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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A68143	The anatomie of vrines Containing the conuiction and condemnation of them. Or, the second part of our discourse of vrines. Detecting and vnfolding the manifold falshoods and abuses committed by the vulgar sort of practitioners, in the iudgement of diseases by the vrines onely: together with a narrow suruey of their substance, chiefe colours, and manifold contents, ioyning withall the right vse of vrines. ... Collected, as well out of the ancient Greeke, Latine, and Arabian authors, as out of our late famous physitians of seuerall nations: their authorities quoted and translated out of the originall tongues, together with some of the authors owne obseruations. By Iames Hart of Northampton. Neuer heretofore published.	Hart, James, of Northampton.; Foreest, Pieter van, 1522-1597. Arraignment of urines.	1625 (1625)	STC 12887A; ESTC S103826	118,124	144

the residence called hypostasis in the garland or vppermost part of the vrine The like may be said concerning the bubbles which do alwayes stay vpon the top of the vrine and according to the doctrine of Hippocrates do Prognosticate some long and lingring disease of the kidneyes To what end and purpose then keepe they such aprating that the bubbles which do in order compasse the whole crowne or garland about do declare some great paine in the whole head and if they compasse and enuiron but the halfe of the circle or garland then do they argue a paine but in one side of the head How often are such people pained with the wind Colicke or Hypochondriacke melancholy In which case howsoeuer some wind may ascend vp into the head yet is not this axiome alwayes of vndoubted truth The like iudgement may we pronounce concerning other things of the like nature which most commonly follow the condition of their owne naturall inclination and matter and not the altitude or situation of this or that part of a mans bodie Thus farre our Author And the troubled vrine so continuing of the which shall be spoken in the next Chapter may serue to ouerthrow the supposed proportion betwixt the regions of the vrine and the body of man this headach being discerned by the whole body of the vrine and neither by the circle or garland nor yet by any bubbles spume or froth in the top of the same But concerning the vncertainty of these particulars as also concerning the crowne and garland hereafter when we shall speake of the contents of vrines I purpose to discourse at greater length It is now time we come to the substance of vrines and then to all the parts of the same I will with the learned Mercuriall diuide the whole vrine into three parts the substance the accidents and the contents In the substance againe we are to consider whether the vrine be thicke or thinne and whether cleare or troubled and muddie And this we vnderstand of the whole bodie of the vrine Thin vrines according to Vasseus haue manifold significations First a failing of naturall heate Secondly a stoppage of the Liuer kidneyes and the vrinarie vessels Thirdly weaknesse of nature Fourthly that the attractiue power of the passage or pipes of the vrine is endamaged Fiftly extreame coldnesse ioyned with drought In acute diseases it argueth First the weaknesse of the concocting facultie Secondly the cruditie of the disease and of the humours contained in the veines Thirdly if it thus continue for a long time death if nature be not able to hold out if strength continue some abscesse or Impostume in the neather parts And in a Crisis threateneth a relapse as in Hermocrates 3. Epid. Now how shall any by the bare inspection of these vrines be able to know whether it hath long thus continued or no which neuerthelesse maketh much for a true prediction The partie seldome taketh notice of it vntill such time it be sent to the Physitian The messenger employed oftentimes hath not seene the partie since the beginning of his sicknesse much lesse his vrine Thinne vrines which afterwards turne thicke in an acute disease saith Sauonarola without any ease or alleutation ensuing signifieth a wasting away of the whole bodie c. But concerning thinne vrines which afterwards turne thicke something shall be further said when we shall speake of thicke vrines And concerning thinne vrines in generall because I shall haue some further occasion to speake hereafter when I shall handle the colours I will not dwell so long vpon this point But now come we to the thicke vrines The same Vasseus giues vs fiue seuerall significations of thicke vrines in generall First the combat or fight betwixt nature and the humour Secondly abundance of humors Thirdly the thickening slime and the other parts next vnto it by reason of cold if thinne vrine went before Fourthly the beginning of concoction such in the fit of an Ague so continuing Fiftly the weaknesse of the strength and no small store of humours The same Author againe diuideth these thicke vrines into two sorts into thicke transparent pellucide and troubled called by him turbida This first sort signifieth saith he a dissoluing or melting of glassie phlegme as we see in the vrines of Epilepticke persons proceeding of phlegme If it be of a citrine or yellowish colour it signifieth choller like the yolkes of egges But because the other sort of thicke vrines called turbida or troubled and muddie is more obuious to the eye and easilier discerned I will insist a little the longer vpon the same The same Author assigneth three significations to such vrines First a great agitation and stirring of crude and vnconcoct humours together with no small store of windinesse Secondly abundance of humours which neuerthelesse are by nature expelled Thirdly the great trouble and encombrance nature hath in the expelling and sequestring such humours But these troubled thicke vrines are yet diuided into three seuerall sorts First some being thinne at the first making do afterwards thicken others are made thicke and after a while settle and finally some are made thick and do so continue being like vnto horse-pisse Such vrines saith Ranzouius as are made thinne sometimes suddenly thicken and grow troubled this in health cometh often to passe after exercise and to others after sicknesse And after I haue drunke hard saith the same Author I make a cleare vrine which in a very short time groweth thicke and so setleth to a great residence Others hold that it signifieth that nature now beginneth to set vpon the humor and to concoct it I haue often obserued such an vrine both in perfect health and before and after sicknesse Cold winter weather also often altereth thinne vrines into thicke Such as are made thicke at first and after settle to a thicke residence and become cleare signifie and declare vnto vs that the disease wasteth away as declaring nature now to make a separation after which it expelleth at a place conuenient Vrines made thicke at the first and so persisting are generally accounted and that not without cause the worst of the three which according to Hippocrates argue great headach either present or imminent being especially ioyned with a feauer But this is not perpetuall saith Galen for a troubled vrine generally is an accident of the abundance of raw humours either concocted or turned into wind and not of a phrensie and yet such an vrine may both accompanie a phrensie and be without it as all other such accidents as neither are contrarie to phrensie nor yet proper thereunto Of these vrines which do not settle saith a learned Author but yet much more of such as being at first made thinne do afterwards thicken we can giue no certaine prediction for such vrines do sometimes onely signifie cruditie and sometimes againe they are very bad But the diligent

the humours in the veines to the end that in feuers they might find out the times of the same and so might more easily foretell the time of the future crise whether the same were like to be hopefull and healthfull or dangerous and deadly and withall to find out the fittest time for purging The which Galen Hippocrates his true interpreter doth intimate vnto young Physitians in these words The vrine giueth notice of these parts to wit the liuer kidneyes bladder and the strength of the vessels which containe the bloud and the weakenesse of the same as also that facultie which engendreth the humors but as concerning the infirmities of the braine the chest and lungs there be other signes and symptomes of the same whereby their diseases are discerned All these things therefore the wise Physitian is to enquire search and find out from the sicke himselfe and not from the vrine For this cause well said Damascenus in his Aphorismes Concerning diseases pronounce not rashly thine opinion neither yet looke thou vpon the vrine vntill such time as thou hast first seene the sicke and of him demanded and found forth euery circumstance belonging to the disease With him doth Rhazes an Arabian Physitian agree in his Aphorismes in these words It becometh the Physitian to aske diuerse questions of his patient to the end he may attaine to the internall cause of the disease that by such meanes he may afterwards be able to pronounce sound iudgement according to reason neither yet let him be ashamed to aske of the patient whether the disease be within or without the veine But our Physitians being like vnto the lazie sedentarie Physitians of Alexandria lest they should be by the vulgar people who do commonly beleeue that the Physitian knoweth all by the vrine taxed of ignorance are ashamed to aske of the patient the causes and symptomes of his disease And to the end they may the better accommodate themselues to the foolish humor of the simple and more ignorant sort they are not a whit afrayed to prate of diseases by the inspection of the vrine onely But would to God the truth were with them in greater esteeme then any popular applause and that they would be warned by the Poet Persius If troubled Rome do too much dispraise any thing then not to rest and relie vpon her iudgement and that they would both ingenuously confesse and tell the people how fraudulent and deceitfull pernicious and lying is this manner of inspection of the vrine brought in by some Physitians and impostors of later dayes to the great mischiefe of mankind Then for certaine would they be more carefull and diligent in searching out the natures of diseases by their causes the hurt and hinderance of the action as also by the Pa●hognomonicke signes and then without all doubt should they cure a great many moe as also by this meanes should their names become a great deale more famous both among their owne friends and acquaintance and among strangers And by this meanes also should these wandring and cozening rogues impostors apostaticall monks perfidious Iewes enemies to all Christians the ignorant Parish-Priests alchymists and all the rabble of such rake-hels but I had almost forgotten those old trots fortunetellers be thrust out from professing physicke all the which offenders not hauing learned so much as the first grounds and principles of naturall Philosophie or Physicke do without controll or punishment trie their desperate remedies by the death of many a man Wherefore there could nothing be deuised more profitable and beneficiall for the good of the commonwealth then that at length all Christian people were freed from the tyrannie and mischiefe of these cruell impostors who by meanes of the secret obseruation of the vrine vnknowne to the vulgar sort do conceale their owne ignorance and haue as drones do into the Bec-hiue crept into this profession By the premisses I hope thou hast heard what is the cause that Physicke and the Professors of the same are not of so high an esteeme in these our countries at this time Of the differences of signes by the which Physitians do discerne and know diseases and do presage the future issue of the same As I heare these barbarous and wicked persons falsly assuming vnto themselues the name of Physitians do mutter and grumble against me because of condemning their mad rash and foole-hardie finding out of diseases by meanes of the vrine onely for whose slanderous backbiting I care not a rush For such as cannot helpe I see not how they can hurt me No more can I conceiue what the Physitian can performe as concerning the cure of the disease being ignorant of the nature and estate of the same For this cause the ancient Physitians did with great labour trauell and industrie search out the cause the nature and substance of the disease from the which the indications of remedies are deriued and not from the vrine onely but from the signes called Pathognomonicke and from the whole concourse of the symptomes or accidents who did likewise deuide Physicke principally into two parts to wit that which we commonly call Therapeuticke whose most large and common scope is to cure diseases by contrary remedies and into that part which we call Diagnosticke whose most common scope is to discerne the whole and sound from the like and the sicke and infirme from the whole being vnlike the one to the other And this part of Physicke doth farre excell the other to wit the Therapeuticke the which without the Diagnosticke is of small vse or profit And because it did lay open the perfect and absolute knowledge of the disease by meanes of the signes Pathognomonicke proper and peculiar to euery disease together with the concurrence of accidents which the Empiricks called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which were nothing else but the collection by obseruation of certaine accidents and circumstances of diseases the later Physitians therefore gaue it the name 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or that part of Physicke which handleth the signes of diseases Wherefore we cannot but much wonder at Galen a man of so great learning who besides two hundreth and fiftie bookes written of diuerse sciences and of all the other parts of Physicke aboue foure hundreth all being likewise written in so good order and method that notwithstanding he hath not brought to full perfection this so noble a part of Physicke called Diagnosticke but onely dispersedly here and there especially in that booke called the Constitution or ordering of the Art of Physicke hath as it were sowne some seeds of the same But yet Auicenna Rhazes and other Arabian Physitians and such among the Greeks as haue written of late after Galen as Paulus Aegineta Aetius Actuarius and Alexander Trallianus following the footsteps of the ancient Empiricks did collect and gather together in euery seuerall Chapter which did discourse of the disease a great number of the signes and seuerall accidents of the same but so

diuerse died among the rest my counsell was craued for a maid about twentie yeares of age suddenly suffocated by an Impostume in her stomach which after her death did appeare by the great abundance of bloud and matter cast out of her mouth At my coming to her I found her depriued as well of speech as of sense and reason and scarce liued aboue 2. houres after my departure But I will now relate a true historie of the deceitfulnesse of the vrine in a consumption of the Lungs In Aprill 1622. my counsell and personall presence for a Gentlewoman in Bedfordshire being desired I repaired thither where I found her infirmity to be a Quotidian feauer accompanied with some accidents which did somewhat amaze her During my abode in that place there was brought to me the vrine of a young Gentleman dwelling hard by to haue my opinion of the same Hauing well viewed it I found it both in colour and contents answerable to the most healthfull mans vrine But after certaine interrogatories I found that he had bene for a long time troubled with a cough Being desired to see the partie I found that he had bene for a long time vexed with this cough accompanying an vlcer in the lungs and seeing in him strength now decayed with an Hippocraticall face deaths trustie messenger I left him to the Prognosticke which within lesse then the space of three weeks was verified Now would I willingly demand of the most cunning Pisse-prophet what could he haue found out by either of these vrines or could he euer haue attained to the height and depth of these diseases by the bare inspection of the vrine onely And if he had bene beholden to the vse of the best perspectiue glasse that euer was made could he euer haue seene any such matter in the vrine But concerning this point we will here surceasse and proceed to the diseases within the veines CHAP. III. That euen in diseases of the Liuer and within the veines the vrine doth often deceiue the most skilfull Physitian NOw it may seeme a small matter to instance in diuerse diseases without the veines the vncertaintie of iudgement in diseases by the vrine onely but it will perhaps seeme more pertinent to declare that the like vncertaintie sometimes is found in some such diseases as seeme to affoord vs greater certaintie as in feauers c. Now that the vrine is not alwayes a certaine signe in euery feauer may from hence appeare that often in that feauer commonly called Synochus cum vel sine putredine that is that kind of continuall feauer which proceedeth from the abundance of bloud with or without putrefaction the vrine differeth little or nothing from the vrines of such as liue in perfect health as witnesseth Paulus Aegineta The reason why such vrines proceeding of so hote a cause yet do not appeare of so high a colour is because of the same immoderate and excessiue heate which being increased by meanes of the feauer conuerteth the bloud it selfe into the nature of choler and thus are such vrines not of so high intense a colour as those which proceed of choler Hence also may the error of such Physitians easily appeare who neuer admit of Phlebotomie but when the vrine is of high and intense red colour thinking that this doth alwayes argue abundance of bloud which neuerthelesse is most false as hath bene said And besides in that the vrines affoord vs but some generall notice of the cruditie and concoction of the disease they can neuer informe our iudgement whether the feauer be primarie or a principall guest or symptomaticall accompanying the disease as the shadow doth the bodie as is to be seene in Pleuresiet and diuers other internall inflammations which is notwithstanding of no small moment for the methodicall curing of the disease And y●t moreouer how canst thou euer tell whether it be an intermittent or continuall feauer by this vncertaine signe Neither Hippocrates nor Galen did euer presume to know so much howsoeuer A●●uarius in this as in many other things concerning this point hath troubled himselfe more then he needed But againe what if the feauer be composed of diuers humours melancholy being one which will not alwayes colour the vrine Galen himselfe instructing vs what vrines accompanie a Qua●tane in the beginning of the same saith they are thin white and waterish and a little after he ascribes the like vrines to the beginning of a Quotidian And I know for certaine that sometimes in the beginning of a Qua●tane the vrine cannot be discerned from a sound and healthfull mans And handling hereafter the colours of vrines I shall make it appeare that these thin white waterish vrines do often accompanie other diseases It is also worth the obseruation that Galen himselfe where as of set purpose he handleth both the differences and signes of seauers maketh so small account of the vrine that he neither nameth it among the signes of the Quotidian Tertian Quartane nor yet of such as are continuall or without intermission And a learned Physitian borne in this kingdome setting downe all the signes of a Tertian not omitting the pulse yet maketh no mention of the vrine But what if any malignitie be ioyned with a feauer may it not marre thy iudgement It hath euer bene so agreed vpon by the learned and daily experience teacheth vs this truth that when greatest danger is nearest it is then there least of all to be discerned But concerning this point heare yet the authoritie of a learned man borne within this land speaking of that fearefull and terrible feauer called commonly the sweating sicknesse The vrine in this disease was somewhat coloured thicke in substance variable and inconstant in the swimme and sublimation for nature kept no certaine rule or order by reason of the violence of the venome and in all other parts kept within compasse Now to any vulgar eye so great danger in the like vrine could neuer haue appeared I my selfe haue viewed many more dangerous to the outward appearance and yet neither death nor danger was to be feared The vrines in maligne and pestilent feauers are very variable and hard to lay hold on In some the vrine differeth nothing from a healthfull mans sometimes againe but a little as in this last instance Againe in others it followeth the nature of the humour shewing onely the abundance and putrefaction of the humours as I my selfe obserued 1610. at London in a lustie young fellow seruant to a Gentleman a friend of mine and dwelling in the Strand neare to Charing-crosse This fellowes vrine was very high coloured with a copious residence of red and some yellow contents and the feauer kept the peri●d of an intermittent Tertian ague as was related vnto me and was accompanied with a painefull swelling in the throate his bodie plethoricke and cacochymicke and of a strong constitution and in the Aprill of his age For this cause I prescribed

with a desire of such things as engender little good nourishment they engender great store of crudities which may plainly be seene by their vrines the which are also common to all such as abound in crudities To the former we will adde yet a late writer of the same nation because he speaketh so plainly and to the purpose The booke was first written in the Italian tongue and since translated into French out of the which I haue translated this parcell Truth it is that we must not altogether relie vpon the vrine to know whether a woman be with child or no. For the vrine can giue thee no further assurance of the same then by the retention of her accustomed monethly course and by the which we do commonly collect some presumption of conception Now it may easily come to passe that a woman may be surprised with many infirmities which may hide and darken the principall signe of conception if any there were in the vrine such as be headach any cold especially being accompanied with a cough cruditie or indigestion of the stomacke great paine in the kidneyes c. And which is yet more the eating of raw fruite sallets milke porke pease sperage cabbage artichocks mushromes and many other such kind of food not being ordinarie or vsuall to the partie are sufficient to alter and change not the colour onely but the contents of the vrine also Moreouer the vrine doth most properly and assuredly declare vnto vs the infirmities of the parts from whence it commeth and through the which at length it passeth For the which cause it is more then manifest that there is no assured knowledge to be had by the vrine concerning the conception no more then by the retention of her monethly course sin●e that without conception the foresaid retention and stopping is found as well in maides as in married women The last and most certaine signe of conception is when as the child beginneth to stirre and moue Mercatus a learned Spaniard after he hath set downe a number of other signes at length addeth these words As concerning the vrine howbeit in this case it doth affoord vs but a very vncertaine iudgement yet may we sometimes draw some certainty out of the same But how I pray thee By obseruing her seuerall vrines at diuerse times beginning with the first moneth of supposed conception and so obseruing the seuerall alterations vntill the time of her deliuery approach Then withall setteth he downe all the seuerall trials which the famous Hippocrates hath left vnto vs all which were needlesse and superfluous if the vrine of it selfe were sufficient for this purpose Now let vs adde yet one storie of the deceitfulnesse of this signe in conception recorded by a learned Germane Physitian Franciscus Emericus Doctor in Physicke and of the chaire in the Vniuersitie of Vienna in his discourse entituled whether the obseruation of the pulse or of the vrine doth affoord vnto the Physitian more certaine and assured foreknowledge of the life or death of the patient and printed anno 1557. relatet● that in the yeare 1555. in the Citie of Vienna a certaine friend of mine saith he called Georgius Rithamerus a man of singular learning being very desirous of issue came to one of the Physitians of the Colledge of best note bringing with him his wiues vrine to know whether she were with child as he deemed or no. The Physitian vpon the bare sight of the vrine onely did peremptorily affirme that she was for certaine with child and that of a boy After the which time Rithamerus began quite to distaste me and that onely by reason that vpon the sight of her vrine together with diuers other signes and circumstances thereto belonging I had deliuered my opinion that she was not at all with child And besides he prouided with all expedition both midwife nurse and all other things belonging to that businesse It was afterwards constantly and confidently euery where noysed abroad that she was with child The women her attendants by reason of some accidents wherewith she was now and then troubled appointed her diuerse baths by meanes whereof being surprised with the falling sicknesse she was in a very short time freed from all the miseries of this mortall life Of whose death being aduertised I did very earnestly intreate the aforesaid Rithamerus that both in regard of that ancient bond of loue and amitie betwixt him and me as likewise to finde out the whole truth of this matter he would be pleased to giue way to the opening of the dead corps The which at length being ouercome as well by my earnest suing vnto him as for the great and earnest desire he had to be resolued of the truth of the matter he did willingly yeeld vnto In making the incision we began first with the muscles of the neather bellie discouering such parts as before were hid afterwards ripping vp the peritonaeum we proceeded to the place where the wombe was situate and although we did perceiue it to be but very small and to containe nothing within it yet to the end we might the more clearly see the truth with our eyes we ript it vp also and found it cleane and empty of any thing within it Now in her life time she was of a whitish bleake colour and of a cachecticall disposition and had neuer in all her life time borne any child from whence I did by very probable coniccture collect that she was troubled with some other infirmitie For the which cause we proceed still in our incision towards the stomacke whereas betwixt the peritonaeum and the guts we found good store of water which did according to the motion of the body fall sometimes to the right and sometimes to the left side and from hence arose this erronius opinion of the supposed motion of a liue child This being after this manner finished I spake after this manner My good friend George you see now after what manner your wife proueth with child And he seeing the case so plaine did ingenuously acknowledge that he had wrongfully and vndeseruedly bene offended with me and withall did freely acknowledge his errour Witnesses with me at this incision were Doctor lacobus Walch companion with me in my Italian studies as also Andreas Perlachius a great Mathematician being also the onely man who had so stedfastly maintained that she was with child Now with two instances of mine owne experience I will finish this point A Gentlewoman dwelling neere Northampton some yeares ago sent me her vrine which in euery respect as well in colour as contents resembled the vrine of an healthfull yong man Hauing found out by some circumstances that it was a womans I began to suspect that which afterwards proued true that she was with child The messenger demanding whether she was not entred into a Dropsie I replied I rather enclined to the opinion that she was with child the which proued to be true The

diseases then this want of contents argueth great defect of naturall strength and vigour In the declining of the disease it is not a messenger of so bad newes yea although it were in the vigour and strength of it And moreouer that many diseases are brought to a happie and expected issue without any contents at all is no vncouth thing What certaintie then can be collected either by the presence or yet by the absence of the contents Now howbeit heretofore some contents on the top of the vrine haue bene mentioned yet are these last mentioned most commonly and constantly to be seene ordinarily in vrines and therefore are more properly called contents and so to be vnderstood by that name Now all these three cloud swimme and grounds haue one and the same materiall cause and their generation is also alike differing onely in place and situation according to the weight of the matter and the concoction of the disease When the disease is yet crude and not concocted yet in some forwardnesse thereunto then appeareth that which is commonly called a cloud for the proportion and analogie it seemeth to haue with the clouds of the aire When the disease is yet in a better forwardnesse then is to be seene in the vrine that which is commonly called the swim or sublimation hanging as it were betwixt the ouermost and neathermost region of the vrine But when nature hath now gotten the vpper hand of the disease then doth this which we call ground settle to the bottome of the vrinall My purpose is not here to enter into a large discourse concerning the engendring of this substance and farre lesse yet the controuersies about the same which I leaue to be discussed in the schooles my intent here being onely to discouer the vncertaintie of iudgement which these contents do affoord vs. Now when thou seest the cloud swim or residence what canst thou pronounce but some generall and indefinite verdict concerning the cruditie or concoction of the disease but what this thy disease is thy vrine will neuer reueale vnto thee nor any of the rest of the signes and circumstances to be obserued in diseases And howsoeuer the materiall cause of all these three be one and the same differing onely in circumstances yet may sometimes the one be without the other Whersoeuer there is a swim saith Scribonius there is also a ground or residence which may also be vnderstood of a cloud howbeit the ground may be without the former to wit if it do not containe such a flatuous matter as raiseth the same vp according to the testimonie of Galen Moreouer the best and most healthfull vrine is accounted such as hath no such cloud nor swim in it as witnesseth the same Galen And moreouer if they be present the iudgement by them is yet vncertaine For who can tell whether this cometh to passe by way of crisis or otherwise vnlesse he weigh in the ballance diuers other circumstances according to the which criticall dayes are accustomed to be tried And besides the premisses all vrines do not suddenly settle and they assigne vs seuerall times for the vrine to settle in some assigne vs halfe an houre some the sixt part of an houre c. But better it were when they are setled then to giue out our iudgement of them For I haue often let vrines stand by me and could see no setling till the next day Now what couldest thou haue iudged of such an vrine the first day especially if the messenger according to the common custome had hyed him home What couldest thou haue said concerning the same And yet is this a case which cometh not seldome to passe Moreouer these contents do sometimes suddenly vanish away and that after an houre or two after the voyding of the vrine I● may then plainly by the premisses appeare saith the same Author what counterfetting iuggling and deceit they vse and how wicked their practise is who without any other coiudicant signes do by the vrines onely giue out sentence concerning the infirmities of the bodie of man their causes and beginning their subiects adiuncts c. Now something concerning the seuerall sorts of grounds or contents in the vrine must likewise be said that the errours and impostures in this point as well as in other parts of the vrine may be layd open to the capacitie of the most ignorant As in the colours therefore so in the contents we will begin with the best of all others That then is ●●●unted the best sediment setling or ground which is white duly knit and stable and that continually all the time of the sicknesse and that which declineth from the foresaid laudable conditions is accounted worse and that so much the more as it doth decline from them It is generally agreed vpon among Physitians that great store of yellow grounds argueth great store of yellow choler in the bodie and the lighter coloured it be it argueth the lesse the higher coloured the greater excesse Now besides that thou canst not tell what particular disease proceeding from choler there being diuers it may signifie as whether an Ague or some other disease and againe if an Ague of what sort or kind continuall or intermittent so much lesse art thou able to tell the time of it which notwithstanding maketh not a little to informe thy iudgement concerning the vrine For if at the first there be either small quantitie of choler or yet none at all and then it after increase abundantly which is knowne by changing from a white thin to a saffron coloured ground it is a signe and token that nature doth vnburden it selfe of this heauie ballast of choler and so consequently that health is like shortly to ensue But if after a saffron colour it change to a white it is a bad signe especially without signes of concoction for the which cause it will be requisite that thou obserue the seuerall alterations of the vrine and then be well acquainted with the state and nature of the disease of the patient The like may be said of red residence the which in the beginning of diseases doth not portend any good and that by reason it argueth great store of cruditie which hindereth the concoction of the bloud and such are commonly seene in bastard Tertian Quotidian Agues But yet such Feuers as are incident to Plethoricall and Carechymicall constitutions oppressed with abundance of bloud and bad humors if they attaine to their expected issue must needs be accompanied with such or the like residence The bare inspection of the vrine onely will neuer acquaint thee with the particular Sometimes both the afore-mentioned contents are to be seene in one and the same vrine which is sometimes deadly and sometimes againe proueth a fore-runner of safetie and ●●●uritie I will instance in two examples of mine owne experience to make the truth of this appeare About some three yeares ago or a little aboue a