venery This manner of diet thus prescribed wee must come to the second scope that is the diversion of the defluxion which is performed by taking away its cause that is the fulnesse and illnesse of the humors Both which we may amend by purging and bloud letting if the strength and age of the patient permit But if the part receiving be weake it must be strengthened with those things which by their astriction amend the opennesse of the passages the violence of the humor being drawne away by cupping glasses frictions ligatures But if paine trouble the part which is often the occasion of defluxion it must be mitigated by medicines asswaging paine The third scope is to overcome the conjunct cause That we may attaine to this we must enter into the consideration of the tumor according to its times that is the beginning encrease state and declination For from hence the indications of variety of medicines must be drawne For in the beginning we use repercussives to drive away the matter of the Phlegmon flowing downe as the white of an Egge Oxicrate the juices or waters of Houseleeke Plantaine Roses Cataplasmes of Henbane Pomgranate Pills Balausties Bole armenicke Terra sigillata oile of Roses Quinces Mirtilles Poppies Of these simples variety of compound medicines arises This may be the forme of a Cataplasme â„ž far hordei â„¥ ij succi sempervivi plantag an â„¥ iij. pal malicorij balaustiorum rosar an Ê’ij â—l mirtill rosar an â„¥ j fiat Cataplasma Another â„ž Plantag solani hyoscyam an m. ij caâ—da equin tapsi barb cintinodia an m. j. coquantur perfecte in oxicrato pistentur traijciantur addendo pâ—lveris mirtill nue cupressi ros rub an Ê’iij farin fab â„¥ jj olei rosar cydâ—n a◠〈◊〉 mixe them and make a cataplasma to the forme of a liquid pultis And you may use this liniment by dipping linnen clothes in it and applying to the part â„ž ol nymph rosar an â„¥ iij aq ros solani plantag an â„¥ ij aceti â„¥ iij albumin ovâ—r um n. iij fiat linimentum Also ung rosatum â—ng Album camphor Rasis are good to apply to it as in like manner Emp. Diacalcitheos dissolved in vinegar and oile of Roses and also Populeon may be used In the increase you must have care of the humor flowing downe and of that which already impacted in the part did formerly fall down Therefore repercussives must be tempered mixed with discussing medicines but so that they may carry the chiefe sway as â„ž fol. malvae absinth plantag an m. iij coquantur in oxicratâ— contundantur trajectis adde farinae fabarum hordei an â„¥ j pul rosar rub Absinth an Ê’i ol rosar chamaem an â„¥ j fiat cataplasma od formam pultis satis liquidae Another â„ž farinae hord â„¥ iij. farinae sem lini fâ—nugroeci an â„¥ j. coquantur in aqua communi addendo sub finem pul mirtillorum rosarum chamaemeli an â„¥ ss axungiae anseris olei rosarum an â„¥ j misce fiat cataplasma But in the state the repercussives discussives ought to be alike with some anodine or mitigating medicines if it be painefull as â„ž rad Altheae â„¥ iiij malvae parietar an m. ij coquantur sub cineribus addendo farin fabarum lentium an â„¥ ij pulveris chamaem metiloti an â„¥ ss olei chamaem rosar an â„¥ j. axungiae gal â„¥ ij fiat cataplasma Another â„ž micae panis triticei aqua calida macerati lb ss pulveris rosar rub absiâ—th ana â„¥ vj. olei aneth mellis com an â„¥ ij misce omnia simul fiat cataplasma ad formam pultis satis liquidae which is of chiefe use when there is paine But when the violence of paine and other symptomes are asswaged it is likely that the plegmon is come to determination Wherefore then we must use more powerfull and strong discussives and onely then beginning with the more gentle lest the subtiler part of the humor being dissolved the grosser remaining in the part should grow hard as â„ž mal bismal an m. iij. coquantur addendo furinae hordei â„¥ ij mellis com â„¥ j ol chamae melilot an â„¥ ss fiat cataplasma Or â„ž radicum Brion Cucumer agrest an â„¥ ij florum chamam meliot ana m. iij. coquantur in hydromelite addendo farinâ— sem lini faenugraec an â„¥ ij ol aneth axungiae Anser anat an â„¥ j. fiat Cataplasma And this plaister following may here finde place â„ž Diachyl mag â„¥ ij Empl. de melilot Ê’j olei aneth chamaemel an â„¥ ss dissolve them all together and make a medicine for your use Or â„ž Empl. de mucag. oxycro an â„¥ ij Empl. Diachyl Ireat â„¥ j. olei liliorum chamaemel quantum satis est and make thereof a soft emplaister The fourth scope of curing a Phlegmon consists in correction of the accidents which accompany it of which paine is the principall Wherefore the Chirurgion must be diligent to asswage it for besides that it weakens the strength and debilitates and depraves the function it also causes defluxions by drawing the bloud and spirits to the part affected According to the varietie of paine there must be variety of medicines as â„ž micae panis albi in lacte tepido macerati lb ss vitell ovorum iij. ol rosar â„¥ ij croci ℈ ss fiat cataplasma Or â„ž florum chamaem melil an p. iij. farinae sem lini fenugraec an â„¥ j. fiat cataplasma pultis satis liquidae Or â„ž mucagin rad althea faenugraeci an â„¥ iij ol rosar aneth an â„¥ j. farin sem lini quantum satis ut iude formetur cataplasma satis molle But if the paine remaine and yeeld not to these remedies we must flie to stronger making use of narcoticks or flupifactives but with care lest we benum or dead the part as â„ž fol. hyoscyani papauer sub cineribus coctorum an â„¥ iij adipis suillae ol ros an â„¥ j croci ℈ ij fiat cataplasma or â„ž fol. cicutae solani furiosi an â„¥ iiij coquantur sub cineribus pistentur traijciantur addendo unguent popul ol rosar an â„¥ j farin faenugrac quantum satis erit ut inde formetur cataplasma ad formâ—m pultis liquidae CHAP. X. The cure of an ulcerated Phlegmon BVt it often happens that the humor is so impactin the part that it cannot be repressed and so grosse that it cannot be discussed which we may know by the greatnesse of the heat and swelling by the bitternesse of the pricking paine the feaver and pulsation and heavinesse Wherefore laying aside all hope of discussing wee must come to suppuratives For which purpose Galen sorments the swollen part with water or oile being warme or with both of them and then applies this following cataplasme â„ž farinae tric vel micae panis â„¥
causeth a dissipation of the spirits whereby it happens that the motions and thoughts of the mind erre as we see it happens to those who have bled much in the Amputation of a member And it happens by the puncture of a venemous beast or from seed retained or corrupted in the womb or from a Gangreen or Sphacel from a venenate and putrid aire carried up to the braine or from a sudden tumult and feare Lastly what things soever with any distemper especially hot do hurt and debilitate the minde These may cause doting by the afflux of humors specially cholerick by dissipation oppression or corruption of the spirits Therefore if it shall proceede from the inflammation of the braine and Meninges or Membranes therof after purging and blood letting by the prescription of a Physition the haire being shaved or cut off the head shall be fomented with rose vineger and then an Emplaster of Diacalcitheos dissolved in oyle and vineger of Roses shall be laid thereupon Sleep shall be procured with Barley creames wherein the seeds of white Poppy have been boyled with broaths made of the Decoction of the cold seedes of Lettuce Purslaine Sorrell and such like Cold things shall be applyed to his nostrils as the seeds of Poppy gently beaten with Rose-water and a little vineger Let him have merry and pleasant Companions that may divert his mind from all cogitation of sorrowfull things and may ease and free him of cares and with their sweet intreaties may bring him to himselfe againe But if it happen by default of the spirits you must seeke remedy from these things which have beene set downe in the Chapter of Sowning The End of the Ninth Booke OF THE GREENE AND BLOODY VVOVNDS OF EACH PART THE TENTH BOOKE CHAP. I. Of the kinds or differences of a broken Scull NOw that we have briefly treated of wounds in generall that is of their differences signes causes prognosticks and cure and also shewed the reason of the accidents and symptomes which usually follow and accompany them it remaines that we treate of them as trey are incident to each part because the cure of wounds must be diversly performed according to the diversity of the parts Now we will begin with the wounds of the head Therefore the head hath the hayry scalpe lightly bruised without any wound otherwhiles it is wounded without a Contusion and sometimes it is both contused and wounded but a fracture made in the Scull is sometimes superficiary sometimes it descends even to the Diploe sometimes it penetrats through the 2. Tables and the Meninges into the very substance of the Braine besides the braine is oft times moved and shaken with breaking of the internall veines and diverse symptomes happen when there appeares no wound at all in the head of all and every of which we will speak in order and adde their cure especially according to the opinion of the divine Hippocrates He in his Booke of the wounds of the head seemes to have made 4. or 5. kinds of fractures of the Scull The first is called a fissure or fracture the 2. a contusion or collision the 3. is termed Effractura the 4. is named Sedes or a seat the 5. if you please to adde it you may call a Counterfissure or as the interpreter of Paulus cals it a Resonitus As when the bone is cleft on the contrary side to that which receaved the stroake There are many differences of these 5. kinds of a broken Scull For some fractures are great some small and others indifferent some runne out to a greater length or breadth others are more contracted some reside only in the superficies others descend to the Diploe or else pierce thorough both the Tables of the Scull some run in a right line others in an oblique and circular some are complicated amongst themselves as a fissure is necessarily and alwayes accompanied with a Collision or Contusion and others are associated with diverse accidents as paine heat swelling bleeding and the like Sometimes the Scull is so broken that the membrane lying under it is pressed with shivers of the bone as with pricking needles Somewhiles none of the bones fals off All which differences are diligently to be observed because they force us to vary the cure and therefore for the helpe of memory I have thought good to describe them in the following Table A Table of the fractures of the Scull A fracture or solution of continuity in the Scull is caused either by Contusion that is a collision of a thing bruising hard heauy and obtuse which shall fall or bee smitten against the head or against which the head shall bee knocked so that the broken bones are divided or Keepe their naturall figure and site touching each other whence proceeds that fracture of the Scull which is called a fissure which is Either manifest apparent that is To your sight To your feeling Or instrument Or obscure and not manifest when as not the part which received the blow is wounded but the contrary therto and that happens either In the same bone and that 2 manner of waies as On the side as side example then the right side of the bone of the fore-head is strucken the left is cleft Or from above to below as when not the first Table which received the blow is cleft but that which is under it In divers bones to wit in such men as want sutures or have them very close or disposed otherwayes then is fit and this opposition is either From the right side to the left and so on the contrary as when the right Bregma is struck and the left cleft From before to behind and the emtrary as when the forehead is smitten the nowle is cleft Or betweene both that is the obscure manifest as that which is termed a Capillary fissure and is manifested by smearing it over with oyle and writing inke Or loose that site and that either Wholy so that the particles of the broken bone removed from their seat and falling down presse the membrane whence proceeds that kind of effracture which reteines a kind of attrition when as the bone strucke upon is broken as it were into many fragments shivers and scailes either apparent or hid in the sound bone so that it is pressed downe Or in some sort as when the broken bone is in some part separated but in others adheres to the whole bone whence another kind of effracture arises you may call it Arched when as the bone so swels up that it leaves an empty space below Or by incision of a sharpe or cutting thing but that incision is made either by Succision when the bone is so cut that in some part it yet adheres to the sound bone Rescission when the fragment fals down wholly broken off Or Seate when the marke of the weapon remaines imprinted in the wound that the wound is of no more length nor breadth than the weapon fell upon Another
give him for lost content to have let him goe with prognosticks for as an ancient Doctor writes That as in Nature so in diseases there are also Monsters The end of the Twelfth Booke OF VLCERS FISTVLA'S AND Haemorrhoides THE THIRTEENTH BOOKE CHAP. I. Of the nature causes and differences of Vlcers HAving already handled and treated of the nature difference causes signes and cure of fresh and blood wounds reason order seeme to require that we now speake of Vlcers taking our beginning from the ambiguity of the name For according to Hippocrates the name of Vlcer most generally taken may signifie all or any solution of Continuity In which sense it is read that all paine is an Vlcer Generally for a wound and Vlcer properly so called as appeares by his Booke de Vlceribus Properly as when hee saith it is a signe of death when an Vlcer is dryed up through an Atrophia or defect of nourishment Wee have here determined to speake of an Vlcer in this last and proper signification And according thereto wee define an Vlcer to bee the solution of Continuity in a soft part and that not bloody but â—ordide and unpure flowing with quiâ—â—ure Sauies or any such like corruption associated with one or more affects against nature which hinder the healing and agglutination thereof or that we may give you it in fewer words according to Galens opinion An ulcer is a solution of Continuity caused by Erosion The causes of Vlcers are either internall or externall The internall are through the default of humors peccant in quality rather than in quantity or else in both and so making erosion in the skinne and softer parts by their acrimonie and malignitie Now these things happen eyther by naughty and irregular diet or by the ill disposition of the entrailes sending forth and emptying into the habite of the body this their ill disposure The externall causes are the excesse of cold seazing upon any part especially more remote from the fountaine of heate whence followes paine whereunto succeeds an attraction of humors and spirits into the part and the corruption of these so drawne thither by reason of the debility or extinction of the native heate in that part whence lastly ulceration proceeds In this number of externall causes may be ranged a stroake contusion the application of sharpe and acrid medicines as causticks burnes as also impure contagion as appeares by the virulent vlcers acquired by the filthy copulation or too familiar conversation of such as have the French disease How many and what the differences of Vlcers are you may see here described in this following Scheme A Table of the differences of Vlcers An Vlcer is an impure solution of continuity in a soft part flowing with filth and matter or other corruption whereof there are two chiefe differeÌ„ces for one Is simple and solitary without complication of any other affect against nature and this varies in differences either Proper which are usually drawne from three things to wit figur whence one Vlcer is called Round or circular Sinuous and variously spread Right or oblique Cornered as triangular Quantity that eyther according to their Length whence an Vlcer is long short in different Breadth whence an Vlcer is broad narrow indifferent Profundity whence an Vlcer is deepe superficiary indifferent Equalitie or inequality which consists In those differences of dimensions whereof we last treated I say in length breadth and profundity wherein they are either alike or of the same manner or else unlike and so of a different manner Or common and accidentall these drawne either From their time whence an Vlcer is tearmed new old of short or long cure and â—uration From their appearance whence one is called an apparent Vlcer another a hidden and occult Vlcer From their manner of generation as if it be made by a heavy brusing cutting pricking or corroding thing whence a cut torne and mixt Vlcer From their site whence an Vlcer before behind above below in the head taile or belly of a Muscle From that part it seazes upon whence an vlcer in the flesh and skin or feeding upon the gristles or bones such as these of the nose the palate of the mouth and eares From other common accidents whence a Telephian Vlcer that is such an Vlcer as Telephus had A Chironian which needs the hand and art of Chiron A Canckrous which resembles a Cancer Is compound and many and various wayes complicated as With the cause whence an Vlcer Is Cacochymicke Catarrhoicke or venenate that is with a Cachochymia or Repletion of ill humors a Catarrhe or poison cherishes or feeds With the disease as from Distemper whether simple or compound whence an Vlcer is Hot. Cold. Day Mâ—…st Mixt. Swelling or Tumor whence a Phlegmonous Erysipelous Oedematous Scirrhous Cancrous Vlcer Solution of continuitie or any other discommoditie whence a rough callous fistulous cavernous sinuous Vlcer with luxation facture c. With the Symptome whence According eating painefull sordid and virulent Vlcer With the cause and disease With the cause and Symptome Examples whereof may be taken from that we have formerly delivered With the disease and Symptome With the cause disease and Symptome CHAP. II. Oâ— the signes of Vlcers THere are various signes of Vlcers according to their differences For it is the signe of a putride Vlcer if it exhale a noy some grievous stinking and carion-like vapour together with filthy matter An eating Vlcer is knowne by the eating in hollownesse and wearing away of the part wherein it resides together with the adjoyning parts A sordide Vlcer may be knowne by the grossenesse and viscidity of the excrements it sends forth and by the loose and spongy softnesse or the crusted inequality of the flesh which growes over it A cavernous Vlcer by the streghtnesse of the orifice and largenesse and deepenesse of the windings within A fistulous Vlcer if to the last mentioned signes there accrew a callous hardnesse of the lips or sides of the Vlcer A cancrous Vlcer is horrible to behold with the lips turned backe hard and swollne flowing with virulent and stincking corruption and sometimes also with bloody matter together with the swelling and lifting up of the adjacent veines An untemperate or as they terme it a distempered Vlcer is such as is nourished by some great distemper whether hot or cold moist or dry or compounded of these An ill naâ—â—red or maligne Vlcer is knowne by the difficulty of curing and rebellious contumacy to remedies appointed according to art and reason Wee know a catarrhous Vlcer if the matter which feeds it flow to it from some varices thereunto adjoyning or dilated swollne and broken-veines or from some entraile or from the whole body being ill affected An Apostumatous Vlcer is perceived by the presence of any tumor against nature whose kind may be found out by sight and handling Telephian Vlcers are such as affected Telephus and Chironian in
St. Dennis For all wounds by what weapon soever they were made degenerated into great and filthy putrefactions corruptions with feavers of the like nature were commonly determined by death what medicines how diligently soever they were applyed which caused many to have a false suspicion that the weapons on both sides were poisoned But there were manifest signes of corruption and putrefaction in the bloud let the same day that any were hurt and in the principall parts dissected afterwards that it was from no other cause than an evill constitution of the Aire and the minds of the Souldiers perverted by hate anger and feare CHAP. V. What signes in the Aire and Earth prognosticate a Plague WEE may know a Plague to bee at hand and hang over us if at any time the Aire and seasons of the yeare swarve from their naturall constitution after those wayes I have mentioned before if frequent and long continuing Meteors or sulphureous Thunders infect the Aire if fruits seeds and pulse be worme-eaten If Birds forsake their nests egges or Young without any manifest cause if we perceive women commonly to abort by continuall breathing in the vaporous Aire being corrupted and hurtfull both to the Embrion and originall of life and by which it being suffocated is presently cast forth and expelled Yet notwithstanding those airy impressions doe not solely corrupt the Aire but there may be also others raysed by the Sunne from the filthy exhalations and poysonous vapours of the earth and waters or of dead carcasses which by their unnaturall mixture easily corrupt the Aire subject to alteration as which is thin and moyst from whence divers Epidemiall diseases and such as every-where seaze upon the common sort according to the sevâ—…l kinds of corruptions such as that famous Catarrhe with difficulty of breathing which in the yeare 1510. went almost over the World and raged over all the Cities and Townes of France with great heavinesse of the head whereupon the French named it Cuculla with a straitnesse of the heart and lungs and a Cough a continuall Feaver and sometimes raving This although it seazed upon many more than it killed yet because they commonly dyed who were either let bloud or purged it shewed it selfe pestilent by that violent and peculiar and unheard of kinde of malignity Such also was the English Sweating-sicknesse or Sweating-feaver which unusuall with a great deale of terrour invaded all the lower parts of Germany and the Low Countryes from the yeare 1525. unto the yeare 1530. and that chiefly in Autumne As soone as this pestilent disease entred into any City suddenly two or three hundred fell sick on one day then it departing thence to some other place The people strucken with it languishing fell down in a swoune and lying in their beds sweat continually having a feaver a frequent quick and unequall pulse neither did they leave sweating till the disease left them which was in one or two dayes at the most yet freed of it they languished long after they all had a beating or palpitation of the heart which held some for two or three yeeres and others all their life after At the first beginning it killed many before the force of it was knowne but afterwards very few when it was found out by practice and use that those who furthered and continued their sweats and strengthened themselves with Cordials were all restored But at certaine times many other popular diseases sprung up as putrid feavers fluxes bloudy-fluxes catarrhes coughes phrenzies squinances pleurisies inflammations of the lungs inflammations of the eyes apoplexies lithargies small pocks and meazels scabs carbuncles and maligne pustles Wherefore the plague is not alwayes nor every-where of one and the same kind but of divers which is the cause that divers names are imposed upon it according to the variety of the effects it brings and symptomes which accompany it and kinds of putrefaction and hidden qualities of the Aire They affirme when the Plague is at hand that Mushromes grow in greater abundance out of the earth and upon the surface thereof many kindes of poysonous insecta creepe in great numbers as Spiders Caterpillers Butter-flyes Grasse-hoppers Beetles Hornets Waspes Flyes Scorpions Snailes Locusts Toads Wormes and such things as are the off-spring of putrefaction And also wilde beasts tyred with the vaporous malignity of their Dennes and Caves in the earth forsake them and Moles Toads Vipers Snakes Lizzards Aspes and Crocodiles are seene to flee away and remove their habitations in great troopes For these as also some other creatures have a manifest power by the gift of God and the instinct of Nature to presage changes of weather as raines showers and faire weather and seasons of the yeare as the Spring Summer Autumne Winter which they testifie by their singing chirping crying flying playing and beating their wings and such like signes so also they have a perception of a Plague at hand And moreover the carcasses of some of them which tooke lesse heed of themselves suffocated by the pestiferous poyson of the ill Aire contained in the earth may bee every where found not onely in their dens but also in the plaine fields These vapours corrupted not by a simple putrefaction but an occult malignity are drawne out of the bowels of the earth into the Aire by the force of the Sun and Starres and thence condensed into clouds which by their falling upon corne trees and grasse infect and corrupt all things which the earth produceth and also kils those creatures which feed upon them yet brute beasts sooner than men as which stoope and hold their heads downe towards the ground the maintainer and breeder of this poyson that they may get their food from thence Therefore at such times skilfull husbandmen taught by long experience never drive their Cattell or Sheep to pasture before that the Sun by the force of his beames hath wasted and diffipated into Aire this pestiferous dew hanging and abiding upon boughes and leaves of trees herbs corne and fruits But on the contrary that pestilence which proceeds from some maligne quality from above by reason of evill and certaine conjunction of the Stars is more hurtfull to men and birds as those who are neerer to heaven CHAP. VI. By using what cautions in Aire and Diet one may prevent the Plague HAving declared the signes fore-shewing a Pestilence now wee must shew by what meanes we may shun the imminent danger thereof and defend our selves from it No prevention seemed more certaine to the Ancients than most speedily to remove into places farre distant from the infected place and to be most slow in their returne thither againe But those who by reason of their businesse or employments cannot change their habitation must principally have care of two things The first is that they strengthen their bodies and the principall parts thereof against the daily imminent invasions of the poyson or the pestiferous and venenate
with their cries not giving heed to the judgement of the vaine common people who speake ill of Chirurgions because of their ignorance CHAP. III. Of things Naturall THat the Chirurgion may rightly and according to Art performe the fore-said workes he must set before his eyes certaine Indications of working Otherwise he is like to become an Empericke whom no Art no certaine reason but onely a blind temerity of fortune moves to boldnesse and action These Indications of actions are drawne from things as they call them naturall not naturall and besides nature and their adjuncts as it is singularly delivered of the Ancients being men of an excellent understanding Wherefore we will prosecute according to that order all the speculation of this Art of ours First therefore things naturall are so termed because they constitute and containe the nature of mans body which wholy depends of the mixture and temperament of the 4. first bodies as it is shewed by Hippocrates in his Booke de Natura humana wherefore the consideration thereof belongs to that part of Physicke which is named Physiologia as the examination of things not naturall to Diaetetice or Diet because by the use of such things it indeavours to retaine and keepe health but Therapeutice or the part which cures the diseases and all the affects besides nature challenges the contemplation of those things which are not agreeable to nature But the things which are called naturall may be reduced to seven heads besides which there comes into their fellowship those which wee terme annexed The seven principall heads of things naturall are Elements Temperaments Humors Parts or members Faculties Actions Spirits To these are annexed and somewhat neere Age. Sexe Colour Composure Time or season Region Vocation of life CHAP. IIII. Of Elements AN Element by the definition which is commonly received amongst Physitians is the least and most simple portion of that thing which it compeseth or that my speech may be the more plaine the foure first and simple bodies are called Elements Fire Aire Water and Earth which accommodate and subject themselves as matter to the promiscuous generation of all things which the Heavens engirt whether you understand thingsperfectly or unperfectly mixed Such Elements are onely to be conceived in your minde being it is not granted to any externall sense to handle them in their pure and absolute nature Which was the cause that Hippocrates expressed them not by the names of substances but of proper qualities saying Hot Cold Moist Drie because some one of these qualities is inherent in every Element as his proper and essentiall forme not onely according to the excesse of latitude but also of the active facultie to which is adjoyned another simple qualitie and by that reason principall but which notwithstanding attaines not to the highest degree of his kinde as you may understand by Galen in his first Booke of Elements So for example sake in the Aire wee observe two qualities Heat and Moisture both principall and not remitted by the commixture of any contrary quality for otherwise they were not simple Therefore thou maist say what hinders that the principall effects of heat shew not themselves as well in the Aire as in the Fire because as we said before although the Aire have as great a heat according to his nature extent and degree no otherwise than Fire hath yet it is not so great in its active qualitie The reason is because that the calfactorie force in the Aire is hindered and dulled by societie of his companion and adjoyned qualitie that is Humidity which abateth the force of heat as on the contrary drinesse quickneth it The Elements therefore are endewed with these qualities Names of the substances Fire is Hot and drie Names of the qualities Aire Moist and hot Water Cold and moist Earth Cold and drie These foure Elements in the composition of naturall bodies retaine the qualities they formerly had but that by their mixture and meeting together of contraries they are somewhat tempered and abated But the Elements are so mutually mixed one with another and all with all that no simple part may be found no more than in a masse of the Emplaister Diacalcitheos you can shew any Axungia oyle or litharge by it selfe all things are so confused and united by the power of heate mixing the smalleft particulars with the smallest and the whole with the whole in all parts You may know and perceive this concretion of the foure Elementary substances in one compound body by the power of mixture in their dissolution by burning a pile or heape of greene wood For the flame expresses the Fire the smoke the Aire the moisture that sweats out at the ends the Water and the ashes the Earth You may easily perceive by this example so familiar and obvious to the senses what dissolution is which is succeeded by the decay of the compound body on the contrary you may know that the coagmentation or uniting and ioyning into one of the first mixed bodies is such that there is no part sinceere or without mixture For if the heat which is predominant in the fire should remaine in the mixture in its perfect vigor it would consume the rest by its pernitious neighbourhood the like may be said of Coldnesse Moisture and Drinesse although of these qualities two have the title of Active that is Heat and Coldnesse because they are the more powerfull the other two Passive because they may seeme more dull and slow being compared to the former The temperaments of all sublunarie bodies arise from the commixture of these substances elementary qualities which hath bin the principall cause that moved me to treate of the Elements But I leave the force and effects of the Elementary qualities to some higher contemplation content to have noted this that of these first qualities so called because they are primarily and naturally in the foure first bodies others arise and proceed which are therefore called the second qualities as of manythese Heauinesse Lightnesse variously distributed by the foure Elements as the Heat or Coldnesse Moistnesse or Drinesse have more power over them For of the Elements two are called light because they naturally affect to move upwards the other two heavy by reason they are carried downeward by their owne weight So we thinke the fire the lightest because it holds the highest place of this lower world the Aire which is next to it in site wee account light for the water which lies next to the Aire we judge heavy and the earth the center of the rest we judge to be the heaviest of them all Hereupon it is that light bodies and the light parts in bodies have most of the lighter Elements as on the contrary heavy bodies have more of the heavier This is a briefe description of the Elements of this fraile world which are onely to be discerned by the understanding to which I thinke good to
onely subject to the eye in the way of knowing them but also to the minde in the faithfull understanding them For I will adjoyne those things that are delivered of them by Galen in his Booke of Anatom Administrations with those which hee hath taught in his Bookes of the use of the parts For there hee fitly laies the parts of mans body before our eyes to the sense But here he teaches to know them not to see them for hee shewes why and for what use they are made Having briefely handled these things wee must declare what Anatomy is that as Cicero saith out of Platâ—es Phaedro it may be understood of what we dispute And because we attaine that by definition which is a short and plaine speech consisting of the Genus and difference of the things defined being the essentiall parts by which the nature and essence of the thing is briefly and plainely explained first we define Anatomy then presently explaine the particular parts of the definition Wherefore Anatomy if you have regard to the name is a perfect and absolute devision or artificiall resolution of mans body into its parts as well generall as particular as well compound as simple Neither may this definition seeme illegitimate specially amongst Physitions and Chirurgions For seeing they are Artizans humiliated to the senfe they may use the proper and common qualities of things for their essentiall differences and formes As on the contrary Philosophers may refuse all definitions as spurious which consist not of the next Genus and the most proper and essentiall differences But seeing that through the imbecilitie of our understanding such differences are unknowne to us in their places we are compelled in defining things to draw into one many common and proper accidents to finish that definition which we intend which for that cause wee may more truly call a description because for the matter and essentiall forme of the thing it presents us onely the matter adorned with certaine accidents This appeares by the former definition in which Division and Resolution stand for the Genus because they may be parted into divers others as it were into species That which is added over and besides stands in place of the difference because they separate and make different the thing it selfe from all other rash and unartificiall dissections We must know an artificiall division is no other than a separation of one part from another without the hurt of the other observing the proper circumscription of each of them which if they perish or be defaced by the division it cannot be said to be artificiall and thus much may suffice for the parts of the definition in generall For as much as belongs to the explication of each word we said of Mans body because as much as lies in us we take care of preserve the health and depell the â—iseases thereof by which it may appeare that mans body is the subject of Physicke not as it is mans or consists of matter and forme but as it is partaker of health and sicknesse Wee understand nothing else by a part according to Galen than some certaine body which is not wholy disioyned nor wholy united with other bodies of their kindes but so that according to his opinion the whole being composed therewith with which in some sort it is united and in some kinde separated from the same by their proper circumscription Furthermore by the parts in generall I understand the head breast belly and their adjuncts By the particular parts of those I understand the simple parts as the similar which are nine in number as a gristle bone ligament membrane tendon nerve veine arterie musculous flesh some adde fibers fat marrow the nailes and haires other omit them as excrements but wee must note that such parts are called simple rather in the judgement of the sense than of reason For if any will more diligently consider the nature they shall finde none absolutely simple because they are nourished have life and sense either manifest or obscure which happens not without a nerve veine and artery But if any shall object that no nerve is communicated to any bone except the teeth I will answer that neverthelesse the bones have sense by the nervous fibers which are communicated to them by the Periosteum as by whose mediation the Periosteum is connext to the bones as we see it happens to these membranes which involue the bowels And the bones by this benefit of the animall sense expell the noxious and excrementitious humors from themselves into the spaces betweene them and the Periosteum which as indued with a more quicke sense admonisheth us according to its office and dutie of that danger which is ready to seaze upon the bones unlesse it be prevented Wherefore wee will conclude according to the truth of the thing that there is no part in our body simple but only some are so named and thought according to the sense although also otherwise some may be truly named simple as according to the peculiar and proper flesh of each of their kindes Those parts are called compound which are made or composed by the mediation or immediately of these simple which they terme otherwise organicall or instrumentall as an arme legge hand foote and others of this kinde And here wee must observe that the parts are called simple and similar because they cannot be devided into any particles but of the same kinde but the compound are called dissimular from the quite contrary reason They are called instrumentall and organicall because they can performe such actions of themselves as serves for the preservation of themselves and the whole as the eye of it selfe without the assistance of any other part seeth and by this faculty defends the whole body as also it selfe Wherefore it is called an instrument or organe but not any particle oâ— it as the coates which cannot of it selfe performe that act Whereby wee must understand that in each instrumentall part we must diligently observe foure proper parts One by which the action is properly performed as the Crystalline humour in the eye another without which the action cannot be performed as the nerve the other humors of the eye The third whereby the action is better and more conveniently done as the tunicles and muscles The fourth by which the action is preserved as the eye-lids and circle of the eye The same may be said of the hand which is the proper instrument of holding for it performes this action first by the muscle as the principall part Secondly by the ligament as a part without which such action cannot be performed Thirdly by the bones and nailes because by the benefit of these parts the action is more happily performed Fourthly by the veines arteries and skin for that by their benifite and use the rest and so consequently the action it selfe is preserved But we must consider that the instrumentall parts have a fourefold order They
object and fixed facultie of touching diffused over all the true skinne which every where lies under it For the temperature by the common consent of Physitions it is in the midst of all excesse for that seeing it is the medium betweene the object and facultie if it should be hotter colder moister or drier it would deceive the facultie by exhibiting all objects not as they are of themselves but as it should be no otherwise than as to such as looke through red or greene spectacles all things appearered or greene Wherefore for this reason it was convenient the cuticle should be void of all sense It hath no action in the body but it hath use for it preserves and beautifies the true skin for it seemes to be given by the singular indulgence of nature to be a muniment and ornament to the true skinne This providence of nature the industrie of some Artizans or rather Curtizans doth imitate who for to seeme more beautifull doe smooth and polish it By this you may understand that not all the parts of the body have action yet have they their use because according to Aristotles opinion Nature hath made nothing in vaine Also you must note that this thinne skinne or cuticle being lost may everie where be regenerated unlesse in the place which is covered with a scarre For here the true skinne being deficient both the matter and former facultie of the cuticle is wanting CHAP. IIII. Of the true skinne THe true skinne called by the Greekes Derma is of a spermaticke substance wherefore being once lost it cannot be restored as formerly it was For in place thereof comes a scarre which is nothing else but flesh dried beyond measure It is of sufficient thicknesse as appeares by the separating from the flesh But for the extent thereof it encompasses the whole body if you except the eyes eares nose privities fundament mouth the ends of the fingers where the nailes grow that is all the parts by which any excrements are evacuated The figure of it is like the cuticle round and long with its productions with which it covers the extremities of the parts It is composed of nerves veines arteries and of a proper flesh and substance of its kinde which wee have said to bee spermaticall which ariseth from the processe of the secundine which leade the spermaticke vessels even to the navell in which place each of them into the parts appointed by nature send forth such vessels as are spread abroad and diffused from the generation of the skinne Which also the similitude of them both that is the skinne and membrane Chorion do argue For as the Chorion is double without sense encompassing the whole infant lightly fastened to the first coate which is called Amnios so the skinne is double and of it selfe insensible for otherwise the nerves were added in vaine from the parts lying under it ingirting the whole body lightly cleaving to the fleshie Pannicle But if any object that the Cuticle is no part of the true skinne seeing it is wholy different from it and easily to be separated from it and wholly void of sense I will answer these arguments doe not prevaile For that the true skinne is more crasse thicke sensible vivide and fleshie is not of it selfe being rather by the assistance and admixture of the parts which derived from the three principall it receives into its proper substance which happens not in the cuticle Neither if it should happen would it be better for it but verily exceeding ill for us because so our life should lie fit and open to receive a thousand externall injuries which encompasse us on every side as the violent and contrary accesse of the foure first qualities There is only one skin as that which should cover but one body the which it every where doth except in those places I formerly mentioned It hath connexion with the parts lying under it by the nerves veines and arteries with those subjacent parts put forth into the skinne investing them that there may be a certaine communion of all the parts of the body amongst themselves It is cold and drie in its proper temper in respect of its proper flesh and substance for it is a spermaticall part Yet if any consider the finewes veines arteries and fleshie threds which are mixed in its body it will seeme temperate and placed as it were in the midst of contrarie qualities as which hath growne up from the like portion of hote cold moist and drie bodies The vse of the skinne is to keepe safe and sound the continuitie of the whole body and all the parts thereof from the violent assault of all externall dangers for which cause it is every where indewed with sense in some parts more exact in others more dull according to the dignitie and necessitie of the parts which it ingirts that they might all be admonished of their safetie and preservation Lastly it is penetrated with many pores as breathing places as we may see by the flowing out of sweate that so the arteries in their diastole might draw the encompassing aire into the body for the tempering and nourishing of the fixed inbred heate and in the Systole expell the fuliginous excrement which in Winter supprest by the cold aire encompassing us makes the skinne blacke and rough Wee have an argument and example of breathing through these by drawing the aire in by transpiration in women troubled with the mother who without respiration live onely for some pretty space by transpiration CHAP. V. Of the fleshie Pannicle AFter the true skinne followes the membrane which Anatomists call the fleshy Pannicle whose nature that we may more easily prosecute and declare we must first shew what a membrane is and how many wayes the word is taken Then wherefore it hath the name of the fleshie Pannicle A membrane therefore is a simple part broade and thin yet strong and dense white and nervous and the which may easily without any great danger be extended and contracted Sometimes it is called a coate which is when it covers and defends some part This is called the fleshie Pannicle because in some parts it degenerates into flesh and becomes musculous as in a man from the coller bones to the haire of the head in which part it is therefore called the broad muscle where as in other places it is a simple membrane here and there intangled with the fat lying under it from whence it may seeme to take or borrow the name of the fatty Pannicle But in beasts whence it tooke that name because in those a fleshie substance maketh a great part of this Pannicle it appeares manifestly fleshie and musculous over all the body as you may see in Horses and Oxen that by that meanes being moveable they may drive and shake off their flies and other troublesome things by their shaking and contracting their backs These things
considered we say the fleshie Pannicle in its proper body is of a nervous or membranous substance as that which hath its originall from the coate Amnios which is next to the infant dilated neare to the navell and stretched forth for the generation of this Pannicle in which thing I thinke good to note that as the membranes Chorion and Amnios mutually interwoven with small nervous fibers encompasse and invest the child as long as it is contained in the wombe so the skinne and fleshie Pannicle knit together by such like bands engirt the whole body Therefore the fleshie Pannicle is equall in magnitude and like in figure to the true skinne but that it lies under it and is contained in it in some places mixt with the fat in others encreased by the flesh interwoven with it and in other some is onely a simple membrane The composition of it is such as the sight of it presents to our eye that is of veines arteries nerves and the proper flesh some whites mixed and interlaced with fat and sometimes with musculous flesh It is but one by reason of the use wee shall presently shew It is situated betweene the skinne and fat or common coate of the muscles annexed to these and the other parts lying under it by the veines nerves and arteries ascending from these inward parts and implanting themselves into the substance thereof and then into the true skinne The temperature thereof is diverse according to the varietie of the parts interwoven with it The use of it is to leade direct and strengthen in their passage the vessels which are disseminated into the true skinne and the whole superficies of the body But in beasts it hath another commoditie that is it gives a shaking or trembling motion to their skinne and backe for that cause we formerly touched CHAP. VI. Of the Fat. THe fat comming neare the condition of an excrement rather than of a part as we said when we treated of the simular parts is of an oily substance bred of the aiery and vaporous portion of the bloud which sweating through the pores of the coates or mouthes of the vessels becomes concreate about the membranes and nerves and cold bodies and turnes into fat by the coldnesse of the place Whereby we may know that cold or a more remisse heate is the efficient cause of fat which is manifest by contemplation not onely of creatures of diverse kindes but also by those of the same species and sexe if so be that the one be colder than the other By which we may understand that the fat is the more or lesse in quantity according to the different temper of the whole body and of its particular parts for its composition it consists of that portion of the blood which we formerly mentioned intermixt with certaine membranes nervous fibers veines and arteryes The greatest part of it lyes betweene the fleshy pannicle and the common coate of the Muscles Otherwiseit is diffused over all the body in some places more in some lesse yet it is alwaies about the nervous bodyes to which it delights to cleave Most Anatomists enquire whether the fat lye above or beneath the fleshy pannicle But me thinkes this question is both impertinent and idle being we often see the fat to be on both sides It is of a middle temper betweene heat and cold being it ariseth of the more aery portion of the blood although it may seeme cold in respect of the efficient cause that is of cold by which it concreats For the rest moisture is predominant in the fat The use therof is to moisten the parts which may become dry by long fasting vehement exercise or immoderate heat and besides to give heat or keep the parts warme Although it doe this last rather by accident than of its owne nature as heated by exercise or by some such other chance it heats the adjacent parts or may therefore be thought to heat them because it hinders the dissipation of the native and internall heat like as cold heats in winter whereby the bellyes are at that time the hotter I know some learned Phisitions of our time stiffly maintained that the fat was hot neither did they acknowledge any other efficient cause thereof than temperate heat and not cold But I thinke it best to leave the more subtle agitation of these questions to naturall Philosophers But we must note that at the joints which are more usually moved there is another sort of fat farre more solid and hard than that which we formerly mentioned often found mixed with a viscid and tough humor like the whites of Eggs that so it might be sufficient for a longer time to moisten these parts subject to be hurt by drynesse and make them slippery so fitter for motion in imitation whereof they usually grease hard bodyes which must be in frequent motion as coach wheeles and axeltrees And there is another kind of fat which is called Sevum seame in one thing differing from the ordinary fat that is much dryer the moister and softer portion of the fat being dissipated by the raging heat of the place For it is found principally about the midriffe where there are many windings of arteryes and veines and it is also about the reines Loines and basis of the heart The fat is wasted by long fasting is dryed and hardened by vehement exercise and immoderate heate Hence it is that it is much more compact in the palmes of the hands and soles of the feet about the eyes and heart so that it resembles the flesh in densitie and hardnesse because by the continuall motion and strong heat of these parts the thinner portion being dissipated diffused the more Grosse terrestriall remaine CHAP. VII Of the common coate of the Muscles NExt under the fat appeares a certaine coate spred over all the Muscles and called the common coate of the Muscles it is of a nervous substance as all other membranes are The quantity and breadth thereof is bounded by the quantity of the Muscles which it involves and fits it selfe to as that which encompasses the Muscles of the Epigastrium is of equall largnesse with the same Muscles The figure of it is round It is composed of veines nerves arteryes and its peculiar flesh consisting of three sorts of fibers the beginning of it is from the Periostium in that part where the bones give ligaments to the Muscles or according to the opinion of others of the nervous and ligamentous fibers of the Muscles which rising up and diffused over the fleshy superficies thereof are united for the generation of this coate But this membrane arising from the Periostium as every membrane which is below the head takes its originall from the Periostium either primarily by the interposition of no Medium or secondarily is stretched over the Muscles by their tendons But if any object that this membrance pluct
the Glandules of the groines 8 the eight of the thigh 9 the second of the legge 11 the innermost of the anckle 12 the sixth muscle of the foote his originall 13. end 14. 15 the seventh of the foote 16 the tendon of the muscle lifting up the great toe 17 the muscles extending the foure other toes 18 the abductor of the great toe 19 a transverse ligament 20 a tendon of the ninth muscle of the foote 21 the first muscle 22 the fourth muscle of the foote 23 the tendon of the third muscle 24. a muscle bending the third bone of the foure lesser toes THE SEVENTH BOOK Of Tumours against Nature in Generall CHAP. I. What a Tumour against Nature vulgarly called an Impostume is and what be the differences thereof AN Impostume commonly so called is an affect against nature composed and made of three kinds of diseases Distemperature ill Conformation and Solution of Continuitie concurring to the hindering or hurting of the Action An humor or any other matter answering in proportion to a humor abolishing weakening or depraving of the office or function of that part or body in which it resides causeth it The differences of Impostumes are commonly drawne from five things quantitie matter accidents the nature of the part which they affect or possesse and lastly their efficient causes I have thought good for the better understanding of them to describe them in this following Scheme A Table of the differences of Tumors The differences of Impostumes are drawne principally from five things that is from their quantity by reason whereof Impostumos are called Great which are comprehended under the generall name of Phlegmons which happen in the fleshy parts by Galen Lib de tumor contra naauram lib. 2 ad Glauconem Indifferent or of the middle sort as Fellons Small as those which Avicen calls Bothores i. Pushes and Pustules all kinde of Scabs and Leprosies and lastly all small breakings out from their accidents as Colour from whence Impostumes are named white red pale yellow blew or blacke and so of any other colour Paine hardnesse softnesse and such like from whence they are said to be painefull not painefull hard soft and so of the rest from the matter of which they are caused and made which is either Naturall or Hot and that either Sanguine from whence a true Phlegmon Cholerick from whence a true Erysipelas Cold that either PhlegmatiCk frō whence a true Oedema Melācolick frō whēce a perfect Scyrrhus Not naturall which hath exceeded the limits of its naturall goodnesse from whence illegitimate tumors therefore of a sanguine humor of a cholerick humor Carbunckles Gangrenes eating ulcers Sphaceles are caused Of the grosser the eating Herpes of the subtiler the Herpes miliaris is made Watery and flatulent Impostumes the Kings-evill knots all phlegmatick swellings excrescenses The exquisite or perfect Scyrrhus hardnesses and all sorts of cancerous Tumors of a phlegmatick humor of a melācholick humor From the condition and nature of the parts which they possesse from whence the Ophthalmia is a Phlegmon of the eyes Parotis a tumor neere the eares Paronychia or a whitlow at the roots of the nailes and so of the rest From the efficient causes or rather the manner of doing For some impostumes are said to be made by defluxions others by congestion those are commonly hot the other cōmonly cold as it shal more manifestly appeare by the following chapter CHAP. II. Of the generall causes of Tumors THere are two generall causes of Impostumes Fluxion and Congestion Defluxions are occasioned either by the part sending or receiving the part sending discharges it selfe of the humors because the expulsive fa◅ltie resident in that part is provoked to expell them moved thereto either by the troublesomenesse of their quantity or quality The part receiving drawes and receives occasion of heat paine weakenesse whether naturall or accidentall opennesse of the passages and lower situation The causes of heat in what part soever it be are commonly three as all immoderate motion under which frictions are also contained externall heat either from fire or sun and the use of acride meates and medicines The causes of paine are foure the first is a sodaine and violent invasion of some untemperate thing by meanes of the foure first qualities the second is solution of continuitie by a wound luxation fracture contusion or distention the third is the exquisit sense of the part for you feele no paine in cutting a bone or exposing it to cold or heate the fourth is the attention as it were of the animall faculty for the minde diverted from the actuall cause of paine is lesse troubled or sensible of it A part is weake either by its nature or by some accident by its nature as the Glandules and the Emunctories of the principall parts by accident as if some distemper bitter paine or great defluxion have seazed upon it and wearied it for so the strength is weakened and the passages dilated And the lownesse of site yeeks opportunity for the falling downe of humors The causes of congestion are two principally as the weakenesse of the concoctive facultie which resides in the part by which the assimulation into the substance of the part of the nourishment flowing to it is frustrated and the weakenesse of the expulsive faculty for whilest the part cannot expell superfluities their quantity continually encreases And thus oftentimes cold impostumes have their originall from a grosse and tough humor and so are more difficult to cure Lastly all the causes of Impostumes may be reduced to three that is the primitive or externall the antecedent or internall and the conjuncte or containing as we will hereafter treat more at large CHAP. III. The signes of Impostumes or Tumors in generall BEfore wee undertake the cure of Tumors it is expedient to know their kindes and differences which knowledge must be drawne from their proper signes the same way as in other diseases But because the proper and principall signes of tumors are drawne from the essence of the part they possesse we must first know the parts and then consider what their essence and composition are We are taught both by skill in Anatomy and the observation of the deprived function especially when the affected part is one of those which lie hid in the body for we know whether or no the externall parts are affected with a tumor against nature by comparing that with his naturall which is contrary For comparing the sound part with the diseased wee shall easily judge whether it be swollen or no. But because it is not sufficient for a Chirurgion onely to know these generall signes which are knowne even to the vulgar he must attentively observe such as are more proper and nere And these are drawne from the difference of the matter and humors of which the tumors consist For this Galen teaches that all differences of tumors arise from the nature
and condition of the matter which flowes downe and generates the tumor also they are knowne by such accidents as happen to them as colour heat hardnesse softnesse paine tension resistance Wherefore paine heate rednesse and tension indicate a sanguine humor coldnesse softnesse and no great paine phlegme tension hardnesse the livide colour of the part and a pricking paine by fits melancholy and yellowish and pale colour biting paine without hardnesse of the part choler And besides Impostumes have their periods and exacerbations following the nature and motion of the humors of which they are generated Wherefore by the motion and fits it will be no difficult matter to know the kinde of the humor for as in the Spring so in the morning the bloud is in motion as in the Summer so in the middest of the day choler as in Autumne so in the evening melancholy as in Winter so on the night the exacerbations of phlegme are most predominante For Hippocrates and Galen teach that the yeare hath circuits of diseases so that the same proportion of the excesse and motion of humors which is in the foure seasons of the yeare is also in the foure quarters of each day Impostumes which are curable have foure times their beginning increase state and declination and we must alter our medicines according to the varietie of these times We know the beginning by the first swelling of the part The increase when the swelling paine and other accidents do manifestly encrease and enlarge themselves the state when the foresaid symptoms increase no more but each of them because at their height remaine in their state immoveable unlesse the very matter of the tumor degenerate and change it selfe into another kinde of humor The declination when the swelling paine feaver restlesnesse are lessened And from hence the Chirurgion may presage what the end of the tumor may be for tumors are commonly terminated foure manner of wayes if so be that the motion of the humors causing them be not intercepted or they without some manifest cause doe flow backe into the body Therefore first they are terminated by insensible transpiration or resolution secondly by suppuration when the matter is digested and ripened thirdly by induration when it degenerates into a Scyrrhus the thinner part of the humor being dissolved the fourth which is the worst of all by a corruption and Gangrene of the part which is when overcome with the violence or the abundance or quality of the humor or both it comes to that distemper that it looses its proper action It is best to terminate a tumor by resolution and the worst by corruption suppuration and induration are betweene both although that is far better than this The signes by which the Chirurgions may presage that an Impostume may be terminated by resolving are the remission or flacking of the swelling paine pulsation tension heat and all other accidents and the unaccustomed livelinesse and itching of the part and hot Impostumes are commonly thus terminated because the hot humor is easily resolved by reason of its subtilty Signes of suppuration are the intension or encrease of paine heat swelling pulsation and the feaver for according to Hippocrates paine and the feaver are greater when the matter is suppurating then whan it is suppurated The Chirurgion must be very attentive to know and observe when suppuration is made for the purulent matter oft times lies hid as Hippocrates saith by reason of the thicknesse of the part lying above or over it The signes of an Impostume degenerating into a Scyrrhus hardnesse are the diminution of the tumor and hardnesse remaining in the part The causes of the hardnesse not going away with the swelling are the weakenesse of nature the grosnesse and toughnesse of the humor and unskilfulnesse of the Chirurgion who by too long using resolving things hath occasioned that the more subtile part of the humor being dissolved the rest of the grosser nature like earthy dreggs remaines concrete in the part For so potters vessels dried in the Sunne grow hard But the unskilfull Chirurgion may occasion a Scyrrhous hardnesse by another meanes as by condensating the skinne and incrassating the humors by too much use of repercussives But you may perceive an Impostume to degenerate into a Gangrene thus if the accidents of heat rednesse pulsation and tension shall be more intense than they are wont to be in suppuration if the paine presently cease without any manifest cause if the part waxe livide or blacke and lastly if it stinke But we shall treate of this more at large when we come to treate of the Gangrene and Sphacelus A sodaine diminution of the tumor and that without manifest cause is a signe of the matter fallen backe and turned into the body againe which may be occasioned by the immoderate use of refrigerating thinge And sometimes much flatulencie mixed with the matter although there be no fault in those things which were applied Feavers and many other maligne Symptomes as swoundings and convulsion by translation of the matter to the noble parts follow this flowing backe of the humor into the body CHAP. IIII. Of the Prognosticks in Impostumes TVmors arising from a melancholy phlegmaticke grosse tough or viscors humor aske a longer time for their cure than those which are of bloud or choler And they are more difficultly cured which are of humors not naturall than those which are of humors yet contained in the bounds of nature For those humors which are rebellious offend rather in qualitie than in quantitie and undergoe the divers formes of things dissenting from nature which are joyned by no similitude or affinitie with things naturall as suet poultis hony the dregs of oile and wine yea and of solid bodies as stone sand coale strawes and sometimes of living things as Wormes Serpents and the like monsters The tumors which possesse the inner parts and noble entrailes are more dangerous and deadly as also those which are in the joints or neere to them And these tumors which seaze upon great vessels as veines arteries and nerves for feare of great effusion of bloud wasting of the spirits and convulsion So impostumes of a monstrous bignesse are often deadly by reason of the great resolution of the spirits caused by their opening Those which degenerate into a Scyrrhus are of long continuance and hard to cure as also those which are in hydropicke leprous scabby and corrupt bodies for they often turne into maligne and ill conditioned vulcers CHAP. V. Of the generall cure of Tumors against Nature THere be three things to be observed in cure of impostumes The first is the essence thereof the second the quality of the humor causing the impostume the third the temper of the part affected The first indication drawne from the essence that is from the greatnesse or smallnesse of the tumor varies the manner of curing for the medicines must
be increased or diminished according to the greatnesse of the tumor The second taken from the nature of the humor also changes our counsell for a Phlegmon must be otherwise cured than an Erysypelas and an Oëdema than a Scyrrhus and a simple tumor otherwise than a compound And also you must cure after another manner a tumor comming of an humor not naturall than that which is of a naturall humor and otherwise that which is made by congestion than that which is made by defluxion The third Indication is taken from the part in which the tumor resides by the nature of the part wee understand its temperature conformation site faculty and function The temperature indicates that some medicines are convenient for the fleshy parts as those which are more moist others for the nervous as more drie for you must apply some things to the eye and others to the throate one sort of things to these parts which by reason of their raritie are easily subject to defluxion another to those parts which by their density are not obnoxious to it But we must have good regard to the site of the part as if it have any connexion with the great vessels and if it be fit to powre forth the matter and humor when it is suppurated Galen by the name of faculty understands the use and sense of the part This hath a manifold indication in curing for some parts are principall as the Braine Heart and Liuer for their vertue is communicated to the whole body by the nerves arteries and veines Others truly are not principall but yet so necessary that none can live without them as the Stomacke Some are endued with a most quicke sence as the eye the membranes nerves and tendons wherefore they cannor endure acrid and biting medicines Having called to minde these indications the indication will be perfected by these three following intentions as if we consider the humor flowing downe or which is ready to flow the conjunct matter that is the humor impact in the part the correction of accidents yet so that we alwayes have care of that which is most urgent and of the cause Therefore first repercussives must be applied for the antecedent matter strong or weake having regard to the tumor as it is then onely excepting sixe conditions of Tumors the first is if the matter of the Tumor be venenate the second if it be a criticall abscesse the third if the defluxion be neare the noble parts the fourth if the matter be grosse tough and viscide the fifth when the matter lies farre in that is flowes by the veines which lies more deepe the sixth when it lies in the Gandules But if the whole body be plethoricke a convenient diet purging and Phlebotomie must be appointed frictions and bathes must be used Ill humors are amended by diet and purging If the weakenesse of the part receiving draw on a defluxion it must be strengthened If the part be inferiour in its site let the patient be so seated or layed that the part receiving as much as may be may be the higher If paine be the cause of defluxion we must asswage it by things mitigating it If the thinnesse or lightnesse of the humor cause defluxion it must be inspissate by meats and medicines But for the matter conteined in the part because it is against nature it requires to be evacuate by resolving things as Cataplasmes ointments somentations cupping glasses or by evacuation as by scarifying or by suppurating things as by ripening and opening the Impostume Lasty for the conjunct accidents as the Feaver paine and such like they must be mitigated by asswaging mollifying and malaxing medicines as I shall shew more at large hereafter CHAP. VI. Of the foure principall and generall Tumors and of other Impostumes which may be reduced to them THe principall and cheife Tumors which the abundance of humors generate are foure A Phlegmon Erysipelas Oâ—dema and Scyrrhus innumerable others may be reduced to these distinguished by divers names according to the various condition of the efficient cause and parts receiving Wherfore a Phygethlum Phyma Fellon Carbuncle inflammation of the eyes Squincy Bubo lastly all sorts of hot and moist tumors may be reduced to a Phlegmon The Herpes â—iliaris the eating Herpes Ringwormes and Tetters and all impostumes brought forth by choler are contained under an Erysipelas Atheromata Steâ—tomata Meldâ—â—rides the Testudo or Talpa Ganglion Knots Kings-evill Wens watery Ruptures the Ascites and Leucophlegmatia may be reduced to an Oëdema as also all flaruleâ—â— tumors which the abundance of corrupt Phlegme produces In the kindred of the Scyrrhus are reckoned a Cancer Leprosie Warts Cornâ— a Thymus a Varix Morphew black and white and other Impostumes arising from a melancholy humor Now wee will treate of these Tumors in particular beginning with a Phlegmon CHAP. VII Of a Phlegmon APhlegmon is a generall name for all Impostumes which the abundance of inflamed bloud produces That is called a true Phlegmon which is made of laudable bloud offending onely in quantity But a bastard Phlegmon or a Phlegmonous Impostume hath some other and proper name as a Carbuncle Fellon Gangrene Sphacel and the like maligne Pustules So when there is a confluâ—e of diverse humor into one tumor divers kinds of phlegmonous Impostumes called by diverse names according to the more abundant humor arise as if a small portion of phlegme shall be mixed with a greater quantity of bloud it shall be called as Oëdematous Phlegmon but if on the contrary the quantity of phlegme be the greater it shall be named a phlegmonous Oëdema and so of the rest alwayes naming the tumor from that which is most predominant in it Therefore we must observe that all differences of such tumors arise from that either because the bloud causing it offends onely in quantity which if it doe it causes that tumor which is properly called a Phlegmon if in quality it makes a Phlegmonous tumor because the matter thereof is much departed from the goodnesse of bloud But bloud is said to offend in quantity either by admixture of some other matter as Phlegme Choler or melancholy from whence proceedes Oëdematous Erysipelâ—s and Scyrrhous Phlegmons or by corruption of its proper substance from whence Carbuncles and all kindes of Gangrens or by concretion and when nature is disappointed of its attempted and hoped for suppuration either by default of the aire or patient or by the error of the Physition and hence oft times happen Atheroma's Steatoma's and Melicerides Although these things be set downe by the ancients of the simple and simular matter of the true Phlegmon yet you must know that in truth there is no impostume whose matter exquisitely shewes the nature of one and that simple humor without all admixture of any other matter for all humors are mixed together with the bloud yet from the plenty of bloud prodominating they are called
putrifaction onely excepted which properly appertaines to putride feavers For a Bubo also which is a Phlegmon of the Glandules causes a Diary as Hippocrates shewes All feavers proceeding from the Tumors of the Glandules are evill the Diary excepted Which Aphorisme must be understood warily and with that distinction which Galen gives in his commentary where he saith It is only to be understood of Tumors risen in the Glandules without occasion that is without any evident and manifest cause for otherwise Feavers that thence take their originall though not Diary yet are not all evill as we learne by Buboes in Children and the venereous Buboes which happen without inflammation or corruption of the liver for such commonly have no maligne Feaver accompanying them which thing is worthy a Chirurgions observation The common signes of a Diary are a moderate and vaporous heate feeling gentle to the hand a pulse swift and frequent sometimes great and strong as when the Diary is caused by anger sometimes litle if the Feaver proceede from sorrow hunger cold crudity for other respects equall and ordinary The most certaine signes are if the Feaver come upon one not by litle and litle but sodainly and that from some externall and evident cause no loathing of meat no causelesse wearinesse no deepe sleepe yawning great paine restlesnesse shaking nor cold going before and lastly no other troublesome symptome preceeding Wee here make no mention of the urine because most frequently they resemble the vrines of sound bodyes for in so short a time as Diaryes endure there cannot so great a perturbation be raised in the blood that there may be signes thereof found in the vrine A Diary is ended in one fit which by the proper nature of this Feaver lasts but one day although sometimes otherwise it is extended to three or foure dayes space and then it easily degenerates into a Putride especially any error of the Patient Phiâ—ition or those which attend him concurring therewith or if the externall things bee not rightly fitted This Feaver is terminated either by insensible transpiration or by the moisture of the skin or by a sweate naturall gentle and not ill smelling to this Diary wee may referre the unputride Synochus generated of blood not putrid but onely heated beyond measure For usually there arises a great heate over all the body by meanes of the blood immoderatly heated whence the veines become more tumide the face appeares fiery the Eyes red and burning the breath hot and to conclude the whole habite of the body more full by reason of that Ebullition of the blood and the diffusion of the vapours thence arising over all the body Whence it is that this kinde of Synochus may be called a vapourous Feaver To this Children are incident as also all sanguine bodyes which have no ill humors The cure of this and the Ephemera or Diary is the same because it may scarse seeme different from the Ephemera in any other thing than that it may be prolonged for three or foure dayes Wherefore whatsoever we shall say for the cure of the Ephemera may be all applyed to the Synochus bloodletting excepted which in an unputrid Synochus is very necessary Now the Cure of a Diary Feaver consists in the decent use of things not naturall contrary to the cause of the disease wherefore bathes of warme and naturall water are very profitable so that the Patient be not Plethoricke nor stufft with excrements nor obnoxious to catarrhes and defluxions because a catarrhe is easily caused and augmented by the humors diffused and dissolved by the heate of a bath therefore in this case we must eschew frictions and annointing with warme oile which things notwithstanding are thought very usefull in these kind of Feavers especially when they have their originall from extreme labour by astriction of the skin or a Bubo Let this be a generall rule that to every cause whence this Feaver proceeded you oppose the contrary for a remedy as to labour rest to watching sleep to anger and sorrow the gratefull society of friends and all things replenished with pleasant good will and to a Bubo the proper cure thereof Wine moderately tempered with water according to the custome of the sicke patient is good and profitable in all causes of this Feaver except he be pained in his head or that the Feaver drew its originall from anger or a Bubo for in this last case especially the patient must abstaine wholy from wine untill the inflammation come to the state and begins to decline This kinde of Feaver often troubles infants and then you must prescribe such medicines to their Nurses as if they were sicke that so by this meanes their milke may become medicinable Also it will be good to put the Infant himselfe into a bath of naturall and warme water and presently after the bath to anoint the ridge of the backe and brest with oile of Violets But if a Phlegmon possesse any inward part or otherwise by its nature be great or seated neare any principall Bowell so that it may continually send from it either a putrid matter or exhalation to the heart and not onely affect it by a quality or preternaturall heate by the continuity of the parts thence will arise the Putride Synochus if the blood by contagion putrifying in the greater vessells consists of on equall mixture of the foure humors This Feaver is cheifly thus knowne it hath no exacerbations or remissions but much lesse intermissions it is extended beyond the space of twenty foure houres neither doth it then end in vomite sweat moisture or by litle and litle by insensible transpiration after the manner of intermitting Feavers or Agues but remaines constant untill it leaves the Patient for altogether it commonly happens not unlesse to these of a good temper and complexion which abound with much blood and that tempered by an equall mixture of the foure humors It commonly endures not long because the blood by power of some peculiar putrifaction degenerating into choler or Melancholy will presently bring forth another kinde of feaver to wit a Tertian or continued Quartaine The cure of this Feaver as I have heard of most learned Physitions cheifly consists in Bloodletting For by letting of blood the fullnesse is diminished therfore the obstruction is taken away and lastly the putrefaction And seeing that in this kinde of Feaver there is not onely a fault of the matter by the putrefaction of the blood but also of the Temper by excesse of heat certainely Phlebotomy helps not only as we said the putrefaction but also the hote distemper For the blood in which all the heate of the creature is conteined whilest it is taken way the acrid and fuliginous excrements exhale and vanish away with it which kept in encreased the Feverish heate Moreover the veines to shun emptinesse which nature abhors are filled with much cold aire instead of the hot blood which was drawne away
mixed with Choler if the Erysipelas possesse the face and if it be spread much over it But if it shall invade another part although it shall proceed of pure choler Phlebotomy will not be so necessary because the blood which is as a bridle to the choler being taken away there may be danger lest it become more fierce yet if the body be plethoricke it will be expedient to let blood because this as Galen teacheth is oft times the cause of an Erysipelas It will be expedient to give a clyster of refrigerating and humâ—â—ting things before you open a veine but it belongs to a learned and prudent Physition to prescribe medicines purging choler The third care must be taken for Topick or locall medicines which in the beginning and encrease must be cold and moist without any either drynes or astriction because the more acride matter by use of astringent things being driven in would ulcerate and fret the adjacent particle Galen and Avicen much commend this kinde of remedy Take faire water â„¥ vj of the sharpest Vinegar â„¥ j make an Oxycrate in which you may wet linnen clothes and apply to the affected part and the circumjacent places renew them often Or â„ž Succi solani planâ—ag sempervivi an â„¥ ij aceti â„¥ ss Mucaginis sem Psylij â„¥ ij succi hyoscyami â„¥ j Misce But if the Erysipelas be upon the face you must use the medicine following â„ž Vnguent Ros â„¥ iiij succi plantagin sempervivi an â„¥ j. Camphorâ—Ê’ss aceti parum let them be mixed together and make a liniment But if the heate and paine be intolerable we must come to narcoticke medicines As â„ž succi hyoscyami solani cicutae an â„¥ j. album ovorum n. ij aceti â„¥ ss opij Camphor an grâ— 4 croc◠℈ ss Mucaginis sem psill faenigr extractae in aq ros plantag an â„¥ j ol de papau â„¥ ij fiat linimentum addendo ung refrigerantis Gal. camphor q. satis sit Yet we must not use such like medicines too long lest they cause an extinction of the native heate and mortification of the part Wherefore such Narcoticke medicines must be used with regard of place time and such other circumstances Therefore we may three manner of wayes understand when to desist from using Narcoticke or stupefactive medicines The first is when the Patient in the affected part feels not so much heat pricking and paine as before The second is when the part feeles more gentle to the touch than before The third when the fiery and pallide colour begins by litle and litle to waxe livid and blacke for then must we abstaine from Narcoticke and use resolving and strengthening things whereby the part may be revived and strengthened by recalling the Native heate As â„ž â—arina hordei Orobi an â„¥ ij farina sem lini â„¥ jss coquantur in Hydromelite vel oxycrato addendo pulv rosarum chamaemael an â„¥ ss aâ—ethi chamaem an â„¥ j fiat cataplasmâ— Or you may use this following fomentation â„ž Rad. Altheae â„¥ ij fol. malvae bismal pariet absinthij salviae an m. j. flor chamaem meliloti rosar rub an m. ij coquantur in aequis partibus vini aquâ— fiat fotus cum spongia After the fomentation you may apply an Emplaister of Diachylon Ireatum or Diapalma dissolved in oile of chamomille and Melilote and such other like The fourth Intention which is of the correction of accidents we will performe by these meanes which we mentioned in curing a Phlegmon by varying the medicaments according to the judgement of him which undertakes the cure CHAP. XIIII Of the Herpes that is Teaters or Ringwormes or such like HErpes is a tumor caused by pure choler separated from the rest of the humors that is carryed by its naturall lightnesse and tenuitye even to the outer or scarfe skin and is diffused over the surface thereof Galen makes three sorts of this tumor For if perfect choler of an indifferent substance that is not very thicke cause this tumor then the simple Herpes is generated obteining the name of the Genus but if the humor be not so thin but compounded with some small mixture of Phlegme it will raise litle blisters over the skin like to the seeds of Miller whence it was that the Ancients called this Tumor the Herpes Miltaris But if it have any admixture of Melancholy if will be an Herpes exedens terrible by reason of the erosion or eating into the skin and muscles lying under it There are absolutely three intentions of curing The first is to appointe a Diet just like that we mentioned in the cure of an Erysipelas The second is to evacuate the antecedent cause by medicines purging the peccant humor for which purpose oft-times clysters will suffice especially if the patient be somewhat easie by nature and if the urine flow according to your desire for by this a great part of the humor may be carryed into the bladder The third shall be to take away the conjunct cause by locall medicines ordained for the swelling and ulcer Therefore the Chirurgion shall have regard to two things that is the resolving of the tumor and the drying up of the ulcer for every ulcer requires drying which can never be attained unto unlesse the swelling be taken away Therefore because the chiefest care must be to take away the Tumor which unlesse it be performed there can be no hope to heale the ulcer he shall lay this kinde of medicine to dissolve and dry as â„ž Cerusae tuthiae praepar an â„¥ j. ol ros adipis capon an â„¥ ij corticis pini usti loci â„¥ ss cerae quantum satis fiat unguentum Or â„ž Farin hordei lent an â„¥ ij conquantur in decocto corticis mali granati balaust plantag addendo pulveris rosar ruâ— absinth an â„¥ ss olei Myrtillor mellis com an Ê’vj fiat ungentum ut artis est But for an Herpes Miliaris these must chiefly be used â„ž pulv gallarum malicorij balaust boli armeni an â„¥ j. aquae ros â„¥ iij aceti acerrimi â„¥ j. axungiae anser olei Myrtillor an â„¥ jss terebinth â„¥ j fiat unguentum ad usum I have often sound most certaine helpe in unguentum enulatum cum Mercurio for it kills the pustules and partly wasts the humor conteined in them Yet if the ulcer not yet neither yeelds but every day diffuseâ— it selfe further and further you shall touch the edges and lipps thereof with some acride medicine as Aqua fortis oyle of Vitriole of such like for by this kinde of remedy I have oft times healed fretting ulcers which seemed altogether incureable CHAP. XV. Of Feavers which happen upon Erysipelous Tumors AS Feavers sometimes happen upon Inflammations and Erysipelaes which savour of the humor whereof they proceed that is Choler Therefore seeing it is peculiar to Choler to move every third day it
downe of the Fundament WHen the muscle called the Sphincter which ingirts the Fundament is relaxed then it comes to passe that it cannot sustaine the right gut This disease is very frequent to Children by reason of the too much humidity of the belly which falling downe upon that muscle mollifieth and relaxeth it or presseth it downe by an unaccustomed weight so that the muscles called Levatores Ani or the lifters up of the Fundament are not sufficient to beare up any longer A great bloudy flux gives occasion to this effect A strong endevour to expell hard excrements the Haemorrhoides which suppressed doe over-loade the right gut but flowing relaxe it Cold as in those which goe without breeches in winter or sit a long time upon a cold stone a stroake or fall upon the Holy-bone a palfie of nerves which goe from the Holy-bone to the Muscles the lifters up of the fundament the weight of the stone being in the bladder That this disease may be healed we must forbid the Patient too much drincking too often eating of broth and from feeding on cold fruits For locall medicines the part must be fomented with an astringent decoction made of the rinds of Pomegranetts galls myrtles knotgrasse sheapheards purse Cypresse nutts Alume and common salt boyled in smiths water or red wine After the fomentation the gut be annointed with oyle of Roses or myrtles and then let it bee gently put by little and little into its place charging the childe if he can understand your meaning to hold his breath When the gut shall be restored the part must bee diligently wiped least the gut fall downe againe by reason of the slipperinesse of the unction Then let the powder prescribed for the falling downe of the wombe be put into the fundament as farre as you can Then you must straitly binde the loynes with a swathe to the middest whereof behinde let another be fastned which may be tied at the Pubes comming along the Perinaeum so to hold up to the fundament the better to containe it in its place a spunge dipt in the astringent decoction The Patient if he be of sufficient age to have care of himselfe shall be wished when hee goes to stoole that he sit upon two peeces of wood being set some inch a sunder least by his strayning hee thrust forth the gut together with the excrement but if he can doe it standing he shall never by strayning thrust forth the gut But if the gut cannot by the prescribed meanes bee restored to its place Hippocrates bids that the Patient hanging by the heeles be shaken for so the gut by that shaking will returne to his place but the same Hippocrates wisheth to annoint the fundament because that remedie having a drying faculty hath also power to resolve the flatulent humors without any acrimony by reason of which the gut was the lesse able to be contained in his place CHAP. XIX Of the Paronychia THe Paronychia or Panaris is a tumor in the ends of the fingers with great inflammation comming of a maligne and venemous humor which from the bones by the Periostium is communicated to the tendons and nerves of that part which it affecteth whereof cruell symptomes doe follow as pulsifique paine a feaver restlessenesse so that the affected through impatiencie of the paine are variously agitated like those tormented with Carbuncles for which cause Guide and Iohannes de Vigo judge this disease to be mortall wherefore you must provide a skilfull Physitian for the cure of this disease which may appoint convenient diet purging and Blood letting In the meane time the Surgeon shall make way for the virulent and venenate matter by making incision in the inner part of the finger even to the bone alongst the first joynt thereof for Vigo saith there is not a presenter remedy if so be that it be quickly done and before the maturation of the matter for it vindicates the finger from the corruption of the bone and nerves and asswages paine which I have often and happily tried immediatly at the beginning before the perfect impression of the viruleacie But the wound being made you must suffer it to bleede well then presently let him dip his finger in strong and warme vinegar in which some treakle being dissolved may draw forth the virulencie But to appease the Paine the same remedies must be applyed to the affected part as are used in Carbuncles as the leaves of Sorrell Henbane Hemlocke Mandrake roasted under the Embers and beaten in a Morter with new Vnguentum Populeon or oyle of Roses or new butter without salt for such like medicines also helpe forward suppuration whilest by their coldnesse they represse the extraneous heat affecting the part and so strengthen the native heate being the author of suppuration which reason moved the ancient Physitians to use such medicines in a Carbuncle but if by reason of the fearefulnesse of the patient or unskilfulnesse of the Surgion no incision being made a Gangren and Sphacel shall possesse the part it remaines that you cut off with your cutting mulletts as much of the part as shall be corrupt and performe the rest of the cure according to Art Yet it doth not seldome happen that there may bee no neede to cut off such a finger because it being corrupted together with the bone doth by little and little dissolve into a purulent or rather sanious and much stincking filth But in this affect there is often caused an Eschar by the adustion of putredinous heat and superfluous flesh indued with most exquisit sence groweth underneath it which must in like manner be cut off with the Mulletts that the part may receive comfort the paine being aswaged by the copious effusion of blood CHAP. XX. Of the swelling of the knees AFter long and dangerous diseases there oftentimes arise Tumors in the knees and also in plethoricke bodies and such as have evill juyce after labours and exercise This kinde of disease is frequent because the humor easily falles into the part which hath beene heated by Labour But if such tumors follow long diseases they are dangerous and difficult to cure and therefore not to bee neglected for bitter paine accompanieth them because the humor falling thither distends the Membranes which being many involve the part besides that this humor participateth of a certaine virulent and maligne quality whether it be cold or hot when it hath setled into those parts being such as wee finde in the paines of the joynts and in the bitings of venemous creatures For the cure if the tumor bee caused by blood let a slender and refrigerating diet be appointed and phlebotomy for the revulsion of the antecedent cause diverse locall medicines shall be used according to the variety of the foure times But for to asswage the paine Anodyne or mitigating medicines shall be appointed of all which wee have sufficiently treated in the Chapter of the cure of a Phlegmon And because
onely a condensation of a certaine small nerve which seemes both to the Physitions and Patients to have some motion under the skinne Wherefore Soranus seemes to have come neerer the truth than the rest but yet not so as throughly to understand and know the essence of this disease as we shall demonstrate hereafter Manardus writes that the Dracunculi are generated of evill and unlaudable blood grosse hot and melanckolicke or of adust phlegme very much dryed Gorraeus a most learned Physition of our time Lib. de Definitionib medic denies any of our Physitions to be able to say anything of the Dracunculi because it is a disease so unfrequent in these our regions that it is scarce ever met withall in practice The Author of the Introduction and Medicinall definitions defines the Dracunculus to be a disease very like the Varices then causing great paine when increasing by little and little it begins to bee moved Therefore to bee cured after the same manner and by the same method of Section and incision as the varices are Which thing chiefely seemes to have moved Guido to referre this kinde of disease to the Varices in his Tractate of Impostumes because it hath the same cause and is healed with the same remedy as the varices But seeing that diverse names have beene imposed upon this disease by severall writers yet they all have expressed it by the name of a veine for it is called by Avicen and Guido Vena Meden because it is a disease frequent in the Citty Medina by Albucrasis vena civilis Haliabbas hath called it vena famosa others have called it Vena Cruris or the legge veine Truely the contrariety of so many opinions repugnant not onely amongst themselves but also with themselves easily argueth how little certainty they had of the essence of this disease who have written of it unto us To which also this may be added that none of the latter Physitions have written any things thereof For although Iacobus Dalechamphius a man most conversant in every part of Physicke hath written much of this matter in his booke of the French Surgery which he set forth some yeares agoe Yet he hath left us no amplier testimony of his industry than that hee was very diligent in collecting the writings of the Ancients concerning this thing interposing no judgement of his owne the better to assure us of a thing so controverted But my modesty cannot so containe me but that I shall chuse rather to undergoe the censure of being thought too daring than as much as in me lyeth to suffer this question of the Dracunculi to remaine longer ambiguous and undecided Therefore for the present I will thus order it that refuting the opinions of the Ancients I may strengthen by certaine reasons my opinion of the essence and cure of this disease For first that Dracunculi are no living things nor like unto wormes nor of like generation as the flat wormes of the belly which was the opinion of Aetius is easie to disprove both by his writings as also by reason it selfe For he writes that the broad worme which hee calls Tania is as it were a certaine Metamorphosis or transmutation of the inner tunicle of the small guttes into a quicke living and moveable body But no man ever sayd neither will he confesse that the Dracunculi have the materiall causes of their beginning from the tunicle of the veine in which they are closed or from the fibers of a nervous body to which often they are adjoyned but much lesse from the skinne under which they lie may they draw their materiall causes of their originall Moreover neither can there bee any generation of wormes nor of any other living creatures whatsoever who have their originall from putrifaction unlesse by the Corruption of some matter of whose better and more benigne part nature by the force of the vitall heat produceth some animate body as Aristotle teacheth Wherefore to produce this effect it is fit the matter should have such a disposition to putrefaction as is required for the generation of such a creature as they would make the Dracunculus to be It is fit the helping causes should concurre as assistants to the principalls in the action And it is meete the place should be opportune or fit But there may be many causes found which may give life to the Dracunculi for by the common consent of all those who have written of them their generation proceedes from an humor melancholicke terrestriall and grosse which by its qualities both by the first coldnesse and drinesse as also by the second that is Aciditie is not onely thought most unfit of all others for putrefaction but also is judged to resist putrefaction as that which is caused by heate and superfluous heate humidity Besides if the materiall cause of this disease should be from an humor putrifying and turning by putrefaction into some living creature it was fit there should be stench also as being an unseparable accident of putrefaction for thus the excrements in the guts of which the wormes are generated doe smell or stinke Therefore that which exhales from their bodies which are troubled with the Dracunculi should be stincking as it happens to those sicke of the Pthiriasis or Lewsie-evill But none of those who have delivered the accidents or symptomes of the Dracunculi are found to have made mention hereof But for the efficient cause whereby so great heat may be raysed in the places next under the skin by the efficacy whereof such a creature may be formed of a matter melancholicke and most unapt to putrifie as they make the Dracunculus to be who faine our bodies to be fruitfull monsters especially seeing the surface of the body is continually ventilated by the small Arteries spread under the skinne as also by the benefit of insensible transpiration and breathed with the coolenes of the Aire incompassing us But now the materiall and efficient causes being defective or certainely very weake for the generation of so laborious an effect what coadjutory cause can yeeld assistance Can the humidity of meates for those bodies which are fed with warme and moyst meates as milke Cheese Summer fruits usually breed wormes as we are taught by experience in Children But on the Contrary Avicen in the place before cited writeth that meats of a hot and drie temper chiefely breed this kinde of disease and that it is not so frequent to moyst bodies and such as are accustomed to the Bath moyst meats and wine moderatly taken But whether may the condition of the Aire of those regions in which it is as it were an Endemiall disease conferre any thing to the generation of such creatures Certainely for this purpose a cloudy warme and thicke ayre such as useth to be at the beginning of the Spring when all places resound with frogges toades and the like creatures bred of putrifaction But on the Contrary Iacobus Dalechampius by the opinion
their figures that you may use either as occasion shall serve The Figure of Pipes with fenestels in them and Needles fit for Sutures The second Suture is made just after the same manner as the Skinners sowe their â—els or forrs And the guts must be sowed with this kind of Suture if they shall be at any time wounded that the excrements come not forth by the wound The third Suture is made by one or more needles having threed in them thrust through the wound the threed being wrapped to and againe at the head and the point of the needle as boyes use to fasten their needle for feare of losing it in their caps or clothes This kind of Suture is fit in the curing and healing of Hare-lips as we shall shew you hereafter expressed by a Figure The fourth kind of Suture is tearmed Gastroraphia invented for the restoring and uniting the great Muscles of the Epigastrium or lower belly cut with a great wound together with the Peritonaeum lying under them The manner whereof we will shew in due place The fifth kind is called the Dry Suture which we use onely in the wounds of the face which also we will describe in its proper place CHAP. VII Of the Flux of blood which usually happens in wounds OFt times great bleeding followes upon wounds by reason of some vessell cut broken or torne which there is neede to heale and helpe diligently because the blood is the treasure of nature without which life cannot consist The Blood which floweth from an Artery is thus knowne It is more subtile it runs forth as it were leaping by reason of the vitall spirit contained together with it in the Arteries On the contrary that which floweth from a Veine is more grosse blacke and slow Now there are many wayes of stenching blood The first and most usuall is that by which the lips of the wound are closed and unlesse it be somewhat deepe are contained by Medicines which have an astringent cooling drying and glutinous faculty As terrae sigill Boli Armeni ana â„¥ ss thuris Mastichis Myr hae Aloes ana Ê’ ij Farinae volat molend â„¥ j. Fiat pulvis qui albumine ovi excipiatur r Or â„ž Thuris Aloes ana partes aequales Let them bee mixt with the white of an Egge and the downe of a hare and let the pledgets bee dipped in these Medicines as well those which are put unto the wound as those which are applied about it Then let the wound be bound up with a double clop and fit Ligature and the part bee so seated as may seeme the least troublesome and most free from paine But if the blood cannot be stayed by this meanes when you have taken off all that covereth it you shall presse the wound and the orifice of the Vessell with your thumbe so long untill the blood shall bee concrete about it into so thick a clott as may stop the passage But if it cannot be thus staied then the Suture if any be must be opened and the mouth of the Vessell towards the originall or roote must bee taken hold of and bound with your needle and threed with as great a portion of the flesh as the condition of the part will permit For thus I have staid great bleedings even in the amputation of members as I shall shew in fit place To performe this worke wee are often forced to divide the skin which covereth the wounded Vessell For if the Iugular veine or Artery be cut it will contract and withdraw it selfe upwards and down-wards Then the skinne it selfe must bee laid open under which it lieth and thrusting a needle and threed under it it must be bound as I have offen done But before you loose the knot it is fit the flesh be growne up that it may stop the mouth of the Vessell least it should then bleed But if the condition of the part shall be such as may forbid this comprehension and binding of the Vessell we must come to Escharoticks such as are the powder of burnt Vitriol the powder of Mercury with a small quantity of burnt Allume and Cawsticks which cause an Escar The falling away of which must be left to Nature and not procured by art least it should fall away before that the orifice of the Vessel shall be stopt with the flesh or clotted blood But some times it happens that the Chirurgion is forced wholly to cut off the vessell it selfe that thus the ends of the cut vessell withdrawing themselves and shrincking upwards and downewards being hidden by the quantity of the adjacent and incompassing parts the fluxe of blood which was before not to bee staid may bee stopped with lesse labour Yet this is an extreame remedy and not to bee used unlesse you have in vaine attempted the former CHAP. VIII Of the paine which happens upon wounds THe paines which followes upon wounds ought to be quickly aswaged because nothing so quickly dejects the powers and it alwayes causes a defluxion of how good soever a habite and temper the body be of for Nature ready to yeeld assistance to the wounded part alwayes sends more humours to it than are needfull for the nourishment thereof whereby it comes to passe that the defluxion is easily encreased either by the quantity or quality or by both Therefore to take away this paine the author of defluxion let such Medicines bee applyed to the part as have a repelling and mitigating faculty as â„ž Olei Myrtini Rosarum ana â„¥ ij Cerae alb â„¥ j. Farinae hordei â„¥ ss Boli armeni terra sigillat ana Ê’ vj. Melt the Waxe in the Oyles then incorporate all the rest and according to Art make a Medicine to be applyed about the part or â„ž Emplast Diacalcith â„¥ iv Ole Rosar aceti ana â„¥ ss liquefiant simul and let a Medicine be made for the fore mentioned use Irrigations of oyle of Roses and Mirtiles with the white of an Egge or a whole Egge added thereto may serve for lenitives if there be no great inflammation Rowlers and double cloathes moistened in Oxycrate will be also convenient for the same purpose But the force of such Medicines must be often renewed for when they are dryed they augment the paine But if the paine yeld not to these we must come to narcoticke Medicines such as are the Oyle of Poppy of Mandrake a Caraplasme of Henbane and Sorrell adding thereto Mallowes and Marsh-mallows of which we spoke formerly in treating of a Phlegmon Lastly we must give heed to the cause of the paine to the kind and nature of the humour that flowes down and to the way which Nature affects for according to the variety of these things the Medicines must be varied as if heat cause paine it will be aswaged by application of cooling things and the like reason observed in the contrary if Nature intend suppuration you must helpe forwards
great quantity of matter and Pus flowed forth of his eares mouth and nose then hee was eased of all his symptomes and recovered his health Now for the second Galen affirmes that he saw a Boy in Smirna of Ionia that recovered of a great wound of the braine but yet such an one as did not penetrate to any of the ventricles But Guido of Caulias saith he saw one which lived and recovered after a great portion of the braine fell out by reason of a wound received on the hind part of his head In the yeare of our Lord 1538. while I was Chirurgion to the Marshall of Montejan at Turin I had one of his Pages in cure who playing at quoites received a wound with a stone upon the right Bregnia with a fracture and so great an effracture of the bone that the quantity of halfe a hasell Nut of the braine came forth thereat Which I observing presently pronounced the wound to bee deadly a Physition which was present contradicted my opinion affirming that substance was no portion of the braine but a certaine fatty body But I with reason and experience in presence of a great company of Gentlemen convinced the pertinacie of the Man with reason for that fat cannot be generated under the scull for although the parts there contained be cold yet because they are heated by the abundance of the most hot and subtle animall spirits and the heate of vapours rising thither from all the body they doe not suffer fat to concreate about them But with experience for that in the dissecting of dead bodies there was never any fat observed there besides also fat will swimme on the top of water but this substance as marrowie cast into the water presently sunke to the bottome Lastly fat put to the fire becomes liquide and melts but this substance being layd upon a hot Iron became dry shrunke up and contracted it selfe like a peece of leather but dissolved not at all Wherefore all those which were present cryed out that my judgement was right of that substance that came forth of the scull Yet though it was cut away Page recovered perfectly but that he continued deafe all his life after CHAP. XXIII Of the wounds of the face HAving treated of the wonnds of the head by their causes signes and cure it followes that we now speake of the wounds of the face if but for this that when they are carelessely handled they leave deformed scarres in the most specious and beautifull part of the body The causes are the same which are incident to the scull that is externall But this may bee added to the kindes and differences of the wounds that the life may be out of danger though any one whole part of the face as the eare eye nose lippe may bee cut away by a wound but not so in the head or scull Wherefore beginning at the wounds of the eye browes wee will prosecute in order the wounds of the other parts of the face This is chiefely to bee observed in wounds of the eye-browes that they are oft times cut so overtwhart that the muscles and fleshy pannicle which moove and lift them up are wholy rent and torne In which case the eye liddes cannot be opened and the eyes remaine covered and as it were shut up in the cases of their lids so that even after the agglutination of the wound if the patient would looke upon any thing he is forc'd to hold up the eye-lids with his hand with which insirmity I have seene many troubled yet oft times not so much by the violence of the wound as by the unskilfulnesse of the Chirurgion who cured them that is by the negligent application of boulsters an unfit ligature and more unfit suture In this case the skilfull Chirurgion which is called to the patient shall cut off as much of the skinne and fleshy pannicle as shall serve the eyelids that so they may by their owne strength holde and keepe open without the helpe of the hand then he shall sow the wound as is fit with such a stitch as the Furriers and Glovers use and then he shall poure thereon some of the balsome of my description and shall lay such a medicine to the neighbouring parts R Olei rosar â„¥ ss album oâ—â—r nu ij anÊ’j agitentur simul fiat medicamentum Then let the part be bound with a fitting ligature Afterwards you shall use Emplast degratia Dei Empl. de Betonica Diacalcitheos or some other like untill the wound be cicatrized But such like and all other wounds of the face may be easily healed unlesse they either bee associated with some maligne symptomes or the patient body be repleate with ill humors There sometimes happens a quite contrary accident in wounds of the eye-browes that is when the eye-lids stand so up that the patient is forc'd to sleepe with his eyes open wherefore those which are so aflected are called by the Greeks Lagophthalâ—i The cause of this affect is often internall as a carbuncle or other kinde of abscesse as a blow or stroake It shall be cured by a crooked or semicircular incision made above the eye-liddes but so that the extreames of the semicircle bend downewards that they may be pressed downe and ioyned as much as is needefull to amend the stifnesse of the eye-lidde But you must not violate the gristle with your Instrument for so they could no more be lifted up the residue of the cure must bee performed as is fit CHAP. XXIIII Of the wounds of the eyes WOunds of the eyes are made by the violence of things prickings cutting bruising or otherwise loosing the continuity But the cure must alwayes be varied according to the variety of the causes and differences The first head of the cure is that if any strange and heterogeneous body shall be fallen into the eyes let it be taken forth as soone as you can lifting and turning up the eyelid with the end of a spatula But if you cannot discerne this moate or little body then put three or foure seedes of Clary or Oculus Christi into the pained eye For these seedes are thought to have a faculty to clense the eyes and take out the moats which are not fastned deepe in nor doe too stubbornely adhere to the membranes For in this case you shall use this following instrument for heerewith wee open the eye-lids the further putting it betweene them and the eye and also keepe the eye steddy by gently pressing it that so with our mullets wee may pull out the extraneous body this is the figure of such an Instrument The deliniation of a Speculum oculi fit to dilate and hold asunder the eye-lids and keepe the eye steddy it is so made that it may be dilated and contracted according to the greatnesse of the eyes All strange bodies taken out let this medicine be put into the eye Take the straines of a dozen egges let them be beaten
were falsly suspected guilty of the same crime by the Kings Army when as they perceived all the Chirurgions labour in curing the wounds made by the Bullets shot from Rouën to be frustrated by their contumacy and maligne nature each side judging of the magnitude and malignitie of the cause from the unhappy successe of the effect in curing Even as amongst Physitions according to Hippocrates all diseases are termed pestilent which arising from whatsoever common cause kill many people so also wounds made by Gunshot may in some respect be called pestilent for that they are more refractory and difficult to cure than others and not because they partake of any poysonous qualitie but by default of some common cause as the ill complexions of the patients the infection of the aire and the corruption of meats and drinkes For by these causes wounds acquire an evill nature and become lesse yeelding to medicines Now we have by these reasons convinced of errour that opinion which held wounds made by Gunshot for poisonous let us now come to overthrow that which is held concerning their combustion First it can scarce be understood how bullets which are commonly made of Lead can attaine to such heate but that they must be melted and yet they are so far from melting that being shot out of a Musket they will peirce through an armour and the whole body besides yet remaine whole or but a little diminisht Besides also if you shoote them against a stone wall you may presently take them up in your hand without any harme and also without any manifest sence of heate though their heate by the striking upon the stone should bee rather encreased if they had any Furthermore a Bullet shot into a barrell of Gunpouder would presently set it all on fire if the Bullet should acquire such heate by the shooting but it is not so For if at any time the pouder be fired by such an accident wee must not imagine that it is done by the bullet bringing fire with it but by the striking and collision thereof against some Iron or stone that opposes or meets therewith whence sparkes of fire procceding as from a flint the pouder is fired in a moment The like opinion wee have of thatched houses for they are not fiered by the bullet which is shot but rather by some other thing as linnen ragges browne paper and the like which rogues and wicked persons fasten to their Bullets There is another thing which more confirmes mee in this opinion which is take a bullet of Waxe and keepe it from the fire for otherwise it would melt and shoote it against an inch board and it will goe through it whereby you may understand that Bullets cannot become so hot by shooting to burne like a cautery But the Orifices may some say of such wounds are alwayes blacke This indeede is true but it is not from the effect of heate brought thither by the Bullet but the force of the contusion Now the contusion is exceeding great both because the Bullet is round and enters the body with incredible violence Of which those that are wounded will give you sufficient testimony for there is none of them which thinkes not presently upon the blow that as it were some post or thing of the like weight falls upon the affected member whence great paine and stupiditie possesse the part whereby the native heare and spirits are so much dissipated that a Gangreen may follow But for the Eschar which they affirme is made by the blow and falls away afterwards they are much mistaken For certaine particles of the membranes and flesh contused and torne by the violence of the Bullet beguiles them which presently putrifying are severed from the sound parts by the power of nature and the separating heate which thing usually happens in all great Contusions But for all that these so many and weighty reasons may free the Pouder from all suspition of Poison and the Bullet from all thought of burning yet there are many who insisting upon Philosophicall arguments raise new stirrs For say they the discharging a peice of Ordinance is absolutely like Thunder and Lightning which the rent and torne clouds cast from the middle region upon the earth wherefore the Iron bullet which is shot out of the Cannon must needs have a venenate and burning faculty I am not ignorant that Lightnings generated of a grosse and viscous exhalation breaking the cloud wherewith it is encompassed never falls upon the earth but brings fire with it one while more subtile another while more gresse according to the various condition of the matter whence the exhalation hath arisen For Seneca writes that there are three severall kinds of Lightning differing in burning condition and plenty One of them penetrates or rather perforates by the tenuity of the matter of the objects which it touches The other with a violent impetuosity breakes insunder and dissipates the objects by reason it hath a more dense compact and forcible matter like as Whirlewinds have The third for that it consists of a more terrestriall matter burnes what it touches leaving behind it the impression of the burning Also I know that Lightning is of a pestilent and stinking nature occasioned by the grossenesse and viscidity of the matter whereof it is which matter taking fire sends forth so lothsome and odious a smell that the very wilde-beasts cannot endure it but leave their Dennes if they chance to be touched with such a lightening Besides also we have read in the northerne history of Olaus Magnus that in some places after a Lightning you shall finde a whole plaine spred over with Brimstone which Brimstone notwithstanding is extinguished unprofitable of no efficacie But grant these things be thus yet must we not therefore conclude that the Bullets of the great Ordinance carry poyson and fire with them into the wounds For though there be many things like in Lightning and discharging great Ordinance yet they have no similitude either in matter or substance but onely in effects whereby they shake breake insunder and disperse the bodies which withstand them For Lightning and Thunder doe it by meanes of fire and oft times of a stone generated in them which is therefore tearmed a Thunderbolt But Ordinance by the bullet carried by the force of the aire more violently driving and forcing it forwards Neither if any should by more powerfull arguments force me to yeeld that the matter of Lightning and shooting of Ordinance are like yet will I not therefore be forced to confesse that wounds made by Gunshot are combust For according to Pliny there are some Lightnings which consisting of a most dry matter doe shatter in sunder all that withstands them but doe not burne at all others which are of somewhat a more humid nature burne no more than the former but onely blacke such things as they touch Lastly othersome of a more subtile and tenuous matter whose
those Sepulchers and Vaultes from whence these bodyes are taken there have beene some corpes of two thousand yeeres old The same or their broken members are brought to Venice from Syria and Egypt and thence disperst over all Christendom But according to the different condition of men the matter of their embalments were divers for the bodyes of the Nobility or Gentry are embalmed with Myrrhe Aloes Saffron and other precious spices and Drugs but the bodyes of the common sort whose poverty and want of meanes could not undergoe such cost were embalmed with asphaltum or piss asphaltum Now Mathiolus saith that all the Mummie which is brought into these parts is of this last kinde and condition For the Noble men and cheefe of the province so religiously addicted to the monuments of their ancestors would never suffer the bodyes of their friends and kindred to be transported hither for filthy gaine and such detested use as we shall shew more at large at the end of this worke Which thing sometimes mooved certaine of our French Apothecaries men wonderous audacious and covetous to steale by night the bodyes of such as were hanged and embalming them with salt and Drugges they dryed them in an Oven so to sell them thus adulterated in steed of true Mummie Wherefore wee are thus compelled both foolishly and cruelly to devoure the mangied and putride particles of the carcasses of the basest people of Egypt or of such as are hanged as though there were no other way to helpe or recover one bruised with a fall from a high place than to bury man by an horrid insertion in their that is in mans guts Now if this Drugge were any way powerfull for that they require they might perhaps have some pretence for this their more than barbarous inhumanity But the case stands thus that this wieked kinde of Drugge doth nothing helpe the diseased in that case wherefore and wherein it is administred as I have tryed an hundred times and as Thevet witnesses he tryed in himselfe when as hee tooke some thereof by the advice of a certaine Iewish Physition in Egypt from whence it is brought but it also inferres many troublesome symptomes as the paine of the heart or stomacke vomiting and stinke of the mouth I perswaded by these reasons doe not onely my selfe prescribe any hereof to my patients but also in consultations endeavour what I may that it bee not prescribed by others It is farre better according to Galens opinion in Method med to drinke some oxycrate which by its frigidity restraines the flowing blood and by its tenuity of substance dissolves and discusses the congealed clotts thereof Many reasons of learned Physitions from whom I have learned this history of Mummie drawne from Philosophy whereby they make it apparant that there can be no use of this or that Mummie in contusions or against flowing or congeased blood I willingly omit for that I thinke it not much beneficiall to Chirurgions to insert them heere Wherefore I judge it better to beginne to treate of Combustions or Burnes CHAP. VIII Of Combustions and their differences ALL Combustions whether occasioned by Gun-powder or by scalding oyle water some mettall or what things soever else differ onely in magnitude These first cause paine in the part and imprint in it an unnaturall heate Which savouring of the fire leaves that impression which the Greekes call Empyreuma There are more or lesse signes of this impression according to the efficacie of the thing burning the condition of the part burned and stay upon the same If the Combustion be superficiary the skin rises into pustles and blisters unlesse it be speedily prevented If it below or deepe in it is covered with an Eschar or crust the burnt flesh by the force of the fire turning into that crusty hardnesse The burning force of the fire upon whatsoever part it falls leaves a hot distemper therein condensates contracts and thickens the skinne whence paine proceedes from paine there comes an attraction of humors from the adjacent and remote parts These humors presently turned into watrish or serous moysture whilest they seeke to passe forth and are hindred thereof by the skinne condensated by the action of the fire they lift it up higher and rayse the blisters which we see Hence diverse Indications are drawne whence proceedes the variety of medicines for burnes For some take away the Empyreuma that is the heate of the fire as we terme it and asswage the paine other hinder the rising of blisters othersome are fit to cure the ulcer first to procure the falling away of the Eschar then to clense generate flesh and cicatrize it Remedyes fit to asswage paine and take away the fiery heate are of two kindes for some doe it by a cooling faculty by which they extinguish the preternaturall heate and represse or keepe backe the blood and humors which flow into the parts by reason of heat paine Others endued with contrary faculties are hot and attractive as which by relaxing the skin and opening the pores resolve and dissipate the serous humors which yeeld both beginning and matter to the pustles and so by accident asswage the paine and heat Refrigerating things are cold water the water of Plantaine Night-shade Henbane Hemlocke the juyces of cooling hearbes as Purselaine Lettuce Plantaine Housleeke Poppye Mandrake and the like Of these some may be compounded as some of the fore-named juyces beaten with the white of an egge Clay beaten and dissolved in strong Venegar roch Alome dissolved in water with the whites of egges beaten therein writing inke mixed with Venegar and a little Camphire Vnguentum nutritum and also Populeon newly made These and the like shall be now and then renewed chiefely at the first untill the heate and paine be gone But these same remedyes must be applyed warme for if they should be layd or put to cold they would cause paine and consequently defluxion besides also their strength could not passe or enter into the part or be brought into action but so applyed they asswage paine hinder inflammation and the rising of blisters CHAP. IX Of hot and attractive medicines to be applyed to burnes AMongst the hot and attractive things which by rarifying drawing out and dissolving asswage the paine and heate of combustions the fire challenges the first place especially when the burning is but small For the very common people know and finde by dayly experience that the heate of the lightly burnt part vanishes away and the paine is asswaged if they hold the part which is burnt some prety while to the heate of a lighted candle or burning coales for the similitude causeth attraction Thus the externall fire whilest it drawes forth the fire which is internall and inust into the part is a remedy against the disease it caused and bred It is also an easily made and approved remedie if they presently after the burne apply to the grieved part raw Onions
beaten with some salt Now you must note that this medicine takes no place if it be once gone into an ulcer for it would increase the paine and inflammation but if it bee applyed when the skinne is yet whole and not excoriated it doth no such thing but hinders the rising of pustles and blisters Hippocrates for this cause also uses this kind of remedy in procuring the fall of the Eschar If any endevour to gainesay the use of this remedy by that principle in Physicke which sayes that contraries are cured by contraries and therefore affirme that Onions according to the authority of Galen being hot in the fourth degree are not good for combustions let him know that Onions are indeed potentially hot and actually moyst therefore they rarifie by their hot quality and soften the skinne by their actuall moysture whereby it comes to passe that they attract draw forth and dissipate the imprinted heate and so hinder the breaking forth of pustles To conclude the fire as we formerly noted is a remedy against the fire But neither are diseases alwayes healed by their contraryes saith Galen but sometimes by their like although all healing proceede from the contrary this word contrary being more largely and stricktly taken for so also a Phlegmon is often cured by resolving medicines which healeth it by dissipating the matter thereof Therefore Onions are very profitable for the burnt parts which are not yet exulcerated or excoriated But there are also many other medicines good to hinder the rising of blisters such is new horse-dung fryed in oyle of wall-nuts or Roses and applied to the parts In like manner the leaves of Elder or Dane-wort boyled in oyle of nuts and beaten with a little salt Also quinched lime poudered and mixed with Vnguentum Rosatum Or else the leaves of Cuckow-pint and Sage beaten together with a little salt Also Carpenters Glue dissolved in water and anoynted upon the part with a feather is good for the same purpose Also thicke Vernish which pollishers or sword cutlers use But if the paine be more vehement these medicines must be renewed 3 or 4 times in a day and a night so to mittigate the bitternes of this paine But if so be we cannot by these remedyes hinder the rising of blisters then we must presently cut them as soone as they rise for that the humor contayned in them not having passage forth acquires such acrimonie that it eates the flesh which lyeth under it so causeth hollow ulcers So by the multitude of causes increase of matter the inflamation groweth greater not only for nine daies as the common people prattle but for farre longer time also some whiles for lesse time if the body be neither repleat with ill humors nor plethoricke and you have speedily resisted the paine and heate by fit remedyes When the combustion shall be so great as to cause an Eschar the falling away must be procured by the use of emollient and hamective medicins as of greases oyles butter with a little basilicon or the following oyntment â„ž Mucagin psillij cydon an â„¥ iiij gummi trag â„¥ ij extrahantur cum aqua parietariae olei lilliorum â„¥ iiss cerae novae q. s fiat unguentum molle For ulcers and excoriations you shall apply fit remedies which are those that are without acrimony such as unguentum album camphoratum desiccativum rubrum unguentum rosatum made without Venegar or nutritum composed after this manner â„ž lithargyri auri â„¥ iiij ol rosat â„¥ iij. ol depapaver â„¥ iiss ung populeon â„¥ iiij camphoraeÊ’j fiat unguentum in mortario plumbeo secundum artem Or oyle of Egges tempered in a Leaden mortar Also unquenched lime many times washed and mixed with unguentum rosatum or fresh butter without salt and some yolkes of egges hard roasted Or. â„ž Butyri recent fine sale ustulati colati â„¥ vj. vitell over iiij cerus lotae in aqualplantag vel rosar â„¥ ss tutkiae similiter lotae Ê’iij plumbi usti loti Ê’ij Misceantur omnia simul fiat linimentum ut decet Or else â„ž cort sambuc viridis olei rosat an lib. j. bulliant simul lento igne postea colentur adde olei ovorum â„¥ iiij pul ceruss tuthiae praepar an â„¥ j. cerae albae quantum sufficit fiat unguent molle secundum artem But the quantity of drying medicines may alwayes be encreased or diminished according as the condition of the ulcer shall seeme to require The following remedies are fit to asswage paine as the mucilages of Line seedes of the seedes of Psilium or Flea-wort and quinces extracted in rosewater or faire water with the addition of a little camphire and least that it dry too speedily adde thereto some oyle of Roses Also five or sixe yoalkes of egges mixed with the mucilages of Line seede the seede of Psilium and quinces often renewed are very powerfull to asswage paine The women which attend upon the people in the Hospitall in Paris doe happily use this medicine against burnes â„ž Lard conscisilibram unam let it be dissolved in Rosewater then strained through a linnen cloath then wash it foure times with the water of hen-bane or some other of that kinde then let it be incorporated with eight yolkes of new layd egge and so make an oyntment If the smart be great as usually it is in these kindes of wounds the ulcer or sores shall be covered over with a peice of Tiffany least you hurt them by wiping them with somewhat a course cloath and so also the matter may easily come forth and the medicines easily enter in Also you must have a care when the eyelids lippes sides of the fingers necke the armepits hammes and bending of the elbow are burnt that you suffer not the parts to touch one the other without the interposition of some thing otherwise in continuance of time they would grow and sticke together Therefore you shall provide for this by fit placing the parts and putting soft linnen ragges betweene them But you must note that deepe combustions and such as cause a thicker Eschar are lesse painefull than such as are but onely superficiary The truth hereof you may perceive by the example of such as have their limbes cut off and seared or cauterised with an hot Iron for presently after the cauterising is performed they feele little paine For this great combustion takes away the sense the vehemencie of the sensory or thing affecting the sense depriving the sensitive parts of their sense As wee have formerly noted when we treated of wounds and paines of the Nerves The falling away of such Eschars shall be procured by somewhat a deepe scarification which may pierce even to the quicke that so the humors which lye under it may enjoy freer perspiration and emollient medicines may the freelier enter in so to soake moysten and soften the Eschar that it may at length fall away The rest of the cure shall
cause paine and trouble to the new set bones A three or foure times doubled cloth will serve for the thicknesse of your Boulsters but the length and breadth must bee more or lesse according to the condition of the parts and disease for which they must be applyed CHAP. VIII Of the use of Splints Junks and Cases HAving delivered the uses of Ligatures and Boulsters it remaines that wee say somewhat of the other things which serve to hold the bones in their places as Splints Junks Cases and such other like Splints are made and composed of past bord of thin splinters of wood of leather such as shoâ—-soales are made with of the rindes of trees or plates of Latin or lead and such other like which have a gentle and yeelding stiffenesse yet would I have them made as light as may bee lest they by their weight become troublesome to the afflicted part But for their length breadth and number let them be fitted agreeable to the part whereto they must bee used Let also their figure be straight or crooked according to the condition of the member whereto they must be applyed You must have a speciall care that they runne not so farre as the swellings out or eminencies of the bones as the ancles knees elbowes and the like lest they hurt them by their pressure also you must have a care that they be smaller at their ends and thicker in their middles whereas they lye upon the broken bone The use of splints is to hold fast and firme that they may stir no way the broken and luxated bones after they bee set and restored to their places That they performe this use it is fit there be no thicke boulsters under them nor over many rowlers for so through so thick a space they would not so straitly presse the part Junkes are made of stickes the bignesse of ones finger wrapped about with rushes and then with linnen cloth they are principally used in fractures of the thighes and legges Cases are made of plates of Latin or else of some light wood their use is to containe the bones in their due figure when the patient is to be carried out of one bed or chamber into another or else hath neede to goe to stoole lastly if wee must rest somewhat more strongly upon the broken or luxated members these Cases will hinder the bones from stirring or flying out on the right side or left above or below we sleeping or waking being willing or unwilling and in like sort left being not as yet well knit or more loosely bound up for feare of paine inflammation or a gangrene they hang downe fall or fly in sunder by reason of the inequalities of the bed Such Cases Junkes and the like which serve for restoring and fast holding of broken and luxated bones we may according to Hippocrates his minde call them in generall Glossocomia All which things the yong Surgeon which is not as yet exercised in the workes of Art can scarce tell what they are But in the meane time whilest that hee may come to bee exercised therein or see others performe these operations I as plainely as possibly I could have in words given him their portraiture or shape The end of the fourteenth Booke OF FRACTURES THE FIFTEENTH BOOKE CHAP. I. What a Fracture is and what the differences thereof are A Fracture in Galens opinion is the solution of continuitie in a bone which by the Greeks is called Catagma There are many sorts of hurting or offending the bones as the drawing them a-sunder luxation or putting them out of joynt their unnaturall growing together their cutting or dividing a-sunder contusion abscesse putrefaction rottennesse laying bare the periostium being violated or lost and lastly that whereof we now treate a Fracture Again the varieties of Fractures are almost infinite For one is complete and perfect another imperfect one runnes long-wise another transverse another oblique one while it is broken into great peeces another while into little and small scales which have eyther a blunt or else a sharpe end and pricke the adjacent bodies of the muscles nerves veines or arteries It somtimes happens that the bone is not broken into splinters that is long-wayes but together and at once into two peeces overthwart which Fracture is called Raphanedon that is after the maner of a Raddish A Fracture is made Caryedon or like a nut when as the bone flyes into many small peeces severed each from other as when a Nut is broken with a hammer or mallet upon an Anvile Which fracture is also termed Alphitidon by reason of the resemblance it hath to meale or floure and such is often seene in fractures made by bullets shot out of guns and such fiery engines Contrary to these are those fractures which are called Schidacidon as rent into splinters or after the manner of a boord or peece of timber that is right-downe and alongst the bone and these fractures are eyther apparent to the eye or else not apparent and therefore called Capillarie being so small as that they cannot be perceived by the eye unlesse you put inke upon them and then shave them with your Scrapers Sometimes the bone is only pressed downe by the stroke sometimes on the contrarie it flyes up as if it were vaulted They call it attrition when the bone is broken into many small fragments and as it were scales or chips The fragments of fractured bones are somtimes smooth and polished otherwhiles unequall and as it were sharpe and rough with little teeth or prickes Some fractures touch onely the surface of the bone fetching off only a scale othersome change not the site of fractured bones but only cleaves them length-waies without the plucking away of any fragment othersome penetrate even to their marrow Furthermore some Fractures are simple and alone by themselves othersome are accompanied with a troop of other affects and symptomes as a wound haemorrhagye inflammation gangrene and the like Hereunto you may also adde the differences drawne from the parts which the Fractures possesse as from the head ribs limbs joynts and other members of the bodie Adde also these which are taken from the habit of bodies aged young full of ill humors well tempered almost all which have their proper and peculiar indications for curing Now the causes of Fractures are the too violent assaults or stroaks of all externall things which may cut bruise breake or shake in this number of causes may also be reckoned fals from high places and infinite other things which would be long and tedious to reckon up CHAP. II. Of the signes of a Fracture WE may know by evident signes that a bone is broken the first whereof and most certaine is when by handling the part which we suspect to be broken wee feele peeces of the bone severed a-sunder and heare a certaine crackling of these peeces under our hands caused by the attrition of the
vessels cast it forth that cure is not unprofitable which having used medicines respecting the whole body applyes astringent medicines to the shaved crown as Empl. contra rupturam which may streighten the veines and as it were suspend the phlegme useth cupping and commands frictions to bee made towards the hinde part of the head and lastly maketh a Seton in the necke There are some who cauterize the toppe of the crowne with a hot iron even to the bone so that it may cast a scaile thus to divert and stay the defluxion For locall medicines a Collyrium made with a good quantity of rosewater with a little vitrioll dissolved therein may serve for all CHAP. XII Of the Ophthalmia or inflammation of the Eyes AN Ophthalmia is an inflammation of the coate Adnata and consequently of the whole eye being troublesome by the heate rednesse beating renitency and lastly paine It hath its originall either by some primitive cause or occasion as a fall stroake dust or small sand flying into the eyes For the eye is a smooth part so that it is easily offended by rough things as saith Hippocrates lib. de carnibus Or by an antecedent cause as a defluxion falling upon the eyes The signes follow the nature of the materiall cause for from blood especially cholerike and thin it is full of heat rednesse and paine from the same allayed with phlegme all of them are more remisse But if a heavinesse possess the whole head the original of the disease proceeds therfrom But if a hot pain trouble the forehead the disease may be thought to proceed from some hot distemper of the Dura water or the pericranium but if in the very time of the raging of the disease the patient vomit the matter of the disease proceeds from the stomacke But from whence soever it commeth there is scarce that paine of any part of the body which may be compared to the paine of the inflamed eyes Verily the greatnesse of the inflammation hath forced the eyes out of their orbe and broken them asunder in divers Therefore there is no part of Physicke more blazed abroad than for sore eyes For the cure the Surgeon shall consider and intend three things diet the evacuation of the antecedent and conjunct cause and the overcomming it by topicke remedies The diet shall bee moderate eschewing all things that may fill the head with vapours and those things used that by astriction may strengthen the orifice of the ventricle and prohibite the vapours from flying up to the head the patient shall bee forbidden the use of wine unlesse peradventure the disease may proceed from a grosse and viscide humour as Galen delivers it The evacuation of the matter flowing into the eye shall bee performed by purging medicines phlebotomy in the arm cupping the shoulders and neck with scarification and without and lastly by frictions as the Physitian that hath undertaken the cure shall thinke it fit Galen after universall remedies for old inflammations of the eyes commends the opening of the veines and arteryes in the forehead and temples because for the most part the vessels therabouts distended with acride hot and vaporous blood cause great vehement paines in the eye For the impugning of the conjunct cause divers topick medicines shall be applyed according to the four sundry times or seasons that every phlegmon usually hath For in the beginning when as the acride matter flowes downe with much violence repercussives doe much conduce 〈◊〉 and tempred with resolving medicines are good also in the encrease ℞ aq ros et plantag an ℥ ss mucagin gum Tragacanth ʒii album ovi quod sufficit fiat collyrium let it bee dropped warme into the eye and let a double cloth dipped in the same collyrium bee put upon it Or ℞ mucag. sem psil cydon extractae in aq plant an ℥ ss aq solan lactis muliebris an ℥ i. trochise alb rha ℈ i. fiat collyrium use this like the former The veins of the templesmay be streightene◠by the following medicine ℞ bol arm sang drac mast an ℥ i. ss alb ovi aquae ros acet an ℥ i. tereb lot ol cidon an ℥ ss fiat defensivum You may also use ungde Bolo empl diacal or contrarupturam dissolved in oyle of myrtles and a little vineger But if the bitternesse of the paine be intolerable the following cataplasme shall be applyed ℞ medul pomor sub ciner coctorum ℥ iii. lactis muliebris ℥ ss let it be applyed to the eye the formerly prescribed collyrium being first dropped in Or ℞ mucag sem psil cidon an ℥ ss micae panis albi in lacte infusi ℥ ii aquae ros ℥ ss fiat cataplasma The bloud of a turtle Dove Pigeon or Hen drawne by opening a veine under the wings dropped into the eye asswageth paine Baths are not onely anodine but also stay the defluxion by diverting the matter thereof by sweats therefore Galen much commends them in such defluxions of the eyes as come by fits In the state when as the paine is either quite taken away or asswaged you may use the following medicines ℞ sarcocol in lacte muliebri nutritae ʒi aloës lotain aq rofar ℈ ii trochis alb rha ʒss sacchar cand ʒii aquae ros ℥ iii. fiat collyrium Or ℞ sem faeniculi fanug an ʒii flo chamae melil an m. ss coquantur in aq com ad ℥ iii. colaturae adde tuthiae praep sareoc nutritae in lacte muliebri an ʒi ss sacchari cand ℥ ss fiat collyrium ut artis est In the declination the eye shall be fomented with a carminative decoction and then this collyrium dropped thereinto ℞ nutritaeʒii aloës myrrh an ʒi aq ros euphrag an ℥ ii fiat collyrium ut artis est CHAP. XIII Of the Proptosis that is the falling or starting forth of the eye and of the Phthisis and Chemosis of the same THe Greekes call that affect Proptosis the Latines procidentia or Exitus oculi when as the eye stands and is cast out of the orbe by the occasion of a matter filling and lifting up the eye into a greater bignesse and largenesse of substance The cause of this disease is sometimes externall as by too violent strayning to vomit by hard labour in child-birth by excessive and wondrous violent shouting or crying out It sometimes happeneth that a great and cruell paine of the head or the too strait binding of the forehead and temples for the easing thereof or the palsie of the muscles of the eye give beginning to this disease Certainely sometimes the eye is so much distended by the defluxion of humors that it breakes in sunder and the humours thereof are shed and blindenesse enfues thereof as I remember befell the sister of Lewis de Billy merchant dwelling at Paris near S. Michael's bridg The cure shall be diversified according to the causes
Therefore universall medicines being premised cupping glasses shal be applyed to the originall of the spinall marrow and the shoulders as also cauteries or Setons the eye shall be pressed or held downe with clothes doubled and steeped in an astringent decoction made of the juice of Acacia red roses the leaves of poppy henbane roses and pomegranate pills of which things poultisses may bee made by addition of barly meale and the like There is sometimes to bee seene in the eye an affect contrary to this and it is termed Atrophia By this the whole substance of the eye growes lanke and decayes and the apple it selfe becomes much lesse But if the consumption and emaciation take hold of the pupill onely the Greekes by a peculiar name and different from the generall terme it a Phihisis as Paulus teacheth Contrary causes shall bee opposed to each affect hot and attractive fomentations shall be applyed frictions shall be used in the neighbouring parts and lastly all things shall be applyed which may without danger be used to attract the bloud and spirits into the parts There is another affect of the eye of affinity to the Proptosis which by the Greeks is termed Chemosis Now this is nothing else than when both the eye-lids are turned up by a great inflammation so that they can scarce cover the eyes and the white of the eye is lifted much higher up than the blacke Sometimes the Adnata changing his wont looketh red besides also this affect may take its originall from externall causes as a wound contusion and the like But according to the variety of the causes and the condition of the present affect fixed and remaining in the part divers remedies shall be appointed CHAP. XIV Of the Ungula or Web. THE Ungula Pterygion or Web is the growth of a certaine fibrous and membranous flesh upon the upper coate of the eye called Adnata arising more frequently in the bigger but sometimes in the lesser corner towards the temples When it is neglected it covers not onely the Adnata but also some portion of the Cornea and comming to the pupill it selfe hurts the sight thereof Such a Web sometimes adheres not at all to the Adnata but is onely stretched over it from the corners of the eye so that you may thrust a probe betweene it and the Adnata it is of severall colours somewhiles red somewhiles yellow somewhiles duekish other-whiles white It hath its originall either from externall causes as a blow fall and the like or from internall as the defluxion of humours into the eyes The Ungula which is inveterate and that hath acquired much thicknesse and breadth and besides doth difficultly adhere to the Adnata is difficultly taken away neither may it bee helped by medicines whereby scars in the eyes are extenuated But that which covereth the whole pupill must not bee touched by the Surgeon for being cut away the scar which is left by its density hindereth the entrance of objects to the cristalline humour and the egresse of the animall spirit to them But oftentimes it is accompanied with an inflammation of the eyes a burning itching weeping defluxion and swelling of the eye-lids That the cure may rightly and happily proceed hee must first use a spare diet purging medicines shall be given and bloud taken away by opening a veine especially if there be great inflammation For particular remedies this excrescence shall be eaten away or at least kept from growth by dropping into the eye collyrium of vitrioll described in wounds of the eyes But if that wee profit nothing by this meanes it remaineth that wee take it away with the hand after the following manner You shall set the patient upon a forme or stoole and make him leane much backe and be so held firmely that he may not fall nor stirre then must you open his sore eye putting therein the speculum oculi formerly described in treating of the wounds of this part and then must you lift up the Web it selfe with a sharpe little hook with the point turned a little in and put under the midst of the Web when you have lifted it a little up thrust a needle threaded with a smoth threed between it the Adnata then taking hold of the hooke and the two ends of the threed drawne through with the needle and lifting up the Web by them you shall gently begin to separate it from the substance of the eye lying there-under beginning at the originall thereof with a crooked incision knife and so prosecute it even to the end yet so as you hurt no part of the Adnata nor Cornea The figures of little hookes a needle and crooked incision knife Little Hookes A needle A crooked incision knife Then must it bee cut off with a paire sissers and the white of an egge beaten with some Rose-water laid thereon and often renewed Afterwards the eye must every day be opened lest comming to cicatrization the eye-lids shall be glewed together in that part whereas the Web is taken away which also shall bee hindred by putting of common salte sage and cummin seeds into the eye being first champed and chawed in the mouth There are some who in stead of the crooked knife separate the Web from the Adnata with a horses haire others do it with a goose quill made ready for the same purpose taking heed that they hurt not the caruncle at the corner by the nose for it will follow if that you draw the Web away too violently and if it be cut there will remain a hole through which during the rest of the life a weeping humour will continually flow a disease by the Greeks termed Rhyas If after the cutting there be fear of inflammation linnen rags moystned in repelling medicines formerly prescribed in wounds of the eye shall bee layd thereupon CHAP. XV. Of the Aegilops fistula lachrimosa or weeping Fistula of the eye AT the greater corner of the eye there is a glandule made for the receiving and contayning the moysture which serveth for the lubricating and humecting the eye least it should dry by continuall motion This Glandule sometimes by a sanguine or pituitous defluxion falling violently from the brain swels impostumates ulcerates with an ulcer not seldome degenerating into a fistula so that in successe of time it rotteth the bone that lyeth under it of such fistulaes some are open outwardly and these usually have their originall from a phlegmon other some are inwardly and those are such as at first swelled by the defluxion or congestion of a phlegmaticke matter so that there appeareth no hole outwardly but onely a tumor of the bignesse of a pease this tumor being pressed floweth with a sanious serous and red or otherwise with a white and viscide matter and that either by the corner of the eye or by the inside of the nose Some have this matter flowing continually others have it onely monethly which is proper
too short it cannot cover the glans This happens either by nature to wit by the first conformation or afterwards by some accident as to those whom religion and the custome of their nation bids to be circumcised The cure is thus The Praepuce is turned up and then the inner membrane thereof is cut round and great care is had that the veine and artery which are there betweene the two membranes of the Praepuce be not cut in sunder Hence it is drawn downward by extension untill it cover the glans a deficcative emplaster being first put between it and the glans lest they should grow together Then a pipe being first put into the urinary passage the praepuce shall be there bound untill the incision be cicatrized This cure is used to the Jewes when having abjured their religion full of superstitions for handsomnesse sake they would cover the nut of their yard with a praepuce and so recover their cut off skinne CHAP. XXXII Of Phymosis and Paraphymosis that is so great a constriction of the praepuce about the Glans or Nut that it cannot be bared or uncovered at Pleasure THe prepuce is straitened about the Glans two waies for it either covers the whole nut so straitly encompasses the end therof that it cannot be drawne upwards and consequently the nut cannot be uncovered or else it leaves the Glans bare under it being fastened so stiffely to the roots thereof that it cannot bee turned up nor drawn down or over the Glans The first manner of constriction is termed Phymosis the latter Paraphymosis The Phymosis happens either by the fault of the first conformation or else by a scarre through which occasion the praepuce hath growne lesser as by the growing of warts Now Paraphymosis is often occasioned by the inflammation of the yard by impure copulation for hence ulcers breed betweene the praepuce and Glans with swelling and so great inflammation that the praepuce cannot bee turned backe Whence it is that they cannot bee handled and cured as you would and a gangrene of the part may follow which may by the contagion bring death to all the body unless it be hindred prevented by amputation but if a scar be the cause of the constriction of the praepuce the patient being plac'd in a convenient site let the praepuce be drawne forth and extended and as much as may be stretched and enlarged then let the scarre be gently cut in three or foure places on the inner side with a crooked knife but so that the gashes come not to the outside and let them be an equall distance each from other But if a fleshy excrescence or a wart shall be the occasion of this straitnesse and constriction it shall be consumed by the same remedies by which the warts of the wombe and yard are consumed or taken off But when as the praepuce doth closely adhere to the Glans on every side the cure is not to be hoped for much lesse to be attempted CHAP. XXXIII Of those whose Glans is not rightly perforated and of the too short or strait ligament bridle or Cord of the yard SOme at their birth by evill conformation have not their Glans perforated in the middle but have only a small hole underneath toward the bridle ligament of the yard called the cord Which is the cause that they do not make water in a strait line unlesse they turn up their yard toward their belly neither by the same reason can they beget children because through this fault of conformation the seed is hindred from being cast directly into the wombe The cure is wholly chirurgicall and is thus performed The praepuce is taken hold of and extended with the left hand but with the right hand the extremity thereof with the end of the Glans is cut even to that hole which is underneath But such as have the bridle or ligament of the yard too short so that the yard cannot stand straight but crooked and as it were turned downewards in these also the generation of children is hindred because the seed cannot be cast directly and plentifully into the wombe Therefore this ligament must be cut with much de xterity and the wound cured after the manner of other wounds having regard to the part Children also are sometimes borne into the world with their fundaments unperforated for a skinne preternaturally covering the part hinders the passage forth of the excrements those must have a passage made by art with an instrument for so at length the excrements will come forth yet I have found by experience that such children are not naturally long lived neither to live many dayes after such section CHAP. XXXIV Of the causes of the stone THE stones which are in the bladder have for the most part had their first originall in the reines or kidneys to wit falling down from thence by the ureters into the bladder The cause of these is twofold that is materiall and efficient Grosse tough and viscide humours which crudities produce by the distempers of the bowels and immoderate exercises chiefly immediately after meat yeeld matter for the stone whence it is that children are more subject to this disease than those of other ages But the efficient cause is either the immoderate heate of the kidneys by meanes whereof the subtler part of the humors is resolved but the grosser and more earthy subsides and is hardened as we see bricks hardened by the sun and fire or the more remisse heat of the bladder sufficient to bake into a stone the faces or dregges of the urine gathered in great plenty in the capacity of the bladder The straightnesse of the ureters and urenary passage may be accounted as an assistant cause For by this meanes the thinner portion of the urine floweth forth but that which is more feculent and muddy being stayed behind groweth as by scaile upon scaile by addition and collection of new matter into a stony masse And as a weeke often-times dipped by the Chandler into melted tallow by the copious adhesion of the tallowy substance presently becomes a large candle thus the more grosse and viscide faeces of the urine stay as it were at the barres of the gathered gravell and by their continuall appulse are at length wrought and fashioned into a true stone CHAP. XXXV Of the signes of the stone of the Kidneys and bladder THE signes of the stone in the reines are the subsiding of red or yellow sand in the urine a certaine obscure itching at the kidneys and the sense of a weight or heavinesse at the loynes a sharp and pricking paine in moving or bending the body a numnesse of the thigh of the same side by reason of the compression caused by the stone of the nerves discending out of the vertebrae of the loynes of the thigh But when the stone is in the bladder the fundament and whole perinaeum is
in plantaine water and injected into the bladder Let the patient abstaine from wine and instead thereof let him use barly water or hydromel or a ptisan made of an ounce of raisins of the sun stoned and boyled in five pints of faire water in an earthen pipkin well leaded or in a glasse untill one pinte be consumed adding thereto of liquorice scraped and beaten â„¥ i. of the cold seeds likewise beaten two drams Let it after it hath boyled a little more be strayned through an hypocras bagge with a quarterne of sugar and two drams of choice cinamon added thereto and so let it be kept for usuall drinke CHAP. LVI Of the Diabete or inabilty to hold the Urine THe Diabete is a disease wherein presently after one hath drunke the urine is presently made in great plenty by the dissolution of the retentive faculty of the reines and the depravation of immoderation of the attractive faculty The externall causes are the unseasonable and immoderate use of hot and diureticke things and all more violent and vehement exercises The internall causes are the inflammation of the liver lungs spleen but especially of the kidneyes and bladder This affect must be diligently distinguished from the excretion of morbifick causes by urine The loines in this disease are molested with a pricking and biting pain and there is a continuall unquenchable thirst and although this disease proceed from a hot distemper yet the urine is not coloured red troubled or thick but thin and white or waterish by reason the matter thereof makes very small stay in the stomacke liver and hollow veine being presently drawn away by the heat of the kidneyes or bladder If the affect long endure the patient for want of nourishment falleth away whence certaine death ensues For the cure of so great a disease the matter must be purged which causes or feedes the inflammation or phlegmon and consequently blood must be let We must abstain from the foure cold seedes for although they may profit by their first quality yet will they hurt by their diuretick faculty Refrigerating and astringent nourishments must bee used and such as generate grosse humours as Rice thicke and astringent wine mixed with much water Exceeding cold yea Narcotick things shall be applyed to the loins for otherwise by reason of the thickness of the muscles of those parts the force unless of exceeding refrigerating things will not be able to arrive at the reins of this kind are oile of white poppy henbain opium purslain and lettuce seed mandrage vinegar and the like of which cataplasmes plaisters and ointments may be made fit to corroberate the parts and correct the heat CHAP. LVII Of the Strangury THe Strangury is an affect having some affinity with the Diâ—beâ—e as that wherin the water is unvoluntarily made but not together at once but by drops continually and with paine The externall causes of a strangury are the too abundant drinking of cold water all too long stay in a cold place The internall causes are the defluxion of cold humours into the urenary parts for hence they are resolved by a certain palsie and the sphincter of the bladder is relaxed so that he cannot hold his water according to his desire inflammation also all distemper causeth this affect and whatsoever in some sort obstructs the passage of the urine as clotted blood thick phlegme gravell and the like And because according to Galens opinion all sorts of distemper may cause this discase divers medicines shall be appointed according to the difference of the distemper Therfore against a cold distemper fomentations shall be provided of a decoction of mallows roses origanum calamint and the like so applied to the privities then presently after let them be anointed with oile of bayes and of Castoreum and the like Strong and pure wine shall be prescribed for his drinke and that not onely in this cause but also when the Strangury happens by the occasion of obstruction caused by a grosse and cold humor if so be that the body be not plethoricke But if inflammation together with a Plethora or fulnesse hath caused this affect wee may according to Galens advice heale it by blood-letting But if obstruction bee in fault that shall be taken away by diuretickes either hot or cold according to the condition of the matter obstructing We here omit to speake of the Dysuria or difficulty of making water because the remedies are in generall the same with those which are used in the Ischuria or suppression of urine CHAP. LVIII Of the Cholike WHensoever the Guts being obstructed or otherwise affected the excrements are hindred from passing forth if the fault bee in the small guts the affect is termed Volvulus Ileos miserere mei but if it be in the greate rguts it is called the Cholick from the part affected which is the Colon that is the continuity of the greater guts but especially that portion of the greater guts which is properly and especially named Colon or the cholicke Gut Therefore Avicen rightly defines the Cholicke A paine of the Guts wherein the excrements are difficultly evacuated by the fundament Paulus Aegineta reduceth all the causes of the Colicke how various soever to foure heads to wit to the grossenesse or toughnesse of the humours impact in the coates of the guts flatulencies hindred from passage forth the inflammation of the guts and lastly the collection of acride and biting humors Now we will treat of each of these in particular Almost the same causes produce the grossenesse of humors and flatulencies in the guts to wit the use of flatulent and phlegmaticke â—ough and viscide meats yea also of such as are of good nourishment if sundry thereof and of sundry kinds be eaten at the same meale and in greater quantity than is fit For hence crudity and obstruction and at length the collection of flatulencies whereon a tensive paine ensues This kind of Cholick is also caused by the use of crude fruits and too cold drink drunken especially when as any is too hot by exercise or any other way for thus the stomacke and the guts continued thereto are refrigerated and the humours and excrements therein conteined are congealed and as it were bound up The Cholicke which is caused by the inflammation of the kidneyes happens by the Sympathy of the reines pained or troubled with the stone or gravell conteined in them or the ureters Therefore then also paine troubles the patient at his hips and loynes because the nerves which arising from the vertebrae of the loins are oppressed by the weight of the stones and gravell about the joint of the hippe are disseminated into the muscles of the loines and thigh Also the ureters are pained for they seeme nothing else but certaine hollow nerves and also the cremaster muscles so that the patients testicles may seeme to be drawne upwards with much violence Hence great
phlegmaticke and cholericke vomiting and sweat of the whole body all which doe not surcease before that the stone or gravell shall bee forced downe into the bladder Now vomiting happens in this affect for that the ventricle by reason of its continuity and neighbourhood which it hath with the guts suffers by consent or sympathy For the stomacke is of the same kind or matter as the guts are so that the guts seeme nothing else but a certaine production of the stomacke Therefore if at any time nature endeavour to expell any thing that is troublesome in the kidneyes ureters coats of the guts mesentery pancreas and hypochondryes it causeth a Colicke with pain and vomiting A hot and dry distemper also causeth the Colicke producing a pricking and biting paine by drying the excrements shut up in the guts as also by wasting as it were the radical humours of that place provided for the lubricating of the guts Acride viscide and tough phlegme causeth the same There is also another cause of the Collicke which is not so common to wit the twining of the guts that is when they are so twined folded and doubled that the excrements as it were bound in their knots cannot be expelled as it manifestly happens in the rupture called Enterocele by the falling of the guts into the cod Likewise also wormes generated in the Collicke Gut whilest that they mutually fold or twine themselves up doe also twine the Colon it selfe and fold it with them Also the too long stay of the excrements in the guts whether it shall happen by the peculiar default of the too hot and dry body of the patient or by his diet that is the use of too dry meats or exercises and paines taken in the heate of the sunne or by the greatnesse of businesse the minde being carryed away causeth the Collicke with headache and plenty of vapours flying upwards I remember I once dissected the body of a boy of some twelve yeares old who had his guts folded with many as it were tyes or knots of the restrained too hard dry excrements the which he cast out by his mouth a little before his death which brought him to his end being not helped in time by fitting medicines Now these are the causes of the Collick according to the opinion of the ancient and moderne Physicians of whose signes I judge it not amisse here to treat in particular You shall know the patient is troubled with the stone collick by the paine which is fixed and as it were kept in one place to wit of the kidnies by his former manner of life as if the patient hath formerly voyded stones or gravell together with his urine by the paine of the hips and testicles for the formerly mentioned causes lastly by that the patient casts forth by stoole or urine for that the great laborious endeavour of nature to cast forth the stone which is in the kidnies is propagated by a certaine sympathy like study of the neighbouring parts stirring up the expulsive faculties each to his work The signes of a flatulent collick are a tensive pain such as if the guts were rent or torne in pieces together with a noise or rumbling in the belly The force of the shut up wind is sometimes so great that it rendeth or teareth the guts in sunder no otherwise than a swines bladder too hard blown up Which when it happens the patient dyes with much vomiting because the stomack opprest with wind can conteine nor imbrace no meat The collick which is occasioned by the too long keeping in of the excrements is accompanied with the weight and pain of the belly the tension of the guts headach apparent hardness of the belly the complaint of the patient that he hath not gone to stoole in a long time That which proceeds from a cholerick inflammation yeelds a sense of great heat pulsation in the midst of the belly by reason of the veins and arteries which are in the pancreas and coats of the guts and there are the other signes of a Phlegmon although also this as it were inflammation may arise also from salt acride viscous phlegme which nature can neither expel upwards by vomit nor downewards by stool this sundry times is associated with a difficulty of making water for that when as the right gut is inflamed the bladder is pressed by reason of their society or neighbourhood The collick which proceeds from the contorsion of the guts shews it selfe by the excessive cruelty of the paine arising for that the guts are not in their due site and place and because the excrements by their too long detension acquire a preternaturall heat this is the cause of the death of many such as have Ruptures for that the gut falling down from the naturall place into the Cod being a preternatural place is red oubled kept thereas it were bound whereby the excrements being baked becomming more acridly hot cause inflammation and by raising up flatulencies encrease the distension through all the guts untill at length a deadly Ileos or collick arising they come forth at the mouth For prognosticks it is better to have the paine in the collick to wander up and down than to be fixed it is good also that the excrements are not wholly supprest But the evill signes that here appeare pronounce the affect either difficult or deadly Now these shew that it is deadly intolerable tormenting paine continuall vomiting cold sweat coldnesse of the extreme parts hickiting by reason of the sympathy the stomack hath with the guts a Phrensie by the consent of the braine with the stomacke and oft-times a convulsion by drawing the matter into the nerves But such as have griping and pain about their navil and loines which can neither be helped by medicine nor otherwise it ends in a Dropsie The cure must be diversified according to the variety of the causes for the stone collick is cured by medicines proper to the stone that which is caused by an Enterocele is cured by the onely restoring the gut to its place that which is occasioned by wormes requires medicines fit to kill and cast forth the wormes But that which proceeds from the weaknesse and refrigeration of the guts and stomack is cured by neating and strengthening medicines aswell applyed out-wardly as taken in inwardly by the mouth or otherwaies The beginning of the cure of that which is occasioned by tough flegme and flatulencies is by the mitigation of the paine seeing there is nothing which more dejects the powers than paine To this purpose shall you provide bathes Semicupia fomentations of mallowes marsh-mallowes violet leaves penyroyall fennell Origanum the seeds of time and faenugreek flowers of camomill melilore and other such like which have power to heat dry attenuate and rarifie the skin so to dissipate the wind But all such must be actually hot Also the belly may be anointed with this following ointment
â„ž axung porci lb i. olei chamaem anethi mastich laurini an â„¥ i. styrac liquid Ê’x rad enulae camp parum tritae ebult an â„¥ iii. pul euphorb â„¥ ss vini oderif lb i. bulliant omnia simulusque ad consumpiionem vini deinde colentur colaturae adde lythargyrae auri â„¥ vi thuris mastich an Ê’vi res pini â„¥ iss tereb venet â„¥ i. argenti vivi â„¥ iv cerae albae â„¥ iss liquefactis oleis cum ceraincorporentur omnia simul fiat linimentum ad usum Or else â„ž argenti vivi praeparati â„¥ vi sublimiti Ê’ss sulphuris vivi â„¥ ss axung porci salis expertis lb i. vitellos ovorum sub cineribus coctorum nu iii. olei terebinth laurini an â„¥ ii theriac vet methridat â„¥ ss fiat linimentum ut artis est You shall compose it thus first the sublimatum and sulphur shall be finely poudered then some part of the Argentum vivum and hogs grease putto them then presently after some of the hard yolkes of egges continually and diligently stirring and mixing them all together All these being well incorporate adde some more argentum vivum hogges grease and yolks of egges and incorporate them with the former at the last adde the oiles then Treacle and Mithridate and so let them all be beaten together for a whole daies space and thus you shall make an ointment of a good consistence which I have often used with good successe Yet the hogges grease shall be first boyled with the hot herbs good for the sinewes as sage rosemary time marjerome lavander and others which the season affoords For so the axungia acquires a more attenuating faculty and consolidating of those parts which the Lues venereâ— afflicts Besides when unguents are made for this purpose that such virulency may be drawne from within outwards by sweats and transpiration through the pores of the skinne no man need doubt but that they ought to be furnished with relaxing rarifying and attractive faculties But axungia besides that it is very fit to kill the argentum vivum it also relaxeth and mollifieth Now Oleum lanrinum de spicâ rutaceum rarifie digest and asswage paine Turpentine also extinguisheth and bridleth the argentum vivum moderately heates resolves and strengthens the nervous parts But argentum vivum is the proper antidote of the Lues venerea as that which cures it howsoever used drying by the subtlety of the parts and provoking sweat Verily Treacle and Methridate somewhat conduce to retund the virulency of this disease but unlesse argentum vivum assist as a ferret to hunt and an alexiterium to impugne the disease they can doe no great matter CHAP. XI How to use the Vnction THe body and humours apt to cause or nourish a plethora or inflammation being prepared by digestive syrupes and evacuated by purging and bleeding as is fitting according to the direction of some Physiâ—ian the patient shall be shut up in a parlour or chamber hot either by nature or art free from cold blasts of wind For cold is most pernitious in this disease both for that it hurts the nervous parts already ill affected by reason of the disease as also for that it lessens the efficacy of medicines Wherefore many doe ill in this who whether in winter or summer anoint their patients in a large room exposed on every side to the winds They deale somewhat more wisely who put a cloath fastened like halfe a tent presently behinde the patient though anointed by the fire side so to keep away the cold aire from him Yet it is safest to set and anoint the patient either in a little roome or else in some corner of a large roome separated from the rest of the room by some hangings and building a stove or making some fire therein for so he may stand or sit as he best likes the longer and with the lesse offence and be equally heated on every side whereas such as are anointed in a chimney by a fires side cannot but be heated unequally being ready to burne on the one side whilest the other is cold which motions are contrary and hurtfull to that we require besides if the patient shall bee weake hee cannot stand and endure the heat of the fire Or if hee bee shamefac't he will bee unwilling to shew all his body at once naked to the Surgeon but he may without any harme and with modesty lying on a bed in a little roome wherein a stove is made have all his limmes anointed about the joints and presently bound up either with stoupes or carded cotton or browne paper CHAP. XII What cautions to be observed in rubbing or anointing the patient HE shall be anointed or rubbed over with the ointmeÌ„t in the morning the concoction distribution of the meat being perfected which functions otherwise would not be well performed the powers of nature being distracted into severall operations Yet if the patient shall be weak you may some houre before the unction give him some gelly the yolk of an egge or some broath made of meate boiled to pieces but very sparingly lest nature intent upon the concoction of solid meats or in great quantity should bee drawne away from that which we intend At first let onely the joints of the limmes be anointed as about the wrests elbowes knees anckles shoulders But afterward if the patient shall be more strong and a greater commotion of the humours and body seem necessary the emunctories of the principall parts may also be anointed and the whole spine of the backe yet having much care and alwaies shunning the principall and noble parts lest we should doe as those butcherly Emperickes doe who equally and in like manner daube and rubbe over all the body from the soles of the feete to the crowne of the head moreover diligent regard must bee had of those parts which are seazed upon by the symptomes of this disease that they may bee more anointed and that it may be more throughly rubbed in Yet you must alwaies begin your anointing or rubbing at those parts which are lesse offended lest the humours should be drawne in greater measure to the grieved part And as gentle frications do not sufficiently open the pores of the skin so more strong and hard ones shut them up cause paine and more plentifully attract the morbificke matter Wherefore it will be more convenient to use moderate frictions taking indication from the strength of the patient as that whereto we must still have the chiefe regard There is also another thing wherto the physitian Surgeon must diligently attend as that which if it be not carefully prevented will either hasten the death of the patient or make him subject to a relapse that is the quantitie of the remedies and unctions and the number of the frictions Which consideration together with that which is of the degrees of the temperaments of the whole body and each
bladder being inflamed and unmeasurably swelled Copulation and the use of acride or flatulent meates encrease this inflammation and also together therewith cause an Ischuria or stoppage of the urine they are worse at the change of the moone certaine death followes upon such a stoppage as I observed in a certaine man who troubled for ten yeares space with a virulent strangury at length dyed by the stoppage of his water He used to be taken with a stopping of his urine as often as he used any violent exercise and then he helped himself by putting up a silver Catheter which for that purpose he still carryed about him it happened on a certaine time that he could not thrust it up into his bladder wherefore he sent for me that I might helpe him to make water for which purpose when I had used all my skill it proved in vaine when he was dead and his body opened his bladder was found full and very much distended with urine but the prostatae preternaturally swelled ulcerated and full of matter resembling that which formerly used to run out of his yard whereby you may gather that this virulency flowes from the prostatae which runs forth of the yard in a virulent strangury and not from the Reines as many have imagined Certainely a virulent strangury if it be of any long continuance is to be judged a certaine particular Lues venerea so that it cannot bee cured unlesse by frictions with Hydrargyrum But the ulcers which possesse the neck of the bladder are easily discerned from these which are in the body or capacity thereof For in the latter the filth comes away as the patient makes water and is found mixed with the urine with certaine strings or membranous bodies comming forth in the urine to these may be added the farre greater stinch of this filth which issueth out of the capacity of the bladder Now must wee treat of the cure of both these diseases that is the Gonnorhâ—â— and virulent strangury but first of the former CHAP. XIX The chiefe heads of curing a Gonnorhoea LEt a Physitian be called who may give direction for purging bleeding and diet if the affect proceed from a fulnesse and abundance of blood and seminall matter all things shall bee shunned which breed more bloud in the body which increase seed and stirre to venery Wherefore he must abstaine from wine unlesse it be weak and astringent and he must not onely eschew familiarity with women but their very pictures and all things which may call them into his remembrance especially if he love them dearly strong exercises do good as the carrying of heavie burdens even until they sweat swimming in cold water little sleepe refrigerations of the loines and genitall parts by annoynting them with unguentum rosatum refrigerans Galeni nutritum putting thereupon a double cloth steeped in oxycrate and often renewed But if the resolution or weaknesse of the retentive faculty of these parts bee the cause of this disease contracted by too much use of venery before they arrive at an age fit to performe such exercise in this case strengthening and astringent things must both bee taken inwardly and applied outwardly But now I hasten to treat of the virulent strangurie which is more proper to my purpose CHAP. XX. The generall cure both of the scalding of the water and the virulent strangury WEe must diversly order the cure of this disease according to the variety of the causes and accidents thereof First care must be had of the diet and all such things shunned as inflame the bloud or cause windinesse of which nature are all diuretick and slatulent things as also strong and violent exercises Purging and bleeding are convenient especially if fulnesse cause the affect Womens companies must be shunned and thoughts of venereous matters the patient ought not to lye upon a soft bed but upon a quilt or matterice and never if he can helpe it upon his back boyled meats are better than roasted especially boyld with sorrel lettuce purslain cleansed barly the four cold seeds beaten for sauce let him use none unlesse the juice of an orange pomgranate or verjuice let him shun wine and in stead thereof use a decoction of barly and liquerice a hydromel or hydrosaccharum with a little cinamon or that which is termed Potus divinus In the morning let him sup of a barly creame wherein hath beene boyled a nodulus of the foure cold seedes beaten together with the seedes of white poppy for thus it refrigerateth mitigateth and cleanseth also the syrups of marsh-mallowes and maiden-haire are good Also purging the belly with halfe an ounce of Cassia sometimes alone otherwhiles with a dram or halfe a dram of Rubarbe in pouder put thereto is good And these following pils are also convenient â„ž massae piâ—ul sine quibus ℈ i. electiÊ’ss caphurae gr iiii cum terebinthina formenntur pilulâ— let them bee taken after the first sleep Venice turpentine alone or adding thereto some Rubarbe in pouder with oyle of sweet almonds newly drawne without fire or some syrupe of maiden-hair is a singular medicine in this case for it hath an excellent lenitive and cleansing faculty as also to helpe forwards the expulsive facultie to cast forth the virulent matter contained in the prostatae You may by the bitternesse perceive how it resists putrefaction and you may gather how it performes its office in the reines and urenary parts by the smell it leaves in the urine after the use thereof But if there bee any who cannot take it in forme of a bole you may easily make it potable by dissolving it in a mortar with the yolk of an egge and some white wine as I learned of a certaine Apothecary who kept it as a great secret If the disease come by inanition or emptinesse it shall be helped by fatty injections oily and emollient potions and inwardly taking and applying these things which have the like faculty and shunning these things which caused the disease How to cure that which happens by contagion or unpure copulation it shall bee abundantly shewed in the ensuing chapter CHAP. XXI The proper cure of a virulent strangury FIRST we must begin with the mitigation of paine and staying the inflammation which shall be performed by making injection into the urethra with this following decoction warme â„ž sem psilii lactucae papav albi plantag cydon lini hyosciami albi an Ê’ii detrahantur mucores in aquis solani rosar ad quantitatem sufficientem adde trochisc alborum Rhasis camphoratorum in pollinem redactorum Ê’i misce simul fiat injectio frequens For this because it hath a refrigerating faculty will help the inflammation mitigate pain and by the mucilaginous faculty lenifie the roughnesse of the urethra and defend it by covering it with the slimy substance against the acrimony of the urine and virulent humours In stead hereof you may use cowes
Guts the wormes doe lurk you must note that when they are in the small guts the patients complain of a paine in their stomacke with a dogge-like appetite whereby they require many and severall things without reason a great part of the nourishment being consumed by the wormes lying there they are also subject to often fainting by reason of the sympathy which the stomacke being a part of most exquisite sense hath with the heart the nose itches the breath stinkes by reason of the exhalations sent up from the meat corrupting in the stomacke through which occasion they are also given to sleep but are now and then waked therefrom by suddaine startings and feares they are held with a continued and slow feaver a dry cough a winking with their eielids and often changing of the colour of their faces But long and broad wormes being the innates of the greater guts shew themselves by stooles replenished with many sloughes here and there resembling the seedes of a Musk-melon or cucumber Ascarides are knowne by the itching they cause in the fundament causing a sense as if it were Ants running up and downe causing also a tenesmus and falling downe of the fundament This is the cause of all these symptomes their sleepe is turbulent and often clamorous when as hot acride and subtle vapors raised by the wormes from the like humor and their foode are sent up to the head but sound sleep by the contrary as when a misty vapour is sent up from a grosse and cold matter They dream they eate in their sleepe for that while the wormes doe more greedily consume the chylous matter in the guts they stirre up the sense of the like action in the phantasie They grate or gnash their teeth by reason of a certaine convulsisick repletion the muscles of the temples and jawes being distended by plenty of vapours A dry cough comes by the consent of the vitall parts serving for respiration which the naturall to wit the Diaphragma or midriffe smit upon by acride vapoures and irritated as though there were some humour to bee expelled by coughing These same acride fumes assailing the orifice of the ventricle cause either a hicketting or else a fainting according to the condition of their consistence grosse or thin these carryed up to the parts of the face cause an itching of the nose a darkenesse of the fight and a suddaine changing of the colour in the cheeks Great wormes are worse than little ones red than white living than dead many than few variegated than those of one collour as those which are signes of a greater corruption Such as are cast forth bloody and sprinkled with blood are deadly for they shew that the substance of the guts is eaten asunder for oft-times they corrode and perforate the body of the gut wherein they are conteined and thence penetrare into divers parts of the belly so that they have come forth sometimes at the Navell having eaten themselves a passage forth as Hollerius affirmeth When as children troubled with the wormes draw their breath with difficulty and wake moist over all their bodies it is a signe that death is at hand If at the beginning of sharpe feavers round wormes come forth alive it is a signe of a pestilent feaver the malignity of whose matter they could not endure but were forced to come forth But if they be cast forth dead they are signes of greater corruption in the humours and of a more venenate malignity CHAP. V. What cure to bee used for the Wormes IN this disease there is but one indication that is the exclusion or casting out of the wormes either alive or dead forth of the body as being such that in their whole kinde are against nature all things must bee shunned which are apt to heap up putrefaction in the body by their corruption such as are crude fruits cheese milke-meats fishes and lastly such things as are of a difficult and hard digestion but prone to corruption Pappe is fit for children for that they require moist things but these ought to answer in a certaine similitude to the consistence and thicknesse of milke that so they may the more easily be concocted assimulated such only is that pap which is made with wheat flower not crude but baked in an oven that the pappe made therewith may not be too viscide nor thicke if it should onely bee boyled in a panne as much as the milke would require or else the milke would bee too terrestriall or too waterish all the fatty portion thereof being resolved the cheesy and whayish portion remaining if it should boile so much as were necessary for the full boiling of the crude meate they which use meale otherwise in pappe yeild matter for the generating of grosse and viscide humours in the stomacke whence happens obstruction in the first veines and substance of the liver by obstruction wormes breede in the guts and the stone in the kidneyes and bladder The patient must be fed often and with meates of good juice lest the worms through want of nourishment should gnaw the substance of the guts Now when as such things breed of a putride matter the patient shall be purged and the putrefaction represt by medicines mentioned in our treatise of the plague For the quick killing and casting of them forth syrupe of Succory or of lemmons with rubarbe a little Treacle or Mithridate is a singular medicine if there be no feaver you may also for the same purpose use this following medicine ℞ cornu cervi pul rasur eboris an ʒ i ss sem tanacet contra verm an ʒ i. fiat decoctio pro parva dofi in colatur a infunde rhei optimi ʒ i. cinam ℈ i. dissolve syrupi de absinthio ℥ ss make a potion give it in the morning three houres before any broath Oyle of Olives drunke kills wormes as also water of knot-grasse drunke with milke and in like manner all bitter things Yet I could first wish them to give a glyster made of milke hony and sugar without oyles and bitter things lest shunning thereof they leave the lower guts and come upwards for this is naturall to wormes to shunne bitter things and follow sweet things Whence you may learne that to the bitter things which you give by the mouth you must alwaies mixe sweet things that allured by the sweetnesse they may devour them more greedily that so they may kill them Therefore I would with milke and Sugar mixe the seeds of centaury rue wormewood aloes and the like harts-horne is very effectuall against wormes wherefore you may infuse the shavings thereof in the water or drinke that the patient drinkes as also to boile some thereof in his brothes So also treacle drunke or taken in broth killeth the wormes purslaine boiled in brothes and destilled and drunke is also good against the worms as also succory and mints also a decoction of the lesser house-leek and sebestens given with
sugar before meate it is no lesse effectuall to put wormeseeds in their pap and in roasted apples and so to give them it Also you may make suppositories after this manner and put them up into the fundament â„ž coralli subalbi rasurae eboris cornu cerviusti ireos an ℈ ii mellis albi â„¥ ii ss aquae centiâ—odiae q. s adomnia concorporanda fiant Glandes let one be put up every day of the weight of Ê’ ii for children these suppositories are chiefly to bee used for Ascarides as those which adhere to the right gut To such children as can take nothing by the mouth you shall apply cataplasmes to their navells made of the pouder of cummin seeds the floure of lupines worme-wood southerne wood tansie the leaves of Artichokes rue the pouder of coloquintida citron seeds aloes arsemart horse mint peach leaves Costus amarus Zedoaria sope and oxegall Such cataplasmes are oft times spred over all the belly mixing therewith astringent things for the strengthening of the part as oile of myrtles Quinces and mastich you may also apply a great onion hollowed in the midst and filled with Aloes and Treacle and so roasted in the embers then beaten with bitter almonds and an oxe gall Also you may make emplasters of bitter things as this which followes â„ž fellis bubuli sucei absinthii an â„¥ ii colocyn â„¥ i. terantur misceantur simul incorporentur cum farina lupinorum make hereof an emplaster to be laid upon the Navell Liniments and ointments may bee also made for the same purpose to anoint the belly you may also make plasters for the navell of Pillulae Ruff. anointing in the meane time the fundament with hony and sugar that they may bee chafed from above with bitter things and allured downewards with sweete things Or else take wormes that have beene cast forth dry them in an iron pan over the fire then pouder them and give them with wine or some other liquor to bee drunke for so they are thought quickly to kill the rest of the wormes Hereto also conduceth the juice of citrons drunke with the oile of bitter almonds or sallade oile Also some make bathes against this affect of wormewood galls peach leaves boiled in water and then bathe the childe therein But in curing the wormes you must observe that this disease is oft times entangled with another more grievous disease as an acute and burning feaver a fluxe or scouring and the like in which as for example sake a feaver being present and conjoyned therewith if you shall give wormseeds old Treacle myrrhe aloes you shall encrease the feaver and fluxe for that bitter things are very contrary to the cure of these affects But if on the contrary in a fluxe whereby the wormes are excluded you shall give corrall and the floure of Lentiles you shall augment the feaver making the matter more contumacious by dry and astringent things Therefore the Physician shall be carefull in considering whether the feaver bee a symptome of the wormes or on the contrary it bee essentiall and not symptomaticke that this being knowne hee may principally insist in the use of such medicines as resist both affects as purging and bitterish in a feaver and wormes but bitter and somewhat astrictive things in the wormes and fluxe CHAP. VI. A short description of the Elephantiasis or Leprosie and of the causes thereof THis disease is termed Elephantiasis because the skinne of such as are troubled therewith is rough scabious wrinckled and unequall like the skin of an Elephant Yet this name may seem to be imposed thereon by reason of the greatnesse of the disease Some from the opinion of the Arabians have termed it Lepra or Leprosie but unproperly for the Lepra is a kinde of Scab and disease of the skinne which is vulgarly called Malum sancti manis which word for the present we will use as that which prevailes by custome and antiquity Now the Leprosie according to Paulus is a Cancer of the whole body the which as Avicen addes corrupts the complexion forme and figure of the members Galen thinkes the cause ariseth from the errour of the sanguifying faculty through whose default the assimulation in the flesh and habite of the body is depraved and much changed from it selfe and the rule of nature But ad Glauconem hee defines this disease An effusion of troubled or grosse blood into the veines and habit of the whole body This disease is judged great for that it partakes of a certaine venenate virulency depraving the members and comelinesse of the whole body Now it appeares that the Leprosie partakes of a certaine venenate virulency by this that such as are melancholicke in the whole habit of their bodies are not leprous Now this disease is composed of three differences of diseases First it consists of a distemper against nature as that which at the beginning is hot and dry and at length the ebullition of the humours ceasing and the heat dispersed it becomes cold and dry which is the conjunct cause of this symptome Also it consists of an evill composition or conformation for that it depraves the figure and beauty of the parts Also it consists of a solution of continuity when as the flesh and skin are cleft in divers parts with ulcers and chops the leprosie hath for the most part 3. generall causes that is the primitive antecedent conjunct the primitive cause is either from the first conformation or comes to them after they are born It is thought to be in him from the first conformation who was conceived of depraved corrupt menstruous blood such as enclined to melancholly who was begot of the leprous seed of one or both his parents for leprous persons generate leprous because the principall parts being tainted and corrupted with a melancholy and venenate juice it must necessarily follow that the whole masse of blood and seed that falls from it and the whole body should also be vitiated This cause happens to those that are already born by long staying inhabiting in maritime countries whereas the grosse and misty aire in successe of time induceth the like fault into the humours of the body for that according to Hippocrates such as the aire is such is the spirit and such the humours Also long abiding in very hot places because the blood is torrified by heate but in cold places for that they incrassate and congealing the spirits doe after a manner stupefie may bee thought the primitive causes of this disease Thus in some places of Germany there are divers leprous persons but they are more frequent in Spaine and overall Africa then in all the world beside and in Languedoc Provence and Guyenne are more than in whole France besides Familiarity copulation and cohabitation with leprous persons may be reckoned amongst the causes thereof because they transferre this disease to their familiars by their breath sweat and spittle left on the
the gums by acride vapours rising to the mouth but the lips of Leprous persons are more swolne by the internall heat burning and incrassating the humours as the outward heat of the Sun doth in the Moores The eighth signe is the swelling blacknesse of the tongue and as it were varicous veins lying under it because the tongue being by nature spongious and rare is easily stored with excrementitious humours sent from the inner parts unto the habit of the body which same is the cause why the grandules placed about the tongue above and below are swolne hard round no otherwise than scrophulous or meazled swine Lastly all their face riseth in red bunches or pushes and is over-spread with a duskie and obscure redness the eies are fiery fierce and fixed by a melancholick chachectick disposition of the whole body manifest signes whereof appeare in the face by reason of the forementioned causes yet some leprous persons have their faces tinctured with a yellowish others with a whitish colour according to the condition of the humor which serves for a Basis to the leprous malignity For hence Physicians affirme that there are three sorts of Leprosies one of a redish black colour consisting in a melancholick humour another of a yellowish greene in a cholericke humour another in a whitish yellow grounded upon adust phlegme The ninth signe is a stinking of the breath as also of all the excrements proceeding from leprous bodies by reason of the malignity conceived in the humours The tenth is a hoarsnesse a shaking harsh and obscure voyce comming as it were out of the nose by reason of the lungs recurrent nerves and muscles of the throttle tainted with the grossenesse of a virulent and adust humour the forementioned constriction obstruction of the inner passage of the nose and lastly the asperity and inequality of the weazon by immoderate drynesse as it happens to such as have drunk plentifully of strong wines without any mixture This immoderate drinesse of the muscles serving for respiration makes them to bee trouled with a difficulty of breathing The eleventh signe is very observable which is a Morphew or defaedation of all the skin with a dry roughnesse and grainy inequality such as appears in the skins of plucked geese with many tetters on every side a filthy scab and ulcers not casting off onely a branlike scurfe but also scailes and crusts The cause of this dry scab is the heat of the burning bowels humours unequally contracting and wrinkling the skin no otherwise than as leather is wrinkled by the heat of the Sun or fire The cause of the filthy scab serpiginous ulcers is the eating and corroding condition of the melancholy humour and the venenate corruption it also being the author of corruption so that it may be no marvell if the digestive faculty of the liver being spoyled the assimulative of a maligne and unfit matter sent into the habit of the body cannot well nor fitly performe that which may be for the bodies good The twelfth is the sense of a certain pricking as it were of goads or needles over all the skin caused by an acride vapour hindred from passing forth and intercepted by the thicknesse of the skin The thirteenth is a consumption and emaciation of the muscles which are betweene the thumbe and fore-finger not onely by reason that the nourishing and assimulating faculties want fit matter wherewith they may repaire the losse of these parts for that is common to these with the rest of the body but because these muscles naturally rise up unto a certaine mountanous tumor therefore their depression is the more manifest And this is the cause that the shoulders of leprous persons stand out like wings to wit the emaciation of the inner part of the muscle Trapezites The fourteenth signe is the diminution of sense or a numnesse over all the body by reason that the nerves are obstructed by the thicknesse of the melancholick humour hindring the free passage of the animal spirit that it cannot come to the parts that should receive sense these in the interim remaining free which are sent into the muscles for motions sake and by this note I chiefly make tryall of leprous persons thrusting a somewhat long and thick needle somewhat deep into the great tendon endued with most exquisite sense which runs to the heel which if they do not well feele I conclude that they are certainly leprous Now for that they thus lose their sense their motion remaining entire the cause hereof is that the nerves which are disseminated to the skin are more affected and those that run into the muscles are not so much therefore when as you prick them somewhat deep they feel the prick which they do not in the surface of the skin The fifteenth is the corruption of the extreme parts possessed by putrefaction and a gangrene by reason of the corruption of the humours sent thither by the strength of the bowels infecting with the like tainture the parts wherein they remain adde hereto that the animal sensitive faculty is there decayed and as often as any faculty hath forsaken any part the rest presently after a manner neglect it The sixteenth is they are troubled with terrible dreames for they seeme in their sleep to see divels serpents dungeons graves dead bodies and the like by reason of the black vapours of the melancholie humour troubling the phantasie with black and dismall visions by which reason also such as are bitten of a mad dog feare the water The seventeenth is that at the beginning and in the increase of the disease they are subtle crafty and furious by reason of the heat of the humours bloud but at length in the state and declension they become crafty and suspicious the heat and burning of the bloud and entrailes decaying by little and little therefore then fearing all things whereof there is no cause distrusting of their owne strength they endeavour by craft maliciously to circumvent those with whom they deal for that they perceive their powers to faile them The eighteenth is a desire of venery above their nature both for that they are inwardly burned with a strange heat as also by the mixture of flatulencies therewith for whose generation the melancholick humour is most fit which are agitated violently carried through the veins and genitall parts by the preternaturall heat but at length when this heate is cooled and that they are fallen into a hot and dry distemper they mightily abhor venery which then would bee very hurtfull to them as it also is at the beginning of the disease because they have small store of spirits and native heat both which are dissipated by venery The nineteenth is the so great thicknesse of their grosse and livide bloud that if you wash it you may finde a sandy matter therein as some have found by experience by reason of the great adustion and
assation thereof The twentieth is the languidnesse weaknesse of the pulse by reason of the oppression of the vitall and pulsifick faculty by a cloud of grosse vapours Herewith also their urine sometimes is thick and troubled like the urine of carriage beasts if the urenary vessels be permeable and free otherwise it is thin if there be obstruction which only suffers that which is thin to flow forth by the urenary passages now the urine is oftentimes of a pale ash-colour and oft-times it smels like as the other excrements do in this disease Verily there are many other signes of the Leprosie as the slownesse of the belly by reason of the heat of the liver often belchings by reason that the stomack is troubled by the refluxe of a melancholy humour frequent sneesing by reason of the fulnesse of the braine to these this may be added most frequently that the face and all the skin is unctuous or greasie so that water powred thereon will not in any place adhere thereto I conceive it is by the internall heat dissolving the fat that lies under the skin which therfore alwaies lookes as if it were greased or anointed therewith in leprous persons Now of these forementioned signes some are univocall that is which truly and necessarily shew the Leprosie othersome are equivocall or common that is which conduce as well to the knowledge of other diseases as this To conclude that assuredly is a Leprosie which is accompanied with all or certainely the most part of these forementioned signes CHAP. VIII Of Prognosticks in the Leprosie and how to provide for such as stand in feare thereof THe Leprosie is a disease which passeth to the issue as contagious almost as the plague scarce curable at the beginning uncurable when as it is confirmed because it is a Cancer of the whole body now if some one Cancer of some one part shall take deepe root therein it is judged uncurable Furthermore the remedies which to this day have bin found out against this disease are judged inferiour and unequall in strength thereto Besides the signes of this disease doe not outwardly shew themselves before that the bowels be seazed upon possessed and corrupted by the malignity of the humour especially in such as have the white Leprosie sundry of which you may see about Burdeaux in little Brittain who notwithstanding inwardly burn with so great heat that it will suddenly wrinkle and wither an apple held a short while in their hand as if it had laid for many daies in the Sun There is another thing that increaseth the difficulty of this disease which is an equall pravity of the three principall faculties whereby life is preserved The deceitfull and terrible visions in the sleepe and numnesse in feeling argue the depravation of the animall faculty now the weaknesse of the vitall faculty is shewed by the weaknesse of the pulse the obscurity of the hoarse and jarring voice the difficulty of breathing and stinking breath the decay of the naturall is manifested by the depravation of the work of the liver in sanguification whence the first and principall cause of this harme ariseth Now because wee cannot promise cure to such as have a confirmed Leprosie and that we dare not do it to such as have been troubled therewith but for a short space it remains that we briefly shew how to free such as are ready to fall into so fearefull a disease Such therefore must first of all shun all things in diet and course of life whereby the bloud and humours may be too vehemently heated whereof we have formerly made some mention Let them make choice of meats of good or indifferent juice such as we shall describe in treating of the diet of such as are sick of the plague purging bleeding bathing cupping to evacuate the impurity of the bloud and mitigate the heat of the liver shall bee prescribed by some learned Physician Valesius de Tarenta much commends gelding in this case neither do I think it can be disliked For men subject to this disease may be effeminated by the amputation of their testicles and so degenerate into a womanish nature and the heat of the liver boyling the bloud being extinguished they become cold moist which temper is directly contrary to the hot dry distemper of Leprous persons besides the Leprous being thus deprived of the faculty of generation that contagion of this disease is taken away which spreadeth and is diffused amongst mankind by the propagation of their issue The End of the Twentieth Booke OF POYSONS AND OF THE BITING OF A MAD DOGGE AND THE BITINGS AND STINGINGS OF OTHER VENEMOUS CREATURES THE ONE AND TWENTIETH BOOK CHAP. I. The cause of writing this Treatise of Poysons FIVE reasons have principally moved me to undertake to write this Treatise of poysons according to the opinion of the Ancients The first is that I might instruct the Surgeon what remedies must presently be used to such as are hurt by poysons in the interim whilst greater meanes may bee expected from a Physician The second is that hee may know by certaine signes and notes such as are poysoned or hurt by poysonous meanes and so make report thereof to the Judges or to such as it may concerne The third is that those Gentlemen and others who live in the Countrey and farre from Cities and store of greater meanes may learne something by my labours by which they may helpe their friends bitten by an Adder madde Dogge or other poysonous creature in so dangerous sudden and usuall a case The fourth is that every one may beware of poysons and know their symptomes when present that being knowne they may speedily seeke for a remedie The fifth is that by this my labour all men may know what my good-will is and how well minded I am towards the common wealth in generall and each man in particular to the glory of God I doe not here so much arme malicious and wicked persons to hurt as Surgeons to provide to helpe and defend each mans life against poyson which they did not understand or at least seemed not so to doe which taking this my labour in evill part have maliciously interpreted my meaning But now at length that wee may come to the matter I will begin at the generall division of poysons and then handle each species thereof severally but first let us give this rule That Poyson is that which either outwardly applyed or struck in or inwardly taken into the body hath power to kill it no otherwise than meate well drest is apt to nourish it For Conciliator writes that the properties of poyson are contrary to nourishments in their whole substance for as nourishment is turned into bloud and in each part of the body whereto it is applyed to nourish by perfect assimulation is substituted in the place of that portion which flowes away each moment Thus on the contrary poyson turnes our bodies into
whereby the poyson may arrive at the heart and principall parts For in such for example sake as have the passages of their arteries more large the poyson may more readily and speedily enter into the heart together with the aire that is continually drawn into the body CHAP. IIII. Whether such creatures as feed upon poysonous things be also poysonous and whether they may be eaten safely and without harme DUcks Storkes Hernes Peacocks Turkies and other birds feed upon Toads Vipers Aspes Snakes Scorpions Spiders Caterpillers other venemous things Wherfore it is worthy the questioning whether such like creatures nourished with such food can kill or poyson such persons as shall afterward eat them Matthiolus writes that all late Authors who have treated of poysons to be absolutely of this opinion That men may safely and without any danger feed upon such creatures for that they convert the beasts into their nature after they have eaten them and on the contrary are not changed by them This reason though very probable yet doth it not make these beasts to be wholly harmelesse especially if they be often eaten or fed upon Dioscorides and Galen seeme to maintaine this opinion whereas they write that the milke which is nothing else than the relented bloud of such beasts as feed upon scammonie hellebore and spurge purgeth violently Therefore Physicians desirous to purge a sucking childe give purges to the nurses whence their milke becomming purging becomes both meat and medicine to the childe The flesh of Thrushes which feed upon Juniper berries favours of Juniper Birds that are fed with worme-wood or Garlike either tast bitter or have the strong sent of Garlike Whitings taken with garlike so smell thereof that they will not forgoe that smell or taste by any salting frying or boyling for which sole reason many who hate garlike are forced to abstain from these fishes The flesh of Rabbits that feed upon Pennyroyall and Juniper favour of them Phisicians wish that Goats Cows and Asses whose milke they would use for Consumptions or other diseases should bee fed some space before and every day with these or these herbs which they deeme fit for the curing of this or that disease For Galen affirmes that hee doubts not but that in successe of time the flesh of creatures will be changed by the meats where on they feed and at length favour thereof Therefore I do noe allow that the flesh of such things as feed upon venemous things should be eaten for food unlesse it bee some long space after they have disused such repast and that all the venome bee digested and overcome by the efficacy of their proper heat so that nothing thereof may remaine in tast smell or substance but bee all vanished away For many dye suddenly the cause of whose deaths are unknowne which peradventure was from nothing else but the sympathy and antipathy of bodies for that these things cause death and disease to some that nourish othersome according to our vulgar English proverbe That which is one mans meate is another mans Poyson CHAP. V. The generall signes of such as are poysoned WEE will first declare what the generall signes of poyson are and then will we descend to particulars whereby we may pronounce that one is poysoned with this or that poyson We certainly know that a man is poysoned when as hee complaines of a great heavinesse of his whole body so that hee is weary of himselfe when as some horrid and loathsome taste sweats out from the orifice of the stomacke to the mouth and tongue wholly different from that taste that meat howsoever corrupted can send up when as the colour of the face changeth suddenly somewhiles to blacke sometimes to yellow or any other colour much differing from the common custome of man when nauseousnesse with frequent vomiting troubleth the patient and that hee is molested with so great unquietnesse that all things may seeme to bee turned upside downe Wee know that the poyson workes by the proper and from the whole substance when as without any manifest sense of great heate or coldnesse the patient sownes often with cold sweats for usually such poysons have no certaine and distinct part wherewith they are at enmity as cantharides have with the bladder But as they worke by their whole substance and an occult propriety of forme so doe they presently and directly assaile the heart our essence and life and the fortresse and beginning of the vitall faculty Now will wee shew the signes whereby poysons that worke by manifest and elementary qualities may be knowne Those who exceed in heate burne or make an impression of heat in the tongue the mouth throate stomacke guts and all the inner parts with great thirst unquietnesse and perpetuall sweats But if to their excesse of heate they bee accompanyed with a corroding and putrefying quality as Arsenicke Sublimate Rose-ager or Rats-bane Verdegreace Orpiment and the like they then cause in the stomacke and guts intolerable pricking paines rumblings in the belly and continuall and intolerable thirst These are succeeded by vomitings with sweats some-whiles hot somewhiles cold with swounings whence suddaine death ensues Poysons that kill by too great coldnesse induce a dull or heavie sleepe or drowzinesse from which you cannot easily rouze or waken them sometimes they so trouble the braine that the patients performe many undecent gestures and anticke trickes with their mouthes and eyes armes and legges like as such as are franticke they are troubled with cold sweats their faces become blackish or yellowish alwayes ghastly all their bodies are benummed and they dye in a short time unlesse they be helped poysons of this kinde are Hemlock Poppie Nightshade Henbane Mandrage Dry poysons are usually accompanied by heate with moisture for although sulphur bee hot and dry yet hath it moisture to hold the parts together as all things which have a consistence have yet are they called dry by reason that drynesse is predominant in them such things make the tongue and throate dry and rough with unquenchable thirst the belly is so bound that so much as the urine cannot have free passage forth all the members grow squallide by drynesse the patients cannot sleepe poysons of this kinde are Lytharge Cerusse Lime Scailes of Brasse Filings of Lead prepared antimony On the contrary moist poysons induce a perpetuall sleep a fluxe or scouring the resolution of all the nerves and joints so that not so much as the eyes may be faithfully conteined in their orbes but will hang as ready to fal out the extreme parts as the hands feet nose and ears corrupt putrefie at which time they are also troubled with thirst by reason of their strong heat alwaies the companion of putrefaction oft times the author thereof now when this commeth to passe death is at hand Very many deny that there can be any moist poysons found that is such as may kill by the efficacy of their
bitten by another madde dogge A mad dog hath sparkling and fierie eies with a fixed looke cruell and a squint hee carries his head heavily hanging downe towards the ground and somewhat on one side hee gapes and thrusts forth his tongue which is livide and blackish and being short breathed casts forth much filth at his nose and much foaming matter at his mouth in his gate as if he suspected and feared all things he keepeth no one or certain path but runs one while to this side another while to that and stumbling like one that is drunke he oft-times falleth downe on the ground he violently assailes whatsoever he meets withall whether it bee man tree wall dog or any thing else other dogs shun him and presently sent him a farre off But if another unawares chance to fall foule on him he yeelds himselfe to his mercy fawnes upon him and privily labours to get from him though hee be the stronger greater Hee is unmindfull of eating and drinking he barkes not yet he bites all he meets without any difference not sparing his master as who at this time hee knowes not from a stranger or enemie For it is the property of melancholie to disturbe the understanding so that such persons as are melancholike doe not onely rage against and use violence to their friends and parents but also upon themselves But when as he sees water he trembles and shakes and his haires stands up on end CHAP. XII By what signes we may know a man is bitten of a mad dog IT is not so easie at the first to know a man that is bitten with a mad dogge and principally for this reason because the wound made by his teeth causeth no more pain than other wounds usually do contrary to the wounds made by the sting or bite of other poysonous creatures as those which presently after they are inflicted cause sharpe paine great heat swelling and abundance of other maligne accidents according to the nature of the poyson but the malignity of the bite of a mad dogge appeares not before that the venome shall invade the noble parts Yet when you are suspicious of such a wound you may acquire a certaine knowledge and experience thereof by putting a piece of bread into the quitture that comes from the wound For if a hungry dog neglect yea more fly from it and dare not so much as smell thereto it is thought to bee a certaine signe that the wound was inflicted by a madde dogge Others adde That if any give this piece of bread to hens that they will die the same day they have eaten it yet this latter I making experiment thereof failed for devouring this virulent bread they became not a jot the worse Wherefore I think the former signe to be the more certaine for dogs have a wonderfull and sure smelling faculty whereby they easilie sent and perceive the malignitie of the like creature But when as the raging virulencie hath invaded the noble parts then the patients becomming silent and sorrowfull thinke of many things and at the beginning make a noise with their teeth they make no answer to the purpose they are more testie than ordinarie and in their sleepes they are troubled with dreames and strange phantasies and fearfull visions and lastly they become affraid of the water But after that the poison hath fixed it selfe into the substance of the noble parts then all their faculties are disturbed all the light of their memorie senses reason and judgement is extinguished Wherefore becomming starke mad they know not such as stand by them not their friends no nor themselves falling upon such as they meet withall themselves with their teeth nailes feet Often twitchings like convulsions do suddenly rise in their limbs I judge them occasioned by extraordinary driness which hath as it were wholly drunk up all the humiditie of the nervous parts there is a great drinesse of the mouth with intolerable thirst yet without any desire of drink because the mind being troubled they become unmindful negligent of such things as concerne them and are needful for them the eyes look fierie red all the face is of the same colour they still think of dogs and seem to see them yea and desire to bark and bite just after the maner of dogs I conjecture that the virulent humour hath changed all the humours the whole body into the like nature so that they think themselves also dogs whence their voice becomes hoarse by much endevouring to barke having forgot all decencie like impudent dogs to the great horrour of the beholders For their voice growes hoarse by reason of the great drynesse of the aspera arteria they shun the light as that which is enemy to melancholy wherewith the whole substance of the braine is replenished on the contrary they desire darkenesse as that which is like and friendly to them But they are affraid of the water though good to mitigate their great distemper of heat and drinesse and they fly from looking-glasses because they imagin they see dogs in them whereof they are much affraide by reason whereof they shun the water and all polite and cleare bodies which may supply the use of a looking-glasse so that they throw themselves on the ground as if they would hide themselves therein lest they should be bitten againe for they affirme that he which is bitten by a mad dog alwaies hath a dog in his minde and so remaines fixed in that sad cogitation Wherefore thinking that he sees him in the water he trembles for feare and therefore shuns the water Others write that the body by madnesse becommeth wondrous dry wherefore they hate the water as that which is contrary thereto being absolutely the moistest element and so they say that this is the reason of their fearing the water Ruffus writes that madnesse is a kinde of melancholie and that feare is the proper symptome thereof according to Hippocrates wherefore this or that kind of melancholie begets a feare of these or these things but chiefly of bright things such as looking-glasses and water by reason that melancholie persons seeke darkenesse and solitarinesse by reason of the black corruption of the humour wherewith they abound They fall into cold sweats a fomie stinking and greenish matter flowes from the ulcer by reason of the heat of the antecedent cause and ulcerated part The urine most commonly appeares watrish by reason that the strainers as it were of the kidnies are straitned by the heat and drinesse of the venome Yet sometimes also it appears more thick and black as when nature powerfully using the expulsive facultie attempts to drive forth by urine the melancholy humour the seat of the venome Also sometimes it is wholly supprest being either incrassated by hot drynesse or else the mind being carried other waies and forgetfull of its owne duty untill at length the patients vexed by the cruelty of
be applyed and the rather if they bee violently plucked off because they by that meanes leave their teeth fastned in the part Now hee which by chance hath swallowed a Horse-leach must bee asked in what part bee feeleth her that is the sense of her sucking For if shee sticke in the top of the Throate or Gullet or in the middest thereof the part shall bee often washed with mustard dissolved in vinegar If shee bee neare the orifice of the ventricle it is fit that the patient by little and little swallow downe oyle with a little vinegar But if shee fasten to the stomacke or the bottome of the ventricle the patient by the plucking of the part shall perceive a certaine sense of sucking the patient will spit bloud and will for feare become melancholicke To force her thence hee shall drinke warme water with oyle but if shee cannot so bee loosed then shall you mixe Aloes therewith or some thing endued with the like bitternesse for shee will by that meanes leave her hold and so bee cast forth by vomit You may perceive this by such as are applyed to the skinne on the externall parts for by the aspersion of bitter things whether they bee full or empty they will forsake their hold Then shall the patient take astringent things which may stoppe the bloud flowing forth of the bitten part such is conserve of Roses with terra sigillata bole armenicke and other more astringent things if need so require For if they shall adhereto some greater branch of some veine or artery it will bee more difficult to stop the flowing bloud But for that not the earth onely but the sea also produceth venemous creatures wee will in like sort treat of them as wee have already done of the other beginning with the Lampron CHAP. XXX Of the Lampron THE Lampron called in Latine Muraena is a sea fish something in shape resembling a Lamprey but shee is bigger and thicker and hath a larger mouth with teeth long sharpe and bending inwards she is of a duskie colour distinguished with whitish spots and of some two cubits length the Ancients had them in great esteem because they yeeld good nourishment and may be kept long alive in pooles or ponds and so taken as the owners please to serve their table as it is sufficiently knowne by the historie of the Roman Crassus Shee by her biting induceth the same symptomes as the viper and it may bee helped by the same meanes Verily the Lampron hath such familiarity with the Viper that leaving her naturall element the sea she leapeth a shoare and seeketh out the Viper in her den to joyne with her in copulation as it is written by AElian and Nicander CHAP. XXXI Of the Draco-marinus or sea-Dragon THE sea-Dragon called by the French Viva for his vivacity and by the English a Viver or as some say a Qua-viver because being taken in fishing and drawne out of the sea shee is said long to survive Her pricks are poysonous but chiefly those that are at the edges of her gils Which is the reason that Cookes cut off their heads before they serve them up to the table and at Roven the fishermen lay them not upon their stalles to sell before they have cut off their heads The wounded part of such as are hurt paines them much with inflammation a feaver sowning gangrene and deadly mortification unlesse it be quickly withstood Not very long agoe the wife of Monsieur Fromaget Secretary of the requests was wounded with a prick of this fish in her middle finger there followed a swelling and rednesse of the part without much paine but perceiving the swelling to encrease being made more wary by the mischance of her neighbour the wife of Monsieur Bargelonne Lievtenant particulier in the Chastelet of Paris who died not long before by the like accident being neglected sent for mee I understanding the cause of her disease laid to her pained finger and her whole hand besides a pultis made of a great Onion roasted under the coales leaven and a little treacle The next day I wished her to dip her whole hand into warme water so to draw forth the poyson then I divided the skin about it with much scarification but onely superficiarily to the gashes I applyed Leaches which by sucking drawing a sufficient quantity of bloud I put thereto treacle dissolved in aqua vitae The next day the swelling was asswaged and the paine eased and within a few daies shee was perfectly well Dioscorides writes that this fish divided in the midst and applyed to the wound will cure it CHAP. XXXII Of the Pastinaca marina or Sting-Ray which some call the Fierce-claw SUch as are stung by a Sting-Ray as Aëtius hath written the place of the wound doth manifestly appeare there ensues thereon lasting paine and the numnesse of the whole body And seeing that it hath a sharpe and firme sting whereby the nerves by the deepnesse of the stroake may be wounded it so happens that some die forthwith their whole bodies suffering convulsions Moreover it wil kil even the very trees into whose roots it is fastned Yet Pliny affirmes that it is good against the paine of the teeth if the gums bee scarified therewith yea and it being made into powder with white hellebore or of it selfe will cause teeth to fall out without any pain or any violence offered to them This fish is good meat the head and taile excepted some of them have two stings othersome but one these stings are sharpe like a Saw with the teeth turned towards their heads Oppianus writes that their stings are more poysonous than the Persians arrowes for the force of the poyson remaineth the fish being dead which will kill not onely living creatures but plants also Fishermen when they catch this fish presently spoile him of his sting lest they should bee hurt therewith But if by chance they bee hurt therewith then take they forth his Liver and lay it to the wound furthermore the fish being burnt and made into powder is the true Antidote of his wound The Sting-Ray lives in muddy places neare the shoare upon the fishes that hee hunteth and catcheth with his sting having the teeth thereof turned towards his head for the same purpose Hee is not unlike a Ray and I have here given you his figure The figure of a Sting-Ray CHAP. XXXIII Of the Lepus marinus or Sea-hare PLINY cals the Sea-hare a masse or deformed peece of flesh Galen saith that it is like a Snaile taken forth of the shell It is exceeding poysonous in the judgement of the Antients wherefore it is not amisse to set downe the description of it left wee might eate it at unawares too earnestly view it or smell thereto as also that we may use it against the poyson thereof it is an inhabitant not only of the Sea but also of Lakes of Sea-water especially such as are muddy
by reason of the accesse of grosse vapours and humours that are contained therein and also snatched as it were by a convulfive motion by reason that the vessels and ligaments distended with fulnesse are so carried upwards against the midriffe and parts of the breast that it maketh the breath to bee short and often as if a thing lay upon the breast and pressed it Moreover the wombe swelleth because there is contained or inclosed in it a certaine substance caused by the defluxion either of the seed or flowers or of the womb or whites or of some other humour tumour abscesse rotten apostume or some ill juice putrefying or getting or engendering an ill quality and resolved into grosse vapours These as they affect sundry or divers places inferre divers and sundry accidents as rumbling and noyse in the belly if it be in the guts desire to vomit after with seldome vomiting commeth wearinesse and loathing of meat if it trouble the stomack Choaking with strangulation if it assaile the breast and throate swouning if it vex the heart madnesse or else that which is contrary thereto sound sleep or drousinesse if it grieve the brain all which oftentimes prove as maligne as the biting of a mad dogge or equall the stinging or bitings of venemous beasts It hath been observed that more grievous symptomes have proceeded from the corruption of the seede than of the menstruall bloud For by how much every thing is more perfect and noble while it is conteyned within the bounds of the integrity of its owne nature by so much it is the more grievous and perillous when by corruption it hath once transgressed the lawes thereof But this kind of accident doth very seldome grieve those women which have their menstruall fluxe well and orderly and doe use copulation familiarly but very often those women that have not their menstruall fluxe as they should and do want and are destitute of husbands especially if they be great eaters and lead a solitary life When the vessels and ligaments of the wombe are swollen and distended as wee said before so much as is added to their latitude or breadth so much is wanting in their length and therefore it hapneth that the wombe being removed out of its seate doth one while fall to the right side towards the liver sometimes to the left side towards the milt sometimes upwards unto the midriffe and stomacke sometimes downewards and so forwards unto the bladder whereof commeth an Ischury and strangury or backwards whereof commeth oppression of the straight gut and suppression of the excrements and the Tenesmus But although wee acknowledge the wombe to decline to those parts which wee named yet it is not by accident onely as when it is drawne by the proper and common ligaments and bands when they are contracted or made shorter being distended with fulnesse but also of its selfe as when it is forced or provoked through the griefe of something contrary to nature that is contained therein it wandreth sometimes unto one side and sometimes unto another part with a plaine and evident naturall motion like unto the stomack which imbraceth any thing that is gentle and milde but avoydeth any thing that is offensive and hurtfull yet we deny that so great accidents may bee stirred up by the falling of it alone unto this or that side for then it might happen that women that are great with childe whose wombes are so distended by reason that the childe is great that it doth presse the midriffe might be troubled with a strangulation like unto this but much rather by a venemous humour breathing out a maligne and grosse vapour not onely by the veines and arteries but also by the pores that are invisible which pollutes the faculties of the parts which it toucheth with its venemous malignity infection and intercepts the functions thereof Neither doth the variety of the parts receiving only but also of the matter received cause variety of accidents For some accidents come by suppression of the termes others come by corruption of the seede but if the matter bee cold it bringeth a drousinesse being lifted up unto the braine whereby the woman sinketh downe as if shee were astonished and lyeth without motion and sense or feeling and the beating of the arteries and the breathing are so small that somtimes it is thought they are not at all but that the woman is altogether dead If it be more grosse it inferreth a convulsion if it participate of the nature of a grosse melancholick humour it bringeth such heavinesse fear and sorrowfulnesse that the party that is vexed therewith shall thinke that shee shall die presently and cannot be brought out of this minde by any meanes or reason if of a cholerick humour it causeth the madnesse called furor uterinus and such a pratling that they speake all things that are to be concealed and a giddinesse of the head by reason that the animal spirit is suddenly shaken by the admixtion of a putrefied vapour and hot spirit but nothing is more admirable than that this disease taketh the patient sometimes with laughing and sometimes with weeping for some at the first will weepe and then laugh in the same disease and state thereof But it exceedeth all admiration which Hollerius writeth usually happened to two of the daughters of the Provost of Roven For they were held with long laughter for an houre or two before the fitte which neither for feare admonition nor for any other meanes they could hold and their parents chid them and asked them wherefore they did so they answered that they were not able to stay their laughter The ascention of the wombe is diligently to bee distinguished from the strangulation thereof for the accidents of the ascention and of the strangulation are not one but the woman is onely oppressed with a certaine paine of the heart difficulty of breathing or swouning but yet without feare without raving or idle talking or any other greater accident Therefore often times contrary causes inferre the ascention that is overmuch drynesse of the wombe labouring through the defect of moysture whereby it is forced after too violent and immoderate evacuations of the flowers and in childe-bed and such like and laborious and painefull travell in child-birth through which occasion it waxeth hot contrary to nature and withereth and turneth it selfe with a certaine violence unto the parts adjoyning that is to say unto the liver stomacke and midriffe if happely it may draw some moysture therehence unto it I omit that the wombe may be brought unto its place upwards by often smelling to aromatick things yet in the meane while it infers not the strangulation that wee described before CHAP. XLV The signes of imminent strangulation of the wombe BEfore that these forenamed accidents come the woman thinks that a certaine painefull thing ariseth from her wombe unto the orifice of the stomacke and heart and shee thinketh her selfe
default of the principall parts For if the brain or the stomacke be cooled or the liver stopped or schirrous many crudities are engendered which if they runne or fall downe into the wombe that is weake by nature they cause the fluxe of the wombe or whites but if this fluxe be moderate and not sharpe it keepeth the body from maligne diseases otherwise it useth to inferre a consumption leannesse palenesse and an oedematous swelling of the legges the falling downe of the wombe the dejection of the appetite and all the faculties and continuall sadnesse and sorrowfulnesse from which it is very hard to perswade the sicke woman because that her minde and heart will bee almost broken by reason of the shame that shee taketh because such filth floweth continually it hindereth conception because it either corrupteth or driveth out the seed when it is conceived Often times if it stoppeth for a few moneths the matter that stayeth there causeth an abscesse about the wombe in the body or necke thereof and by the breaking of the abscesse there followeth rotten and cancerous ulcers sometimes in the wombe sometimes in the groine and often in the hippes This disease is hard to bee cured not onely by reason of it selfe as because all the whole filth and superfluous excrements of a womans body floweth downe into the womb as it were into a sink because it is naturally weak hath an inferiour situation many vessells ending therein and last of all because the courses are wont to come through it as also by reason of the sicke woman who often times had rather dye than to have that place seene the disease knowne or permit locall medicines to bee applied thereto for so saith Montanus that on a time hee was called to a noble woman of Italy who was troubled with this disease unto whom hee gave counsell to have cleansing decoctions injected into her wombe which when shee heard she fell into a swoune and desired her husband never thereafter to use his counsell in any thing CHAP. LX. The cure of the Whites IF the matter that floweth out in this disease bee of a red colour it differeth from the naturall monthly fluxe in this onely because it keeps no order or certain time in its returning Therfore phlebotomy and other remedies which we have spoken of as requisite for the menstruall fluxe when it floweth immoderately is here necessary to be used But if it bee white or doth testifie or argue the ill juice of this or that humour by any other colour a purgation must be prescribed of such things as are proper to the humour that offends for it is not good to stop such a flux suddenly for it is necessary that so the body should be purged of such filth or abundance of humours for they that doe hasten to stop it cause the dropâ—ie by reason that this sinke of humours is turned backe into the liver or else a cancer in the womb because it is stayed there or a feaver or other diseases according to the condition of the part that receiveth it Therefore we must not come to locall detersives deâ—iâ—catives restrictives unlesse we have first used universall remedies according to art Alom baths baths of brimstone and of bitumen or iron are convenient for the whites that come of a phlegmaticke humour instead whereof bathes may bee made of the decoction of herbes that are hot dry and endued with an aromaticke power with alome and pebbles or flint-stones red hot throwne into the same Let this bee the forme of a cleansinâ— decoction and injection â„ž fol. absynth agrimon centinod burs past an mss boyle them together and make thereof a decoction in which dissolve mellis rosar â„¥ ii aloes myrrhae salis nitri an Ê’i make thereof an injection the woman being so placed on a pillow under her buttockes that the necke of the wombe being more high may be wide open when the injection is received let the woman â—et her legges acrosse and draw them up to her buttockes and so shee may keepe that which is injected They that endeavour to dry and bind more strongly adde the juice of acatia greene galles the rindes of pomegranates roch alome romane vitrioll and they boile them in Smithes water and red wine pessaries may be made of the like faculty If the matter that commeth forth be of an ill colour or smell it is like that there is a rotten ulcer therefore we ought to inject those things that have power to correct the putrefaction among which aegyptiacum dissolved in lye or red wine excelleth There are women which when they are troubled with a virulent Gonorrhaea or an involuntary fluxe of the seed cloaking the fault with an honest name doe untruly say that they have the whites because that in both these diseases a great abundance of filth is voided But the Chyrurgian may easily perceive that malady by the rottennesse of the matter that floweth out and hee shall perswade himselfe that it will not bee cured without salivation or fluxing at the mouth and sweats In the meane while let him put in an instrument made like unto a pessary and cause the sicke woman to hold it there this instrument must have many holes in the upper end through which the purulent matter may passe which by staying or stopping might get a sharpnesse as also that so the womb may breathe the more freely and may be kept more temperate and coole by receiving the aire by the benefit of a spring whereby this instrument being made like unto a pessary is opened and shut The forme of an instrument made like unto a pessary whereby the wombe may bee ventilated A. sheweth the end of the instrument which must have many holes therein B. sheweth the body of the instrument C. sheweth the plate whereby the mouth of the instrument is opened and shut as wide and as close as you will for to receive aire more freely D. sheweth the spring EE shew the laces and bands to tye about the patients body that so the instrument may be stayed and kept fast in his place CHAP. LXI Of the hoemorrhoides and wartes of the necke of the wombe LIke as in the fundament so in the necke of the wombe there are hoemorrhoides and as it were varicous veines often times flowing with much blood or with a red and stinking whayish humor Some of these by reason of their rednesse and great in equality as it were of knobs are like unripe mulberries and are called vulgarly venae morales that is to say the veines or hoemorrhoides like unto mulberries others are like unto grapes and therefore are named uvales other some are like unto warts and therefore are called venae verrucales some appeare shew themselves with a great tumour others are little and in the bottome of the neck of the wombe others are in the side or edge thereof Achrochordon is a kinde of wart with a
the street Warmoesbroects a sow farrowed sixe pigs the first whereof was a monster representing a man in the head face fore feet and shoulders but in the rest of the body another pigge for it had the genitalls of a sow pigge and it sucked like the other pigs But the second day after it was farrowed it was killed of the people together with the sow by reason of the monstrousnesse of the thing Here followeth the figure thereof The effigies of a monster halfe man and halfe swine Anno Dom. 1571. at Antwerpe the wife of one Michaell a Printer dwelling with one John Molline a Graver or Carver at the signe of the Golden Foot in the Camistrate on St. Thomas his day at ten of the clocke in the morning brought forth a monster wholly like a dogge but that it had a shorter necke and the head of a bird but without any feathers on it This monster was not alive for that the mother was delivered before her time but she giving a great scritch in the instant of her deliverance the chimney of the house fell downe yet hurt nobody no not so much as any one of foure little children that sate by the fire side The figure of a monster like a dogge but with a head like a bird Lewis Celleus writeth that hee hath read in an approved author that an Ewe once brought forth a Lion a beast of an unlike and adverse nature to her Anno Dom. 1577. in the towne Blandy three miles from Melon there was lambed a Lambe having three heads the middlemost of which was bigger than the rest when one bleated they all bleated John Bellanger the Chirurgian of Melon affirmed that hee saw this monster and he got it drawne and sent the figure thereof to mee with that humane monster that had the head of a Frogge which we have formerly described The figure of a three-headed Lambe There are some monsters in whose generation by this there may seeme to be some divine cause for that their beginnings cannot be derived or drawne from the generall cause of monsters that is nature or the errors thereof by reason of some of the forementioned particular causes such are these monsters that are wholly against all nature like that which we formerly mentioned of a Lion yeaned by an Ewe Yet Astrologers lest there should seeme to be any thing which they are ignorant of referre the causes of these to certaine constellations and aspects of the Planets and Stars according to Aristotles saying in his Problemes in confirmation whereof they tell this tale It happened in the time of Albertus Magnus that in a certaine village a Cow brought forth a Calfe which was halfe a man the townesmen apprehended the heards-man and condemned him as guilty of such a crime to be presently burnt together with the cow but by good lucke Albertus was there to whom they gave credit by reason of his much and certaine experience in Astrologie that it was not occasioned by any humane wickednesse but by the efficacy of a certaine position of the starres that this monster was borne CHAP. XIII Of monsters occasioned by the craft and subtlety of the Devill IN treating of such monsters as are occasioned by the craft of the Devill wee crave pardon of the courteous Reader if peradventure going further from our purpose wee may seeme to speake more freely and largely of the existence nature and kindes of Devills Therefore first it is manifest that there are Conjurers Charmers and Witches which whatsoever they do performe it by an agreement compact with the Devill to whom they have addicted themselves for none can be admitted into that society of Witches who hath not forsaken God the Creator and his Saviour and hath not transferred the worship due to him above upon the Devill to whom he hath obliged himselfe And assuredly whosoever addicts himselfe to these magicall vanities and witch-crafts doth it either because hee doubts of Gods power promises study and great good will towards us or else for that hee is madded with an earnest desire of knowing things to come or else because disdaining poverty hee affects and desires from a poore estate to become rich on the sodaine It is the constant opinion of all both ancient and modern as well Philosophers as Divines that there are some such men which when they have once addicted themselves to impious and divellish arts can by the wondrous craft of the Divell doe many strange things and change and corrupt bodies and the health life of them and the condition of all mundane things Also experience forceth us to confesse the same for punishments are ordained by the lawes against the professors and practisers of such arts but there are no lawes ordained against those things which neither ever have beene nor ever came into the knowledge of men for such things are rightly judged and accounted for impossibilities which have never beene seene nor heard of Before the birth of Christ there have beene many such people for you may finde in Exodus and Leviticus lawes made against such persons by Moses by whom God gave the law to his people The Lord gave the sentence of death to Ochasias by his Prophet for that he turned into these kinde of people We are taught by the scriptures that there are good and evill spirits and that the former are termed Angells but the latter Devills for the law is also said to be given by the ministry of Angels and it is said that our bodies shall rise againe at the sound of a trumpet and the voice of an Arch-angell Christ said that God would send his Angells to receive the elect into the heavens The historie of Job testifieth that the Devill sent fire from heaven and killed his sheep and cattell and raised winds that shooke the foure corners of the house and overwhelmed his children in the ruines thereof The history of Achab mentioneth a certaine lying spirit in the mouth of the false Prophets Sathan entring into Judas moved him to betray Christ Devils who in a great number possessed the body of a man were called a Legion and obtained of Christ that they might enter into swine whom they carried headlong into the Sea In the beginning God created a great number of Angells that those divine and incorporeall spitits might inhabite heaven and as messengers signifie Gods pleasure to men and as ministers or servants performe his commands who might be as overseers and protectors of humane affaires Yet of this great number there were some who were blinded by pride and thereby also cast downe from the presence and heavenly habitation of God the creator These harmefull and crafty spirits delude mens mindes by divers jugling trickes and are alwaies contriving something to our harme and would in a short space destroy mankinde but that God restraines their fury for they can onely doe so much as is permitted them Expelled heaven some of them inhabite the aire
Chamaemelum Brassica Sarcocolla Crocus Faba Faenugraecum Horaâ—â—m integrum Second degree Artemisia Orobus Balaustia Lens Mastiche Mel. Sal. Anethum Myrrha Pix arida Plantago Nux moschata Third degree Abrotonum ustum Absinthium Acetum Milium Sanguis draconis Galla. Myrtus Aloe Cuminum Sabina Fourth degree Piper Allium Nasturtium Sinapi Euphorbium Those we have mentioned have of themselves and their own nature all such qualities yet doe they produce farre other effects by accident and besides their owne nature in our bodies by reason of which they are termed accidentall causes This shall be made manifest by the following examples Externall heat by accident refrigerates the body within because it opens the passages and pores and cals forth the internall heate together with the spirits and humours by sweats whence it followes that the digestion is worse and the appetite is diminished The same encompassing heate also humects by accident whilest it diffuses the humours concrete with cold for thus Venery is thought to humect The like may be said of Cold for that it heates not by its proper and native but by an adventitious force whereof you may make tryall in Winter when as the ambient cold by shutting the pores of the body hinders the breathing forth and dissipation of the native heat Whence it is inwardly doubled and the concoction better performed and the appetite strengthened This same cold also dries by accident when as it by accident repercusses the humour that was ready to flow down into any part and whilst it concretes that which is gathered in the part for thus by the immoderate use of repercussers an oedematous tumour proceeding from gross and viscide phlegme degenerates into a scirrhus Drinesse and moisture because they are more passive qualities shew their effects by not so manifest operations as heate and cold doe but in comparison of them they are rather to be judged as matter or a subject CHAP. IV. Of the second faculties of Medicines WEe terme those the second faculties of Medicines which have dependance upon the first which are formerly mentioned as it is the part Of Heate to Rarefie Attract Open Attenuate Levigate Cleanse Of Cold to Condense Repercusse Shut up Incrassate Exasperate Constipate Of Moisture to Soften Relaxe Of Drinesse to Harden Stiffen Hence we terme that an attractive medicine which hath an attractive faculty as on the contrary that a repercussive that repels a detergent that which cleanses viscous matter We call that an Emplasticke medicine which not only shuts up the pores of the body but reduces the liquid bodies therein contained to a certaine equality of substance Thus also emollients relaxers and the rest have their denominations from their effects as we shall declare hereafter CHAP. V. Of the third faculties of Medicines THe third faculty of medicines depends for the most part upon the first and second faculties sometimes conjoyned otherwhiles separate Also sometimes it followes neither of these faculties but a certaine property and inexplicable quality which is only knowne by experience Now the operations of this third faculty are to agglutinate to fill with flesh to cicatrize to asswage paine to move or stay the urine milke seed the courses sweats vomits and performe such like operations in or about the body Thus the generation of flesh is produced by the concourse of two faculties that is of drying and cleansing But drinesse and astriction produce a glutinating and cicatrizing faculty A hot and attenuating faculty causeth sweats moves urine the courses and the like in the body but contrary faculties retarde and stop the same To mitigate paine proceeds only from the first faculty to wit from heate or a moderately heating faculty to procure rest from cold onely or coldnesse joyned with some moisture But to procure vomit proceeds neither from the first nor second faculty but from a certaine occult and essentiall property which is naturally implanted in Agaricke and other nauscous and vomitory medicines CHAP. VI. Of the fourth faculty of Medicines THe fourth faculty of medicines is not of the same condition with those that are formerly mentioned for it depends not upon them or any other manifest or elementary quality but on an occult property of the whole substance by meanes whereof it workes rather upon this than that part upon this rather than that humour Wherefore Physitians cannot by any reason finde out this faculty but only by experience as we have said a little before of medicines procuring vomit Hence it is that names are given to those medicines from those parts that they chiefly respect For they are termed Cephalicks which respect the head as Betony Marjerome Sage Rosemary Staechas Pneumonicks which respect the Lungs as Liquorice sweet Almonds Orris Elecampane Cordials that strengthen the heart as Saffron Cinamon Citrons but chiefly their rindes Buglosse Corall Ivory Stomaticall which respect the stomacke and the orifice thereof as Nutmegs Mint Anise Masticke Pepper Ginger Hepaticks which respect the Liver as Wormwood Agrimony Spikenard Succory Sanders Spleniticks which have relation to the spleene as Time Epithymum Broome flowers Cetrach Capers the barke of their rootes the barke of Tamariske Diureticks such as respect the kidneyes and urenary passages as the rootes of Smallage Asperagus Fennell Butchers brome the foure greater cold seeds Turpentine Plantaine Saxifrage Arthniticks or such as strengthen the joynts as Cowslips Chamaepytis Elecampane Calaminte Hermodactiles and the like To this ranke may be referred purging medicines which furnished with a specificke property shew their efficacy on one humour more than another humour and that impact more in one part than in another For thus Agricke chiefly drawes phlegme from the head and joynts Rubarbe drawes choller chiefly from the Liver and hurts the kidneyes But let us here forbeare the consideration of such things as not appertaining to Surgery But some medicines of this kinde are furnished with one simple faculty othersome with more and those contrary whereof your taste may give you sufficient notice for Rubarbe at the first touch of the tongue is found acride and hot but when you come to chaw and throughly to taste it you shall find it to partake of an earthy astriction Therefore because tastes give notice of the faculties of medicines therefore I have thought good to treat of them briefly CHAP. VII Of Tastes TAste as Galen delivers according to Aristotle and Theophrastus is a certaine concoction of moisture in drinesse caused by meanes of heate which we know or discerne by the tongue well tempered and fittingly furnished with spittle and his nerves There are nine differences of tastes for there are three judged hot to wit the acride bitter and salt three cold the acide austere and acâ—rbe three temperate the sweet the oily or fat and the insipide Now they are thought so many according to the different degrees of concoction for it appeares greater in hot tastes and as it were a certaine assation but lesse in cold
restitution of the lost substance must be cured with two sorts of medicines the one to dry up and waste the superfluous humidity thereof the other to fetch off the filth and by how much the wound is the deeper by so much it requires more liquid medicines that so they may the more easily enter into every part thereof But diversity of things shall be appointed according to the various temper of the part For if the affected part shall be moyst by nature such things shall be chosen as shall be lesse dry if on the contrary the part be dry then such things shall bee used as be more dry but many sorts of medicines shall be associated with the sarcoticks according to the manifold complication of the affects possessing the ulcer Therefore nature only is to be accounted the workmaster and the efficient cause in the regenerating of flesh and laudable bloud the matteriall cause and the medicine the helping or assisting cause or rather the cause without which it cannot be as that by cleansing and moderately drying without any vehement heat takes away all hinderances of incarnation and orders and fits the bloud to receive the forme of flesh This kinde of medicine according to Galen ought to be dry only in the first degree lest by too much drinesse it might drink up the bloud and matter of the future flesh which notwithstanding is to be understood of sarcoticks which are to bee applyed to a delicate and temperate body For if the ulcer be more moyst or the body more hard than is fit we may ascend to such things as are dry even in the third degree And hence it is that such drying medicines may first be called detersives and then presently sarcoticks A sarcoticke medicine is eyther simple or compound stronger or weaker Simple sarcoticke medicines are Aristolochia utraque iris acorus dracunculus asarum symphyti omnia genera betonica sanicula millefolium lingua canis verbena scabiosa pinpinella hypericon scordium plantago rubia major minor eorumque succi Terebinthina lota non lota resinapini gummi arabicum sarcocolla mastiche colophonia manna thuris cortex ejusdem aloë olibanum myrrha mel vinum sanguis draconis lythargyros auri spodium pompholix iutia plumbum ustum lotum scoria ferri The compound sarcoticks are Oleum hypericonis olâ—ovorum mastichinum catera olea quaebalsami nomine appellantur unguentum aureum emp. de betonica vigonis de janua Emp. gratia Dei Emp. nigrum We use not sarcoticks before that the ulcer be cleansed and freed from paine defluxion inflammation hardnesse and distemper In using these things we consider the temper of the body and the affected part For oft-times a part otherwise lesse dry by nature requires a more powerfull drying medicine and stronger sarcotick than another part which is more dry and this for some other reason which ought to come into our consideration For example the glans would be more dryed than the prepuce although it be of a temper lesse dry because it is the passage of the urine Wherefore wee must diligently observe the condition of the affected parts and thence taking indication make choice of more strong sarcoticks For both that which is too little and that which is too much sarcoticke makes a sordid ulcer the first because it dries not sufficiently the latter for that by its acrimony it causeth defluxion Therefore diligent care must bee used in the examination hereof CHAP. XVI Of Epuloticks or skinning medicines AN Epuloticke medicine is that which covereth the part with skin it is said to bee such as by drinesse and astriction without biting desiccates bindes and condensates the flesh into a certain callous substance like to the skinne which we commonly call a cicatrize or scarre yet this as the generating of flesh is the worke of nature A medicine therefore is said to be Epuloticke for that it assists nature in substituting and generating a scarre in stead of the true skinne whilest it consumes the superfluous humidities condensates incrassates and binds the next adjacent flesh therefore it ought to dry more powerfully than a sarcoticke Epuloticke medicines are of three kindes the first is the true epulotick which only dries and binds The second is an acride and biting epuloticke which for that it wastes the proud flesh is called so and this must bee sparingly used and that only to hard and rusticke bodies The third is that which onely dries without astriction The things whereof they consist are these Aristolochia utraque gentiana iris centaurium majus pentaphyllon symphitum majus chamaedrys betonica cauda equina eupatorium verbenaca plantaginis symphyti folia gallae baccae myrti glandes earum calices balaustia cupressi nuces malicorium cortex quercus cortex tamaricis cortex ligni aloës acacia colophonia sarcocolla sanguis draconis ladanum lithargyros auri argenti cerusa plumbum ustum alumen ustum tuthia squamma aeris ferri eorum scoria aerugo flos aeris as ustum lotum sulphur vivum chrysocolla corali bolus armenus terra sigillata cineres buccinarum ostreorum silicis ossa usta siccata caries lignorum ung diapompholygos ung alb rhasis desiccativum rubrum emp. de cerusa de betonica diacalcitheos emp. nigrum We use Epuloticks when as the ulcer is almost filled up and equall to the adjacent skinne In the use of these we must also have respect to the tendernesse and hardnesse of the body for such things as are corrosives to tender and delicate bodies are epuloticke to hard and rusticke bodies Also wee must have regard whether the body be plethoricke or replete with ill humours for such do not easily admit cicatrization Also it is most worthy of your observation to marke whether the ulcer that is to be cicatrized be fed or nourished by the present defect of any part as the liver spleene lungs or a varix lying about it For it cannot be cicatrized before these impediments if any such be be taken away Lastly the callous lips of an ulcer unlesse they be scarified or softened hinder cicatrization Therefore all such defaults must be taken away and then such an epulotickeapplyed as may not by the too much drinesse leave the scarre too hollow or the too little leave it too high CHAP. XVII Of Agglutinatives AGlutinating or agglutinative medicine is of a middle nature between the sarcoticke and epuloticke more strong than the former and weaker than the latter for it is dry to the second degree It by the drying and astrictive faculty voide of all detersion conjoynes parts that are distant or rather lends helping hands to nature the principall agent in this work Glutinatives whether they be strongly or weakly such doe agglutinate either by their proper or accidentall nature Of this sort are Plantagin is omnes species consolida utraque buglossa millefolium verbena pimpinella pilosella cauda equina sempervivum telephium
or dead Truely the wounds that are made on a living man if he dye of them after his death will appeare red and bloody with the sides or edges swollne or pale round about contrary wise those that are made in a dead man will bee neither red bloody swollne nor puffed up For all the faculties and functions of life in the body doe cease and fall together by death so that thenceforth no spirits nor blood can be sent or flow unto the wounded place Therefore by these signes which shall appeare it may be declared that hee was wounded dead or alive The like question may come in judgement when a man is found hanged whether he were dead or alive Therefore if he were hanged alive the impression or print of the rope will appeare red pale or blacke and the skinne round about it will be contracted or wrinkled by reason of the compression which the cord hath made also often times the head of the aspera arteria is rent and torne and the second spondile and the necke luxated or mooved out of his place Also the armes and legges will be pale by reason of the violent and sodaine suffocation of the spirits moreover there will be a foame about his mouth and a foamie and filthy matter hanging out at his nosethrills being sent thither both by reason that the Lungs are sodainely heated and suffocated as also by the convulsive concussion of the braine like as it were in the falling sicknesse Contrariwise if he be hanged dead none of these signes appeare for neither the print of the rope appeares red or pale but of the same colour as the other parts of the body are because in dead men the blood and spirits doe not flow to the greeved parts Whosoever is found dead in the waters you shall know whether they were throwne into the water alive or dead For all the belly of him that was throwne in alive will be swollen and puffed up by reason of the water that is contained therein certaine clammie excrements come out at his mouth and nosethrills the ends of his fingers will be worne and excoriated because that hee dyed striving and digging or scraping in the sand or bottome of the river seeking somewhat whereon hee might take hold to save himselfe from drowning Contrariwise if he be throwne into the waters being dead before his belly will not be swollne because that in a dead man all the passages and conduites of the body doe fall together and are stopped and closed and for that a dead man breathes not there appeareth no foame nor filthy matter about his mouth and nose and much lesse can the toppes of his fingers be worne and excoriated for when a man is already dead he cannot strive against death But as concerning the bodies of those that are drowned those that swimme on the upper part of the water being swollne or puffed up they are not so by reason of the water that is contained in the belly but by reason of a certaine vapour into which a great portion of the humors of the body are converted by the efficacy of the putryfying heate Therefore this swelling appeareth not in all men which doe perish or else are cast out dead into the waters but onely in them which are corrupted with the filthinesse or muddinesse of the water long time after they were drowned and are cast on the shore But now I will declare the accidents that come to those that are suffocated and stifled or smoothered with the vapour of kindled or burning charcoales and how you may foretell the causes thereof by the history following In the yeere of our Lord God 1575. the tenth day of May I with Robert Greauline Doctor of Physicke was sent for by Master Hamell an advocate of the Court of Parlament of Paris to see and shew my opinion on two of his servants of whom the one was his Clarke and the other his Horse-keeper All his family supposed them dead because they could not perceive or feele their Arteries to beate all the extreame parts of their bodyes were cold they could neither speake nor move their faces were pale and wanne neither could they bee raised up with any violent beating or plucking by the haire Therefore all men accounted them dead and the question was onely of what kind of death they dyed for their master suspected that some body had strangled them others thought that each of them had stopped one anothers winde with their hands and others judged that they were taken with a sodaine apoplexie But I presently enquired whether there had beene any fire made with Coales in the house lately whereunto their master giving care sought about all the corners of the chamber for the chamber was very little and close and at last found an earthen panne with charcoale halfe burned which when we once saw we all affirmed with one voyce that it was the cause of all this misfortune and that it was the maligne fume and venemous vapour which had smothered them as it were by stopping the passages of their breath Therefore I put my hand to the regions of their hearts where I might perceive that there was some life remaining by the heat and pulsation that I felt though it were very little wherefore we thought it convenient to augment and encrease it Therefore first of all artificially opened their mouthes which were very fast closed and sticking obstinately together and thereinto both with a spoone and also with a silver pipe we put aqua vitae often distilled with dissolved hiera and treacle when we had injected these medicines often into their mouthes they began to moove and to stretch themselves and to cast up and expell many viscous excrementall and filthy humors at their mouth and nostrells and their Lungs seemed to be hot as it were in their throates Therefore then we gave them vomitories of a great quantity of Oxymel and beate them often violently on the last spondill of the backe and first of the loynes both with the hand and knee for unto this place the orifice of the stomacke is turned that by the power of the vomitory medicine and concussion of the stomacke they might be constrained to vomit Neither did our purpose faile us for presently they voided clammie yellow and spumous fleame and blood But wee not being content with all this blowed up into their nostrells out of a Goose quill the powder of Euphorbium that the expulsive faculty of the braine might be stirred up to the expulsion of that which oppressed it therefore presently the braine being shaken or mooved with sneesing and instimulated thereunto by rubbing the chymicall oyle of mints on the pallate and on the cheekes they expelled much viscous and clammie matter at their nostrells Then we used frictions of their armes legges and backe-bones and ministered sharpe glisters by whose efficacie the belly being abundantly loosened they beganne presently to speake and to take things that were
persons 17. Wherefore some are hereditary 886. supernaturall 989. Monstrous accidents in them 996 Dislocations their kinds and manner 593. their differences 594. Causes ib. Signes 595. Prognosticks 595. The generall cure 564. 597. Symptomes that may be fall a dislocated member 634 Dislocation of the jaw 600. The cure ibid. 601. Of the Collar-bone 601. Of the spine 602. Of the head 603. Of the necke 603. Of the Rumpe 607. Of the Ribs ibid. Of the shoulder 608. Of the Elbow 619. Of the Styliformis processus 621. Of the wrest 622. Of the After-wrest 623. Of the Fingers ibid. Of the thigh or hip ibid. Of the whirlebone 630. Of the knee forwards 631. Of the greater and lesse Focile 631. 632. Of the heele 632. Of the Pasterne or Anckle bone 633. Of the instep and backe of the foote 633. Of the toes 634 Dismembring see Amputation Distemperature and the diver sity thereof 41 Distillation and the kinds thereof 1093. Fornaces the vessells therefore 1094. What to be considered therein 1095. How to prepare the materialls therefore 1098 How to distill waters 1099. How aqua vita 1100. How to rectifie them 1101. To distill in the Sun ibid. By filtring 1102. Of Oyles 1103. Of Spirits 1105. Of Oyles out of Gummes 1107. Of Oyle of Vitrioll 1108 Docillity of Beasts 69 Dogs their love to their masters 61. Their docillitie 69. Why they become mad sooner than other creatures 785. How their bites may be knowne 786. Prognosticks 787. The cure of such as are bitten by them 788 Dorycnium the poysonous quality thereof and the cure 805 Doves free from adultery 62 Draco marinus the Sea Dragon his poysonous puncture the symptomes cure 801 Dracunculus what 315. The cure 316 Dragons their craft 68 Dreames of the sangnine cholericke phlegmaticke and malancholicke persons 17 18. Not to be neglected 36 Dropsie what 299. The differences Symptomes and causes ibid. Signes and prognosticks 300. The cure 301. Following upon a Tumor of the mesentery 930 Dugges their substance magnitude c. 137 What to be done to them to dry up milke 918 Duodemum the magnitude c. 105 Dura mater what 164. The hurts thereof by Trepanning and how helped 373. Remedies for the inflammation and the Apostumation thereof 374. Why it easily endures acride medicines 375 E Eares their parts and composure 189. Their wounds and cure 386. To supply their defects 875. Their ulcers 479. Their stopping and things falling into them how helped 655 Eares of the heart 145 Eare wax for what use it serves 190 Earth a cold and dry element 6 Earthquakes their cause 415 Ecchymosis what and how cured 343 Echo the cause thereof 190 Effects of Phlegme 14. Of choler and melancholy 15 Ejaculatorie vessells in men 121. In women 127 Elbow the dislocation thereof 619. how to restore it dislocated outwardly 619. To the inside 621. Why most subject to anchyliosis ibid. Elements how understood and their principall qualities 6. What those of generation are 7. What these of mixt bodies are ibid. The cause of their transmutation 415 Elephants their strength piety c. 62 63. Where bred and their qualities 1019 Embalming the dead 1130. The manner how 1131 Embrion when it takes that name 893 Embrocation what how performed 1063 Emollient and resolving medicines 275 278 Emplasters what their differences 1058. Signes they are perfectly boyled 1059. Their use 1061. Cautions in their application 269 270 Emplastrum de Vigo cum Mercurio 1060 De gratia Dei ibid. De Betonica sive de Ianua ibid. Oxycrocium 1061. De cerusa ibid. Tripharmacum seâ—â—igrum ibid. Diapalma seu Diacalcitheos ibid. Contra Rupturam ib. De Mucilaginibus ibid. De minio ibid. Diachylum magnum ibid. Empyema what 298. The cure thereof 299 Emptinesse 37 Emulgens Arteria 114. Vena 116 Enarthrosis a kind of articulation 242 Enterocele a kind of Rupture 304 Ephemera febris 260. The causes and signes thereef ibid. The cure 262 Epidermis 88 Epidydimis 119 EpigastriuÌ„ what 87. The containing parts thereof ibid. Epigastrica vena 117 Epiglottis what 195 Epiploon what 101 Epiplois vena 113 Epiplocele 304 Epithemes to strengthen the principall parts 845. Their composition and use 1064 Epomis musculus 216 Epulis what the symptomes and cure 292 Epuloticke or skinning medicines their kinds and use 1045 Errhines their differences discription and use 1068 Erysipelas what 262. What tumors referred thereto 253 The differences thereof 262. Prognosticks 267. Their cure ibid. Erythrois tunica 119 Eschar how to hasten the falling away thereof 856. Medicines causing it 1047 Escharoticks 1047. Why used to spreading Vlcers 401 Estrich betweene a bird and a beast 1014. The sceleton of one 1015 Evacuation and the kinds thereof 37. What to be observed therein 38 Eunnches assimulated to women 27 Excrements of the first second and third concoction what 898 Exercise the use and best time for it 34. The quality thereof 35 Exomphalos or standing forth of the navill 303 Epostosis in Lue venerea 746 Experience without reason of what account 45 Eye-browes 181 Eyelids 181. To stay them being too laxe 641. To open them fastned together 643. To helpe their itching 644 Eyes their site and quicknesse 181. Figure composure c 182. Their muscles coates humors 182 183 184. their wounds 379. to hide the losse or defect of them 669 their ulcers 476. their cure 477. their affects 641 642 c. their inflammation 645 F. FAce a discloser of affections and passions 40. the wounds thereof 378. How to helpe the rednesse thereof 1080 Faculties what 21. their division 22 Falling downe of the Fundament the causes and cure thereof 313 Fat the substance and cause c. thereof 90. 91. Why not generated under the skull 377. How to be distinguished from the Braine ibid. the cure thereof being wounded 398 Fauces what 194 Faulcon her sight with the Herne 70 Faults of conformation must be speedily helped 904. Of the first concoction not helped in the after 707 Feare and the effects thereof 39 Feaver sometimes a symptome otherwhiles a disease Feavers accompanying Phlegmons and their cure 260. Happening upon Erysipelous tumors 165. Vpon Oedematous tumors 275. Vpon Schirrous tumors 284. The cure of bastard intermitting Feavers 286 Feet and their bones 233. Their twofold use 236 Feirce Clare a fish 803 Females of what seede generated 888 Fibra auris what 189 Fibula 231 Figures in Anatomy and first of the forepart of man 86. Of the backparts 87. Of the lower belly and parts thereof 100 102 107 114 122. Of the stomacke 104. Of the vessells of seede and Vrine 118. Of the Bladder and Yard 124. Of the wombe 127. Of some parts in women different from those of men 131. Of the hollow veine 149. Of the Arteries 154. Of the rough Artery or weazon 157. First and and second of the braine 164. Third of the Cerebellum 167. Fourth and fifth of the braine 169. The sixth of the braine 170. Seaventh shewing
the Heamorâ—hoides For supprest Heamorrhoides Lib. de fascijs Sect. 3. de Chir. offic What cloth best for rowlers Com. ad sect 22. sect 2. de offic chir 1. 2. sect lib. de fract We must alwaies begin our ligatures at the bottome of a sinus Hipp. sent 4. sect 2. offic Initio 2. sect off Ligatures must not bee only lightly but also neatly performed Gal. com ad sent 25. sect 1. lib. de fract Sent. 24. sect 2. offic Hypodesmides When the third under-binder is necessarie Epidesmi The manner of binding now in use What meane to be observed in wrapping the Ligatures Why Hippoc. bids to loose the Ligatures every third day How to binde up a Fracture with a wound Ad sent 12. sect de fract Hipp. sent 37. 38. sect 1. de fract The signes of too strait and loose binding up Why we must make more strait ligation on the broken part The first benefit of Ligatures The second The third The fourth The fifth The sixth The seventh The eighth the particular use of ligatures in the amputation of members The first use of Boulsters The second use of them The third use of them The matter of Splints Their use What Junkare The matter and use of Cases Glossocomium a generall name for such things Lib. 6. method What it is for a bone to be broken Raphanedon What Caryedon or Alphitidon What Schidacidon The causes of fractures The first signe of a broken bone Another A third Why bones are more brittle in frostie weather Why the solution of continuity in bones is not so easily repaired Gal. in arte par Why bones sooner knitin yong bodies Meats of grosse and tough nourishment conduce to the generation of a Callus Fractures at joynts dangerous Hipp. sect 18. 19. sect i. de fracturis Ligations conduce to the handsomnes of a Callus Extension must presently bee made after the bone is broken Sent. 36. sect 3. de fract In inflammations the restoring of the bone must not bee attempted Three things to be performed in curing broken and dislocated bones How to put the bones in their places Hipp. sent 60. sect 2. de fract Adsent 1. sect 1. de fract When instruments or engins are necessary What bodies are sooner hurt by violent extension Signes of a bone well set Causes and signes of the relapse of a set bone Ad sent 21. sect 1. de fract What the middle figure is and why best Fit time for loosing of Ligatures in fractures and dislocations Foure choice meanes to hinder accidents The causes and differences of itching Ad sent 4. sect 1. de fract Remedies against the itching Hipp. sent 46. sect 3. de fract Hipp. sent 46. sect 2. de art How to reduce the nose into its naturall figure A fit astringent and drying medicine Sent. 47. sect 〈◊〉 de art Gal. in Com. A description of the lower Jaw The manner of restoring a broken Jaw The description of a fit ligature for the under Jaw In what time it may be healed Hipp. sect 63. sect 1. de art How to restore the fractured Clavicle The first way The second way The third way How to binde up the fractured clavicle It is a difficult matter perfectly to restore a fractured clavicle An anatomicall description of the shoulder-blade How many waies the shoulder-blade may be broken The cure Lib. de vuln Capitis A historie Nature of its owne accord makes it selfe way to cast forth strange bodies and matters Why a fracture in the joynt of the shoulder is deadly Signes that the sternum is broken Signes that it is deprest The cure A historie In what place the short ribs may be broken Sent. 56. sect 3. de art Why an internall fracture of the ribs is deadly The signes The cause of spitting blood when the ribs are broken Sent. 51. sect 3. de art Paulus lib. 6. cap. 96. Avicen 4. The cure A simple fracture may be cured onely by Surgerie The cause The signes The cure The affects of the vertebrae Sect. 2. Prorh The cure of fractured Vertebrae The cure of the processes Signes that only the processes are fractured What fracture of the Holy-bone curable and what not The description of the rump The cure The description of the Hip. The signes The cure The description of the arme or shoulder-bone The cure How the arme must be placed when the bone is set Sect. 3. offic sect 1. de fract In what time it will knit The difference The cure Sent. 3. sect 1. de fract Com. in lib. de art Sect. 〈◊〉 de fract sent 9. The cure To what purpose the carrying of a bail in a fractured hand serves Why the bone of the thigh is more difficultly set Sent. 67. 68. sect 2. de fract The naturall and internall crookednesse must be preserved in setting the bone The part to bee bound up must be made plaine either by nature or art The manner of binding used by Surgeons at this day Why the windings of the upper ligatures must be thicker and straiter than the lower Why the third ligature must bee rowled contrary to the two first The Surgeon must be mindefull of three things in placing the member Sect. 2. de fract Sent. 33. 56. sect 2. de fract When the first ligation must be loosed Sent. 15. sect 3. 〈◊〉 offic Rest necessary for the knitting of set bones A historie Another fracture of the thigh resembling a luxation Why the fracture of a bon neare a joynt is more dangerous Lib. 3. sen 6. tract 1. c. 14. In what space the thigh bone may be knit The differences Signes Cure Why those halt who have had this bonefractured Sent. 65. sect 2. de fract Signes that both the bones are broken A historie A soone made medicine What to doe when the legge is broken That the ligation must be most strait upon the wound What symptomes ensue the want of binding upon the wounded part Signes of the corruption of the bones When the wounded part must be omitted in ligation Lattice like binding to be shunned Vnguentum rosatum wherefore good in fractures You must have a care that the compresses and rowlers grow not hard by drinesse The description of a sugred water The causes of a fever and abscesse ensuing upon a fracture Signes of scales severed from their bones Why the extreme parts are cold when we sleepe The naturall faculties languish in the parts by idlenesse but are strengthened by action How and what ulcers happen upon the fracture of the legge to the rumpe heele Remedies for the prevention of the foresaid ulcers The use of a Lattin Casse A suppuratis 〈◊〉 medicine A dâ—te â—ive Catagmatick powders have power to cast forth the scales of bones The causes both efficient and materiall of a Callus Medicines conducing to the generation of a Callus The black plaister The description of a Spaâ—adrapum or cere-cloth Medicines good of themselves not good by event When the Callus is breeding the ulcer must be seldome
oyntment for a scalled head The cure of a crusty scall A poultis of Cresses Lib. 7. simpl A plaister to pluck away the haire at once The cure of an ulcerous scall A contumacious scall must be cured as we cure the Lues Venerea What the Vertigo is and the causes thereof The signeâ— Lib. 6. A criticall Vertigo The differences In what kind of Megrim the opening of an Artery is good A historie No danger in opening an artery Differences Paul Aegin lib. 8. cap. 6. The cause The cure Paulus Aegin lib. 6. cap. 10. The cure Ectropion or the turning up or out of the Eye-lid Paul cap. 16. lib. 6. The cure What Hydatis is Com. ad aphor 55. sect 7. The cure Paulus cap. 15. lib. 6. The cause The cure A disease subject to relapse A detergent collyrium You need not feare to use acride medicines in the itching of the eye-lids Lib. 2. cap. 4. fract 3. What lippitudo is A Collyrium of vitrioll to stay the defluxions of the eyes What Ophthalmia is and the causes thereof Signes The cure Com. ad aphor 31. sect 6. Lib. 13. meth cap. ult An percussive medicine Astringent emplasters An anodine cataplasme The efficacy of Bathes in pains of the eyes Adaphor sect 7. Detergent Colllicia The cause The cure The Atrophia of the eye The Phihisis thereof Lib. 3. cap. 22. Theâ—…sis â—…sis Paulus li. 3. cap. What Web curable and what incurable The cure The cutting of the Web. The use of the glandule at the greater corner of the eye The differences Periodicall and Typicall Fistulaes The cure The efficacy of an actuall cautery Things to be done after the cauterizing What a Staphiloma is and the causes thereof Paulus and Aetim Every Staphiloma infers incurable blindness The cause Lib. 4. method cap. ult The cause The cure A digesting Cataplasme A Cataract The differences Causes Signes Diet for such as are troubled with a Cataract Bread seasoned with fennell seeds How bright shining things may dissipart a beginning Cataract A Collyrium dissipating a beginning Cataract A Cataract must not be couched unless it be ripe Uncurable Cataracts Curable Cataracts When to couch a Cataract The place The needle Gal. lib. 10. de usts partium cap. 5. Cels lib. 7. The signe of a Cataract well couched Lib. 6. cap. 21. What to be done after the couching of a Cataract Of a Cataract which is broken to pieces The cause The cure The concussive force of sneesing The cure different according to the places where they sticke The Tooth ach a most cruell paine The cause thereof Signes of this or that defluxion Three scopes of curing A cold repercussive lotion for the mouth Trochisces for a hot defluxion Narcoticks Hot fumes Vesicatories Causticks Causes of loosnesse of the teeth A History The causes of hollow teeth The cure Causes of wormes in the teeth Causes of setting the teeth an edge A caveat in drawing of teeth Lib. 7. cap. 18. The maner of drawing teeth What to be done when the tooth is plukt out Causes of foule or rusty teeth The cure A caution in the use of acride things A water to whiten the teeth The cause of being tongue-tied The cure Another way to cut it The differences The cure of nailes running into the flesh of the fingers How to take off the cornes of the fingers The cause The cure The causes The cure The cause The cure Such as are borne without a hoâ—… their fundâ—… are not long lived Why children are subject to the stone in the bladder The cause Why the thigh iâ—…â—umme in the stone of the reines Signes of the stone in the bladder Why such as have a stone in the bladder are troubled with the falling of the fundament How to searâ—n for the stonein the bladder with a Cathaeter The figure of the necke of the bladder is different in men and women How death may ensue by the suppression of the urine Why stones of the kidneys have sundry shapes Why men are more subject to to the stone than women What stones caâ—… taken out of the bladdes without killing the patient What diet such must use as fear the stone Lib. 13. method A lenitive and lubricating syrupe A diuretick Apozâ—me A diâ—â—etick and â—…h A diuâ—etick powder The lye made of the ashes of beane stalkes a diuâ—etick Anodine glisters in the stone Remedies against the stone of the kidnies comming from a cold cause Carminative glisters Signes of the stone stopping in the ureter Remedies 〈…〉 force â—own the stone sticking in the ureter A decoction for a bath An Anodine Cataplasme Signes of the stone fallen out of the ureter into the bladder When the yard may besafely cut An agglutinative medicine how to hasten the agglutination Why the boy must be shaken before cutting How to place the child before dissection Where to divide the perinaeum Nature very powerfull in children Generall rules must be reduced to particular bodies What to bee done before dissection How to lay the patient Why the probe must be â—it on the out-side Why the sâ—ame of the perinaeum must not be cut Where to make the wound to take forth the stone That which is torne is sooner healed than that which is cut A note of more stones than one How to cleanse the bladder How to break a stone that cannot be taken out whole and at once Of sewing the wound when the stone is taken forth A repercussive medicine Remedies for the Cod lest it gangrenate What things hasten the union How to make a fresh wound of an old ulcer What to doe in want of a stay How to search for the stone in women In suppression of the urine we must not presently fly to diureticks Why the too long holding the urine causeth the suppression therof A history A history A history How the pus may flow from the wounded arme by the urine and excrements 〈◊〉 de â—ac affect â— cap. 4. Why the dislocation of a vertebra of the loins may cause a suppression of urine Why the suppression of the urine becomes deadly A feaver following thereon helps the suppression of urine The differences Causes Signes of what causes they proceed Cure Why the matter which flows from the kidneyes is lesse stinking than that which flowes from the bladder Differences Why ulcers of the bladder are cured with more difficulty Scopes of curing To what suppression of the urine diureticks must not be used To which and when to be used A diureticke water Why the use of diuretickes is better after bathing To cleanse the ulcers of the kidneyes and bladder Trochisces to heale the ulcers of the kidneies Drinke in stead of wine What Diabete is The causes Signes Why the urines are watrish The cure Narcoticke things to be applyed to the loines What the Strangury is The causes Com. ad aphor 15. sect 3. Adaphor 48. sect 7. What Ileos or iliaca passâ—o is What 〈◊〉 passio or the Cholickâ—â—s Lib. 3. Lib. 3. c. 43. The manner
itch Why these ulcerâ—ate hard to beâ—icaâ—â—iâ—ed Two sorts of Epuloticks Remedies against the deformity of scarres Ointments to attenuate and take away scars Why the pestilent malignity is not carâ—ied away by one way but by many We must have chiefe regard to the motion of nature Signes of future sweat A Crises must not be expected in the Plague How to procure vomit Why vomit must not be forced The effect of spitting in pestilent diseases The force of salivation The force of sneesing The commodities of belching The whole body purged by urine When we ought to abstaine from diureticks How to provoke the courses How atomatick things provoke the courses Pessaries to provoke the retms How to stop the courses flowing too immoderately How to provoke the haemorrhoides What a Diarrhaea is What a Dysenteria is The cause of various and stinking excrements in the plague A history A potion Suppositories A hasty pudding to stay the lacke D. Chappelaines medicine to stay a scouring 〈◊〉 Ointments Glysters to stay â—… A glyster for ulcerated guts A very astringent glystar A nourishing glyster Tumours are oft-times discussed by the force of nature after they are suppurated The nurse must be dicted when as the child is sick Medicines may be given to such as are weaned Lib. 9. simp cap. 7. The benefit sweate The forme of a purge to be given to a child The fourth duty of a Surgeon Why the parts of plants being cut off may grow againe but those of man cannot A strange cure for a cut off nose A history Sect. 〈◊〉 lib. de art sent â—5 The causes and hurt that ensues of the lost pallat A remedy found out by accident A history Causes of crookednesse An instrument for such as cannot hold their water A history What varus is What valgus is A plaster to hold fast rest red bones The distinction of male and female The cause of this distinction What seed is The conditions of good seed Seed falleaâ— from all the parts of the body Wherefore many diseases are hereditary How feed is to be understood to fall from the whole body What moueth a man to copulation Why the genitall are endued with a whayish moisture The cause of the foldings of the sper maticke vessels Womens testcles more imperfect Why many men and women abhorre renercous copulation Why the strangury ensueth immoderate copulation What things necessary unto generation Why a male why a female is engendered Why men children are sooner formed in the womb than women The seed is that in power from whence each â—…ing commeth 〈…〉 floweth Why the children are most commonly like unto their fathers When children should be begotten Why often times the child resembleth the Grand-father Why sometime those that are â—…ased do get â—…d children Why the sense of venereous acts is given to brute beasts Why of brute beasts the males raging with lust follow after the females Wherefore a woman when she is with childe desireth copulation How women may be moved to venery and conception The meeting of the seeds most necessary for generation Spots or speeks in the faces of those that are with childe Why many women being great with childe refuse laudable meates and desire those that are illaudable contrary to nature The suppressed tearmes divided into three parts Hip. 1. de morb mul. Aph. 41. sect 5. Why the female seede is nutriment for the male seed A compendious way to understand humane conception Lib. de nat puer What the Cotylidones are The veine never joyneth it selfe with the artery Hippocrates calleth all the membranes that compasse the infant in the wombe according to the judgement of 〈◊〉 in his booke de usu partium by the name of the secundines An old opinion confuted To what use the knots of the childs navell in the wombe serveth The child in the wombe taketh his nutriment by his navell not by his mouth How the child breatheth The three bladders When the seede is called an embrion Why the live called Parenchyma Why the greater portion of goeth into generation of the head and braine Why the head is placed on the top of the body Exod. 20. qu. 52. The molae in the wombe liveth not as the child The life goeth not into the masse of seed that doth engender the child before the body of the child and each part thereof hath his perfect proportion and forme Why the life or soule doth not presently execute all his offices 1 Cor. c. 12. What the soule or life is The life is in all the whole bodys and in every portion thereof The life or soule is simple and indivisible Divers names and the reason of divers names that are given to humane formes Three kinds of living bodies The superiour soule containeth in it selfe all the powers of the inferiour What the common sense is The function of the common sense is double For what cause the internall sense is called the common sense The common sense understandeth or knoweth those things that are simple onely What Imagination is What Reason is The functions of Reason What Memory is Wisdome the daughter of memory and experience What an excrement is The excrement of the fist concoction The excrement of the second concoction is triple The excrement of the third concoction is triple The use of the navellstring The signes of speedy and easie deliverance Children born without a passage in their fundament Aph. 42. sect 5. Aph. 47. sect 3. Why the infant is borne sometimes with his head forwards In the time of childe birth the bones of Ilium and Os sacrum are drawne extended one from another An Italian fable The situation of the infant in the wombe is divers Mankinde hath no certain time of bringing forth young Why the child is scarce alive in the eight moneth Lib. 4. de hist anim cap. 7. The naturall easie child birth How the woman that travelleth in child-birth must bee placed in her bed An unction to supply the defect of the waters that are flowed out too long before the birth A powder to cause speedy deliverance in child-birth Aph. 35. 45. sect 5. A potion causing speedy deliverance What a woman in travell must take presently after her deliverance The cause of the after-throwes Why the secundine or after-birth must bee taken away presently after the birth of the childe The binding of the childs navel-string after the birth The defaults that are coÌ„monly in children newly borne The defaults of conformation must be speedily amended Remedies for the cancer in a childs mouth An old fable of King Chypus Which uncurable Which and how they are curable Why it is called the secundines The causes of the staying of the secundines Accidents that follow the staying of the secandines The manner of drawing out the 〈…〉 that 〈…〉 after the birth The cause of the falling down of the wombe Thr accidents that come of the 〈◊〉 pulling 〈…〉 the wombe together 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 secundine To draw fleame from the
〈◊〉 The signes The prognostications 〈◊〉 history Remedies for the ascension of the wombe For the falling downe of the wombe properly so called A discussing hearing fomentation How vomiting is profitable to the falling down of the wombe The cutting away of the womb when it is patrefyed Lib. 6. Epist 3â— lib. 2. Epist 〈…〉 â—ract de mirand morbor caus A history Antimonium taken in a potion doth cause the wombe to fall downe The signes of the substance of the wombe drawne out Whether there be a membrane called Hymen A history Lib. 11. cap. 16. Lib. 3. sent 21. fract 1. cap. 〈◊〉 The 〈◊〉 of midwives about the membrane called Hymen What virgins at the first time of copulation doe not bleed at their privie parts Lib. 3. The filthy deâ—… of bauds harlots Lib. deprost demon cap. 38. What is the strangulation of the wombe Why the womb swelleth The accidents that come of the strangling of the wombe Why the strangulation that commeth of the corruption of the seed is more dangerous than that that comes of the corruption of the bloud The cause of the divers turning of the wombe into divers parts of the body The wombe is not so greatly moved by an accident but by it selfe Whereof come such divers accidents of strangulation of the wombe The cause of sleepiners in the strangulation of the wombe The cause of a drousie madnes A hisrie The ascention of the womb is to be distinguished from the stangulation The wombe it selfe doth not so well make the ascention as the vapour thereof Women living taken for dead How women that have the suffocation of the wombe live only by transpration without breathing How flies gnats and pismires do live all the winter without breathing A history The 〈…〉 when iâ—… of the suppossion 〈◊〉 the flowers Why the supprossion the 〈…〉 â—eri 〈◊〉 or deadly â—â—men The pulling the haire of the lower parts both for this malady and for the cause of the same A Pessary The matter of sweet fumigations By what power sweet fumigations do restore the womb unto its owne nature and place Stinking smels to be applied to the nostrils Avicens secret for suffocation of the wombe Castoreum drunken Expressions into the wombe The matter of pessaries A glyster scattering grosse vapours A quick certain a pleasant remedy for the suffocation of the wombe Tickling of the neck of the wombe The reason of the names of the monthly flux of women What women do conceive this flux not appearing at all What women have this menstruall flux often abundantly for a longer space than others What women have tâ—â— fluxe more seldome lesse and a far more shorrtime than others Why young women are purged in the new of the Moone Why old women are purged in the wane of the Moone The materiall cause of the monthly fluxe When the monthly flux begins to flow The final cause A woman exceeds a man in quantity of bloud A man execedeth a woman in the quality of his blood A man is more hot than a woman and therefore not menstruall The foolish endeavour of making the orifice of the wombe narrow is rewarded with the discommodity of stopping of the flowers What women are called viragines Lib. 6. epidem sect 7. The women that are called viragines are barren Why the strangâ—… or bloodinesse of the urine followeth the suppression of the flowers Histories of such as were purged of their menstruall flux by the nose and dugges To what women the suppression of the moneths is most grievous Why the veine called basilica in the arme must be opened before the vein saphena in the foot Horse-leeches to be applied to the neck of the wombe Plants that provoke the flowers Sweet things An apozeme to provoke the flowers What causes of the stopping of the flowers must be cured before the discase it selfe The fittest time to provoke the flowers Why hot houses do hurt those in whom the flowers are to be provoked What women â—…and what women due loath the act of generation when the moneths are stopped With what accidents those that are manageable and 〈◊〉 marâ—â—â— aâ—… troubled Aph. 36. sect 5. Lib. 2. de subt The efficient cause of the milke is to be noted By what pores the flowers due flow in a woman and in a maide The causes of an unteasionable flute of blood The criticall fluxe of the flowers The signes of blood dowing from the womb or necke of the wombe The institution or order of 〈◊〉 Purging An unguent An astringent injection Astringent pesâ—… The reason of the name The differences What women are apt to this fluxe Womens fluxe commeth very seldome of blood By what signes an ulcer in the wombe may be known from the white flowers How a womane fluxe is wholsome How it causeth diseases How it letteth the conception Why it is hard to be cured A history If the fluxâ— of a woman be red whâ—â—ein it difâ—erâ—th â—roâ— the â—…uall â—lux A womans flux is not suddenly to be stopped What baths are profitable An astringent â—njâ—â—tion The signes of a putrefyed ulcer in the wombe The virulent Gonorrhaea is like unto the duxe of women The differences of the hoemorrhoides of the necke of the wombe What an Acrochordon is What a thymus is St. Fiacrius figges What warts of the womb must be bound and so cut off Three sâ—opâ—â— of the cure of waâ—ts in the wombe An effectuall water to consume warts Unguents to consume warâ—â— What 〈◊〉 arâ— The 〈◊〉 What coâ—dylâ—matâ— arâ— The cure What the itch of the womb iâ— Thdifferences and signes An abscesse not to be opened A history The time of breeding of the teeth The cause of the paine in breeding teeth The signes The cure What power scratching of the gums hath to asswage the pain of them A history what a monste is What a prodigie is Lib. 4. cen anim cap. 4. Monste seldome loâ— lived Arist in problem 〈◊〉 3. 4. de gen anim cap. 4. Lib. 7. cap. 11. Cap. 3. The ninth book of the Polish history Lib. 4. de gen anim cap. 4. Lib. 4. de generanim cap. 5. Sect. 2. lib. 2. epidem The force of 〈◊〉 upon the body and humours Gen. chap. 30. That the straitnesse or littlenesse of the wombe may be the occassion 〈◊〉 monsters 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 cap. 64. There are sorcerers and how they come so to be What induceth them thereto Exod. cap. 22. Levit. cap. 19. Hebr. 1. 14. Galat. 3. 19. 〈◊〉 Thes 4. 16. John 13. Mar. 16. 34. The power of ev'll spirits over mankind The differences of devills The delusions of devills Their titles names What the devills in Mines doe Devills are spirits and from eternity The reason of the name Lib. 15. de civit Dei cap. 22. 23. A history Another An opinion confuted Averrois his history convict of falshood The illusions of the devills A history Our sins are the cause that the devils abuse us Lib. 2. de abdit caus cap. 16. Witches