the Discourse whilst they tamper with objecting The Work is but short and for a little while the affection of Credulity may be fairly exacted in a Learner that he may clearly apprehend the things propos'd When he shall have understood against what he 's to object there will be liberty enough of disputing You see a Walk or Garden may serve well enough for this exercise I have therefore given you a volume which will not load your Pocket I have follow'd that Method which the necessity of consequences drew on not the rules of Logick prescrib'd though yet it be not averse from this If you blame the Obscurity remember Acroases are so to be published that they become not publick that their penetration may be difficult without a Clue yet not unpassable to a resolute pursuance THE TABLE FIRST BOOK Containing that part of LOGICK which is necessary to Sciences LESSON I. OF Propositions as they are the parts of a Syllogism Pag. 1. II. Of a Syllogism and its Conclusion 4. III. Of the Predicaments in common and the three first in particular 8. IV. Of the rest of the Predicaments 13. V. Of the five Predicables and the signification of words 16. VI. Of Definition Division and Disputation 21. SECOND BOOK Containing those things which concern the Nature of BODIES in common LESSON I. OF the composition of bulk or Bignesse Pag. 27. II. Of the Nature of Quantity and Place 32. III. Of Time and locall Motion 39. IV. Of the four First Qualities 47. V. Of the Elements 51. VI. Of Mixtion and the Second Qualities or those which most immediately follow Mixtion 55. VII Of the manner of Mixtion and the Passion of Mixt things 59. VIII Of Impassibility Destruction and the Accidents of Mixt bodies 65. IX Of the Motion of heavy and light bodies and the Conditions of Acting 68. X. Of the Motions of Vndulation Projection Reflection and Refraction 71. XI Of the Electricall and Magneticall Attractions of hot bodies 76. XII Of the generation of Decomposit or compos'd-of-compounded bodies Plants 79. XIII Of the more universall parts of Plants 82. XIV Of the Accidents of Plants 85. XV. Of the generation and augmentation of Animals 88. XVI Of the Motion of the Heart and some consequents of it 92. XVII Of the progressive Motion of Animals 94. XVIII Of the five senses of Animals 98. XIX Of the Objects of the Senses 101. XX. Of Knowledge and Memory 104. XXI Of Sleep and Dreams 106. XXII Of Passions and the expression of them 109. XXIII Of the communicating Affections to others 112. XXIV Of the seeming-Rationall Actions of Animals 115. THIRD BOOK Containing those things which concern the WORLD and its greater Parts LESSON I. OF the limitation Vnity and composition of the World Pag. 118. II. Of the Mortality kinds of those things that are in the world 121. III. Of the parts of the Planetary world and specially those of the Earth 125. IV. Of the Sea and its Accidents 129. V. Of Fountains Rivers and Lakes 132. VI. Of the Aire and those things that are done in it near the Earth 137. VII Of Clouds Rain Snow Hail 140. VIII Of fiery meteors appearing in the Aire 147. IX Of truly fiery meteors hanging in the Aire 152. X. Of the generation and nature of Winds 156. XI Of Earth-quakes their Effects 163. XII Of the Meteors of the other parts of the world and especially of Comets 165. XIII Of the Ebbing and Flowing of the Sea and its Accidents 168. XIV Of the Motion of the Earth and the Causes of it 174. XV. Of the Oppositions against the Motion of the Earth and of its Effects 177. XVI Of the Motion of the Aire with the Earth and its Effects 180. XVII Of the Causes of the Motion of the Moon and other Stars 183. XVIII Of the Primum Mobile the Duration and Quiddity of the World 187. FOURTH BOOK Containing that part of METAPHYSICK which explicates the Essentiall Notions of BODIES LESSON I. OF the divisibility of Substance into Formall parts Pag. 191. II. Of the formall parts of Substance in particular 195. III. Of the unity and distinction oâ— Bodies in common 199. IV. Of the essentiall Vnity and Distinction of the Elements and Mixt bodies 203. V. Of the Essence of Animals of the Soul 208. VI. Of the Chief Animal and the essentiall Distinction of Bodies 214. VII Of the mutation of the Individuality in the severall kinds of Bodies 219. VIII Of the proper Action of the Chief Animal 225. IX Of the Soul of the Chief Animal or of the MIND 231. X. Of the Proficiency Deficiency of MAN and of his Essence 236. FIFTH BOOK Containing that part of METAPHYSICK which treats of SUBSTANCES ABSTRACTED from Matter of the Operation of Things LESSON I. OF the Soul's Separation from the Body 243. â—I Of the Science of a separated Soul and its Vnity with the Soul 249. III. Of the Eminency of a separated Souls acts above those it exercises in the Body 255. IV. Of the Felicity and Infelicity of separated Souls and their Immutability 259. V. Of the nature of Existence and its unity with the Thing 264. VI. Of the Existence Simplicity and Eternity of GOD. 267. VII Of the perfection Immutability and Science of GOD. 272. VIII Of the Divine Volition and Liberty 277. IX Of the Divine Names how they are improperly spoken of GOD. 283. X. Of the Degrees of impropriety in the Divine Names 288. XI Of the Existence Nature and Science of INTELLIGENCES 293. XII Of the comparison of Intelligences to Souls and Bodies 297. XIII Of the Distinction Subordination and Number of Intelligences 302. XIV Of the Action of GOD Intelligences and Bodies severally 306. XV. Of the cooperation of the Agents to the making of Substances a Rationall Soul and to all other Effects 213. XVI Of the Government of GOD and the Locality of Incorporeall Things 318. XVII Of the Conservation of Creatures and the Durations of things 324. XVIII Of the Manner of Action on the Subjects side 330. APPENDIX CHAP. I. A Philosophicall Discourse concerning the Creation of Heaven and Earth Pag. 341. II. An Explication of GENESIS concerning the same 345. III. A Philosophicall Discourse of the works of the two first Daies 348. IV. An Explication of Genesis concerning the same 351. V. A Philosophicall Discourse of the works of the other four Daies 354. VI. An Explication of Genesi sconcerning the same 358. VII Some Animadversions about the Text of the first Chapter of Genesis 364. VIII A naturall Discourse of the Creation of Man 370. IX An Explication of Genesis concerning the Creation of Man 372. X. An Explication of the same concerning the Creation of Woman 378. XI An Explication of Genesis concerning Paradise 383. XII The History of ADAM'S FALL out of Genesis 387 XIII Of the Punishment of our first Parents out of the same 391. XIV Of the Evils derived to Posterity out of the same 399. XV. Of the
with Socrates which we call a relation of identity is not at all distinct from them consequently can have no being but in them and that their being yet 't is not according to this Notion that They have their being This Identity therefore has a being not because it according to its own notion gives a being or is that whereby a thing has a being but because 't is a Notion which explicates a thing that according to another Notion has a being 10. Hence it appears why a consequence holds negatively from a Substance to all other things but positively from other things to a Substance For that which is not can neither be the whole nor part of a Thing and if it be a part or a whole if fitted to its Own Nature if apply'd to others certainly it is 11. T is as evident if any never so little mutation be made in the Substance the whole is chang'd for the Substance being that Notion whereby the thing is what it is and every mutation in Substance changing that Notion by every change made in the Substance that is chang'd whereby this thing is and consequently this very thing LESSON VI. Of Definition Division and Disputation 1. TO know whether a word be spoken univocally of more things we must look whether it be predicated still according to the same Notion now a Notion is evidenc'd by a Definition A Definition therefore is a speech compos'd of more Notions which taken together make up that one Notion which before was not known 2. Since therefore a Definition is the very Notion defin'd resolved as it were into parts 't is clear it can neither be more ample nor narrower then that which is defin'd 3. Again 't is plain that to ask a Definition is nothing but asking what they mean who understandingly use a word wherefore since some words expresse Notions that are common to all mankind as those of the ten Predicaments 't is evident that in these and such like we must observe what the common-People who make up mankind mean by such a word 4. But of Proper Names and Terms appropriated to any Discipline to ask the Definition is to ask what the Masters of that Discipline mean by such a word for these are as it were the Creatours and Causes of the words 5. Again 't is evident he that asks a Definition ought to collect the usuall sayings of the intelligent users of this word that concern the thing as 't is expressed by this word which if they be all gather'd 't is as demonstrable the Definition is made right as any cause can be demonstrated from its effects since 't is plain those sayings depend from the notion of the word as from their cause and consequently the Notion of necessity appears in them 6. But if it happen to appear out of such sayings that the word has more significations then one amongst those that are made by design it will easily be seen which is the principall because that signification will be included in all the rest as the soundnesse of Meat or Urine include the soundnesse of an Animal 7. Again since those things which are demonstrated concerning another are either in the thing it self or else are effects or causes of it both which appear in the thing it self and are conformable and proper to it now a Definition explicates the thing it self 't is clear that whatsoever is demonstrable of the thing is rooted in the very Definition Whence a Definition is a certain principall Instrument of Science and all the solutions of difficulties depend chiefly upon Definitions 8. To make a Definition right the Art of Distinguishing must be learnt For a Term being propos'd to be defin'd out of what has been said 't is easie to find in what Predicament 't is which once known all that remains is by dividing the Genus to descend by degrees till you come to the particular in question when presently you have the Definition And if as it sometimes happens many severall Genus's have a share in the thing to be defin'd this same course is to be pursu'd through them all 9. But care must be taken to divide by proper differences that is such as include in them the thing to be divided seeing they are nothing else but more or lesse of the very Genericall Notion for accidentall differences are infinite and besides the intention of him that asks for a Definition 10. Have a care also the Division be made by Contradiction that is into parts contradictory one to another for so the Divider may be sure he comprehends the whole Genus Lastly these rules being observ'd the fewer Members there are that is parts into which the Genus is divided the more exactly you proceed That Division too whereby Accidents are distinguisht from their Subject is very usefull to Sciences for when it appears that a Concrete that is a thing which comprehends severall parts or Notions is the Cause of any effect by this Division you come to that Notion according to which precisely 't is the cause which must necessarily be connected with the effect simply speaking and consequently the effect may be demonstrated out of it à priori For example if it be known that Policletus made a Statue separating the Accidents 't will appear that he made it not as White nor as Musicall nor as Policletus but as one skill'd in such an Art and hence you 'l collect that All skilfull in that Art can make a Statue 11. Out of a Division and Definition made aright there arise two sorts or Species of self-evident propositions For as oft as one of the Terms is a direct part of the definition of another Term the Proposition is clear as if a Man be a Reasonable Creature he is a Creature Again in a Division truly made 't is plain the parts may divisively be pronounc'd of the whole as when we say a Number is either Even or Odd. Whoever aspires to Sciences must be assiduous in these but above all in the practice of Defining for all the connection of Notions is found in Definitions and the connection of Terms is that which makes Science 12. These too chiefly detect the snares of Equivocall terms which are the very Bane of Science especially those which are caus'd by Analogy Now Equivocation is display'd by looking into words what way soever connected as into Causes effects contraries superiours inferiours c. wherein if once any thing be found which agrees to one and not to the other the Equivocation is discover'd As if a Voice and a Saw be both said to be sharp but the Contrary to the Voice is flat to the Saw blunt 't is plain that sharp is not predicated of them both in the same signification and therefore 't is equivocall 13. As for our modern Disputes 't is to be observ'd that the Defendant either puts a false Conclusion or if it be true he holds another incoherent with it or at least if there be
burn to be reflected refracted collected dispers'd produced and extinguisht is so clear that it cannot be doubted but light is fire 7. Nor imports it against this That it seems to be mov'd in an instant That it fills the whole Aire That it penetrates solid bodies as glasse c. for these things seem so only through the defect of our Senses which perceive not its motion nor those little spaces by which the Aire is separated from the light nor the pores of those bodies through which it passes LESSON XX. Of Knovvledge and Memory 1. FArther it appears that these Motions when they strike against the destin'd part of the Brain in which knowledge is produc'd though it be fatty and clammy according to the nature of the Brain yet are they repell'd from it because frequent new impulses charge upon the same point 2. Those little bodies therefore retreat thence carrying away with them some little particle of the Brain which sticks to them and wander up and down in the ventricles of the brain till they rest upon the bottome or stick to the sides 3. Whence being rub'd off as it were with a brush by the motion of the Spirits when there 's occasion they swimme again and are brought back to that part which is the fountain of knowledge 4. The first stroak produces Knowledge the later actuall Memory which if it be made by design is call'd Remembrance 5. Again since Motion requires that the Nerves be well fill'd with Spirits and that the extrinsecall parts be strong but Sensation needs only a clam and clear disposition of the Humour contain'd in those Nerves 't is plain both that there may be Sensation without Motion and Motion without Sensation 6. It appears too why the Memory is set a work by the Similitude as also by the connection of Objects For since in a liquid body things that are alike naturally gather together and are apt to stick to one another and since those things which enter together and at once must necessarily attain a kind of connection which is easily preserv'd in the clammy nature of the Brain when by any means they are brought again to the fountain of sensation they must needs meet there together and in a kind of Order 7. But since contraries use to enter together into the internall sense and make one another more taken notice of 't is plain if Hunger provokes the Animal 't will remember Meat if Thirst Drink if Seed the Female Whence it appears that Passion and Will stir up the Memory as also other causes too which by pouring in spirits sweep or brush as it were the Brain and for that these causes do this by accident they are all comprehended under the name of Chance 8. It appears again that they whose brain is of a thin and hot constitution easily apprehend conjecture happily opine rashly and changeably they whose disposition is more dry and thin have a good Memory and rememberance too but opine lightly and changeably 9. They that have a temperate Brain have the best judgement since they look upon many things before they establish their Opinion and for the same reason they are not changeable 10. Lastly since by the stroaks of Objects some litle particle is still taken off and carry'd away from the brain when the same returns again it must needs appear that we have been sensible of that before LESSON XXI Of Sleep and Dreams 1. IT appears farther that since the Nerves must needs be distant from that part of the brain wherein Sensation is produc'd it may fall out that the motion by the Nerves being obstructed there may yet a Motion proceed from some part of the brain to the knowing part and then some things will appear to the Animal to be as if it had receiv'd them by its Senses when yet it did not receive them 2. This stopping of the Senses is called Sleep and such apparitions Dreams An Animal therefore will sleep and dream sometimes 3. But because there 's no necessity that all the Senses or Nerves must be stop'd at once 't will happen that an Animal may partly sleep and partly wake Whence it comes to passe that the Nerves of the Tongue being left unstop'd some talk in their Dreams and if the Nerves for hearing too be unstop'd that they answer to those that speak to them or if there be no obstruction towards the Marrow in the Back-bone they walk too and use their hands 4. When therefore some of the Senses are at liberty Dreams may be provok'd by them another way by some naturall disposition which affects the heart and makes a motion in the brain conformable to that impression or lastly by much precedent thinking objects may be stirr'd up and down too in ones Sleep 5. But a Man being in a manner quiet in his Sleep he happens sometimes to judge more truly of things he sees in his sleep then when awake For the Soul undisturb'd of its own nature more clearly perceiv's the force of the Objects playing up and down before it to discover Truth and unperceiv'dly orders them Hence it comes to passe that sometimes we discern in our Sleep future or absent things which we could not find out nor pierce into by consideration or discourse when we were awake 6. And the same may be the case of Fools Mad and Melancholy persons though 't is very rare and to be esteem'd prodigious and they have a great many falsities mixt withall whence neither are these apparitions to be confided in nor is it possible there should be any Art of Divination by Dreams LESSON XXII Of Passions and the expression of them 1. FArther 't is deducible that since impressions made in the Brain are convey'd by a short and open way to the Heart they must necessarily have an effect too in the Heart conformable to the natures of both 2. Since therefore the heart redounds with hot spirits as we see a little drop of red wine dropd into water diffuses it self into the water and changes it according to its nature so the impression of these little bodies will have the like effect upon the fumes of the heart 3. Hence again it proceeds that the motion of the heart through these becomes sometimes freer and better sometimes worse and that these very qualities passe into the Pulse whence according to the variety of Passions the Pulse varies 4. Again Passions must needs differ by dilatation and constriction for by a conformable Object the Spirits of the heart are made more rare whence the heart more freely enjoys its motion by things disagreeable to Nature the Spirits become more crasse and heavy and the heart is as it were oppress'd 5. Again since an absent Object does not equally affect with a present one these motions will be more remisse in its absence then in its presence whence we deduce four differences of Passions Ioy and Grief for a present good or evil Hope and Fear for them absent 6. Anger
out with violence they take the shortest line which upon the superficies of a Sphear is the Arch of the greatest Circle LESSON XI Of Earth-quakes and their Effects 1. BUt because we have said there are Caves under ground and both our experience of Pits sunk and many extraordinary effects demonstrate Fire water there too there must necessarily be notable effects of the vapours extracted out of the bowells of the Earth 2. If therefore out of some subterraneous humidbody vapours chance to be rais'd by a subterraneous fire too and they prove too bigg for their place 't is manifest that alwaies increasing and becoming condens'd by the continuall accesse of new vapours they 'l seek themselves a way out according to the force they have where ther 's the easiest passage If that chance to lead into any vast under-ground Cave the Earth will quake with a great impetus and groan but nothing will appear above ground 3. But if the easiest issue be towards the superficies of the Earth the vapour will burst out through it and if it be noxious to Beasts or Birds 't will bring either Death or a Disease along with it making with the eruption either a gaping Hollow or a Mountain according as the Earth either sinks or is sustain'd and as it were vaulted Sometimes 't will bury and swallow up Cities sometimes transport vast pieces of Earth and produce other effects whereof we find expresse memorialls in History 4. The Prognosticks of an Earth-quake they say are an infection of the Fountains with a sulphurious savour an unusuall calmnesse of the Air and Birds a swelling of the Sea without any apparent cause blackish streaks under the Sun of an unusuall length all if they are truly Prognosticks and not onely Accidents which sometimes and not for the most part happen are the effects of a spirituous Vapour bursting out from the bowells of the Earth 5. They are said to happen chiefly in the Spring and Autumn therefore if the opinion be true because the Superficies of the Earth being warm becomes slacker with the rain But I should rather believe it a chance that many should be recorded in Histories about these seasons for both Winter and Summer have felt their Earthquakes and in the Torrid Zone where they are most frequent the differences of Spring and Autumn from the other seasons are very inconsiderable 6. The Sea-shores are most subject to these motions because the subterranious flames and fumes receive no little nourishment from the Sea and the moisture which soaks into the Earth renders it very fit for breeding vapours LESSON XII Of the Meteors of the other parts of the World and especially of Comets 1. THese accidents of our Orbe and its parts which are usually call'd Meteors must necessarily be found too in the other bodies which we have said are enlightned by our Sun And that out of the nature of quantity and the mixture of Rare and Dense if they have their severall degrees and differences 2. Nor in these only but in whatever bodies besides wherein alterations are wrought by the operation of fire upon denser matter for the same reasons 3. 'T is evident too that our Sun cannot warm and enlighten all those bodies that reflect light to us for if it were as far distant from us as Astronomers suppose the Sphear of the Fixed stars 't would appear to us to be but of the sixth Magnitude and consequently it could not communicate to us any considerable either light or heat how much lesse in the situation where 't is could it reflect so far as to us a light of the first Magnitude from any Star so far distant 4. Adde to this that one that should collect from the proportion of the basis of a Cone to its Axis how much light the Sun could reflect to us from the eighth Sphear would find it absolutely invisible Besides the very Aire through which the light passes by little and little drinks up and extinguishes it whence in a thicker Aire it spreads it self a lesse way then in a rarer so that in so vast a journey 't would be utterly deaded and not seen 5. A Meteor of the Planets perceptible by us is a Comet which its very-little Parallaxis convinces to be sometimes sited above the Moon 6. That 't is not fire its constant figure its Tayle not oppos'd to its motion but to the Sun its lasting consistency its matter light and to be seen through and lastly its Motion more regular then we observe in fire largely convince farther that it has nothing of fire but the colour adde to this that Fromundus with his very eyes discern'd the Tayle of that Comet in the Year 1618 to consist of the reflection of the Sun 's light 7. Be it therefore A vapour which partly reflects the light of the Sun partly drinking it in either repells it back again to us by refraction from it self or letting it through by reflection from another body And its fore-part will be the Head it s hinder whether part or something only accessnry to it will be the Tayle 8. And since by this generation of a Comet any figure of its Beard any Motion any winding of its tayle but for the most part the opposition of its Tayle to the Sun and the lesser light of its Tayle then of its Head may be fairly solv'd this intire subject is clearly display'd 9. Out of the same principles may be deduc'd that fading Stars are Comets but so far off that the secundary or refracted light of their Tail by reason of the height either cannot be distinguisht from the body or cannot be extended to us because of its extreme faintnesse as also that its motion cannot be discern'd 10. Even these therefore witnesse that there are Meteors among the very fixed Stars and those so much the more constant and lasting as the bodies out of which they are extracted are larger LESSON XIII Of the Ebbing and Flovving of the Sea and its Accidents 1. SInce out of what has been said it appears that the gravity of the vapours and the straightnesse of their issue are the cause of the violent motion of the winds and that the heaviest vapours are extracted out of the Earth when 't is well moistned It becomes evident that where vapours are rais'd out of the Sea only they are lighter that if they be turn'd into winds without being straightned they will be calm ones And since in the great Pacifick Sea in the Indian Atlantick Ocean quite through the whole Torrid Zone there are vast waters consequently in some measure secure from the incursion of Shore-winds there must needs be light vapours rais'd up by the Sun through all that Tract which the Sun retiring must turn into winds taking that course which the Suns rarefaction of the aire makes most easie this all the year long consequently there must be a continuall East-wind 2. And because the Aire naturally moves in a Circle
conjunction to the body nor be at all conjoyned to it for it must be either entitatively and this cannot be otherwise then by unity of Substance for a Thing speaks Substance or some other accidentall way whereof ther 's nothing common to a body and a Spirit 8. You 'l say Since a Spirit is a Thing of another order then a body how can it concurre into the same Thing then how will it be cemented and what neighbourhood of one to the other 'T is answered that as in a Magnitude one part is fastned to another and has the power of a Subsister without division that is the propriety of a sever'd Thing without separation so the Soul also may be the same with the body without confusion of properties 9. And because in a corporeall Substance ther 's admitted a certain negatively indivisible vertue antecedent to divisibility viz. a not-yet divisibility of the Substance before the Quantity such as is the connexion and gradation from the divisibility to the negative indivisibility another like that will be apt to unite without a Paradox the Mind positively indivisible to the Substance negatively indivisible 10. And how will it unite but according to those parts in which the Substance primarily and principally resides which as 't is principally in the Heart that being a certain Fountain of the whole Thing so specially as to the notion of Animality 't is in the Brain whence Sense and Motion is deriv'd to the whole Animal which are those operations from which 't is denominated an Animal 11. Since therefore the other actions which do not affect the Heart nor the Brain strike not home to the inmost Substance so neither do they reach Mentall Knowledge or the integrity of the Soul but the changes that strike upon these Principles affect the Soul too and it comes to passe that not-the-same ordination of bodily parts especially of the Spirits and Heart follows in Man from the Brain 's being affected which would follow in another Animal but one from the propriety of the affected Substance conformable to the whole not to the body alone 12. But any other unity then that the Soul should intimely be comprehended in the definition of Man and consequently should consist of the same notion and indistinct predicates is not to be look'd for in Substance LESSON X. Of the Proficiency and Deficiency of Man and of his Essence 1. THis therefore is out of Controversie that Man as to his Soul suffers from Corporeall Agents For since the Soul it self is a certain Affection or Qualification of a divisible Substance which is introduc'd and expell'd by corporeall actions 't is clear that those actions which reach to the very Substance must of necessity affect and be receiv'd in it after its manner 2. Consequently it acquires Science For since 't is nothing but a certain Possibility to Science as to its perfection 't is manifest that all its change is towards Science viz. to be some kind of Knowledge either perfect or imperfect 3. Whence even they that deny the Soul acquires Science say that 't is excited and admonish't by the presence of the body but to be excited and admonish't is to receive knowledge the Soul therefore acquires knowledge from the Body 4. Nor makes against this Socrates's experiment of a Boy orderly ask'd and answering right to Geometricall propositions for this questioning was a production of Science not a renovation for 't was an application of the notion of the same Being which is between the Terms to the understanding of the Boy whereby it came to passe that the Truth to be known was by the notion of Thing knit to the Soul of the Boy and made as it were a part of it in which the vertue of knowledge and Science consists 5. Yet the Soul has not by this Science a power to move the body For we see Science is often overcome by Passion but if it had any proper activity it could not be resisted by any power of its own body Moreover it would no longer be a part of a Man but something grafted in him of a superiour nature according to that vertue 6. It follows therefore that by vertue of the Soul more motives of goods or ills are conjoynd to the singular objects by whose conjunction the Heart and the body is affected otherwise to those goods or ills then it would be had they not that conjunction So that the force of Pain and Pleasure is that which moves a Man even then when he seems to follow the firmest Reason namely because to be Reasonable to follow this and to fly that is nothing else but that more of delightfull is conjoynd with this and more of painfull with that 7. In vertue of these therefore a Man is chang'd and acts otherwise then if he had not understanding Nor is he carry'd from the very beginning by reason or any proper power to this connection of goods with ills but is prevented by some chance or obvious disposition of objects corporeall causes either intrinsecall or extrinsecall 8. Now this disposition in the Soul upon which Operation follows we call the WILL and the first beginning Volition which 't is apparent is left by precedent judgements chiefly those that are about good or ill since by such judgements 't is plain a Man is determin'd to action 9. Hence it appears how the Soul fails in Opining For seeing Objects occurre to the Soul not deduc'd and drawn-in by its own force and nerves as it were but by the agitation of bodies if the affection to any thing so presses a Man to action that it leaves not room for the objects to run in that order which is necessary for demonstration the Man must needs fall to acting before he has any absolute evidence what 's to be done 10. If this be done by reflection a Man see 's that he 's mov'd uncertainly but he see 's too that nature requires he should move upon apparences whence he does no unbeseeming incongruous thing But if it be done without reflection a Man takes an uncertainfor a certain which is to Opine for he says this is which he has no determinate cause to say 11. From this precipitation of action it happens that one Man operates better another worse according as one more frequently or more grievously precipitates his action then another And those that come nearest to evidence as far as nature will bear doe the uttermost of their power which is to operate vertuously but those that very much recede from it are call'd vitious between which a certain middle state of Men inclines notoriously to neither part 12. 'T is clear therefore whence the defectibility of Vice rises in Man-kind to wit because by too much precipitation of bodily motion false or the worse opinions are generated Whence it follows that man is not only changeable from imperfect to perfect but also from good to evil and contrariwise For if he has opin'd a falsity upon farther
in this case an Instrument in some sort is made use of for Creation 9. And because the internall Dispositions of a Soul as to know and to will even they are indivisible and follow out of the materiall impressions made upon the Body it must needs be that as the Soul it self follows out of the generation of Man by the help of the universall Action of God so these Dispositions too from the impression made upon the man and from the nature of the Soul must indivisibly alter the Soul 10. And whoever would see an evident example of these things let him conceive how by cutting a piece of wood is made more for all the time of the cutting the figure is chang'd yet the wood remains by the same unity one but indivisibly the cutting being finisht they are now two pieces of wood without the dualities beginning at all before or any thing of its nature but only some variation about the Figure 11. Out of what has been said we are deduc'd to see how God performs all the works of the Creatures in them For first if we speak of Intelligences Since their internall operations are nothing else but to be all other things after a certain manner 't is manifest they are actually even to the uttermost positive circumstances by force of their Creation 12. For by force of that their essence is conjoyn'd to it self as 't is a cognoscitive vertue and out of this conjunction the next divisibility which is of God to the same cognoscitive vertue since all the causes are put is of necessity in them 13. And what is said of this divisibility is with the same facilnesse discover'd of all the rest whatever since they are all connected their externall action too Matter which is its subject being put follows by force of their internall without any other change in them LESSON XVI Of the government of God and the locality of Incorporeall Things 1. AS for the rest the same way leads to the discovery that God is not the cause of any imperfection and not-being or ill which is in created things and their action For since the action of God is only to infuse Being and this as much as the Creature is capable 't is plain what there is of Being is to be attributed to God but what ther 's wanting of Being is to be refunded into the incapacity of the Subject 2. And since the defect of action proceeds out of the defect of the Principle that is out of some not-being in the principle in the same manner all defect in acting is to be reduc'd likewise into some defect in being of the Creature and not into God as its cause Wherefore God is the Authour of all Good because all good is from being but of no ill since ill is from not-being 3. Consequently 't is evident that God cannot annihilate any thing or withdraw his concourse from the action of any Creature For to be able to annihilate is to be able to make a no-Thing and to withdraw his concourse is not to give Being to things created either of which cannot happen but from a defect of Goodnesse and of the overflowing as it were of Being in God 4. You 'l say Therefore God does not act freely ad extra that is upon the Creatures But this Consequence is to be deny'd as 't is said above when we treated of the Liberty of God 5. You 'l say again In the same manner therefore it must be said that God cannot make any thing which He will not make But this Consequence also is deny'd for his Power is refer'd to possible things or which have entity and intelligibility and therefore 't is not to be deny'd that he can doe any thing that 's possible though in another respect it be impossible it should happen that He should actually make this 6. But the Power of God which is the very notion of Being and Thing has not for its act the not-being of any thing and not-acting and therefore 't is not to be said that He can give not-being or can not-act 7. Let us remember now that God understands all and every thing done by the Creatures and wills all things which follow out of his operation and we have it that God is Governour of the World and that there can be no resistance against his Will 8. For since whatever is has its birth from his will nor can there be any thing which is not effected by Him and His works 't is clear whatever He wills not is not nor can be so long as he wills not that it be 9. Nor is it lesse evident that neither the Contingency of naturall causes nor the Liberty of rationall Creatures is infring'd by this government of God For since Contingency is nothing else but that the nature of the cause is such that it may and uses to be hindered by other causes and Liberty that a Creature upon the consideration of more proceeds to action and 't is so manifest that both these are in nature and no waies touched by the operation of God as that operation is explicated that it needs only the remembring 't is clear that the government of God is sweet and offers no violence to the natures of naturall causes 10. You 'l object that Propositions concerning a future whether contingent or free Subject are determinately true especially since they are known by God and are predefin'd wherefore the effect cannot not-be there is therefore no either contingency or liberty whether this happens out of the force of Contradiction or of the irrefragable will of God 11. 'T is answer'd 't is false that Propositions concerning a future contingent have a determinate truth for since a man speaks out of consideration of causes the Sense of his proposition is What the causes may bear Nor imports it whether it be pronounc'd actively or passively as if you should say what the causes will act or what effect will be made by them for it signifies still the same 12. If it be therefore ask'd what men mean by such propositions 't will rain 't will be hot Socrates will be angry or go to Sea c 't is clear they mean to explicate effects as in defectible causes and consequently they have no determinate truth But if it be ask'd what the proposition will signify if it be referr'd immediately to the effect as it sounds 't is answer'd no sensible man uses to speak so or make such propositions and so it belongs not to the present question But if there be suppos'd such a power of Contradiction in the Objects as to determine the truth of propositions all things must fall out by the necessity of Fate and be from themselves which is above sufficiently demonstrated impossible 13. 'T is plain lastly that this action of God by which He moves a Creature is miscall'd a Concourse since such a word leads the hearer into an apprehension of a certain equality in acting between God