate Resentment represented by the continuation of Nerves as so many instruments of Sensation The second Cause of Thirst The second cause of Thirst may be derived from want of moisture is the defect of Liquor issuing out the Salival Glands as so many Minute Lakes seated in the Tongue Palate Lips Ears and internal parts of the Mandibles which are appointed by Nature to moisten and intenerate the Membranes relating to Thirst If the little Fountains be dried up either by some unkindly Heat or by the overmuch detainment of Blood from its natural Course or diverted to some other parts as in divers Cronick Diseases of Dropsies or any large evacuations of Sweat Urine or Stool wherein the Salival Fontanels are drained and the tender Membranous Compage belonging to Thirst groweth over solid hard and dry giving great offence to the Tongue and Mouth Gulet and Stomach whereupon they immediately covet draughts of Liquor as a Boon to gratifie the importunate desires of a querulous Sollicitrix Another cause of Thirst may be an ill disposed Salival Liquor The third cause of Thirst may be an ill qualified Salival Liquor which in its native purity is Thin Watry and Transparent and tinged with no disgustful Quality disaffecting the Tongue and Palate But when this Juice is impraegnated with Gross Saline and Acid Particles in confederacy
of Aliment for their Dissolution which being not duly accomplished many Steams arise and being at their own dispose do quit the confines of the Stomach Gulet and Mouth and embody with the Air to which these Vapours are near akin and these Effluvia the causes of Flatulency the Concomitants of the Fermented Particles of Aliment being confined within the narrow inclosures of the Coats of the Stomach do make a body consisting of Elastick parts made up of Air and the steames breathed out of the flatulent Aliment boiling in the Stomach with which different Juices in the time of their Fermentation in the Stomach do enter into great Contests Vapours the Materia substrata of a Flatus by reason of their Heterogeneous Particles productive of great streams of Vapours the causes of a Flatus which may be brought into act after this manner if it may be proper to compare the Operations of Nature with Art as proceeding from Meat colliquated in Drink impraegnated with Ferments as in a due Menstruum whereupon the Compage of the Aliment is dissolved in the utensil of the Stomach after a manner of Shells of Fish Coral Pearl and other concreted saline Bodies are dissolved by Liquors as proper Menstrua in a Matrace whence great store of Steams do arise out of the hot solutions of Concreted Particles which being closely detained do break the Walls of the Vessels and set themselves at Liberty In like manner the Aliment being Colliquated in the Retort of the Stomach by proper Liquors is productive of fruitful steams which would tear the Coats of the Stomach when elevated into a Flatus were they not made of a tough pliable nature whereby the Tunicles may be extended to great Dimensions in which the Carnous and Nervous Fibres are streined beyond their due Limits and do lose much of their Tone and Vigor and are rendred sometimes unable to Contract themselves to throw out these vexatious Combatants unless relieved by hot Emollients and Discutients and also Purgative Medicines some of which do strengthen and others do incite the weakned Stomacick Fibres to do their Office and do make way by opening the Pylorus to discharge the Flatulent Matter into the Intestines And not only the Bilious and Pancreatick Juices The Serous and Nervous Recrements give a trouble to the Stomach Transmitted from the Guts and Flatulent Matter floating in the Stomach but also the Serous Particles of the Blood and Nervous Liquor are turned out of the Extreamities of the Arteries and Nerves opened by Purging Medicines which being opposite to Nature and grating upon the tender inward Coat of the Ventricle do turn out of Doors its unkindly Inmates Purging Medicines do exert their Operation The manner how Purging Medicines do operate somewhat after this manner A tincture being extracted out of Purgatives received into the Stomach doth insinuate its more thin and volatil Particles into the inward Coat of the Ventricle and into the Extreamities of the Arteries and Nervous Fibrils inserted into it which being endued with an acute sense do easily resent the sharp and pungent qualities of the Medicines which are afterward imparted by nearness from the Nervous to the Carnous Fibres lodged in the middle Coat of the Scomach being aggrieved with acid and viscid Matter as the cause of Vapours which being first vented then Bitter and Astringent Medicines are to be taken to strengthen the infirm Tone of the Stomack Nauseousness implieth an Aversation of some troublesome Object Nauseousness of the Stomach and the endeavours of the Stomach in order to Expulsion seconded by the Bustles of the Peristaltick Motion speaking a readiness to Belchings and Vomitings which being frequently attempted without Success is attended with divers ill Consequents by reason the Stomach doth not barely resent an unpleasant Object with great Trouble but is very active by the Contraction of various Fibres to expel some real or at least conceived Noisome Matter which being seated within the Obstructed Vessels or lodged within the Folds of the Stomach or as being of so clammy a temper or so stubborn a disposition that Nature cannot be so far Mistress of her Design as to discharge the Offensive Matter by a various Peristaltick Motion either upward by Vomiting or downward by Stool whereupon the frequent and laborious attempts of the Stomach proving unsuccessful do determine in Nauseousness Kekchings and great dejection of Strength Faintings c. Thus I have Discoursed of the nature of Nauseousness Vomiting is performed by a more strong contraction of Fibres then nauseousness as preliminary to Vomiting which hath some affinity with the other and in a manner differeth from it in degrees as Vomiting is performed by streonger Contractions of the Carnous Fibres and as it were with greater Convulsive Motions of the Nervous Fibrils to free the useful allodgments of the Stomach from troublesome Guests as a great proportion of Salival Liquor indisposed with acid and saline Particles coming out of the Oral Glands into the Ventricle which is also highly discomposed with Aliment superabundant in quantity or offensive in quality as of heavy Digestion or corrupted in the Stomach which is also disquieted by Crudities and acid reliques of Concoction and by acid Recrements spued out of the Termination of the Caeliack Arteries or by Bilious and Pancreatick Liquors protruded by the inverted Peristaltick Motion of the Intestines into the Stomach These various Fermentative kinds of Matter Vomiting proceedeth from objects highly discompâ—sing the Fibres of the Stomach entring into severe disputes with each other do vex first the Nervous Fibres seated in the inward and then the Carnous Fibres of the middle Coat are drawn into consent which commence their motion in relation to Vomiting first in the bottom and near the Termination of the Ventricle by drawing it inward and afterward the Right Circular and Oblique Fibres being all put into brisk motion by vexatious Objects do move more and more upward toward the Origen whereupon the Circumference of the Stomack being first Contracted below and briskly moving toward the left Orifice must necessarily expel the various noisome Contents as so many important Inmates of the Ventricle into the Gulet which highly offended by these troublesome Intruders useth the utmost endeavours of its strongly contracted Fibres to throw them through the Mouth into the wider World Furthermore Vomitings are derived from Inflammations Ulcers and Excoriations of the ulcerous and corrupt Humours troubling the Nervous and Carnous Fibres of the Stomach Vomiting sometimes taketh its rise from great Diseases violating the union of parts and the integrity of the Stomach consisting in Inflammations Exulcerations and Excoriation of the Ventricle derived from sharp Humours or a quantity of Blood stagnant in the substance of it whose serous Particles by a long Extravasation do degenerate and turn into Purulent Matter which breaking by its Corrosive nature the confines of the Stomacick Coats doth gain the name of an Ulcer accompanied with
Aliment as the Feet of Animals and gross Fish as Skait Kingston Thornback Fireflaire c. whose Bodies abound with great store of clammy Matter which being hardly digested in the Stomach produce various streams of Vapours beating against the walls of the Ventricle whose Fibres being assaulted do move inward and lessen the circumference of the Stomach thereby squeezing out the troublesome Vapours and Wind with a hissing noise In order to the cure of Belchings Vomiting and Purging Medicines good for Belchings coming from a foul windy Stomach which take their rise from numerous embodied elevated Vapours constituting Wind in the Stomach it may not be amiss to advise gentle Vomiting Purging Potions and Pills as also alterative discutient and inciding Apozemes and Electuaries to prepare and discharge the crude Relique of Concoction CHAP. XXXV Of the Intestines HAving Treated of the Appetitive Retentive and Expulsive as so many Handmaids to the Concoctive Faculty the Mistress of this rare Utensil of Nature the Stomach in which the Aliment impraegnated with various Ferments and acted with soft Heat doth emit a milky Tincture in the Ventricle as in a retort in Balneo Mariae as encompassed with warm ambient parts and the adjacent Intestines as so many recipients to give admission to the alimentary Liquor and its Reliques Whereupon the Intestines may admit this Description The description of the Intestines that they are long Membranous Tubes variegated with Windings and Turnings and continued from the termination of the Stomach to that of the Body and are ordained for the Entertainment Refinement and Distribution of Chyle and the Reception and Expulsion of the faeces after Concoction is celebrated and the alimentary Liquor extracted The Omentum being stript of the Intestines present themselves an object not so pleasant to the Eye as useful to the Body they are call'd by the Grecians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from Choler Lodged in them and are called by some of the Latines Cordae because Musical strings are made of dried Intestines and by most of the Latines Intestina as seated in the inward Recesses of the Abdomen and are ordered by Nature as Concave and Membranous The reason why the Intestines are made hollow and Membranous that they may be capable to extend and contract themselves according to the greater or less proportion of alimentary Liquor and faeces severed from it that the other more useful Extract may be received into the lacteal Vessels And the Intestines are furnished with various Circumvolutions and Maeanders The cause of the Maeanders seated in the Intestines to give a check to the over-hasty motion of the gross Excrements lest they should slide away too fast before the Chyle is separated from them Their substance is Various Nervous Carnous and Glandulous The substance of the Intestines as it is composed of many Coats made of different Natures as subservient to divers uses wisely contrived by Nature to advance the Interest and Perfection of our Body a universal Organ integrated of great variety of parts ministerial to the lower and more elevated operations of the Soul The first and outward Coat is borrowed from the Peritonaeum The first Tunicle of the Intestines and being thin and Nervous is composed of many fine Fibres rarely interwoven which ingenious Dr. Cole calleth Spiral but in truth as far as I can perceive according to Autopsy are Circular and intersect at right Angles The reason why the first Coat of the Intestines may be named Tendinous the long Fibres seated in the upper Surface of the second Tunicle which being inserted into the upper Coat make a great part of it whence the First Coat may after some sort be called Tendinous from the terminations of the upper rank of carnous Fibres implanted into it And the use of this Coat relating to the Intestines The use of the first Tunicle is as I apprehend for an integument made for the second Tunicle which is more thick and fleshy and is framed of two rows of Fibres one seated under another the upper rowe runneth long-ways all along the Intestines and may be stiled Right Fibres according to their progress as intersecting the lower rank in right Angles and the upper rowe of Fibres are drawn out the whole length of the Guts in parallel lines The Second rank of carnous Fibres The second Tunicle of the Intestines is carnous as made of two ranks of Fibres placed in the lower Surface of the Second Tunicle are Circular encompassing the lower region of the middle Coat of the Intestines and do implant themselves into the Mesentery to which they are subservient as in the stead of a Tendon The use of the two ranks of Fibres The use of the two ranks of carnous Fibres which produce the Peristaltick motion of the Intestines The manner of the Peristaltick motion of the Guts seated in the middle coat of the Intestines is to protrude the Chyle into the extreamities of the lacteal Vessels and the gross Excrements up and down the Intestines till they are thrown out of the Body by the peristaltick motion of the Guts which I conceive to be thus performed The upper rank of fleshy Fibres contracting the Intestines long-ways and the Second rowe circularly do so narrow their Cavities by moving little after little successively that they press the Contents of the Guts from one part of them to another which beginning to move immediately above the Excrements do force them to make their progress step by step backward and forward according to the circumvolutions of the Guts till they arrive their utmost limits The Third Tunicle of the Intestines is nervous The Third Coat of the Intestines is nervous as framed of divers nervous Filaments running several ways and so rarely conjoyned that they seem to make one entire substance this Coat is contracted into many folds and wrinkles caused by its great length in which it far exceedeth those of the upper and middle Coats wherefore the lowest Tunicle that it may comply with the Superior is folded up into many wrinkles This nervous Coat is adorned with numerous capillary Arteries The Third Coat of the Intestines is garnished with many capillary Bloody and Lacteal Vessels and nervous Fibrils The Third Coat of the Intestines may be stiled Glandulous as beset with many small Glands Veins and nervous Fibrils receiving the Eâ—treamities of the lacteal and other Vessels and is invested with the same villous Coat common to the interior Coat of the Stomach and Intestines This Coat is also accommodated with many minute Glands and Nerves springing out of the intercostal Branches and Par vagum so that a Liquor Distilleth out of the terminations of the nervous Fibres inserted into the Glandulous Coat of the Stomach so called as beset with many Glands in whose Cavity it is first mixed with the Chyle whose purer parts being defaecated from its Recrements is afterward transmitted into the Cavity of the
Terminations of Capillary Arteries into the spaces of the Filaments constituting the compage of the Coats investing the substance of the Viscera whereupon they are tinged with Purple Liquor in its passage from the Extreamities of the Arteries into the Roots of the Emulgent Veins The substance of the Kidneys may be considered under a double notion A double acception of the substance of the Kidneys if strictly it denoteth only the Parenchyma which is nothing else as I conceive but an Affusion or red Tincture of Blood affecting the outward surface of the Vessels in its motion from the Extreamities of some to the Origens of others so that the Purple Liquor hath some part adhaering to the Vessels in its progress between them whence the thin red Accretion of Blood huing the surface of the Vessels is the Parenchyma of the Bowels But the more large and comprehensive notion of the substance of the Viscera is a Systeme of many kinds of Vessels The common notion of the substance of the Kidneys integrating the body of the Bowels whose Compage is more or less Dense or Loose as the Interstices of the Vessels are seated more or less close to each other The Kidneys according to their substance taken in a free notion may be stiled an aggregate Body made up of Arteries Veins Nerves Urinary Vessels which do constitute the numerous Glands as Colatories of the Blood The Vessels belonging to the Kidneys of a Humane The Vessels of the Kidneys are different in several Animals do not observe the same order in divers Bodies but in the right and left Kidney of the same have different Origens Divarications and Insertions which is very obvious to the Dissectors which curiously pry into the secrets of these Bowels But the method of Nature is more constant in the Vessels of Bruits which are uniform in these Animals and admit little of variation in their rise progress and termination The Arteries and Veins of the Kidneys The Blood Vessels of the Kidneys are enclosed within a common Coat as well as the Trunks and Branches of the Vena Porta in the Liver are encircled with a common Coat called in Latine Capsula Communis which immureth within its soft confines the more tender frame of the Vessels which it accompanieth in all parts of the Kidneys as being wisely formed by Nature in stead of Armour to defend them from Laceration against outward Assaults and against overmuch Tension in too great a fulness of the Vessels oppressed with rapide streams of Potulent Liquor accompanying the Blood upon great Drinking The Emulgent Artery †T. 10. F. 1. A. taking its rise in one two or three Branches out of the Descendent Trunk of the Aorta †T. 11. f f. passeth to the Sinous part of the Kidney where it maketh its ingress into it most commonly in one Trunk and afterward is divided into five or six Branches which emit more and more Ramulets making fruitful Divarications which accompany the Fibrous parts of the Kidney in their various progress to their Terminations The Emulgent Artery being branched through the substance of the Kidney not in straight Lines but maketh many crooked Divarications in the manner of Arches to hinder the overhasty Current of the Blood as I conceive to give it the advantage of a due Percolation in the Ambient parts of the Kidney and upon that account out of the greater Ramifications of the Emulgent Artery do spring many smaller Branches running in lesser Arches which grow less and less according to the smalness of the Ramulets near their Termination into the Cortical parts of the Kidneys which is made up of numerous Capillaries belonging to divers kinds of Vessels which is the ground and cause of the Percolation of Blood The Emulgent Veins †T. 10. b. also in their Dispensations through the body of the Kidneys observe the same method with the Arteries †T. 11. b b. and do accompany them in forming Arches after the manner of Network and the Branches of the Veins and Arteries being conjoyned according to greater and less Divarications do make larger or smaller Circumferences in the manner of Circles till they land near the inward Coat of the Kidney where they make their Terminations in its red parts And it may be worthy our remark that both the Capillary Veins and Arteries do always associate and intermingle with the Urinary Ducts †T. 11. b b b b b b. which are subservient to the more noble Vessels in point of Depuration of the Blood And the manner how the Fibrous parts are interspersed with the Blood Vessels is somewhat obscure but the Capillary Veins and Arteries may be more clearly seen in their Divarications formed into greater and smaller Arches if the Fibrous parts of the Kidney be gently taken away with a Knife after the same manner as the Parenchyma of the Liver is softly removed and then the greater and smaller Branches of the Veins and Arteries may be discerned in the Kidneys of large Bruits For the more clearly effecting of it this Experiment may be tried of Injecting some deeply tinged Liquor into the Emulgent Artery and then you may discover not only the substance of the Kidney to be Tumefied but also the Injected Liquor to destil out of the Extreamities of the Capillary Arteries inserted into the ambient parts of the Kidney when its Coats are stripped off And to give a more clear account The manner of the progress of the Blood Vessels how the Blood Vessels do associate with each other in the body of the Kidneys this may be observable That the Arteries and Veins covered with a common Integument do in their progress emit many Branches Ramulets and Capillaries which are carried through the substance of the Glands in a Circular manner in which saith Doctor Highmore they resemble the Cells of a Hony Comb and are framed as I apprehend after this manner The Divarications of Arterial Branches and Capillaries making divers Semicircles do meet the Branches and Capillaries of Veins wheeling after the same model with the Arteries and the Arches of Arteries and Veins being united do make many great and less Circles or rather Mashes of Network as they are not perfectly Round but have some Angles or other accompanying this fine Network of the Blood Vessels which is full of Wonder and Beauty The Nerves of the Kidneys The Nerves of the Kidneys are propagated from the lower Mesenterick Plex and from two other Vertebral Nerves which do enter into the Kidneys and associate with the Emulgent Arteries as they pass through the substance of these Bowels and do terminate into the body of these Glands with innumerable Fibres lodged in the Ambrent parts of the Kidneys The prime use of these Nerves as I suppose is to impart a Juice meeting with the Vital Liquor The first use of the Nerves of the Kidneys with which it is embodied in the Interstices of the Vessels
vulgar conceive but happens sooner or later according to various Constitutions of Bodies as they are acted with more hot or milde or a more large or sparing mass of Blood And as to the other Cause of the Menstruous Flux it doth not proceed only from the heat and quantity of Blood distending the Vessels by reason it is not probable that such a proportion of it should be lodged a whole Month in the vessels of the Uterus as is evacuated in one Menstruous Purgation and when persons have died near the time of their Monthly Evacuation upon Dissection their vessels have not been found Turgide with Blood The Monthly Course doth not proceed either from the motion of the Moon or the plenty of Blood alone The Menstruous Flux proceedeth chiefly from the Fermentation of the Blood but more probably from the effervescence of the Blood as consisting of fermentative Particles derived from Heterogeneous Elements causing Disputes with each other whence ariseth a Fermentation so that the Blood being upon a fret as acted with different and disagreeing principles is carried down the descendent Trunk of the Aorta and preparing and Hypogastrick Arteries into the substance of the Uterus Integrated of many Minute Glands wherein the more troublesome and fermentative Particles of the Vital Liquor are secerned from the more fine and spirituous which are transmitted into the Origens of the Preparing and Hypogastrick Veins while the more gross and excrementitious are carried through the Excretory Ducts into the Cavity and Vagina of the Uterus And now I perceive it may deserve our Disquisition to know the Nature of this Ferment making the effervescence of the Blood The disposition of the Ferment producing the Menstruous Flux and whence it ariseth and from whence it taketh its Origen which I apprehend may be probably derived from the fermentative Matter acting the Blood in the Stomach Guts Pancreas Spleen Liver and Glands which being transmitted by proper Arteries into Glands of the Uterus may receive a new access of fermentative Particles which I conceive may be a mucous or serous Matter always found in the substance of the Womb when dissected which being kept in the Glands the space of a Month may obtain a fermentative nature and infect the Blood when it is more freely impelled into the Glands in its Monthly Flux so that the Blood having its Compage opened by the fermentative parts lodged in the Glands is disposed for a Secretion so that the more gross Parts may be more readily received into the Excretory Ducts and conveyed into the bosom of the womb It may be objected That this Conjecture of Secretion of the good from the impure part of the Blood in the Menstruous Flux is gratis dicta as being a fancy of my own without any foundation in Nature to which I take the boldness to give this Reply That Glandulous Substances are Colatories of the Blood in all parts of the Body of Pancreatick Liquor in the Glands of the Pancreas of Bilious humours in the Liver and of watry Recrements in the Kidneys of Lympha in all the Conglobated Glands belonging to the whole Body and of the Secretion of the more Foeculent blood from the more pure acted in the Glands of the Uterus and conveyed by proper Channels into the capacity of the womb And it may be farther urged against this Hypothesis That there is no Secretion made of the bad from the good Blood in the Glands of the Uterus but it is immediately transmitted by the terminations of Spermatick and Hypogastrick Arteries not terminating into the Glands but into the inward Coat of the womb to which I humbly beg the favour to give this Answer That if this be granted the good and the bad Blood will be promiscuously thrown off to its great prejudice through the terminations of the Arteries as having no Secretories adapted to the percolation of Blood But it may be farther urged in opposition to this Hypothesis That the Uterus as well as the terminations of the Arteries is destitute of Organs fit for Secretion of Glands and Excretory vessels which seemeth to contradict Ocular Demonstration in the Glandulous inward substance and the holes of the inward Coat of the Womb and its Neck and Vagina which are all beset with them and without doubt do convey the recrements of the Blood in the Fluor Albus and the Serous parts of it in the time of Coition into the Cavity of the Body and Vagina Uteri which superfluities of the Blood were first Secerned in the Glandulous Compage of the Womb before they were transmitted into the bosom of it Another probable Argument may be brought to confirm this Conjecture of Secretion of the Foeculent Blood from the more fine The Foeculeneies of the Blood are Secerned from it in the Menstruous Flux made in the Glands of the Uterus in the Monthly Purgation is That the Blood thrown off doth not only offend in quantity but in quality too by reason it highly tortureth the Nerves of the Womb with high pains and the Glans of the Penis is often excoriated if Coition be celebrated in the time of the Menstrua which plainly proceedeth from the ill Corrosive indisposition of them fretting the tender Coat of the Glans The Menstruous blood killeth the young Sprouts of Vines and other Plants and being drunk by Dogs rendreth them mad and being received into the Stomach of Man which is very unnatural doth produce the Falling-sickness shedding of the Hair and other Symptoms of an Elephantiasis which clearly evidenceth this constitution of Menstruous Liquor to be very ill as putrifying by Stagnation or mixed with other depraved Recrements of the Blood and is much different from the disposition of the purer part of the Blood and is severed from its Foeces in the Womb which cannot be accomplished in any other part of it but in the Glandulous Substance and conveyed from thence into the Cavity of the Womb and if any learned Person shall think meanly of these Sentiments I humbly beg of him to assign some other Organs of Percolation of the Blood in the Menstruous Purgation and I shall account my self highly obliged to him for my better Information in the interim I humbly beg his Pardon if my Sense prove disagreeing to his Another Question may arise whether the Fluor Albus flowing from the Serous Recrements of the Blood Secerned from it in the Glands of the Uterus may be distinguished from a Gonorrhaea which may be thus resolved That the Fluor Albus as I conceive is derived from the same Substance and discharged by the same Ducts serviceable in the Menstruous Purgations but the Humour flowing in a Gonorrhaea is fetched from other Fontanels from the Glands besetting the Meatus Urinarius by reason the Vagina and body of the Uterus are unconcerned in this Fowl Distemper in which the Postrates adjoyning to the Urethra are chiefly if not wholly disaffected whereupon the Parties labouring with a Gonorrhaea do
Paroxysme invadeth every day often caused by ill Diet producing a great proportion of ill concocted Chyle every day transmitted to the mass of Blood overcharged with hot oily Particles which being severed from other Elements of the Blood do embody with each other causing an inflammation of the Purple Liquor whence its Compage is loosed in some part and rendred uncapable to unite with the crude Chyme as not being broken into minute Particles by reason of its indigested viscide substance whereupon the Heart being highly aggrieved is put upon inordinate Contractions making a great Motion and Effervescence of the Blood endeavouring to discharge its fierce steams through the exterior parts by a free Diaphoresis and plentiful Sweat It may not be altogether improbable Fevers proceeding from a vitiated Succus Pancreaticus that Intermittent Fevers may arise from a vitiated Succus Pancreaticus degenerating into a more or less Acide indisposition according to the time of Stagnancy in the substance of the Pancreas whereupon the more volatil Particles of the Pancreatick iuyce contempering the Acide do lose their spirituous ingeny The Stagnancy of the Succus Pancreaticus proceedeth from the obstruction of the excretory Ducts of the Pancreas leading into the Guts caused by some gross pituitous Matter lining the inside of the First or Second Intestine so that the pancreatick Liquor cannot be discharged into the Cavity of the Guts and thereupon recoileth by many excretory Ducts into the substance of the Pancreas and is from thence carried into the origen of the Veins and afterwards into the Vena Cava and right Ventricle of the Heart where it making an Effervescence doth produce a Tertian or Quartan Ague according to variety of Paroxysms the one happening every other day and the other every Third according to the greater or less Acidity of the Pancreatick Recrements Another cause of Stagnation of the Pancreatick Juyce may arise from its grosness as not being commensurate in its Atomes to the Shape and Size of the extremities of excretory Ducts of the Pancreas whereupon this Pancreatick Liquor is received into the roots of the Veins and then into the Cava and Right Chamber of the Heart wherein this Heterogeneous Liquor mixeth with the Blood and putteth it into a Febrile Fermentation by raising an Ebullition which is quieted by throwing off the hot Steams through the Excretory Ducts of the Skin Of this distemper of Intermittent Fevers proceeding from the obstructed Ducts of the Pancreas Learned de Graaf giveth an account Tractatu de Succo Pancreatio Cap. 2. Obstructionem in Pancreatis ductibus observavimus in Faemina Febrem intermittentem passa in cujus Dissectione per Syringam infudimus liquorem volatilem caeruleum in Ductum Pancreatis majorem ex quo in plerosque Ductus laterales penetrabat dum in perpaucis propter obstructionem sistebatur unde dicto colore inficiebatur ipsa Pancreatis substantia in uno loco non in alio Having given you a short view of Intermitting Fevers proceeding from an ill concocted Chyme transmitted by proper Vessels to the mass of Blood disordering the Heart predisposed with a Feverish disaffection springing from too much exalted oily Particles Continued Fevers have no perfect intermission but only a remission I conceive it may now be opportune to speak somewhat of Continued Fevers which admit no perfect 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 but only a remission and are therefore more dangerous because a hot inflammatory temper is not only made as in intermittent Fevers but also the Mixtion and Compage of the Blood is in some degree loosned as its Liquor is turgent with luxuriant spirituous oily Particles too much exalted whereupon the Elements of the Blood are set much at liberty and run confused in the vital Liquor as not duely confined within the bond of Mixtion so that the Spirituous and Volatil parts of Blood moving to the Ambient parts are breathed out through the Pores of the Cutis whereby the vital Liquor groweth very faint as made destitute of many Spirituous Particles The Continued Fevers are for the most part reducible to Three kinds Three kinds of Continued Fevers The First may be called Ephemera seated in the most subtle and spirituous parts of the Blood which are inflamed by a great Effervescence somewhat dissolving the volatil oily parts of the Blood in the Chambers of the Heart which are moved with frequent pulsations to squeeze out this troublesom inflamed Liquor The Febris Ephemera is often quickly appeased Febris Ephemera as being founded in the thin volatil Atomes of the Blood which do evaporate through the secret passages of the Skin in insensible transpiration and more free dews of Sweat The Second kind of Continued Fevers hath for its Procatarctick Causes a hot and moist temper often accompanied with a corpulent habit of Body derived from luxurious Diet and frequent Blood-letting which highly increase the oily parts of the Blood in the place of Saline taken away whereupon persons accustomed to be often let Blood grow fat as having their Blood filled with oily parts and rendered obnoxious to acute continued Fevers proceeding from the less thin and volatil Atomes inflamed as the natural Crasis of the Blood is perverted by want of a due Ventilation upon the restriction of the Pores of the Skin The restriction of the Pores is one cause of a Continued Fever coming from the coldness of the Ambient Air wherein the hot steams of the Blood are unduely confined within the Body so that the too highly exalted sulphureous part over-pouring the other Elements do somewhat unty the bond of Mixtion and in a great proportion associate with each other producing a great Ebullition of Blood in the Ventricles of the Heart which is stiled by the Antients a putrid Fever A putrid Fever but is now rejected by many because the Blood as long as it is acted by motion cannot well be liable to putrefaction yet in reference to the Adust Oily Particles the temper of the Blood is very much violated and the natural union of the integral parts much infringed highly tending to putrefaction a Continued Fever may be in some sort truely termed Putride and hath divers Steps commonly called Types wherein as in so many Stages the Continued Fever taketh its course and by several Types and Periods as so many intermedial paces of accessions and remissions 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or The beginning of a putride Fever the acute Fever arriveth its 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The first step of the Disease is called by Galen 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the rise or beginning of it which first betrayeth it self in an unnatural Effervescence of the Blood arising from a violent eruption of combined oily Particles communicated by degrees to the mass of Blood and this continueth for three days or more during which time the Morbifick Matter remaineth crude and unseparated from the mass of Blood The Second step or time of a Continued
Linseed-Oil and Sugar and oxymel of Squills mixed with simple oxymel Syrup of Maiden Strong Purgatives are dangerous in a Peripneumonia Liquorice and strong Purgatives are not proper in this disease lest they should enrage the boiling Blood and carry it more freely into the offended noble parts In this case Opiates may not be advised in great watchfulness Opiates are disadvantageous in this case by reason they incrassate the Blood and increase the difficulty of breathing in hindring Expectoration and render the stagnated Blood more impacted in the small Air-pipes and their appendant Sinus in the Lungs Testaceous Powders of Crabs Eies Pearl Sugar of Pearl Salt of Prunel Diaphoreticks and Diureticks are safe and mild Diureticks are very beneficial in this Disease And some drops of tincture of Saffron or Spirit of Saffron Spirit of Tartar Spirit of Niter often rectified with Spirit of Wine may be given in a draught of the Pectoral Decoction often in a day to which may be added in the preparing of it some Flowers of Red or Field Poppy If the pain of the Breast be urgent Topicks may be applied to the Breast in this disease and in reference to help Expectoration Ointments made with Oil of Mace Ointment of Marshmallows Oil of Linseed mixed with Orange-flower Butter may be applied to the Breast with Lawn Paper Some Cases may be given of this Disease As First a Person of Quality An instance of a Peripneumonia a Knight of the Bath was highly afflicted with a violent pain in his Foot whereupon a Pultice was imprudently applyed without the advice of a Physician which repelled the Goutish humor was afterward transmitted into the small Arterial Branches of the Bronchia and their appendant Cells wherein the gross clammy Blood setling in the Vessels or their empty spaces caused an Inflammation of the Lungs accompanied with a great Fever and Thirst and pricking pain and much spitting of Blood and a most difficult Breathing even almost to Suffocation In order to the Cure I advised Blood-letting with a large Orifice of the pierced Vein and a free Hand whereupon he found some alleviation I also advised proper pectoral Apozemes made up of inciding and attenuating Ingredients and various Lambitives in great difficulty of breathing I gave him Elixir Proprietatis and Spirit of Harts-horn and Spirit of Saffron are good either given of themselves or best in a draught of Pectoral Decoction whereupon he expectorated a great quantity of gross clammy Matter mixed with Blood I also prescribed often Blood-letting to the Patient as having a very strong Pulse and a very large mass of Blood which succeeded very well it being accompanied with variety of Pectoral Medicines whereupon the Patient was perfectly recovered to his former health to the Glory of God and the great joy of his Physician and Friends A worthy Knights Lady was highly afflicted with a Fever Another instance of an Inflammatiof the Lungs great difficulty of Breathing and a large quantity of Blood expectorated with thin spittle plainly shewing this distemper to be an Inflammation of the Lungs and to appease it I often advised a Vein to be freely opened in the beginning of the Disease but she was inexorable after great sollicitations and being struck with a great dread upon the motion of Bleeding would not submit to the Lancet so that the generous remedy of Bleeding being not administred she paid dear for its neglect even to the loss of her Life which could not be purchased by the application of many excellent pectoral Medicines CHAP. LV. Of the Abscess of the Lungs IN an Inflammation of the Lungs The cause of an Abscess of the Lungs the substance of the Bronchia and Sinus are distended with a quantity of gross Blood either setled in the small Ramulets of the bronchial and pulmonary Arteries or extravasated in the Interstices of the Vessels so that the Blood cannot be received into the Origens of the Veins and carried into the Left Ventricle of the Heart which chiefly happens when Blood-letting is omitted which if celebrated would have lessened the quantity of Blood and diverted its current from the Lungs and sollicited the stagnated Blood in order to motion into the extremities of the capillary pulmonary Veins which Nature being not able to make good the stagnated Blood loseth its tone and groweth corrupted and its Albuminous part is separated from the Purple Liquor and turned into a Pus whence ensueth an Aposteme which is a collection of purulent Matter in the substance of the Bronchia and membranous Cells annexed to them which became putride by the sharp indisposition of the Pus received into their Cavities which being very sensible of their burden as composed of nervous and carnous Fibres contracting themselves to expel the corrupt matter of the Abscess through the greater and less Air-pipes of the Lungs into the Mouth An Aposteme of them An Aposteme called Vomica Pulmonum called Vomica Pulmonum is much akin to that produced in a Peripneumonia only it is mere Pus generated without a Fever Inflammation Cough and spitting secretly and of a suddain and worketh so inwardly without the notice of any symptome that it cutteth off the Patient in a moment by suffocation before the Disease can be discovered Learned Tulpius giveth an account of this disaffection lib. 2. cap. 10. Vitium hoc Pulmonis Vomicam innuens latet inter initia ita clanculum ut vix ulla sui proferat indicia praeter Tussiculam primo siccam mox humidam qui aliquandiu continuante trahitur difficulter spiritus deficit anima emarcescit paulatim corpus licet interim nec Pus nec Sanguinem prae se ferunt sputa sed si rumpatur inopinato vomica occiditur dictum ac factum homo But I humbly conceive that this kind of Abscess is not always mortal A Vomica Pulmonum not always deadly and no way proceedeth from a Peripneumonia or Pthisis but a weak disposition of the Lungs inclining them to putrefaction and doth not always come of a suddain but insensibly and by degrees whereby the Pus having its first Origen from some depraved humor groweth more and more matured and by its caustick quality corrodeth the Bronchia and Sinus appendant to them and streameth in the Cavities of the Wind-pipe and is at last ejected the confines of the Body This Disease if its nature be inspected according to its continent cause may be styled a true Abscess produced in the Lungs from some impure Recrements or Heterogeneous parts of the Blood apt to be turned into Pus which being secerned from the more refined are lodged in some or many Cells appendant to the Bronchia and are there confined within some proper Membrane These impure parts of the Blood are not endued with any great Acrimony productive of a Cough neither have any great Effervescence proper to a Fever which is very small if any in a Vomica Pulmonum these vitious humors
Art as the superstructure cannot take place especially by reason the Lungs being in perpetual motion as the subject of Respiration cannot obtain the liberty of a Repose which is a requisite condition of a cure in this diseased part And above all the structure of the Lungs is very disadvantageous to a Cure when they are disaffected as they are fine Textures made up of innumerable Vessels rarely interwoven which having lost their unity are hardly conjoyned as being perpetually acted with alternate repeated motions of Diastole and Systole and if the terminations of the vessels do coalesce in a repaired union the circulation of the Blood is very much intercepted which causeth a stagnancy and putrefaction of the Blood whence ensue Inflammations Abscesses Ulcers Consumptions c. The Indications of this Disease are principally Two The First Indication in Spirting of Blood The First to stop the Fluxe of Blood and the Second is to shut up the wounded or relaxed Vessels The First Indication is satisfied with Bleeding in the Arm The Second Indication of Spitting of Blood which is very beneficial as being near the Breast by lessening the Blood derived from the Jugulars through the subclavian and axillary Branches into the Veins of the Arm whereupon the stream of Blood is diverted from the Right Ventricle of the Heart and Lungs In the spitting of Blood coming from the obstructed Menstrua The Saphaena is proper to to be opened in the suppressed Menstrua the Saphaena may be properly opened as drawing the course of Blood by the Spermatick and Hypogastrick Arteries into the Uterus to divert the exuberant course of Blood from the Lungs by discharging it by a Vein of the Foot and to sollicite Nature to make good the wonted current of the Menstrua And not only Bleeding is requisite in this case Cooling thickning Medicines are good in Spitting of Blood but also cooling incrassating Medicines that contemporate the immoderate Effervescence of the Blood and check its over-hasty streams into the weakened Compage or lacerated Vessels of the Lungs and to this end Juleps Decoctions and Emulsions may be given As to the wounded Astringent and Consolidating Medicines are proper in broken Blood-vessels An instance of the Spitting of Blood in this case or loose Compage of the Lungs wherein the Blood-vessels are broken or their Extremities are too much opened astringent and consolidating Medicines may be advised A Gentlewoman being overturned in a Coach by a careless Coachman was wounded in her Breast upon her fall against a short Post placed at the entrance of a door whereupon the vessels of the Lungs were so contused and lacerated that she threw up immediately Three Pints or Two Quarts of florid frothy Blood out of her Lungs In order to a Cure Bleeding good in the lathe lacerated Vessels of the Lungs I first advised a Vein to be opened in the Arm to divert the course of Blood and after I prescribed vulnerary Decoctions consisting of astringent incrassating and cooling Medicines As also Water boiled with Emplastick Astringent Medicines to which Milk was added and boiled with double resâ—ned Sugar which she took for her ordinary Drink I advised also distilled Milk made up of Vulneraries Distilled Milk made of Vulneraries may be given with new Milk to be mixed with now Milk to contemperate her hot and repair her lost mass of Blood And to that end I ordered Decoctions of China Sarza-parilla and vulneraty Astringents and at last consolidating Medicines which perfected the Cure and restored her to a good degree of Health CHAP. LIX Of an Asthma AN Asthma is a high Disease full of Trouble and Terror as it often threatens death by a speedy Suffocation which to prevent the Organs of Respiration do move in a most disorderly manner and the Thorax is very much dilated to receive free draughts of Air into the Bronchia and Sinus of the Lungs So that an Asthma may admit this description The description of an Asthma as being a difficult and quick breathing attended with violent agitations of the Breast performed most of all without a Fever Respiration is very necessary for the preservation of Life as making good the circulation of Blood through the Lungs in whose inward Recesses the Blood is impregnated with the Spiritous Nitrous and Elastick Particles of Air which open the Compage of the Blood and render it fit for Interstine Motion and assimilation of Chyme into the nature of vital Liquor by comminution This curious Machine of Air is made up of variety of Blood and Air-vessels Nerves Lympheducts which some way or other are subservient to Respiration or the Depuration of the Blood and Nervous Liquor which are much enobled by the reception of Air into the greater and less Cylinders and Cells of the Lungs Whereupon if the repeated acts of Inspiration and Expiration be disturbed and have not their regular course the Oeconomy of Nature is very much perverted as the motion of Blood in which the flame of Life is conserved is discomposed The great errors in Respiration seem to consist chiefly in Two things The errors of Respiration First That the Blood is not regularly injected out of the Right Cystern of the Heart into the pulmonary Artery and Vein or the Air is not freely received into the Bronchia and Sinus of the Lungs The defect of motion of Blood in the Lungs which maketh a deficult Respiration is derived sometimes from the depravation of the Blood The cause of a difficult Breathing as mixed with crude Chyme or other gross Recrements which render the Blood apt to stagnate so that the Lungs are forced to double and treble the acts of Respiration The Air quickneth the motion of Blood to attenuate and refine the vital Liquor by the reception of a large proportion of Air to quicken the slow motion of the Blood when it is depauperated as made of watry or gross Sulphur and fixed saline Particles when the more volatil are exhausted And other times the Compage of the Blood groweth Laxe as burdened with too great a Source of serous Recrements Gross Recrements mixed with the Blood cause frequent acts of Respiration as in Dropsies wherein the saline watry parts of the Blood are not discharged by the secretion of the Renal Glands through the Urinary Ducts Pelvis and Ureters into the Bladder or when the serous parts of the vital Liquor are not in some degree transmitted by the capillary Arteries into the Glands of the Skin and thence discharged by their excretory Ducts whereby the Blood groweth clogged with an exuberance of watry Faeces which having recourse to the Lungs do give them the trouble of frequent repeated Acts of Respiration Another kind of Convulsive Asthma may be caused by a depraved nervous Liquor infesting the nervous Fibrils of the Lungs A Convulsive Asthma may be derived from an il nervous Juyce which being often contracted and relaxed do hurry the Lungs
many fine and strong Articulations peculiar to the Skull which is obnoxious to many wounds of which every one admitteth variety of kinds The most General Wounds are Five in number called by the Latines The five wounds of the Skull Fissura Contusio Ossis depressio Sedes and Contrafissura The First is described by Hipocrates de Capitis Vulneribus after this manner 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Os sub vulnere finditur ossique rimam habenti siquid fissum fuerit Collisionem accedere necesse est A Fissure of the Skull is produced by some heavy blunt Weapon The cause of a Fissure or by a fall against some hard Body or by a Stone a piece of Timber or the like by which the natural unity of the Skull is violated as parted by a fracture into two or more Bones which keep their natural situation in reference to depression This Fracture hath many kinds some broad or narrow The various kinds of Fractures others long or short some crooked or straight others superficial or deep some Fractures penetrate only one Table and others the Meditullium and both Laminae of the Skull In order to discover whether both Tables are broken The manner how to discover a Fracture the Patient may stop his Nostrils and shut his Mouth and make a strong expiration whereupon the detained Breath will have recourse to the Brain and swell up its substance and Membranes whereupon will ensue an Exudation of a frothy Moisture and sometimes of Blood or sanious Matter so that the manner of the Fracture may be discerned when the Skull is laid bare which is necessary in wounds of the Skull After the Scalpe is removed from the Skull by the incision of the Muscular Skin and Pericranium which must be divided from the Skull The Skull is to be laid bare in wounds else proper Medicines cannot be applied and presently after this Chirurgical Operation hath been celebrated Medicines must be administred to stop the immoderate flux which often happens in this case and requireth the assistance of a Skilful Chyrurgeon and if the Skull be broken into small pieces they must be taken away with proper Instruments as not apt to be healed If the Skull be broken so that it is necessary either to be Trepaned The Trepan is to be applied in wounds of the Skull or lifted up being depressed or to be scraped in some case the Pericranium must be removed from the Skull which as being fixed by numerous Membranes is hardly effected and accompanied with great pain as being a Nervous part endued with most acute sensation whereupon to prevent an Inflammation and other severe accidents Anodynes are to be applied and a digestive immitted into the wound made of the Yolke of an Egg and Oyl of Roses with this Caution That no moist Medicine do affect the sound part of the Bone but rather drying Medicines which do Conserve it in absuming all superfluous and extraneous moisture which rendereth the Skull obnoxious to be corrupted and carious And the Trepan being applied in a Fracture of both Tables A care must be had in the application of the Trepan lest the neighbouring prrts be wounded a great care must be had that the Dura Mater be not wounded And it is also worth our consideration how to demean our selves when a great flux of Blood ariseth from a broken Vessel adhering to the inward Lamina which must not be immediately stopped but be permitted to flow some time as far it is consistent with the strength of the Patient to prevent a Fever Inflammation pains and other ill symptoms The application of the Trepan being very troublesome it may be demanded upon what account it is celebrated to which I take the freedom to make this reply First That the depressed Bones in great Fractures of the Skull may be reduced to their former situation Secondly To discharge the extravasated Blood falling upon the Dura Mater in great wounds of the Skull when the inward or both Tables are broken and the Blood-vessels lacerated and that the Sanious Matter may be evacuated which often happens in Contusion of the Coats of the Brain Thirdly the Trepan is used to lay open the wounded inward parts the Dura and Pia Menynx to see how they are affected and that they may have Medicines immediately administred to them When the flux of Blood hath been sufficiently permitted upon the application of a Trepan The Blood is not immediately to be stopped upon the application of the Trepan to hinder an Apoplex Fever and other accidents Medicines may be advised to stop the flux of Blood made of the Powder of Aloes Frankincense Mastick beaten up with the Whites of Eggs and the Hairs of a Hare cut into most minute Particles After the flux of Blood is stopped the Searcloth of Vigo may be used as good in Fractures of the Skull by reason it is attractive and made up of resolving and drying Ingredients which being of a fragrant smell do refresh the Brain and also are endued with other qualities which do corroborate it and its Membranes Powders of a drying nature Drying Powders are proper in the Fracture of the Skull The second wound of the Skull called Contusio is described by Hypocrates or a corrosive nature may be used to the Skull as Aloes Frankincense Dragons Blood Mastick Myrrhe c. The second wound of the Skull is called by the Latines Contusio by Hipocrates 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and is described by him after this manner in his Tractat. de Capitis Vulneribus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Contundi autem Os potest Osse naturaliter se habente ut rima nulla ad ossis contusionem accedat atque hic alter modus est At Contusionis plures sunt formae Nam plus aut minus altius per totum Os contusio pervadit aut minus alte neque per totum Os ampliorem aut minorem tum longitudinem tum latitudinem occupat Sed nulla earum qualinam specie aut quanta magnitudine existat Oculis dijudicari potest Namque enim ubi quid Contusum est malum accessit statim sub ipso vulnere Contusio oculis est Conspicua ut neque rimae quaedam quae procul a Fisso Osse longius excurrunt A Contusion of the Skull is made by a Collision of one hard Body violently encountring another wherein the outward Surface remaineth entire according to Sense and the inward position of Parts The cause of a Coutusion of the Skull receiveth an alteration whence the Bone is forced more inward and its parts are lodged more close and contracted The kinds of a Contusion so that there seemeth to be Two kinds of Contusion in the Skull The one is when the more outward parts have a recourse inward not admitting a change in the Figure of their Surface The other is when the outward Table is depressed and loseth its former Situation and Form by
more noble Utensil of the Medulla Spinalis as a part of eminent use in reference to Sense and Motion produced by numerous Nerves the out-lets of the pith Another Use of the Spine may be to strengthen the stately pile of Man's Body speaking the Great Wisdom of the Omnipotent Architect in keeping its frame in an erect posture The Second Use which giveth it State and Beauty by lifting up our Head as an elegant Orbe the palace of Virtue and Science graced with a fine Frontispiece of the Face seated upon the top of the joynted Column of the Chine framed of many Vertebers wrought in rich carved Works of various Processes A Third Use of the Chine as it is composed of many Joynts is to give the Trunk of the Body the advantage of moving inward The Third Use in bowing or stooping performed by the Musculus Psoas which being much assisted by the weight of the Body and Head the Trunk is brought forward by the Musculi mastoeidei which by their joynt Contraction do bring the straight posture of the Vertebers of the Neck to a kind of Arch by which we speak our consent and reverence The Fourth Use A Fourth Use of the fine System of Vertebers as adorned with many Sinus and Processes is to give entertainment to the Muscles of the Loins Back and Neck in various allodgments and from these numerous Spondyles the said Muscles for the most part have their Originations from and insertions into them And these Vertebers being strong and solid Bodies are the Center of Muscular Motion performed in the Trunk of the Body and Neck and are also the Hypomoclia of the erect posture of the Body which is celebrated by the Tensors of the Loins Back and Neck overpow'ring the weight of the Body till they bring it to an equal ballance The chief part of Pathology concerning the Vertebers of the Spine The Pathology of the Chine is Luxation and principally as most fatal beyond the rest is that of the first Verteber of the Neck wherein the Two Apophyses springing out of the inferior Region of the Occiput start out of their proper Sinus engraven on each side of the Medulla Spinalis The Luxation of the First Verteber caused by some great stroke or fall or some other severe accident whence the upmost Verteber being forced forward out of its proper place compresseth the Spinalis Medulla Larynx and the Musculi Cephalopharyngaei and Sphenopharyngaei and stoppeth the passage of the Aspera Arteria and hinders the Apertion and Dilatation of the Gulet attended with the loss of Sense and Motion afflicting almost all parts of the Body according to Hipocrates in his Book De Articulis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Quod si superiori Spinae parte magis in anteriorem partem inclinatio fiat The cause of the Impotence and Stupor of the whole Body totius corporis impotentia stupor contingit I humbly conceive this to be the ground on which the meaning of this great Oracle of Art was founded Because the Brain is the fountain of nervous Liquor and Animal Spirits residing in it whence their streams do flow out of them into the Origen first and afterward into all parts of the Medulla Spinalis whereupon a Luxation being made in the upper Vertebers of the Neck immediately followeth a compression of the beginning of the Spinalis Medulla and the Head of the current of nervous Liquor being dammed up and the influx of Animal Spirits intercepted all the numerous pair of Nerves springing out of the Medulla Spinalis and afterward branched into the Muscles of the Trunk and Limbs of the whole Body grow stupid in Sense and faint in Motion upon a universal relaxation of the Spinal Nerves And the Luxation also of every Verteber of the Neck being near akin to the first The Luxation of the Vertebers of the Neck as running the same fate is accompanied with horrid symptomes of lost Respiration and Deglutition produced by the dislocated Vertebers of the Neck compressing the Aspera Arteria and Aesophagus wherein the Breath Speech and Motion of the Aliment through the Gula are intercepted by a violent crushing the Aspera Artera and by hindring the Contraction of the Musculi Aesophagi But the most common and less dangerous Luxation is that of the Back The Luxation of the Vercebers of the Back which laboureth under diverse kinds wherein the several dislocations of the Spondyles of the Back do hinder the various motions of the Vertebers and happen when they are wrinched out of their proper seats either outwardly inwardly or laterally toward the Right and Left Side caused by violent strokes falls and overmuch inflections of the Back and in Infants by the imprudence of Nurses in over-straight and unequal Swathings and in Women by overmuch Lacing their Bodies In the Dearticulation of the Back called by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A kind of Luxation of the Back called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Vertebers are turned out of the proper stations toward the ambient part of the Back which carrying the Origen of the Ribs with the annexed intercostal Muscles outward do hinder their free playing producing a difficulty of Respiration But if the dislocation be made inward named by the Antients 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 it is more dangerous Another kind of Luxation of the Back styled a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because by compressing the Spinalis Medulla Pleura Lungs the Aorta Vena Cava with the Heart it self it doth intercept the motion of nervous and vital Liquor and according to the various parts compressed produceth a Stupor and Paralysis in some and faintness and want of vitality in others The Luxation of the Verteber of the Loins made inwards But if a Dislocation of the Vertebers of the Loins be made inward there happens a frequent suppression of Urine and other Excrements a coldness of the Feet and Legs which do at last extinguish the purer flame of Life warranted by Hipocrates in his Book De Articulis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 At quibus e casu aut illabente aliquo pondere vertebrae interiorem in partem obliquantur Great Luxations of the Vertebers of the Loins are attended with death and if they be less they are accompanied with suppression of Urine iis quidem plerumque vertebra non adeo multum ab aliis recedit sive vero aut una aut plures multum excesserint hominem velut ante dictum est interimunt cum in anguli non in circuli flexum haec dimotio fiat iis igitur Urina stercus magis quam quibus exteriorem in partem gibbus fit supprimitur pedesque at crura tota magis perfrigeantur potiusque ista quam quae dixi mortem afferunt The Sense of this great Author is as I conceive that upon some slight accident the Verteber is not much displaced but upon a more violent assault one or more Vertebers are much
through the Processes of the Brain into the Medulla Spinalis and afterward transmitted through the several plicatures of the Brain into the Medulla Spinalis contained within the Skull and thence the Animal Liquor distilleth downward into the more narrow parts of the Medulla enclosed within the safe and rare repository of the Spine so that the Instance which ingenious Malpighius gave in the Cabbage to illustrate his Opinion That the Brain and Cerebellum Are appendices of the Medulla I humbly conceive is of no validity because the similitude doth not quadrate As the Fibres of the Plant have their progress upward through the stalke to the head of the Cabbage but the Fibres of the Brain are implanted into the Cortex The Fibres of the Brain are implanted into the Cortex and propagated through the Brain into the Medulla Spinalis where they have their principle of Radication and are so many roots from whence the Fibres are propagated First to the Medulla within the Skull and so downward to that of the Spine which plainly evidence that the Fibres do borrow their birth-right from the Cortex and are thence distributed through the medullary substance of the Brain to the Medulla Spinalis a Process or elongation of the Brain And the Opinion of Ingenious Bartholine and the other Learned Author I humbly conceive is fuller of exuberant phantacy then solid judgment by reason it seemeth very improbable that the Brain should be propagated from the Medulla Spinalis The more noble operations of the Soul are seated in the Brain and the greater and more noble part should be the off-spring of the more little in quantity and perfection The rational operations the elicite and imperate acts of the Understanding and Will and the Functions of the common Sense and phancy are celebrated in the Brain and only the sense of Touching and Motion are acted by Nerves transmitted from the Medulla Spinalis into the membranous and carnous parts and the nervous Liquor is first generated in the Cortex and Medullary substance of the Brain and thence propagated down into the Medulla Spinalis and so transmitted to the numerous pairs of Nerves sprouting out of it And last of all the Tendons of Muscles made up of the concourse of various Fibres of Nerves All muscular Motion doth receive its chief efficient cause from the Brain derived from the Medulla Spinalis when by several contractions they make different motions in antagonist Muscles receive their irradiations from Animal Spirits issuing out of the Brain into the Medulla Spinalis so that all muscular motion is first acted by the Commands and imperate acts of the Will seated in the Brain And lastly I will speak more closely in order to give a reply to the improbable conjecture of these Learned Men The Authors Opinion earnestly contending that the Brain is an appendage of the Medulla Spinalis which can neither be a principle of Dignity seeing the more eminent and noble acts of the Soul are exerted in the Brain and not in the Medulla Spinalis as it hath been lately demonstrated neither can the Medulla Spinalis be a principle per modum scaturiginis when the nervous Liquor is first formed in the Cortex of the Brain The Succus nutricius is first generated in the Cortex and thence propagated through all the parts of the Brain and thence conveyed through the Corpus callosum Fornix and Medulla oblongata to the Medulla Spinalis which cannot be a principle of dispensation to the Brain because the Brain doth influence the Medulla Spinalis which cannot celebrate its operations of Sense and Motion except the Spinal Nerves receive their first irradiations from the Brain The Medulla Spinalis is acted by Liquor coming from the Brain whose nobler functions ceasing in the stagnation of the Latex nervosus cause an Apoplexy and Catalepsis the motion of the Animal Liquor being intercepted in its progress towards the Medulla Spinalis the spinal Nerves lose their Sense and Motion as wanting their wonted and due influence dispensed to them from the Brain Neither can the Medulla Spinalis claim a preheminence over the Brain per modum originis which supposeth the Medulla Spinalis to pre-exist before the Brain which can no way be reasonably granted when in truth in this The Brain and Medulla Spinalis have their conception at the same time neither of them can challenge a superiority over the other they being truly Twinns and have their conception in the Uterus at the same time out of the seminal Matter the true Origen of them both at once giving them a first rudiment and delineation Quod Cerebrum Medulla Spinalis ex limpidissima aqua in coagulum callosum condensentur As Great Dr. Harvey our worthy Colleague hath very well observed The Medulla Spinalis is vulgarly divided into Two parts The Medulla Spinalis is double the First is the larger and more short taking its rise at the termination of the Brain about it and is Three or Four Inches long which being the Origen is contained within the Skull and is improperly styled a part of the Medulla Spinalis that being properly so called which is lodged within the Spine and passeth through the whole length of it from the Vertebers of the Neck to the Os Sacrum It s substance is much akinn in colour The substance of the Medulla Spinalis to that of the inward Recesses and Medulla oblongata of the Brain but somewhat different in solidity being somewhat more compact growing more and more firm as it maketh its approach toward the Os Sacrum It s tender fluid substance not capable of resisting brisker assaults is immured within strong Walls The case of the Medulla Spinalis being safely locked up within numerous strong Vertebers as so many small Cabinets finely wrought with rare natural Bone-work excellently beautified with great variety of oblique transverse and acute Processes to secure this fine silver Cord as the Wise Man styleth it from the rougher approaches of outward Objects The Coats of the Medulla Spinalis are Four Within the safer immurements of the more hard and bony substance of the Vertebers the more tender substance of the Medulla is enwrapped in more delicate Membranes as so many soft Repositories which are Four in number The First and most outward is a strong membranous Coat The First Integument arising from the Occiput as some conceive where it is firmly tied to the upmost Verteber of the Neck but Learned Spigellius deemeth it to proceed from the Ligaments of the Spine to which the Medulla Spinalis is fastned and therefore it is called Ligamentosa in reference to its ligamentous Origen consisting of many small ligamentous Filaments rarely interwoven with a most curious and Divine Hand striking them close and making them one entire Membrane keeping the Medulla tight from suffering any violation in the various flexures of the Vertebers this is immediately encircled
of the rational Appetite which as they grow more remiss and easie The Figure of the Fibres is more straight and restored to their natural Figure and neighbouring drops of the Animal Liquor crowding with less force upon one another return to their more gentle natural motion and even current Having Treated of the Production and Propagation of the Animal Liquor and its motion through the several Processes of the Brain and its continuation the Medulla Spinalis into the appendant Nerves I conceive it will not be amiss to give you a short account of the Ends of it how the Animal Liquor officiateth with the Rational and Sensitive Operations how it is also ministerial to Muscular motion and Nutrition The Soul of Man the Divine Image and Empress of the lesser The Soul keepeth its Court in the Head the Epitome of the greater World keepeth its Court and Tribunal in the supream Orb of the Head where by the assistance of spirituous subtle Particles the more refined parts of the Animal Liquor actuating the inward Recesses of the Brain the more Divine Essence of Man celebrateth its Elicite and Imperate acts The more noble operations of the Soul The first consisting in the knowledge of its own nature and perfection in reflex acts as also of the causes of other Beings without it self artificially acquired in many different Sciences specified by several Objects and deeper abstractions made by subtle Conceptions of the Understanding and also the imperate acts are performed by exalting the Medulla of the Brain with the more pure part of the Animal Liquor by whose vertue the rational Appetite giveth its commands and controll to the Sensitive to the Irascible and Concupiscible faculties moderating and governing their different operations the various Passions of the inferior Appetite which ought to submit to the more exact rule and conduct of the rational Power The Fancy being seated in the middle of the Brain The seat of the Fancy is fraught with Animal Liquor impregnated with Volatil Salt and Spirituous Particles which render it in a fit capacity to exert the operations of the Fancy The operations of it to perceive and judge the nature and distinction of numerous Ideas which making different Appulses upon the various Nerves of the Organs of outward Senses are thence derived to the Origen of the Nerves to which the Fibres every where adorning the Medulla oblongata are continued and reach to the Corpus Callosum the seat of the Fancy as I humbly conceive Learned Dr. Dr. Willis his opinion about Sensation Willis placeth the manner and reason of Sensation in the retraction of the Animal Spirits acted with the impressions of sensible Objects The words of this Excellent Author are these Sensuum ratio formalis consistit in Spirituum retractione seu versus fontes suos refluxu Ubicunque enim objecti sensibilis impressio radiosae huic contexturae infertur statim aut tota compages aut illius portio quaedam quae speciem admittat nutare ac retroacta veluti resilire in se recedere cogitur But with the leave of this most ingenious Author I cannot well apprehend how a Signature of a Sensible Object imprinted upon the Animal Spirits seated in the outward Organs of Sense can make them recoil towards their Origen the Brain The Author's opinion that there can be no Reslux of Animal Spirits whereas the Spirits as the more pure and exalted Particles lodged in the Animal Liquor have the same motion with it out of the Cortex through the Medulla of the Brain into the Trunks of the Nerves afterward inserted into the Instruments of the outward Senses from which I humbly conceive there can be no Reflux toward the Brain because the Animal Liquor espousing the Spirits as its purer and inseparable parts streaming from the Cortex of the Brain through the inward Processes is still carried forward by an Impulse because one part protrudeth another forward into the Interstices of the Filaments of the Nerves whose more minute Pores are not capable of receiving at the same instant a contrary motion a Flux and Reflux of Liquor while the reflux of Liquor at the same time must encounter an adverse stream always flowing in the Spaces between the Fibres forced downward by its own weight and the gentle constriction of the Brain which is caused by the pulsation of small Arteries implanted in the substance of the Brain whereupon it being difficult to make out as I apprehend the retrograde motion of the Animal Spirits which supposeth a contrary motion of the Animal at the same time in the same Vessels So that outward Sensation as according to the Learned Author's Opinion cannot be probably founded in the recoiling of the Animal Spirits from the Organs of outward Sense toward the Origen of the Nerves and Medulla of the Brain But I most humbly conceive that it is more agreeable to the oeconomy of Nature to constitute Sensation in the motion of various outward sensible Objects making different strokes upon the Fibres of Nerves implanted in the Organs of Sense and thence continued to the original of the Nerves and Medullary Processes of the Brain where the inward Sense being lodged perceiveth and judgeth the different Appulses made upon the Fibres of the outward Organs and thence conveyed by the mediation of the same Filaments of Nerves to the Seat of the inward Sense which holdeth an intimate correspondence with the outward by the interposition of Nerves continued from one to the other And Sensation cannot be accomplished without the mutual concurrence and cooperation of the Fancy with the outward Senses and Sense being used not strictly but in a Complex notion doth in some kind comprehend the outward and inward Sense whose conceptions and operations are not so separate but they do involve and presuppose each other But to speak more fully to the nature of Sensation The nature of Sensation I conceive its ratio formalis consisteth in Action and Passion 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which are not really distinguished but are different Modes affecting various Subjects The one being the causality of the Agent is styled Action which being transient passeth from term to term and is called Motion and as it is received into the term to which 't is propagated is denominated Passion The outward sensible Objects consist not only in the representation of Colours but in Sounds Odors Sapors which are compounded of minute Bodies as active effluvia endued with certain Magnitudes Figures Postures and Motions making impressions upon the various Contextures of the Sensories of Sight Hearing Smelling and Tasting and those minute Bodies flowing from sensible Objects being restless in activity are transmitted from Subject to Subject from Agent to Patient and are received into the Pores of numerous Fibres as they are commensurate in magnitude and figure to those Bodies streaming from the outward Objects of Sense and upon this account the Effluvia as different in Magnitudes Figures
Positions and Motions make various Appulses upon the Fibres of Nerves which being invigorated by Spirits seated in the Animal Spirits are rendred tense and stiff all along the Fibres receiving the first strokes made by Sensible Objects in their Extremities inserted into the Sensories and thence the Appulses are continued to the Origen of the Nerves and Fibrils implanted into the Medulla of the Brain So that a motion made in the end of the Fibres placed in the outward Sense are propagated to the beginning of the Fibres of the Brain where the inner Sense inhabiteth is one continued action not unlike a Vibration made in the termination of a Musical String which is immediately conveyed to the beginning of it so that an impression made by an Idea in the outward Sensory passeth in a moment by the continued intermedial steps of Nerves to the Fancy watching in the middle of the Brain somewhat near the original of the Nerves which perceive all Appulses made upon them by the motion of the Ideas derived from Sensible Objects distinguishing and judging of their several qualities and proprieties by the different Modes of their impressions And the Animal Liquor is not only an instrumental efficient cause of the rational and Sensitive operations but of the Motive too The Animal Liquor is an efficient cause of the Rational Sensitive and Motive Operations consisting in Muscular motion wherein you may view the Wise oeconomy of Nature as the Sensitive and Motive Powers are subordinate to the rational and do all agree according to their primitive constitution in a most excellent harmony The Golden Chain of the four prime faculties of the humane Soul The prime Faculties of the Humane Soul is made up of four Links two superior the Understanding and Will and two inferior the Sensitive and Motive Powers The inferior humbly speaking Obedience in submitting their meaner Operations to the more wise Dictates and Imperate Acts of the soveraign faculty And I now shall take the boldness to entertain you with a short discourse of the other faculties in order to the better understanding of the motive which hath its dependance upon them as precedent to it in order of Nature at least if not of Time Sensation both outward and inward being ministerial to the Understanding and Appetite as they are imperative of the Motive The manner of Sensitive Perception consisting in a Symmetry and Harmony of the Object with the Organ The manner and variety of Sensitive Perception is thus celebrated The Effluvia being so many small Bodies steaming out of Sensible Objects and being disposed with various figures and magnitudes move to the outward Organs of Sense and are received into their Pores as holding a due proportion in the resemblance of figure and magnitude and as the Effluvia of outward Objects are exactly fitted they gently touch the Sensory by giving a pleasant operation but if the unproportioned Objects roughly strike against the sides of the Pores they make a harsh Sensation in the Sensory a fine Contexture of many minute Fibres which as they are acted with strong or weaker Appulses make brisker or softer Vibrations upon the Nerves continued from the outward Sensories to their situation in the Medulla oblongata and thence to the Fibres dressing the more inward Recesses of the Brain where the Fancy is seated which entertaining these strokes presenteth them to the Understanding and as they are Good or Evil are judged fit to be embraced or refused and accordingly represented to the Appetite which according to the dictates of the Understanding layeth her commands upon the motive faculty which is exerted by virtue of contracted Fibres the immediate Machines of Muscular motion The efficient cause of the motion of Muscular Fibres But the difficulty is how the motion of the Muscular Fibres is performed and what is the efficient cause of it which I conceive to be the more spirituous Particles of the Animal Liquor contracting the Fibres of the Muscles The Brain and Nerves seem to resemble an Inverted Tree The Brain and its Appendages of the conjoyned Nerves seem in some kind to resemble an inverted Tree placed with the Roots upward and Branches downward The numerous Capillary Vessels spreading themselves in the Coats and Cortex of the Brain and Cerebellum The Cortex is the Streiner of Albuminous Liquor of the Blood seem in a sort to represent Roots out of which the Animal Liquor being percolated from the Purple through the fine strainer of the substance of the Cortex destilleth through the whole body of the Brain and Medulla Spinalis as through a greater and smaller continued Trunk into various Nerves as so many greater fruitful Branches and into abundant Fibres as so many smaller Twigs and also into innumerable united Fibrils making the rare Contexture of Muscular outward Coats somewhat resembling Foliage overspreading the surface of the Muscles whose whole substance in its ambient and more inward parts is interspersed with a multitude of Fibres 〈◊〉 Compage of the Brain is Fibrous of which a great part if not all the Medulla of the Brain is also composed and they are the first rudiments of Nerves commencing in the Brain where they are interlined with a soft white substance a kind of Parenchyma The progress of the Fibres of the Brain the more conspicuous part of the Medulla These Fibres are propagated to the Original of the Caudex of the Nerves near the Surface of the Medulla oblongata where is a Conjunction of many Fibres making the body of the Nerves which are continued in their union all along to the surface of the Muscles where they part again and are disseminated through the body of the Muscles and again unite themselves in a Tendon about the Extremities of them The Fibres of the Brain The propagation of the Animal Liquor Muscles and Membranes of the whole Body as well as the Caudex of the Nerves are made up of many minute Filaments and through their Interstices the Animal Liquor is first conveyed into the Fibres of the Medulla of the Brain and Spine and thence propagated through the various Trunks of Nerves into the smaller Branches the Fibres of the Muscles and their Tendons being so many Systems of collected Fibres dispersed through the body of the Muscles and conjoyned in their Extremities The Nerves are rendred stiff and plump by Animal Spirits So that the Animal Liquor impregnated with spirituous Particles streaming from the Brain between the Filaments of Fibres and Caudex of the Nerves filleth their empty Pores and rendring them plump and tense putteth them into a capacity of motion The East blusheth at the Suns approach a little before it peepeth above the Horizon and the early Rays as so many minute Effluvia streaming out of that greater Body diffuse themselves after the manner of an Orb into the Air araying it with a Robe of Light whose reflected Beams carry along with it the Ideas of
that the Spirit of Vitriol Salt or Vinegar cannot ascend out of the Still to the top of the Alembick unless it be forced up by an intense heat After this manner the phantasmes of Melancholick persons afflicted with adust Choler proceeding from Animal Spirits The cause and manner how Melancholy operates degenerating into an acide disposition do influence the whole Compage of the Brain and act in the Meditullium and are carried into the spaces of the neighbouring Filaments where the Animal Spirits exert their motions in a confused manner whence Thoughts perpetually arise which are much versed about one or but a few objects And when a great number of Spirits are confined within a narrow compass of the fibrous Compage of the Brain the phantasmes are very much enlarged beyond the true dimensions and small things rendred great and after the like manner when the visible images of things are represented by a Microscope they appeart much greater then they are in their own nature as the many Rays are united and concentred in a Convexe Glass so also the intentional species are configured in the Fibrous Compage of the Brain by the conflux of many Animal Spirits confined within a small circumference Of this we may have an Experiment in our Selves when we are fed with gross melancholly Diet or being clouded with the passion of sadness we become Thoughtful by reason the Animal Spirits do want a free Emanation we are made sollicitous of every small concern as if our whole happiness depended upon it Whereupon we are discomposed with great Fear and Anxiety conceiving our selves utterly lost in our vain apprehension when we are overcome with Melancholy And this melancholick Affection doth not only take its rise from an acide disposition spoiling the Crasis of the Animal Spirits Melancholy coming from an atrabilarian Humor but from an atrabilarian Humor carried with the Blood by the internal carotide Arteries into the substance of the Cortical Glands whereupon their nature is much debased and as losing their sweet temper and volatil saline disposition their Compage is rendred more gross and opaque so that it cannot be duly enlightened by the lucid Particles of the Animal Spirits And Melancholy is not only contracted by the fault of the Brain Melancholy flowing from the Praecordia and Blood and Animal Spirits but from the Praecordia and from the Blood endued with heterogeneous Particles highly fermenting in the noble parts of the middle Apartiment and thence transmitted by arterial Channels into the Brain where it maketh a great alteration in the nervous Compage as it is affected with gross atrabilarian Particles perverting the Crasis of the Brain and clouding the bright Ingeny of the Animal Spirits The Humors proceeding from adust Choler do much lessen the purity of the flame of Life in taking off much of its Activity and Spirit whereupon it moveth more slowly in its various Channels and contracteth gross Recrements associated with the Blood out of whose more mild parts debased by atrabilarian Humors producing grief and fear ill companions the purity of the Animal Liquor and Spirits is very much sullied often generating a sad Delirium The ill temper of the vital Liquor causing this timerous Disease The temper of the Blood producing a timerous disposition doth partly proceed from undue fermentation of the Blood in the Heart whereupon it groweth less oily and bountiful in its spirituous parts proceeding from too much exalted saline Atomes rendring the Blood gross and unactive whereupon the Blood transmitted out of the right Chamber of the Heart into the pulmonary Artery and substance of the Lungs as being too much burdened with fixed Salt cannot be duly attenuated and inspired with the elastick particles of Air so that we grow faint and sorrowful as our Blood wanteth a due intestine motion in the Heart and Lungs whereupon it groweth depressed in this Malady as overcharged with gross saline and sulphureous Particles whereupon arise variety of passions in the Heart as Fear Sorrow Faintness and panting in the most noble machine of motion which doth not only suffer by the ill crasis of the Blood clogged with ill effaete adust Choler and saline parts but the vital Liquor also is very much retarded as growing degenerate for want of a due circulation through all the apartiments of the body which is produced in this Disease by a slow and weak motion of the Heart coming from its disabled contractions of muscular Fibres caused by the defect of Animal Spirits not sufficiently acting the Nerves so that the Blood and Animal Spirits do disaffect and prejudice each other the atrabilarian Blood as affected with saline parts produceth gross Animal Liquor and Spirits and again the Animal Spirits being endued with an ill disposition do not duly influence the Cardiack Nerves whereupon the Blood and Animal Spirits do pervert each others Crasis in reference to purity vigor and activity The inordinate passions of the Mind as vehement love sadness Vehement Love discomposeth the fine temper of the Brain panick fear envy malice do very much disturb the oeconomy of the Brain and spoil the nervous Liquor and Animal Spirits in forcing them to run excentrick in reference to their common Sphaeres of the Interstices of nervous Filaments by making them depart into the Pores and Meatus of the substance of the Brain whence proceedeth the depravation of the various Faculties Trust and Reason residing in it Again The indisposition of the Blood proceeding from crude Chyme not well assimilated the Blood acquiring an undue Crasis as being mixed with a Chyme not broken into small Particles by the faint motion of the Heart as in Fear Sadness c. doth render the vital Liquor crude and full of fixed saline Particles as not well attenuated by the motion of Blood coming from the weak contractions of the fleshy Fibres of the Heart whereupon the ill-affected Blood doth make or spoil the production of laudable Animal Liquor and Spirits in the cortical Glands of the Brain The Blood also contracteth an ill temper by immoderate Exercise The Blood is distempered by violent exercise gross Diet of Salt Meats especially if they be dried in Smoke and the suppression of accustomed evacuations of Blood by the Haemorrhoids and Menstrua bleeding at Nose and of purging the serous Recrements by Vomiting and Stool all which do infect the Blood and render it Atrabilarian which afterward indisposeth the nervous Liquor and Animal Spirits The Antients did conceive the first rise of Melancholy to be seated in the Brain and other times in the Uterus and Spleen as to the Brain it may be called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 when the Brain hath its substance habitually vitiated by an ill nervous Liquor primarily flowing from the ill serous Liquor of the Blood out of which it is formed Others do imagine the seat of Melancholy to be in the Womb Some conceive the seat of Melancholy to be in the
a Mad Dog Cupping-glasses proper presently af-the biting of a Mad Dog Wolfe Viper c. Cupping-glasses with Scarifications may be immediately applied to the wounded part or Pidgeons or any other Bird opened in the middle and administred to the part affected do draw out the venenate Humor mixed with the salival Liquor entring into the Extremities of the Veins Leeches may be applied to the wound seated near the surface of the Body Or Leeches may be applied to the wound to suck out the infected Blood And afterward attractive Medicines may be used Attractive Medicines may be well applied to the wounded part Cauterizing a potent means to draw poison out of the wounded part Potential Cauteries are very advantageous in this Disease A Vein cannot be properly opened in this kind of Madness made of Garlick Pidgeons dung Mustard-seed mixed with Walnut Leaves Salt and Honey As also Plaisters made of Pitch Opoponax c. And the most ready way to draw out poison in this case is to apply an actual Cautery and the burning being past care is to be taken that the crust be speedily taken off to discharge the venom by an Ulcer and if the Patient be so timerous as not to admit an actual Cautery a potential may be used as Escharoticks and the like made of sublimated Mercury and Praecipitate and the Ulcer may be long kept open lest some parts of the venom be retained in the Body In this case a Vein cannot safely be opened which weakeneth the Body and not dischargeth the poison And Purgatives cannot be advised as drawing the poison from the circumference to the Center from the ambient parts to the Heart CHAP. LXIX Of Stupidity and Mopishness THis dull disaffection of Stupidity or Mopishness Stupidity is sometimes a consequent of habitual Madness The description of this Disease by its symptome is often a sad consequent of an habitual Madness sometimes degenerating into it and speaketh a defect in the intellectual Faculty as not exerting its operation produced by the faults of the Imagination and Memory not duely presenting their Objects to the nobler Faculty of the Understanding the subject of our present discourse proceeding from the disaffection of the nervous Liquor and Animal Spirits The sensitive Soul is ministerial to the rational and hath the imagination The sensitive Soul is subservient to the rational as its principal representative of the images of things first imparted by the outward Organs of Sense and afterward to the Phancy sometimes apprehending Objects which being first lodged in the Memory as a repository are afterward offered to the imagination whose notions are speculated by the understanding viewing and considering them in order to exert its more excellent operations whereupon if the acts of the Memory and Phancy be impeded by some defect of the Brain in point of an ill Succus Nervosus and its more refined Particles the light of the Understanding receiveth an Eclipse as it is vailed by the clouds of the Memory and Imagination unduely offering phantasmes to the higher power of the Intellect So that our present Province being to give an account of the Pathalogy of Mopishness doth induce me to discourse of the causes whereby the operations of the Memory and Phancy are rendred defective in order to the more sublime Arts of the Understanding The seat of the inward corporeal Functions of the sensitive Soul The seat of the inward sensitive Functions of the Soul being seated in the Corpus callosum and the more inward Recesses of the Brain are exerted by the nervous Liquor and Animal Spirits the Ministers of the Soul which being hindred in their due temper and motion do discompose the Memory Phancy and Understanding and produce a stupidity or Mopishness sometimes derived from a Maniack disposition destructive of the tone of the fine Spirits of the Brain In stupidity the Animal Spirits are bereaved of their fine Ingeny One cause oâ— Mopishness as the Animal Spirits are rendred unactive as rendred destitute of their active Particles so that their fine volatil Atomes grow fixed and depressed as also mixed with watry Recrements in the Brain This Mopishness sometimes happens only by the defect of the more spirituous Particles of the Succus Nervosus and othertimes is caused by the fault of the Brain This Disease is also caused by the defect of the Brain as the subject and Organ of the Animal Faculty is constituted of many requisite conditions enabling it to perform its operations so that if any of them be deficient or depraved the acts of the understanding are more or less clouded according to the greater or less indisposition of corporeal Organs And it hath been commonly observed that the Ingeny of Man is sometimes lessened or abolished by the too greeat or little dimensions of the Brain and othertimes by the ill Figure or Texture of it A want of Understanding may proceed from an over-much largeness of the Brain The too great quantity of Brain may hinder the operations of Understanding as being sometimes furnished with few Animal Spirits or an ill fibrous Compage not duely constituted or a defect of Reason may come from a small proportion of Brain in which a paucity of nervous Liquor and Spirits are generated A Stupidity also may arise from an ill Conformation A Stupidity may proceed from an ill Conformation of the Brain or Figure of the Brain which ought to be of a Sphaerical shape and when it is either too much depressed or prominent it indisposeth the true situation of the nervous Fibrils chiefly constituting the frame of the Brain whereupon the nervous Liquor and its more agile Particles have not a free and regular motion in order to the exercise of the meaner and more excellent operations of the Brain So that the fibrous Compage the Brain being distorted the Fancy like a false Looking-glass maketh an ill representation of Phantasmes to the Understanding discomposing the due and proper notions of things The laudable Texture of the Brain may be much disordred by the excess The Texture of the Brain may be disordered by the excess of First qualities or defect of heat as over-powred by cold watry Recrements rendring the nervous Compage of the Brain weak and flabby and utterly unable to accomplish their due tension in order to promote the progress of the Succus Nervosus and its more volatil parts which being too thin and agile do transpire and evaporate as being not confined within their proper sphaere by the more solid parts of the nervous Liquor And not only the Brain is disaffected by excess of coldness and moisture as in old persons and Children rendring them very dull and stupid in their conceptions The gross and earthy Compage of the Brain may be the cause of Mopishness as also over-clouded by steams but the Brain is rendred highly uncapable of accomplishing its acts as its fibrous Compage is gross and earthy and the
Texture of it is ill framed as being over-clouded by gross Fumes or Vapors or as being too dense and compact making it too opaque so that the lucid Particles of the Animal Spirits not able to diffuse themselves through the gross substance of the Brain do leave it unapt for the performance of its Functions whereupon this Disease is sometimes hereditary as propagated from Parents to their Children by gross seminal principles which are affected with the ill frame of the Brain and its gross nervous Liquor and Spirits which are ingredients in the genital Liquor producing an ill Compage and Substance in the Brain of Children In some Fenny Air may concur to the production of this Disease the dull gross fenny Air hath a great influence on the Blood and nervous Liquor of the Inhabitants so that Men were styled Fools in Baeotia as breathing in a thick Air wonderfully discomposing their Wit and rational Faculties rendring them senseless and stupid An ill Conformation of the â—rain may generate Mopishnes Beside these preternatural indispositions of the Brain another doth disaffect it which is an ill Conformation as the Interstices of the Filaments are so narrow and small that the nervous Liquor and Spirits want a free passage through the fibrous Compage of the Brain whereupon their Animal operations are not duely celebrated and these spaces of the Filaments are not only too close but sometimes over laxe as being clogged with serous Recrements spoiling the nervous frame of the Brain of its due tenseness much hindring the progress of the Succus Nervosus and its more noble Particles the immediate instruments of the sensitive The narrow Interestices of the nervous Filaments productive of this Disease and intellectual Powers Sometimes the close Interstices of the nervous Filaments do associate with gross unactive Animal Spirits which so dull the Brain that it cannot exert its operations whereupon the Succus Nervosus and its crass Particles cannot act the nervous Compage of the Brain as losing their free motion in the over-straight spaces of the nervous threads which do cause a want or dulness of Wit and Judgment There are many evident causes productive of this Disease The evident causes of Mopishness as an ill mass of Blood and nervous Liquor proceeding from an ill Air gross Diet deep Thoughts and Passions of the Mind which render the Animal Spirits unactive causing oftentimes a stupid indisposition and defect of Sense and Reason Sometimes the generous Particles of the Blood and nervous Liquor The vital and nervous Liquor sometime grow Effecte in this Disease do evaporate and grow effaete and vapide as generous Wine having lost its oily and volatil Particles turneth faint and paled whereupon young Men growing old lose the perfection of the vital and nervous Liquor and the Animal Spirits acquire a dull sluggish disposition not fit for motion The Blood and Animal Liquor is often enervated by Luxury Venery Luxury destroyeth the purity of the Animal Liquor and ill Diet whereupon the Body is rendred sick and decayed and the Compage of the Brain loseth its tenseness as growing flaccide in Hypocondriack Bodies and the nervous substance of the Brain suffereth a great weakness and resolution in frequent Convulsive motions in Apoplexies Convulsive motions often produce Mopishness Hysterick Fits Epilepsies and the like so that I have seen some become Mopes and Stupid after many fits of Cephalick Diseases Early Wit in Children often degenerates into dulness according to the vulgar proverb soon Ripe soon Rotten Early Wits degenerate into Dulness by reason the finer parts of the Succus Nervosus being over-active and thin do often quit their subject and leave it gross and spiritless making the Brain unfit to perform its operations Great strokes upon the Head making concussions of the Brain Great strokes upon the Head hinder the motion of the Animal Spirits do hinder the due and regular motion of the Animal Spirits in the spaces placed between the nervous Filaments and make Men dull and sottish and sometimes Mad. When Men frequently indulge themselves in the immoderate use of Wine Ale Brandy and Strong-waters their Stomach loseth its concoctive Faculty making an ill Chyle and mass of Blood consisting of Heterogeneous fermentative Elements which destroy the purity of the vital and nervous Liquor rendring the Animal Spirits unable to perform the functions of the Mind The frequent and too great Doses of Opiats do incrassate the mass of Blood and nervous Liquor and are endued with a malignant Temper Opiates too frequently administred do beget Mopishness very offensive to the Animal Spirits by rendring them Effaete and Vapide and unfit for motion so that the Brain loseth its Tone and cannot well accomplish the acts of Sense and Reason often making Men Mopes and Sots Violent passions of the Mind as a pannick Fear and deep Sorrow Violent passions do produce this Disease and the like do strike so great a terror that they unman the Patient and confound the regular motion of the Succus Nervosus and Animal Spirits rendring a Man stupid and sensless and not able to make provision for the preservation of his Life and Person as being betrayed by passion in time of Battle So that as the Wise man saith Fear betrayeth those succors that Reason offereth Melancholick and Hypocondriacal Persons sometimes acquire a Morosis Deep Thoughts sometimes cause Mopishness which happens to persons of deep Thoughts often addicted to the Study of Learning whereupon the Animal Spirits are depauperated and the acts of Sense and Reason diminished or wholly abolished in Fops So that Thoughtful and Studious persons often propagate Fools as they over-much indulge deep Meditations which do much employ the Succus Nervosus and its more noble Particles in the Brain hindring their progress down toward the Testicular Glands wherein the Seminal Liquor wanting a due proportion of nervous Liquor and Animal Spirits as their excellent Element cannot produce a well-disposed Brain whence ensueth a defect of right Reason and Sense These Diseases of Stupidity and Mopishness The distinction of Mopishness The First hath a defect of Memory c. if strictly inquired into may admit a distinction as the First hath a defect of Memory Imagination and Judgement so that the persons affected with stupidity are not well apprehensive of notions nor judicious in the right consideration of things and treat others with ridiculous Language and Gestures but that Mopish persons have somewhat more of the use of Reason is manfest as understanding simple notions and retaining them sometime in their Memory A defect of Judgement sometimes a cause of Mopishness but by reason of a defect in Judgment cannot compound and divide the notices of things and entertain their companions sometimes with frivilous impertinent discourses and other times with dull Silence and refractory Humors Our aim at this time is to give an account of both of them
by reason the Paroxisms do often invade in the New and Full of the Moon This Disease may be discovered by peculiar Diagnosticks The Diagnosticks of an Epilepsy as the Patient is of a suddain surprized with this Malady and loseth the use of Reason and Sense accompanied with a violent Fall froth about the Mouth and nashing of Teeth frequent strokes of the Breast and Convulsive motions of the Limbs and sometimes an universal stiffness of the whole Body and an instation of the Hypocondres and Belly and the Symptoms cease of a suddain and the Patient is reendued with Sense and Reason An Epilepsy may admit this description The description of the Falling-sickness of being an Abolition of the chief functions of the Brain as well as Sense and voluntary Motion which is associated with Convulsive agitations of the Muscular parts proceeding from an inordinate motion of the Animal Spirits disaffecting the fibrous Compage of the Brain and the various Plexes of Nerves furnishing the Muscles of the Limbs and Trunk of the Body Sometimes the Fits of an Epilepsy do make their Paroxysms at set times of the Day Month or Year according to the Conjunctions of Planets The Fits of an Epilepsy observe set times as of the Sun Moon or their Opposite Aspects and other times the Epileptick Paroxysms observe no certain type or period which is occasioned by variety of evident and Procatarctick causes These Paroxysms also are distinguished as having various degrees The degrees of the Fits of a Falling-sickness some being more gentle discernible in more easie symptoms when the Patient doth not suffer so great a violence by the Disease as not being affected with a Stupor nor thrown down by strong Convulsive motions of the Muscular parts but speedily returneth to the exercise of his rational sensitive and locomotive faculties And in others these Fits are more strong as accompanied with more dreadful accidents the loss of Reason Sense and regular motions of the Body as having the functions of the Brain stupid and the parts of the Body first tortured with violent agitations and afterwards stiff senseless and immovable And to this Disease Children and young Men are most liable Another difference of this Disease may be derived from the variety of its subject or part affected A Falling-sickness differeth in point of its various subject from which it taketh its rise whereupon a Falling-sickness may be styled per 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and primary when it proceedeth from the Brain originally affected and per 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by consent of Parts when the Disease beginneth in some inferior part and is afterward imparted to the Head And now it may be worth our inquiry The subject of this Disease what is the subject or seat of this Disease which some affirm to be in the Membranes encircling the Brain and every way contracting it like a Purse and others in the substance of it As to the first opinion it seemeth very improbable by reason it supposeth the Coats of the Brain to be universally narrowed according to all its Cavities whereby the substance of the Brain is compressed which if true would produce an Apoplexy and not an Epilepsy as intercepting the current of Animal Liquor and Spirits into the origen of the Nerves The Coats of the Brain cannot every where vellicate the Origens of Nerves seated in the Cortex of the Brain Farthermore It is difficult to conceive how the Coats of the Brain can be so narrowed as to close every way and contract its ambient parts and make a vellication of the Origens of the Nerves taking their rise in the Cortex by reason the Dura Menynx is so conjoyned in divers parts to the Skull that it cannot universally compress the Brain by its too near approximation And again The Pia Mater is fastned by divers Ligaments and continuity of Vessels to the Dura Menynx So that the Pia Mater cannot universally vellicate the fibrous Compage of the Brain in reference to an over-close contraction unless the Dura Mater to which it is firmly affixed first give way which in some parts it may where it is not fastned to the Skull and so may admit Convulsive motions The Fibrous parts of the Brain are primarily concerned in Convulsive motions as well as the fibrous parts of the Brain which are great Actors in this Tragical Scene of Epileptick Fits and as numerous Fibrils do constitute the curious and wonderful frame of the Cerebrum and Cerebellum they may be called the seat of this most turbulent Disease more or less discomposing the Nervous parts of the Brain and whole Body in a strong Epilepsy And furthermore I humbly conceive that the fibrous Compage of the Brain is first affected in the Falling-sickness and afterward the Coats do sympathize as being composed of many small Fibrils which are derived from those of the Brain or at least are near akin to them in structure and situation Learned Dr. The Animal Spirits according to Dr. Willis are the subject of the Falling-sickness Willis asserteth in Tractatu de Morbis Convulsivis Capite 2. de Epilepsia p. 28. that the primary seat of an Epilepsie is in the Animal Spirits rarefied and endued with an Explosive disposition Ait ille Et quidem uti verisimillimum arbitror paroxysmum Epilepticum à spirituum animalium Cerebri incolarum qui nempe sunt primum immediatum hujus morbi subjectum subita quadam rarefactione explosione concitati qua Cerebrum ipsum inflatur adeoque insensile redditur simulque nervi appensi in Convulsiones aguntur hinc enimvero contingit hujus morhi accessionem ita derepente incipere perfecte terminari sine magna materiae morbificae provisione aut reliquiis quin nempe labes non tam partibus folidis quam ipsis spiritibus infertur Wherein this Learned Author concludeth that this most vexatious Malady is not in the solid parts but in the Spirits themselves as the prime and immediate subject of an Epileptick Fit expressed above in plain terms to which with deference to this Great Professor of our Art I take the boldness to speak this return That the Humors The Humors and Spirits are causes and subjects of Diseases and Spirits as being contained parts are rather Causes then Subjects of Diseases which I humbly conceive to be seated in the containing solid rather then in the fluid parts The first and immediate subject of an Epilepsy are the Cortical-Fibrils whereupon the Origens of the Nerves placed in the Cortex of the Brain are the first and immediate subject of this Disease as they are discomposed either by ill Heterogeneous Particles of the Blood or vitiated Animal Liquor and Spirits which the Learned Author conceiveth to work in the Nerves explosively after the manner of fired Gun-Powder Sequitur ait ille spiritus animales etiam systematis nervosi incolas copula explosiva imbutas cumque ipsis cerebri
due Spirits and Tenseness especially when they are affected with high Narcotick steams which despoil them of their laudable temper and tone The motive Faculty is impeded or abolished The motive Faculty is hindred when the Origen of the Nerves is obstructed by reason the Origens of the Nerves are obstructed in the Cortex or their progress in other Processes of the Brain Cerebellum or Medulla Spinalis or in the Trunks of the Nerves and their diverse Plexes and divarications The origination of the Nerves The Origen of the Nerves may be stopped by a gross nervous Liquor may be obstructed by the grossness of the Succus Nervosus as not being capable to be received into the beginning of the Interstices relating to the nervous Filaments constituting the body of the Nerves The grossness of the nervous Liquor may arise from a thick faeculent albuminous part of the Blood the Materia substrata of the Succus Nervosus The cause of a gross nervous Liquor or when the cortical Glands being not well disposed as having too large extravagant Vessels or Pores are not able duely to percolate the more thin mild Particles of the Blood from its more gross parts whereupon the thick Animal Liquor is not capable to insinuate it self into the Origens of the fibrous parts of the Brain The Origens of the Nerves are straightned by the Tumors of the adjacent parts which are also rendred too close and straight by the swelling of the neighbouring parts coming from the cortical Glands by a quantity of extravasated Blood in Inflammations or of serous Recrements in a Hydrocephalus in a Hydropick constitution of the Brain compressing the Origens of the nervous Fibrils in the ambient parts of the Brain And not only the Origens of the minute nervous Fibrils in the Cortex The progress of the Fibrils may have their Filaments over-close but the progress of more large Fibrils in the Medulla oblongata and Medulla Spinalis may have the spaces of their Filaments so closely conjoyned to each other by a quantity of Blood or Pus or by the tumors of the adjacent parts that the current of the Animal Spirits is intercepted whereupon the adjoyning Nerves grow flaccid and unfit for Sense and Motion A Palsey also may arise from a Solution of the unity of parts The solution of the unity of parts may be a cause of a Palsey when the fibrous Compage of the Brain is wounded or affected with a great blow or by Concussion when the order of the fibrous parts of the Brain is perverted as it hath the Fibres too much separated or too closely united dashing one against another A greater or less obstruction or compression of the fibrous parts of the Brain often produceth an Apoplexy Carus Lethargy Hemiplegia and when the Paroxysmes of these Cephalick Diseases are gone A Palsey often succedeth an Apoplexy The cause of the Palsey how it is more or less universal a Palsey often succeedeth sometimes affecting one other times both sides of the Body so that sometimes one or more Limbs and other times the Limbs of the whole Body are disabled in point of Motion As the matter of the Disease is more or less imparted to the Nerves of the Brain Cerebellum and Medulla Spinalis so the parts affected are not only rendred destitute of Motion but of Sense too in some cases And if some curious persons be so inquisitive The cause why Sense remaineth when motion is taken away as to be informed of the reason why the Sense remaineth where motion is taken away this may be offered in point of their satisfactions that Physicians have assigned some Nerves to celebrate the act of Sensation and others to motion but if this Opinion be not satisfactory as being improbable because all Nerves are endued as well with Sense as Motion I will presume to give the courteous Reader another Reason which may seem more probable that the act of motion is more difficult and laborious as supposing an action whereas Sensation intimates only a Passion which is more easy then the other and may be performed by a sensible impression continued from the common Sensory by the continuation of the coats of nervous Filaments propagated from the Brain to the Medulla Spinalis and other parts of the Body But Motion is accomplished by a higher nixus of the Nerves requiring a greater quantity and more refined Animal Spirits expaâ—ding the nervous Filaments and rendring them plump and stiff in order to motion The Compression of the Corpora Striata The Compression of the Corpora Striata hinder the progress of the Animal Liquor may arise from some extravasated Blood or serous Recrements outwardly crouding the Interstices of the Filaments relating to the Corpora Striata whereupon the progress of the nervous Liquor and Spirits being checked the Nerves grow relaxed and their motion abolished The Medulla oblongata The seat of the Palsey and the elongation of it the Medulla Spinalis may be the seat of the Palsey when the Fibrils of the said parts are obstructed inwardly by some gross Matter or outwardly by the compression of some stagnated Blood or faeculent Humors or by the Tumors of some adjoyning parts sometimes this disaffection is placed in the Nerves Sometimes this Disease is seated in the Nerves without the Brain without the limits of the Brain Cerebellum and Medulla Spinalis either in the Trunks or smaller Branches of Nerves stopped by obstruction compression or by solution of their unity Whereupon the progress of the Animal Liquor and Spirits is interrupted and the Filaments of Nerves become loose and flabby as having lost their tenseness a requisite condition of the action of the Nerves Immoderate Cold being a great enemy to the nervous Cold as incrassating the nervous Liquor may be the cause of a Palsey as well as vital Liquor doth incrassate the Animal Spirits so that they loose their volatil and elastick Particles and are rendred unfit to invigorate the Nerves in reference to Motion The immoderate use of Opiates which being taken too frequently The immoderate use of Opiates may cause a Palsey and in too great a quantity doth vitiate the I one of the Animal Spirits an dits energetick disposition which is also produced by the venenate Fumes of Minerals So that Miners working in Mineral Earth are affected with the steams of Antimony Mercury and Auripigmentum or Arsnick which cause Tumors in the Limbs as also sometimes a relaxation of the Nerves whereupon ensueth a paralytick distemper taking away the use of the Muscular parts the proper Engines of Motion For the most part the Brain is not only affected but the Medulla Spinalis and sometimes the Cerebellum is concerned by serous Recrements diffused between the Skull and the Coats of the Brain which afterward fall down and compresse the Fistula Sacra or Silver Cord The Palsey may arise from the Compression of the Medulla Spinalis A quantity of
an evident cause A Palsey proceeding from an evident cause indicates Bleeding after a Clyster hath been injected And then gentle Diureticks and Diaphoreticks may be administred Diuretick Powders of a Stroke Fall Wound that the prejudiced part may be restored again an apertion of a Vein may be proper as lessening the mass of Blood and diverting it from the part affected after an emollient and discutient Clyster hath been administred and rejected gentle Diureticks and Diaphoreticks may be safely advised to make good the circulation of the Blood and discharge its serous Recrements whereby the part aggrieved is eased As also Diuretick Powders made of the Four cooling Seeds Chervil Golden-rod and the like mixed with Sugar or a Powder recited in the Augustan Dispensatory drinking immediately after it an Apozeme prepared with opening and Diuretick Medicines or vulnerary Diet-drinks The dislocated Vertebers are to be reduced Or if a Dislocation be made of the vertebers of the Spine they are to be reduced to their natural situation by a dextrous Chyrurgeons hand And afterward Balsomes Liniments may be applied as also Fomentations Cataplasmes Emplaistres of Oxycroceum e Minio e Mucilaginibus of Paracelsus and if the Tumor of the Chine remain resolving and discutient Bathings may be outwardly administred An habitual Palsey depending upon Procatarctick and antecedent causes being considered in actu signato or exercito in fieri or factum esse An habitual Palscy claims a peculiar Cure doth challenge to it self a peculiar way of Cure As to the Procatarctick causes belonging to this Disease A respect must be had to the Sex res non naturales in the cure of a Palsey a care must be had of the Sex res non naturales that they may be disposed in good order according to Art And the intentions of a Palsey in relation to its antecedent causes do denote the goodness of Chyle and mass of Blood which is effected by a good Diet and proper Ferments of the Stomach depending on a laudable Vital and nervous Liquor the Materia substrata and subject of the Animal Spirits To this intent courses of Physick may be administred Medicines prepared with Cephalicks and Antiscorbuticks As also Chalybeats are goo din this Disease prepared with Cephalicks and Antiscorbuticks mixed with purging medicines and after them in a Plethorick Body Bleeding may be advised and then Chalybeat Medicines may be taken of Tinctures Syrupes Powders given in Electuaries made of Temperate Scorbutick and Cephalick ingredients drinking after them a good draught of a proper Apozeme Vomitories may be prescribed in a foul Stomack Vomitories may be advised in a foul Stomach opening the obstructions of the Liver Spleen Pancreas made of the infusion of Crocus metallorum Salt of Vitriol Oxymel or Wine of Squills or some few grains of Mercurius vitae which is not to be given but in robust Bodies Fontanels may be made in the Neck between the Shoulders Fontanels very propeâ— in a Palsey in the Thigh or Leg which are very beneficial in this case Ale is proper medicated with the Leaves of Sage Betony Rorismary as also the Flowers of Lime Lily of the Valley Sage Paeony Rorismary Betony and the like And not only the Continent and Procatarctick causes of a Palsey are to be considered but the ill habit of the body too The ill habit of the Body is to be considered in a confirmed Palsey Purgatives and Alteratives as Apozemes Electuaries are proper for a habitual Palsey if the Disease groweth habitual as highly radicated and in this case a care must be had that Bleeding and violent Purging be omitted as Nature is highly weakened by the length of the Disease so that gentle Purgatives mixed with Antiscorbuticks Diureticks may now and then be given as also Cephalick Apozemes Electuaries prepared with Chalybeats which do refine the Blood nervous Liquor and Spirits and corroborate the Nerves which are relaxed or resolved in this Disease In a Palsey proceeding from pituitous or serous Recrements of the Brain Medicines for pituitous or serous Recrements of the Brain an Electuary may be advised prepared with the Leaves of Water-cresses the Flowers of Sage Betony Paeony Rorismary and Condite Eryngo-roots Condite Nutmegs Mace as also with the Powders of Crabs Eies Millepedes and a little of Castor and Amber made up with Syrupe of Sage-Flowers or Lavender drinking after it a good draught of an Apozeme made of Sarzaparilla China Guiacum Sassafras infused and boiled in fair water and to the Colature may be added of the Leaves of Betony Sage Rorismary of the Flowers of the same which may be arotamised with Mace Nutmegs c. and sweetned with Syrupe of Lavender or Lime-Flowers Or a Milk-water may be thus prepared Take of the Bark of Winteran A distilled Milk-water of the chips of Auranges and Limons of each Two Ounces of the Roots or Leaves of Cuckowpintle of the Leaves of Garden Scorby-grass Water-cresses Sage Betony of the Flowers of Lavender Sage Rorismary Nutmegs Millepedes which may be besprinkled First with Wine and stand a convenient time and afterward a large quantity of Milk may be added and a distillation made in a Rose Still To every Dose of this distilled water may be added some drops of Spirit of Salt Armoniack succinated Spirits of Salt Armoniack succinated or of Harts-horn Sutt Blood c. Tinctures of Turpentine Antimony or Amber or Elixir Proprieratis Bezoar Mineral or of Spirit of Hartshorn Sutt Blood c. Dr. Willis adviseth Tincture of Mercury Terebinth or Tincture of Antimony or Amber Elixir proprietatis or Paeony c. The Powder of the Flesh of Vipers and of the Hearts and Livers may be given in distilled waters of the Flowers of Lavender Sage Betony Rorismary c. Bezoar Mineral Solar mixed with Powder of Cloves Nutmegs Mace and once in Four or Five days gentle Purgatives prepared with Cephalicks are to be advised Trochischi de Mirrha Trochischi and Pills or Hysterici as also Pills made of Castor Amber Powder of Millepedes and of the Roots or Leaves of Ground Pine made into Pills with Syrupe of Paeony may be beneficial Powder of Zedoary Galangal Cardamom Specier Diambr may be given in a draught os some Specifick or Cephalick water or in the Magistral Milk-water prescribed above And last of all in this Palsey Fomentation of the Chine proceeding from cold causes the Spine may be bathed with compound Spirit of Lavender or the Queen of Hungarys Water or with Oil of Amber and the like Natural Baths Natural Baths which being sulphureous and Bituminous do heat dry and corroborate the Brain and Spinal Marrow and are very advantageous after universal evacuations have been celebrated A Palsey proceeding from Bilious Recrements A Bilious Palsey doth indicate more milde and temperate Medicines oppressing the Brain and Medulla Spinalis doth indicate more mild and temperate Medicines as Electuaries made of Conserve of Lime-Flowers Lily of the
varionr Liquors 28 Agents and Patients do mutually act as conform in Texture wherein the small particles of Agents are suitable in shape and size with the Pores of Patients 37 Air is exalted by Celestial Emanations 29 Air is of an expansive Nature and is light in its own Nature and groweth ponderous as embodied with steams as their vehicle 34 Air is called by Mr. Hook Tincture of Earthy and watry bodies dissolved into it 30 Air is rendred fermentative as affected with the effluxes of Vegetables 31 The manner how Air incorporated with steams is conveyed from the surface to the inward recesses of the Body 395 Air being of an expansive Nature much advanceth the growth of Plants 39 The Air-vessels of Plants 821 and how they are encircled with lignous Processes and how they have an entercourse with Sap-vessels and their uses 822 823 The passage how Air is conveyed into the Mouth of Birds 1099 The Air is forced into the Lungs by the weight of the Superincumbent Atmosphaere and the Air by its elastick Particles assisteth the inflation of the Lungs 832 Air insinuates into the inward part of the Brain and mixeth with the Succus nervosus 1001 The Air consisting of various steams embodied with the Blood made up of Heterogeous Particles hath great contests by which the different parts are brought to a due temper and in some sort assimilated 41 The attraction of Aliment is not found in the Stomach but Mouth 201 Attraction of Aliment cannot proceed from a Vacuum 291 The Aliment is protruded into the Stomach 292 The Aliment is prepared in the Mouth with Salival Liquor and as inspired with Airy and Aethereal Particles 297 The Aliment is not only acted with serous and nervous Ferments as proper Menstruums in the Ventricles but also exalted with vital heat tanquam Bal. Mar. whereby the Aliment is extracted in the Stomach by Colliquation 297 Liquid Aliment having enlarged Pores is more easily concocted then solid 310 Aliment is concocted in the Stomach without corruption 312 Aliment putrified depraveth the mass of Blood 314 The Aliment is concocted by a perfective not corruptive Fermentation 315. The Extraction of Aliment in its intestine motion resembleth the fermentation of vegetable juyce 314 The alimentary Liquor is extracted by proper Ferments and afterward the Faeces are separated by a kind of precipitation 318 All antoides its Figure 636 637 Amnios its substance Figure and use 637 638 Anasarca seated in the muscular parts and differeth from an Ascitis in the parts affected and produces a Laesa Sanguificatione 134 Anasarca coming from purulent Matter 137 Remote causes of an Anasarca 137 Ab excretis à Retentis 138 The curatory and preservative Indications of an Anasarca 138 In an Anasarca the curatory Indication may be satisfied by Purgatives Diureticks Sudorificks c. 139 Diet-drinks Chalybeats Topicks Frications Fomentations 140 In an Anasarca blistering Plaisters are unsafe 141 Anfractus of the Brain resemble the Intestines 982 The Animal Liquor 1001 1002 1003 Animal Spirits and their seat and production 1004 Of their Origen 1137 According to Dr. Willis the different affection of Animal Spirits may be illustrated by Light 1147 The Animal Spirits do not differ from the Vital according to Descartes and are in truth the more refined Particles of the nervous Liquor 1005 Sylvius his Opinion how the Animal Spirits are generated in the Cortical vessels of the Brain and are the more mild parts of the Animal Liquor and of the manner how the Animal Spirits are generated 1006 and of their subject and the Animal Spirits do not subsist of themselves 1007 The progress of the Animal Spirits according to Dr. Willis and the outmost Spirits have no retrograde motion in the Brain 1016 of the regular and irregular motion of the Animal Spirits 1139 Ani Procidentia and its cause according to some Anatomists 1067 Annular Process or Pons varolii 1019 Animal Spirits have no reflux 1090 Animal Liquor is the efficient cause of the rational sensitive and motive operations 1089 The manner how the Animal Liquor is propagated and of its progress 1090 Appetite of Hunger 279 Appetite of Thirst 282 Lost Appetite of Thirst and its causes 286 Pathology of the Appetitive Faculty 287 The Diseases of the Appetitive Faculty of the Stomach 287 The lost Appetite 289 The lessened Appetite 288 The Doglike Appetite 289 The depraved Appetite Ibid. Apepsia is made à vitiata Conformatione aut mala temperie aut a fermentis male dispositis 321 pepsia proceeding from an ill tone of the Stomach 321 Appetite of Man is double to be like his Maker and beget somewhat like himself 511 Of an Apoplexy and its seat and causes 1126 and of many cases of it 1127 And how Opiates produce an Appoplexy 1128 1129 Of the degrees of an Apoplexy Ibid. Apthae the Vlcers of the Tongue and Mouth cured 156 The Architectonick power in the Seed giveth a due Magnitude Number Figure Situation Connexion c. to the Foetus 622 Arteries of the Heart and the Orifice of the pulmonary Artery and of the Aorta and the coronary Artery and the first production of Arteries 779 The substance and coats of the Arteries 780 The motion of the Arteries 781 The manner of the pulsation of Arteries according to Dr. Harvey Ibid. The Systole or motion of the Arteries is made by fleshy Fibres 783 The Pathology of the Arteries their obstruction 784 An Aneurisme and the cause of its production 785 The laceration and great pulsation of the Artery 786 Arteries of the one side of the Brain do inosculate with those of the other 987 Arteries of the Brain do not inosculate with the Jugular veins 988 Articulation of Words how they are made by diverse stops modelling the expired Air. 1149 Ascitis and its causes antecedent continent and Procatarctick 167 Ascitis coming from purulent Matter from the suppressed Menstrua from a rupture of the Bladder and from serous Recrements 168 An Ascitis proceeding from broken Lymphaeducts 169 In an Ascitis Purgatives too strong are very improper 169 Diureticks are more safe Ibid. Asthma its description causes and indications 858 859 Atheromes 143 Atrabilarian humor and how the Spleen is conceived to be the subject of it 1150 Auricles of the Heart their Figure and Connexion 719 And of their Vessels Fibres Cavities and Vses 720 B. OF the Bark of Plants and its Cuticle or thin covering 52 The Bark is invested with a Cuticle resembling that of Man's Body which is reticular made up of divers Semi-circles filled up with Bodies of various shapes and sizes and the Cuticle is furnished with divers Cells investing the Convexe part of the Cortex 52 The Bark in its inside is composed of diverse Rings of Sap-vessels and is fastened to the Wood by the interposition of many cortical Fibres somewhat resembling the Membranes affixing the Skin to the Membrana Musculorum Communis 53 Belchings proceeding from crude and flatulent Matter 343 So our Belchings are the effects
c. 913. And of an Unguis Oculi and its Cause and Cure 915 The diseases of the Cornea and their Cures the disaffection of the Transparency and its Causes and the Cure of an Albugo 917 The Vlcers and Rupture of the Cornea and their Cures 919 The Cancer and Cause and Applications in its beginning 919 The diseases of the Uvea and their Cures and of the too great Perforations of it called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 921. And the overmuch contraction of the Pupil 922 The diseases of the watry Humors of the Eye and their Cures and of a Cataract 923 The Prognosticks of a Suffusion and its Cures in which a Vein may be opened 924. The manner of Couching a Cataract 925 The diseases of the Aranea and the cristalline and vitrious Humor and their Cures and of the grossness of the Aranea and Rupture and of a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or ill colour of the cristalline Humor the cause of a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 926. The grossness of the Vitreous Humor 927 The diseases of the optick Nerves and the Retina and their Cures The Gutta Serena and its Causes 927 The Cure of it 928. The wrinkles of the Retina and its cause and the Density of this Coat 926 F. OF the Face Eyes Nose Lips 862. and the description of the Face and of its Lineaments finishing Lines Symmetry and Elegancy 863 Faculty and the meaning of it 290 Falciforme Process and of its Figure and Vse 983 Of the Falling Sickness and of its Names Diagnosticks description Fits and their degrees 1175 Of the subject of this Disease and how in it the Coats of the Brain cannot be every where vellicated the Nerves and the fibrous parts of the Brain are primarily concerned in Convulsive motions and of the Animal Spirits the subject of this Disease according to Dr. Willis 1176. And of its true subject and of its various Symptomes and their causes 1177. An Epilepsy coming from an Abscess Polypus and wound of the Brain and from the fracture of both Tables of the Skull 1179 A Falling sickness proceeding from an ulcered Pancreas Spleen Worms and from the diseases of the Stomach and Guts 1180 Of the Indications and of specifick Medicines in this Disease and how they operate by secret qualities 1181. And how the Cure of this disease is performed by sweetening the Blood and by corroborating Cephalicks Vomitories Apozemes Bleeding and Topicks 1182 And by Suffumigations Sternutatories Powders Conserves Electuaries Pills Apozemes Amulets Emplaisters and how Mercurial Medicines weaken the Nerves and how a Salivation may be raised in a strong constitution of Body 1183 Fat is originally oily and Fluide and afterward concreted 181 The Fat of the Caul hath many Cells and minute Glands Ibid. Fat is not produced by Heat but rather by Cold 75 Fat is not produced by nervous Liquor but by the oily part of the Blood 76 Feathers of Birds and their Analogy with Hair and description of a Quil and of a its filamentous parts and structure of a Filme its Blood-vessels and Pith and Figure of the Stemm 945. Its Surfaces and Margents and oblong and broad Filaments and Fringes of the Stemm and of the colours of Feathers and their production 946. And uses of Feathers Ferments of the Stomach some work by Secretion others by Precipitation 301 Ferments are active Bodies affected with spirituous saline and sulphureous parts exalted by heat 301 Of the nervous Liquor a Ferment of the Stomach 301 Ferments work upon some Bodies of agreeable temper though in the main of an opposite Ibid. Ferments are most in Bulk and great in Virtue 302 Ferments work in Bodies opened by airy and aethereal Particles Ibid. Ferments compounded of small Parts are easily brought into action by reason they cannot oppose the contest of contrary Agents 302 Ferments endued with Angles do more easily insinuate themselves into laxe Bodies Ibid. Ferments agreeing in Figure have a disposition to motion Ibid. The serous Ferment of the Stomach is severed from the Blood 305 Serous Liquor is ministerial to the concoction of Aliment in the Stomach Ibid. The serous Ferment of the Stomach is not acted with acide but saline Particles which is evident in the Stomach of Fish 308 The various Ferments of the Stomach do embody with the homogeneous part of Aliment and precipitate the Heterogeneous 309 Fermentation is double in concoction the first perfective in the extraction of Aliment The Second corruptive in point of excrements the reliques of Concoction 317 Fermentation doth not only consist in Acids but in mutual opposition of contrary Agents proceeding from Heterogeneous Elements 402 Ferments of the Kidneys 479 The Fluor Albus or Whites and their difference from the Menstrua 584 The cause of the Fluor Albus which containeth many kinds of Recrements 584. And how it is conveyed into the Cavity of the Womb Ibid. Natural and artificial Fermentation of Liquors how they hold Analogy with those of Man's Body 17 Artificial Fermentation in point of Aliment as that of Doe Beer-Wort c 18 19 The Fermentation in point of Aliment and the Cures of it 20 21 Fermentation in Animals hath great affinity with Vegetables 21 Various Ferments productive of intestine motion in reference to alimentary and vital Liquor 22 The different operation of Ferments some by ebullition others by precipitation Ibid. Ferments which are most potent consist of different Elements working briskly in contrary Agents Ibid. Fermentation is made by an expansive and also by a precipitating power 25 The first Ferment of Chyle is Salival Liquor in the Mouth The second are the serous and nervous Liquors in the Stomach The third is the pancreatick juyce The fourth is nervous Liquor in the Glands of the Mesentery 27 The Fermentative Power of aethereal and airy Particles advancing the Chyle and Blood of Humane Bodies 28 The descript on of a Fever and the cause of it and Borellus his Opinion 753 And the causes of a Fever 755 Fevers proceeding form a Succus Pancreaticus 759. And Fevers that are continued have no perfect intermission but remission only 759 The kinds of continued Fevers and their several steps and crisis 760 761 The nature and symptomes of malignant Fevers and how the Blood is putrefied and the bond of mixtion dissolved in them 762 And the way how infection is made 763 Of a Quartan intermittent Fever 764 And of its Cure 765 The Cures of intermittent Fevers 766. And the Cures of continued 767 A great instance of Poison imitating the types and periods of malignant Fevers Ibid. The Fibres of the Brain are implanted into the Cortex and propagate the Processes of the Brain into the Medulla Spinalis 1071. The Fibrils of the Brain and Cerebellum are composed of many Filaments 1191 The Fibrils are rendred Tense in the exercise of Sense and Motion 798 The numerous Fibrils of the Brain coagulated into Trunks about the Medulla oblongata 1085 The progress of the Fibres of the Brain 1090
structure and various Coates 224 And of its Fibrils consigned to Tasting 225 The Tongue is endued with Cartilaginous Processes inserted into the Glandulous Coat 232 The Tongue is furnished with diverse Muscles and many ranks of Fibres 226 227 Diseases of the Tongue Apthae Inflammations and Vlcers 249 Transparent Bodies 13 14 15 16 Of Transparency 308 Tumors are to be opened when they cannot be discussed 146 Tumors of an Erysipelas Oedema Scirrhus Cancer c. 147 148 149 into Tumors when hollow cleansing and drying Medicines are to be injected 147 Tympanitis 171 A Bastard Tympanitis proceeding from a Flatus lodged in the Stomach and Guts 171 Tympanitis arising from watry vapours is of a gentle emollient Nature without great pain 175 A true Tympanitis caused by a meer Flatus lodged in the Belly is veryrare 177 An instance of a Tympanitis commonly derived from wind and watry Humors 178 A strang History of a Tympanitis taken out of Smetius 177 U. VAcuum improbable 7 8 Vapours of a Malignant Nature are dispelled by saline Steems 34 Vapours the Materia Substrata of a Flatus 336 Vapours differ according to several subjects 137 Vegetables are a fine composition of Bark Wood and Pith 31 Vegetables have a thin Coate made up of many minute filaments interspersed with numerous Perforations 31 Vegetable Juices are inspired with Air 32 The Veins relating to the Heart the Veins implanted into the Cava the Annular fleshy Fibres of the Cava 787 The first production of the Veins their substance Coats and frame 788 The fleshy Fibres of the Cava the Valves and their use their Figure and Number and how the motion of the Blood is first performed in the Veins 787 The Pathology of the Veins and its Cures The Obstruction of the Veins 790. Their Compression various Tumors 791 The right Ventricle of the Heart and tricuspidal Valves 721 The left Ventricle and its Figure 722. Its furrows and mitral and semilunary Valves 723. The Fibres of the Semilunary Valves 724 Ventricles of the Brain which seem to be four but in truth are two and their seat and how they are equal to each other and how they are severed by the Speculum Lucidum 1009 The Third and Fourth Ventricle and of a sinus called Calamus Scriptorius and the round process to which the Cerebellum is affixed 1010 Salt Water found in the right Ventricle 1011 Of a Vertigo or Meagrum often a fore-runner of Sleepy Diseases and how it proceeds and of its Paroxysme and evident Causes 1135. Of the inward Causes making an irritation of the Nervous Fibrils 1136. And of the essence and of its seat and continent Cause of a Vertigo and of its manner how it is produced and as it is inveterate 1137 The Indications and Cure of this Disease 1133 The Viscera and Muscles are Systemes of Vessels 201 Voice is Organized by the Wind-pipe Larynx Arch of the Palate Gooms Teeth Uvula and Nose 236 Vomiting and Purging are performed by the various Motion of Fibres in the Stomach and Guts 329 In Vomiting the Fibres of the Stomach begin their Motion about the right Orifice and then move toward the left 330 Vomiting a kind of Convulsive motion of the Stomach 331 Vomitings are derived from Inflammations Abscesses Vlcers proceeding from ill Humors troubling the Nervous and Carnous Fibres of the Stomach 338 Vomiting coming from Poysonous Medicines 339 Vomiting coming from Colick pains and from Gravel and Stone 339 Vomiting proceeding from the Abscesses of the Intestines Mesentery Liver Caul c. 339 Vomiting and Purging Medicines Cure belchings coming from a foul stomach 344 Vreters 494 to 495 Vreters of other Animals 496 Vreters and their Pathology 497 498 The Vreters their Description Number Origen and Progress Connexion Figure Membranes and use 494 495 The Vreters and their Diseases Obstructions Ischury c. 495 The unnatural expansion of the Vreters 498 The Vrethra and its seat spungy and Membranous substance and Fibres 535 Vrine its Origen and parts 505 Vrine 505 to 509 The watry parts the Consistence Quantity and Quality of Vrine 506 The Colour and cause of Crude and gross Vrine 507 The Hypostasis and Contents of Vrine 508 The Vterus and its Vagina according to its seat magnitude substance inward surface and Carnous expansions Contracting the Orifice of the Vagina 563 564 with the Vessels and Action of the Vagina 565 566 The inward parts of the Vterus and its situation Connexion Figure 566 567 The Vterus of Women is void of Hornes and hath a simple Cavity without Cells 567 The Neck Orifice and inward Cavity of the Vterus 568 The substance of the Vterus groweth more thick in the time of the Foetus 568 The Coates and Glands of the Vterus 569 The Fibrous and Carnous Compage of the Vterus 570 The Vessels vid. Arterys Veins Nerves and Lymphaeducts of the Vterus 570 Diseases of the Vterus or Womb and their Causes 608 Inflammations Carnous Tumors Abscesses Vlcers of the Womb 608 609 Gangreens Cancers Dropsies of the Vterus or Womb 610 611 Vterus of Beasts and its Vagina Orifice Cavity Connexion Glands Coats Cornua and Body 640 641 642 Vterus of Birds and of its situation Coats Glands c. 644 645 The Coats of the Vterus of Fish the Chorion and Amnios 658 The Figure of the Vterus or Womb in little Worms 660 The Vmbilical Vessels of Plants 672 The Vvula is Composed of a Glandulous substance of its use according to D. Holder 222 W. THe Weight of the Body is equally received on both Limbs in an erected posture by the Muscles put into a Tonick motion 113 Whispering 237 Wind and its Causes 177 Winds have their Origen from various Exhalations 34 Wind receiveth its different sort from variety of Vapours 173 Wind how it is produced 174 Wind proceeding from exalted Vapours caused by an intrinsick heat 174 The Wind-pipe 810 811 812 Of the Larynx or Head of the Wind-pipe and of its Figure Composition the Buckler Cartilage and its four processes 813 and the Muscles of the Larynx and the several Cartilages 814 The Wind-pipe of other Animals 816 The Wind-pipe of Birds 817 818 The Wind-pipe of Fish 819 The Wind-pipe of less perfect Animals 820 Wine contributes to the Concoction of Aliment 310 Wine turneth acide in the Stomach when its parts are brought to a Fluor Ibid. Wine is kept sweet by its united saline and sulphureous parts 310 Wine resembleth the Heterogeneous parts of Blood when extraneous Ingredients are cast into it 1204 Wine and Blood are debased when their active and spirituous principles are overpowred by gross ferments 1204 Wine and Blood are dispirited by too great an Effervescense caused by exalted Oily Particles and Wine and Blood turn Acid when the saline parts overact the sulphureous Ibid. Wine and Blood grow Mucilagenous as over fermented 1205 The Wing of Birds is extended and expanded by Muscles called Tensors and the various Motions of the Wings 948 Woman and the end of her making and manner of Production 510 The first Woman full of Beauty and perfection Ib. A Woman Created to propagate Mankind 559 Woman is Created after Gods Image and full of Beauty and Vertue Ibid. Wombs seated about the Seeds of Plants 668 Wombs of Plants are furnished with variety of Vessels 671 Cells of the Womb in Plants are filled with Congulated Liquor 671 The Motion of the Womb upward is improbable 575 The Diseases of the Womb are Inflammations Abscesses Vlcers Gangreens Cancers Dropsies c. and their Cures The Womb is not carried upwards in Hysterick Fits 612 Diseases of the Womb or Hystorick Fits attributed by Sylvius to the Pancreas 613 Wood is a Compage made of many small Tubes 31 Words 236 Y. YArd or Penis its Situation Figure Structure Nervous Bodies and their Fibres Progress and dimensions 534 The Yards spungy substance 535 The Arterys of the Yard lacerated by strong Compression 535 The Glans of the Yard and its spungy substance 536 The Prepuce of the Yard and its Fraenum and Connexion 537 The Muscles of the Yard called Erectores and Acceleratores Urinae 537 Erection of the Yard and its cause and manner how it is performed 538 Diseases of the Yard Distortion Priapisme Inflammation Vlcer Gangreen and Mortification and their Cures 557 558 The End of the Second Volume