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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A09487	The counsellor of estate Contayning the greates and most remarkeable considerations seruing for the managing of publicke affaires. Diuided into three parts. The first contaynes the meanes to settle an estate. The secund, the meanes to perserue it. And the third, the meanes to encrease it. Written in French by one of the ancient counsellors to the most Christian kings, Henry the Fourth, and Levvis the thirteenth. Translated by E.G.; Conseiller d'estat. English	Béthune, Philippe de, comte de Selles et de Charost, 1561-1649.; Grimeston, Edward.	1634 (1634)	STC 1977; ESTC S101680	238,642	366

which is giuen to acknowledge seruice and merite or of free will That the Prince ought to shew himselfe liberall by gifts and benefits vnto those which may do him seruice agaynst his enemy yea to those of a contrary party Of the liberallity of a Prince to purchase Reputation The manner of giuing Benefits ought to be proportionable to the time and persons Recompences of honour ought to be well husbandred The Princes liberallity towards the publicke The liberaility of a priuate man towards the publicke ought not to bee allowed The Princes bounty and liberallity towards the publicke consists in aduancing vertue Chapter 4. Of the Princes Iustice. Iustice diuided into two parts Wherein the Prince should shewe himselfe a louer of Iustice euen in that which concernes priuate persons Diuers kindes of fraud agaynst the which particularly the Prince o●●ht to shewe himselfe affectionate for Iustice. Two kindes of violence in an Estate which the Prince ought to suppresse Of the grace and pardon of Princes towards offenders and of the mis-fortu●● which many times befall Cases wherein the Prince may giue pardon That the grace and fauour of a Prince must extend to the violence which is done vnto the Magistrate Of the choice which the Prince should make of Iudges and Magistrates Diuers meanes to make choice of those which ought to be established in the administration of Iustice. That the Prince should haue a care to to preserue Integrity of such as are to administer Iustice Diuers meanes to preserue the Integrity of Iudges Wages of Officers Inquiries of their misdemeanors Of compositions made with Officers miscarrying themselues in their places and of the inconueniences which follow That a Prince hauing pardoned an Officer ought not to leaue him in his Charge Of Spies in euery Prouince to inquire of the Carriage of Officers Secret informations practised by King Lewes the twelfth to contayne the Officers in their Duty Chapter 5. Of the administration of Iustice. Considerations nec●ssary to a Prince for the administration of Iustice. Of the order and speedy expedition Of the expence of pleaders being farre distant from their houses and families In the vacation of Iudges In the taxe of Registers Vshers and and such like Ministers of Iustice. In the Charges of Soliciters Proctors and Aduocates Of the verification of Edicts by the course of Parliament Chapter 6. Of the Reputation of the Prince Of the meanes by the which a Prince doth purchase authority Of the Princes Wisedome and Vallour That a Prince ought to haue an vniuersall knowledge of all Sciences The meanes to purchase this generall knowledge The practice of many great Princes Of Experience The knowledge of Histories necessary for a Prince Chapter 7. Rules and necessary instructions for a Prince to be held wise Chapter 8. Of Deceipt and Cunning. That it is lawfull for a Prince to vse Fraud Cunning and Deceipt and in what manner Diuers kinds of Cunning. Of Distrust Of Dissimulation Diuers practises and intelligences of Princes in one anothers Estates Of Equi●ocations good words promises Letters Embassies and Lies to get some aduantage Proceedings of Princes to warrant themselues and their Estates from their enemies vniust of themselues but excusable through necessity Chapter 9. Of the Reputation of a Prince and of the meanes to get it Meanes to get and entertayne courage and vallor Meanes to entertayne himselfe in health Meanes for a Prince to purchase reputation Chapter 10. Of the causes of the ruine of an Estate and of the remedies which may preuent it Of the Remedies against that which may cause the ruine of an Estate The cause of the ruine of an Estate A Remedy against the violence and force of Strangers Chapter 11. Of the interiour causes of the ruine of an Estate Of the nearest causes of the ruine of Estates More remote causes of the ruine of Estates Of the Defects of Soueraignes which purchase the hatred of Subiects Remedies against the cruelty of a Prince Remedies against Auarice of the Prince Of the Defects of a Prince which breeds contempt more dangerous then those which cause hatred Defects in a Prince most preiudiciall Chapter 12. Of the defects of Magistrates Officers and Ministers to a Prince Corruption Abuse and bad vsage That change in an Estate is dangerous A Remedy against abuse and bad vsage Reformations Necessary considerations for a reformation Chapter 13. Of the defects in generall Causes of the ruine of an Estate Defects and peccant humours in generall of the people Remedies to preserue the Estate from these defects and bad humours Chapter 14. Of diuers sorts of hu●●●rs among the Subiects according to the diuersity of their conditions Three sorts of persons in all Estates Meanes to contayne great men in their Duties Of great persons which are allied to the Prince Of great men in Wealth and Reuenewes Of great men which haue force and credit among the people by reason of their imployment in great affaires and in gouernments Considerations to aduance some one in Authority Inconueniences which proceed by the continuation of one person in great Offices Of the poore and needy A meanes to contayne the common people in their Duties Excesse and Vsury the principall causes of want and pouerty Chapter 15. Meanes to containe Subiects conquered in their Duty To giue vnto Subiects conquered a share in the gouernment of the Conquerour Considerations to plant Collonies Chapter 16. Of the nearest causes of the ruine of an Estate Of conspiracy against the Princes person Of the discouery and pu●ent thereof Of the causes and of the meanes to preuent it Chapter 17. Of Treason in places Townes and Armies and other forces of an Estate and of the Remedies to hinder the effects Chapter 18. Of Rebellions and of the meanes to suppresse them Chapter 19. Of factions and how to stop the effects PART 3. Chapter 1. Of the increase of an Estate and the enlarging of Tow●●s To increase ours by our owne Diuers meanes to enlarge and increase Townes Profit drawes men to liue in Townes The principall cause of profits in a Towne Chapter 2. Of the increase of an Estate by the procreation of Children Of Poligamy or many Wiues Of Celibate or a single life Chapter 3. Of the ●●p●ifying of an Estate by the vnion of anothers to ours Diuers meanes to vnite another to ours Protection of the weaker Gifts and benefits Purchases Ingagements Alliances by Marriage Adoption and Election Necessary considerations for a Prince who desires to make himselfe great by way of Election Chapter 4. Of the increase of an Estate by Conquest Of the Enterprize of a Warre Iust causes of a Warre The vndertaking of a Warre must be done with Discretion and not rashly Important and necessary Considerations before we vndertake a War Considerations for the making of Warre FINIS THE COVNSELLOR OF ESTATE CONTAINING THE greatest and most Remarkeable Considerations seruing for the Managing of Publicke Affaires PART 1. OF THE NECESSARY MEANES to Establish an ESTATE

him or to corrupt him or to purchase the reputation to bee liberall Concerning the first two sorts of bounty they are necessary as well for the satisfaction of those which receiue them as for the contentment of the Generall who by the example would bee inuited to conforme their actions to the good of the Estate For the acknowledgement of a benefit is no lesse esteemed then if the liberality proceeded from a free will For that the good and pleasure which they doe proceedes many times from the abundance of wealth and the great power which hee hath that giues as well as from good-will But acknowledgement cannot come but from the desire hee had to doe good so as although to giue and doe good be more to be desired yet the content which they feele is peraduenture more commēdable as proceeding only frō a francke free courage And it is that whereof among priuate persons wee haue experience that the benefit which comes from a bond or debt is more pleasing then that which comes vnto vs from the free-will of another For that in this consists the contēt of the giuer who chargeth ys with a bond which binds vs and which in some doth rather ingender hatred then Friendship especially if the benefit exceeds all Satisfaction In the oth●r besides the pleasure to receiue the benefit we receiue content to see that we acknowledge the former good which we haue done them And although that they which loue vs deserue to be requited for their good-will towards vs as being the principall part of the benefit Yet it deserues rather to be recompenced by a Prince with kind vsage and good words then by effects the which hee must keepe to recompence effects otherwise his Reuenewes would not ●ustice Yet if he finds that some for want of this withdraw themselues from him although vniustly and with out cause it shall be necessary that hee retaine them by the mildest meanes he can and rather in doing them good then in ●mploying threats who according to their naturall disposition might be the more incensed The Prince may also bestow gifts and benefits of those which may serue him against his Enemy I say to those which are of a contrary party to draw them vnto him For as it is a vice in them to suffer themselues to bee corrupted so it is a vertue and wisdome in the Prince to corrupt and gaine them And as some haue not allowed of this expence for that the aduantage which we expect is doubtfull hauing to deale with traytors who may as well betray the Prince which giues thē as him they serue Yet the general experience is contrary being most certaine that the Minister which takes sells himselfe bee it that the money binds him or that the shame to haue receiued stayes him from failing of his promise Or that the feare to be discouered makes him to be suspected of him hee serues and to him that giues him which were a meanes to ruine him with the one and the other forcing him of necessity to keepe his word with him that hath corrupted him being in his heart growne irreconciliable to him whom he hath res●lued to betray Besides few men of quality suffer themselues to be corrupted vnlesse they bee transported by some hatred contempt or desire of Reuenge which they haue conceiued against him whom they serue Or they are not disposed in heart and a●f●ction to loue him w●ich corrupts them there being nor● but base spirits or needy persons which suffer themselu●s to be cor●upted for meere auar●ce The liberality which is vsed to particular persons to purchase re●utation extends commonly either to strangers or to Subiects which doe not know nor frequent the Princes Court who ought to haue in no ●●sse recommendation tho●e which a●● remote from his Court then others which are dayly in his eye For that the greatnes●e and maiesty of the Prince doth not take its foundation and increase to know but to be knowne of many And the honour and reno●n● to aide and doe good to another should b● too ●uc●●●strained if his succours and benefi●s s●ould proceede no farther then to such persons whom they see and know Behold wherein vsually the bounty of Pri●ces to priuate p●rsons is imployed In their manner of giuing they must ob●erue three things The first not to g●ue at the request of a third person to the ●nd that he which receiues may be bound vnto him and not to the other by who●e importunity hee giues The ma●n●rof giui●g must be in such sort that although it be for an acknowledgment or recompence yet they to whom it is giuen receiue the benefit with an obligation otherwise the gift were fruitlesse and is held for a payment and not a liberality so as they enc●urage him that receiues to demand g●ine rather then to acknowledge that which they hau● giuen him The t●i●d is to giue in the view of all men to purchase reputation For although that in a priuate lib●tality this were not commendable yet this manner is necessary in the Estate where the Actions of Princes must be apparent and visible neyther must they be vnfruitfull And it sufficeth not to doe a pleasure but you must make him that receiues it acknowledge that it is done to such an intention As for the measure of benefits they must be proportionable to the time and to the persons as well of him that receiues as of him that giues And for the time sometimes a small succour giuen in necessity obligeth not onely more then a great gift would doe at anot●er time but sometimes causeth an Enemy to fo●get all the wrongs he had receiued there being two things in concurrence in this benefit either of which may doe much for a reconcilliation and by consequence for loue The one is for the benefit and pleasure he doth him in the best time that could be I meane at need The other is the assurance that he which receiues the benefit takes of his good will that succours him so opportunely Thus he must obserue the time to giue esteeme to his ben●fits to the end the Debt may be the greater As for persons the humours being diuers the Prince must obserue the humours of his Ministers not onely as I haue sayd to impart their Offices vnto them but also for his recompences For that some demand honours others ●iches according to the which hee must gouerne himselfe And for that there are more men found which affect Riches then honour and that being willing to satisfie euery mans desire he should be forced to exhaust his t●easure He must as much as may be encourage his Subiects to seeke for Honours as recompences which can not impouerish him and yet vse it in such sort as it may seeme that he doth not giue them without discretion and election For when as Honour is imparted to vnworthy men it b●gins to be contemned and to lose this Title of Honour as likewise

Of a Conspiracie against the Princes person Of the Causes thereof Of the meanes to auoyd it Of the discouery and Punishment AS the Prince is the Axeltree whereon the Estate turnes so a conspiracy against his person succeeds acording to the desire of the conspirators or drawes after it many times the ruine of the Estate to preuent the which they make vse of foure meanes the first is not to doe any thing that doth vsually inuite the Subiects to such conspiracies the second to cause himselfe to be guarded and not to suffer any vnknowne person to aproach neere vnto him the third is to obserue the actions of his guards and of his familiars and great men the fourth to cause such as shal bee surprized to bee duly pu●●ished In regard of the first the causes which draw men vsually to such wicked designes are these an iniury receiued from the Prince or a feare to receiue one the ambition of great men and of fauourites the desire of liberty and the zeale of Religion An Iniury is of three sorts for either it concerns life honour or goodes and they which haue beene thrust on through feare of their liues haue most commonly preuailed in their enterprize for the despaire wherein they are makes them to hazard their liues more freely to saue it by the losse of the Princes who seekes to take away theirs running no worse fortune in this hazard then to loose that which could not otherwise preserue and therefore a Prince should not reduce any man be he great or small in that extremity And iniury done to the honour is great in a person of courage and Bodille testified it who flew Childeric which had caused him to be whipt But of all iniu●ies that which concernes the honour of Woemen and the Bed is one of the most powerfull in such enter●●ises whereof there are many examples An iniury which concernes mens Estates is not so violent and few men to recouer their goods or in reuenge of that which hath beene taken from him will hazard their liues and yet in a great courage the reueng of any iniury whatsoeuer is much to be feared As for the ambition of great men and fauourites it doth produce more conspiracies then iniuries for that the weake although they haue receiued an iniury from the Prince they cannot hurt him for want of comodity and support But great men who haue both the one and the other and ambition withall which is sometimes no lesse violent then reuenge giues them more meanes to preuaile in such designes yet there are seldome such enterprises but when as the Prince hath suffred some one to grow to that power that hee wants nothing but the Crowne Wherefore the first meanes to auoyd this danger is to humble such men by degrees as if he cannot suffer them to liue without hazard to make them away speedily As Tiberius did of Scianus the Second is to appoint successors after him if he hath no Childeren be it by Adoption or Election prouided alwayes that the Lawes of State allow it But these successors must not be so great and powerfull as they may haue a● will to make the like enterprises desiring rather to make themselues Maisters of the Estate then attend the succession For the which Augustus knew well how to prouide by the Adoption of successors in many degrees supporting and strengthning his Gouerment euen by this meanes The desire of Liberty doth likewise produce a powerfull and strong effect in the minds of Men who are otherwise ill affected to the Prince and he must haue a very strong bridle to restraine them when it is once entred into the minds of a multitude who haue the more courage when they constantly beleeue that all meanes are lawfull to dispossesse an vsurper or a Prince whom they hold vnlawfull This it is which hath produced in former time so many Murtherers of Tyrants and with the like desire they were thrust on which conspired against the Dukes of Florence I am ashamed to put Religion in this number and to make it the cause of so many wicked enterprises as hath beene practised against Princes there being nothing so impious nor so contrary to Religion as such Murthers Yet the Iewes Bookes are full of such examples And in truth it is contrary to Religion to beleeue that God would punish wicked Princes and free his people by this meanes and that the Diuine iustice make vse of such instruments as Men doe of Hangmen to execute his decrees But if for this reason the end haue beene sometimes good and the euent to the honour of God yet the action in it selfe is bad They be Rods which after the punishment are good for nothing but the fire so the Iewes to hinder the consequence of such actions haue represented them as done by the expresse commandeme●t of God And yet certaine Diuines fuller of malice then Piety haue sought to draw consequences from thence and of a Religion full of Piety and mildnesse haue made an Altar of impiety pouring for the bloud of Kings and Princes vpon pretext of a contrary Religion wherein they haue followed the proceeding of the old man of the Mountaine who bred vp many yong Men to such enterprizes promising them another life full of vnspeakeable pleasures and ioyes who being transported with the hope thereof exposed themselues freely to death And without any other Army his Estate although of a small extent kept all other Mo●arches and Potentates in feare to be murthered forcing them to seeke his Friendship and some to pay him a Tribute to liue in safety So as in the end the Kings of Armenia were forced to roote out this Race of Assassins To preserue himselfe from all these sorts of vndertakers you must vnderstand that all conspiracies doe not alwayes succeed by reason of some defects whereof some one doth vsually fall out in such attempts The first is for that hauing resolued to obserue a certaine order in the execution most commonly the particularities which they haue foreseene doe not impe and will doe lesse if the Prince doth not impart to any man whether he meanes to goe or what hee intends to doe long before but doth so vary in his actions as none but himselfe is able to deuine of the time when he meanes to part nor of the place whither he intends to goe nor where he meanes to stay nor how he will bee accompanied The second defect is that many times the Executioners heart failes him either by an amazement which seizeth on him seeing the Prince to looke on him and to obserue his countenance or his courage failes him and grows milde by the good countenance he shews him Wherefore many Princes suffering all men to approach neare vnto them doe not forbeare to obserue such as are vnknowne vnto them So as he which hath a will to attempt is easily discouered in lifting vp his Armes or in approaching too neare

from the people all meanes to assemble and make a head vnder some Commander of courage Others haue suffered them to abandon themselues to d●unken●esse and to all sorts of incontinency and pleasure But these meanes are tyrannicall and filthy Numa who was wis●r and more moderate to mollifie this barbarousnesse which Romulus had entertained among the people of Rome made vse of Religion to the end he might retaine by the feare of the Gods those whom the feare of men could not contayne and for this effect he caused Statues and Altars to be erected at the Corners of Streets to the end that the people might generally be retained by the presence of Religion which they had before their eyes In the Christian Religion diuers sorts of Orders and Rules haue bin instituted the which besi●es the good which concernes Religion pu●ge the World o● many sauage humours which happily wou●d doe much m●●chiefe Others haue inuited people to giue themselues to all Mechannicke Arts. For besides that the mind is diuerted from euill by this imployment most comm●●ly they which are bred vp in shops haue no desire of troubles nor Warre And admit they should affect it they should find themselues vnfit neither would it be successe●u●l there being more losse for them then ga●ne Others vnder pretext of priuiledges exempt a conquered people from going to the Warre and by little and little make them vnprofitable by this exemption Some haue held that imbarking them in the study of Sciences and Learning it was a good meanes to make them desire rest Yet in bringing in the study of Sciences you must distinguish them For those which may serue for the Warre must in no sort be imparted to the people nor those which teach to command But onely such as are fitting studies as Diuinity Phisicke Astrology or such like the which so entertaine their minds as t●ey ioy in no other thing when they know them and make their spirits melancholly depriuing them of that viuacity which is necessary for military actions Some others haue held that busying a riotous and contentious people in suits was necessary not onely to imploy their minds but also to giue them meanes to vomit out this bitternesse and bad humour whereof euery one hath a part without troubling the Publique And in regard thereof they haue fill'd Estates with diuers Offices in some sort to content the most ambitious and by the iealousie of the maintaining of their authority to binde them to the preseruation of the Publique But in the practice of all these meanes they must first obserue the humour of the people with whom you are to deale and make vse of that wherunto you shall see them inclined and accōmodate your selfe accordingly as occasion and time wil giue you leaue As for the disarming of a cōquered people of their forces and meanes they proceed after diuers manners The first is to take from them all sorts of Armes And not onely the vse but also the matter and making of them for in a mutiny and combustion they may make vse of it As also the vse of Horses and of Ships of Warre To keepe their commanders about you eyther fo● Councell or vnder collour of some charge To imploy the Youth which haue beene already trayned vp to Armes out of the Countrey as Caesar did meaning to passe into England who carried with him all the Young Men assuring himselfe by this meanes of the Gaules and making vse of them against those of great Brittaine He likewise vnder the collour of hostages v●furnished the Townes of their principall Men and of such as might either serue for conduct or Councell The Emperour Heraclius to weaken the Sarasins entertained foure thousa●d Arabians which were their principall force We haue sayd that the Turke weakened the Christians in taking their Children to be instructed in his Religion and by this meanes fortifies himselfe The Desmaneling of Townes a●d strong places which a Prince will not or cannot keepe is also necess●ry For fortresses in Townes haue many times incouraged the Inhabitants to a reuolt as Tacitus writes of Ierusalem There remaines the third meanes which is to hinder these p●ople from vniting themselues and making a head for their vnion will hold the place of force Some Kings or rather Tyrants of Aegypt haue made vse of the diuersity of Religions to keepe their Subiects in diuision Others haue entertained iealousies and distrusts amo●g them and sometimes hatred betwixt Neighbour Prouinces Others haue kept their Subiects in feare by certaine secrets and hidden searches causi●g him to bee punished speedily which was found to haue any will to Mu●ine And some haue written that the inquisition in Spaine although in shewe it were Established for R●ligio● yet they haue sometimes made it serue for an in●●rument of Estate Some haue of a Conquered Prouince made three or foure as the Romans did of Macedony which t●ey deuided into foure that is to say Amphipolis S●lorica Pella a●● P●ll●gonia And besides this Paulus Aemillius commanded ●he great Men to passe into Italy with their Children and after this diuisi●n the Prouinces were forbidden to contract any alliances one with another Others haue forbidden a conquered people all sorts of assemblies allowing them neyther publique Councell nor Comminalty nor Brotherhood as the Romans did at Capoua leauing them no forme of publique command The Turkes in like manner hath forbidden Bells not onely to the Christians but through his whole Empire fearing as some hold that at the sound thereof the people should gather together for some designe then for deuotion The Souldans of Egypt fearing the multitude of the Inhabitants at Caire crost the Citty in many places with trenches and broad and deepe ditches to take all meanes from the people in a Mutinie to assemble suddenly together But to hinder a new conquered people from vniting themselues with others besides these meanes they haue restrayned them from all commerce with strangers forbidding them to goe out of the Countrey without le●ue as some write of England Muscouie and China and not suffering any strangers to enter without pasport keeping guards and secret spies vpon the Ports and passages But if you cannot preuaile by these meanes some haue bin of opinion to transport them to other places as they of the mountaines of Genoua were drawne into the plaine by the Romans Aurelian transplanted the Daces on this side the Danowe Charlemaigne the Saxons into Flanders and the Turke many people of Asia into Greece These are the meanes whereof they haue made vse to preuent a future mischeife that is to say the effects of th●se first causes of the ruine of an Estate But if they haue beene forgotten or proue too weake to stay the Subiects minds and to keepe them from running to neerer courses to ruine the Estate th●n you must of necessity vse remedies fit for euery one of these causes to preserue it CHAP. 16. Of the neerest causes of the ruine of an Estate