while you must not neglect the distemper caused in the part by the poison but must rather correct it by the application of the remedies contrary to the distemper as by cold things if great heat afflict the affected part and whole body by hot things on the contrary if it seem as cold as a stone which oft-times happens And let thus much suffice for the general cure of poisons now will we come to their particular cure CHAP. XI Why dogs sooner become mad then other creatures and what be the signs thereof Dogs naturally subject to madness DOgs become mad sooner then any other creatures because naturally they enjoy that temper and condition of humors which hath an easie inclination to that kind of disease and as it were a certain disposition because they feed upon carrion and corrupt putrid and stinking things and lap water of the like condition besides the trouble and vexation of losing their masters makes them to run every way painfully searching and smelling to every thing and neglecting their meat An heating of the blood ensues upon this pain and by this heat it is turned into a melancholy whence they become mad But yet dogs do not alwaies become mad by means of heat but also by occasion of cold that is by contrary causes for they fall into this disease not only in the dog-daies but also in the depth of winter For dogs abound with melancholick humors Dogs become mad not only in the heat of summer but also in the depth of winter to wit cold and dry But such humors as in the summer through excess of heat so in the depth of winter by constipation and the suppression of fuliginous excrements they easily turn into melancholy Hence follows a very burning and continual fever which causeth or bringeth with it a madness Add hereto that in the depth of winter the heat which is contained within is redoubled and in like manner as the scorching heat in summer it breeds and turns the humors into melancholy Also dogs become mad by contagion as such as are bitten by another mad dog A mad dog hath sparkling and fiery eies with a fixed look cruel and a squint he carries his head heavily hanging down towards the ground and somewhat on one side he gapes and thrusts forth his tongue which is livid and blackish and being short breathed casts forth much filth at his nose and much foaming matter at his mouth in his gate as if he suspected and feared all things he keepeth no one or certain path but runs one while to this side another while to that and stumbling like one that is drunk he oft-times falleth down on the ground he violently assails whatsoever he meets withal whether it be man tree wall dog or any thing else other dogs shun and presently sent him afar off But if another unawares chance to fall foul upon him he yields himself to his mercy fawns upon him and privily labors to get from him though he be the stronger and greater He is unmindful of eating and drinking he barks not yet bites he all he meets without any difference not sparing his master as who at this time he knows not from a stranger or enemy For it is the property of melancholy to disturb the understanding so that such persons as are melancholick do not only rage against and use violence to their friends and parents but also upon themselves Why melancholick persons hurt themselves But when as he sees water he trembles and shakes and his hairs stand up on end CHAP. XII By what signs we may know a man is bitten by a mad Dog The bite of a mad dog not very painful at the first IT is not so easie at the first to know that a man is bitten with a mad dog and principally for this reason because the wound made by his teeth causeth no more pain then other wounds usually do contrary to the wounds made by the sting or bite of other poisonous creatures as those which presently after they are inflicted cause sharp pain great heat swelling and abundance of other malign accidents according to the nature of the poison but the malignity of the bite of a mad dog appears not before that the venom shall invade the noble parts Yet when you are suspicious of such a wound you may acquire a certain knowledge and experience thereof by putting a piece of bread into the quitture that comes from the wound For if a hungry dog neglect yea more flie from it and dare not so much as smell thereto it is thought to be a certain sign that the wound was inflicted by a mad dog Others add That if any give this piece of bread to hens Signs of the bite of a mad dog that they will die the same day they have eaten it yet this later I making experiment thereof failed for devouring this virulent bread they became not a jot the worse Wherefore I think the former sign to be the more certain for dogs have a wonderful and sure smelling faculty whereby they sent and perceive the malignity of the like creature But when as the raging virulency hath invaded the noble parts then the patients becoming silent and sorrowful think of many things and at the begining make a noise with their teeth they make no answer to the purpose Signs by which you may gather that the noble parts are tainted they are more testy then ordinary and in their sleeps they are troubled with dreams and strange phantasies and fearful visions and lastly they become affraid of the water But after that the poison hath fixed it self into the substance of the noble parts then all their faculties are disturbed all the light of their memory senses reason and judgment is extinguished Wherefore becomming stark mad they know not such as stand by them nor their friends no nor themselves falling upon such as they meet withall and themselves with their teeth and nails and feet Often twitchings like convulsions do suddenly rise in their limbs I judg them occasioned by extraordinary driness which hath as it were wholly drunk up all the humidity of the nervous parts there is a great driness of the mouth with intollerable thirst yet without any desire of drink because the mind being troubled they become unmindful and negligent of such things as corcern them and are needful for them the eies look fiery and red and all the face is of the same colour they still think of dogs and seem to see them yea and desire to bark and bite just after the manner of dogs I conjecture Why men becoming mad bark like dogs that the virulent humor hath changed all the humors and the whole body into the like nature so that they think themselves also dogs whence their voice becomes hoarse by much endeavoring to bark having forgot all decency like impudent dogs to the great horror of the beholders For their voice grows hoarse by reason of the
It is more subtile it runs forth as it were leaping by reason of the vital spirit contained together with it in the Arteries On the contrary that which floweth from a Vein is more gross black and slow Now there many wayes of stanching Bloud The first way of staying bleeding The first and most usual is that by which the lips of the Wound are closed and unless it be somewhat deep are contained by Medicines which have an astringent cooling drying and glutinous faculty As terrae sigill Boli Armeni ana â„¥ ss Thuris Mastichis Myrrhae Aloes anaÊ’ ij Farinae volat molend â„¥ j Fiat pulvis qui albumine ovi excipiatur Or â„ž Thuris Aloes ana partes aequales Let them be mixt with the white of an Egge and the down of a Hare and let the pledgets be dipped in these Medicines as well those which are put unto the Wound as those which are applyed about it Then let the Wound be bound up with a double cloth and fit Ligature and the part be so seated as may seem the least troublesome and most free from pain But if the blood cannot be stayed by this means when you have taken off all that covereth it The 2. manner of stanching it you shall press the Wound and the orifice of the Vessel with your thumb so long untill the blood shall be concrete about it into so thick a clot as may stop the passage But if it cannot be thus stayed then the Suture if any be must be opened The 3. way by binding of the vessels and the mouth of the Vessell towards the originall or root must be taken hold of and bound with your needle and thred with as great a portion of the flesh as the condition of the part will permit For thus I have staid great bleedings even in the amputation of members as I shall shew in fit place To perform this work we are often forced to divide the skin which covereth the wounded vessell For if the Jugular vein or Artery be cut it will contract and withdraw it self upwards and downwards Then the skin it self must be laid open under which it lyeth and thrusting a needle and thred under it it must be bound as I have often done But before you loose the knot it is fit the flesh should be grown up that it may stop the mouth of the vessel An admonition lest it should then bleed But if the condition of the part shall be such as may forbid this comprehension The 4. way by Eschatoricks and binding of the vessel we must come to Escharoticks such as are the powder of burnt Vitriol the powder of Mercury with a small quantity of burnt Allum and Causticks which cause an Escar The falling away of which must be left to nature and not procured by art lest it should fall away before that the orifice of the vessel shall be stopt with the flesh or clotted blood But sometimes it happens that the Chirurgeon is forced wholly to cut off the vessel it self The 5. way by cutting off the vessels that thus the ends of the cut vessel withdrawing themselves and shrinking upwards and downwards being hidden by the quantity of the adjacent and incompassing parts the flux of the blood which was before not to be staid may be stopped with lesse labour Yet this is an extream remedy and not to be used unlesse you have in vain attempted the former CHAP. VIII Of the pain which happens upon Wounds THe pains which follow upon wounds ought to be quickly asswaged Pain weakens the body and causes deffluxions because nothing so quickly dejects the powers and it alwaies causes a defluxion of how good soever a habit and temper the body be of for Nature ready to yeeld assistance to the wounded part alwaies sends more humors to it than are needful for the nourishment thereof whereby it comes to passe that the defluxion is easily increased either by the quantity or quality or by both Therefore to take away this pain the author of deflux on Divers Anodynes or medicins to asswage pain let such medicines be applyed to the part as have a repelling and mitigating faculty as â„ž Olei Myrtili Rosarum ana â„¥ ij Cerae alb â„¥ i Farinae hordei â„¥ ss Boli armeni terrae sigillat ana Ê’ vj. Melt the Wax in the oyls then incorporate all the rest and according to Art make a medicine to be applyed about the part or â„ž Emplast Diacalcith â„¥ iv Ole Rosar aceti ana â„¥ ss liquefiant simul and let a medicine be made for the fore-mentioned use Irrigations of oyl of Roses and Myrtiles with the white of an Egge or a whole Egge added thereto may serve for lenitives if there be no great inflammation Rowlers and double cloaths moystened in Oxcycrate will be also convenient for the same purpose But the force of such medicines must be often renewed for when they are dryed they augment the pain But if the pain yeeld not to these we must come to narcotick Medicines such as are the Oyl of Poppy of Mandrake a cataplasm of Henbane and Sorrel adding thereto Mallows and Marsh-mallows of which we spoke formerly in treating of a Phlegmon Lastly we must give heed to the cause of the pain to the kind and nature of the humor that flows down and to the way which nature affects for according to the variety of these things the Medicines must be varied as if heat cause pain it will be asswaged by application of cooling things and the like reason observed in the contrary If Nature intend suppuration you must help forwards its indeavours with suppurating medicines CHAP. IX Of Convulsion by reason of a Wound A Convulsion is an unvoluntary contraction of the Muscles as of parts movable at our pleasure towards their original that is the Brain and Spinall Marrow What a Convulsion is for by this the convulsed member or the whole body if the convulsion be universal cannot be moved at our pleasure Yet motion is not lost in a Convulsion as it is in a Palsie but it is only depraved and because sometimes the Convulsion possesseth the whole Body otherwhiles some part thereof you must note that there are three kinds of Convulsions in general The first is called by the Greeks Tetanos Three kinds of an universal Convulsion when as the whole body grows stiffe like a stake that it cannot be moved any way The second is called Opisthotonos which is when the whole body is drawn backwards The third is termed Emphrosthotonos which is when the whole body is bended or crooked forwards A particular Convulsion is when as the Muscle of the Eye Tongue and the like parts which is furnished with a Nerve Three causes of a Convulsion Causes of Repletion is taken with a Convulsion Repletion or Inanition Sympathy or consent of pain cause a Convulsion Aboundance of humors cause Repletion dulling the body by
in the amputation of a member And it happens by the puncture of a venemous beast or from seed retained or corrupted in the womb or from a Gangrene or Sphacel from a venenate and putrid air carryed up to the Brain or from a sodain tumult and fear Lastly what things soever with any distemper The Cure especially hot do hurt and debilitate the mind These may cause doting by the afflux of humors specially cholerick by dissipation oppression or corruption of the spirits Therefore if it shall proceed from the inflammation of the Brain and Meninges or Membranes thereof after purging and bloud-letting by the prescription of a Physitian the hair being shaved or cut off the head shall be fomented with Rose-Vinegar and then an Emplaister of Diacalcitheos dissolved in Oyl and Vinegar of Roses shall be laid thereupon Sleep shall be procured with Barly creams wherein the seeds of white Poppy have been boyled with broths made of the decoction of the cold seeds of Lettuce Purslain Sorrel and such like Cold things shall be applyed to his Nostrils as the seeds of Poppy gently beaten with Rose-water and a little Vinegar Let him have merry and pleasant companions that may divert his mind from all cogitation of sorrowful things and may ease and free him of cares and with their sweet intreaties may bring him to himself again But if it happen by default of the spirits you must seek remedy from those things which have been set down in the Chapter of Swooning The End of the Ninth Book The Tenth BOOK Of the Green and Bloudy WOVNDS of each Part. CHAP. I. Of the kinds or differences of a broken Skull NOw that we have briefly treated of Wounds in general that is of their differences signs causes prognosticks and cure and also shewed the reason of the accidents and symptoms which usually follow and accompany them it remains that we treat of them as they are incident to each part because the cure of wounds must be diversly performed according to the diversity of the parts Now we will begin with the wounds of the head The differences of a broken Head Therefore the head hath the hairy scalp lightly bruised without any wound otherwhiles it is wounded without a Contusion and sometimes it is both contused and wounded but a fracture made in the skull is sometimes superficiary sometimes it descends even to the Diploe sometimes it penetrates through the 2 Tables and the Meninges into the very substance of the Brain besides the Brain is oft-times moved and shaken with breaking of the internal veins and divers symptoms happen when there appears no wound at all in the head of all and every of which we will speak in order and add their cure especially according to the opinion of the divine Hippocrates He in his Book of the wounds of the head seems to have made 4 or 5 kinds of fractures of the skull The kinds of a broken Skull out of Hippocrates The first is called a fissure or fracture the second a contusion or collision the third is termed Effractura the fourth is named Sedes or a seat the fifth if you please to add it you may call a Counterfissure or as the interpreter of Paulus calls it a Resonitus As when the Bone is cleft on the contrary side to that which received the stroak Differences from their quantity Differences from their figure From their complication There are many differences of these five kinds of a broken skull For some fractures are great some small and others indifferent some run out to a greater length or bredth others are more contracted some reside only in the superficies others descend to the Diploe or else pierce through both the Tables of the Skull some run in a right line others in an oblique and circular some are complicated amongst themselves as a Fissure is necessarily and alwayes accompained with a Collision or Contusion and others are associated with divers accidents as pain heat swelling bleeding and the like Sometimes the Skull is so broken that the Membrane lying under it is pressed with shivers of the Bone as with pricking needles Somewhiles none of the Bones fall off All which differences are diligently to be observed because they force us to vary cure and therefore for the help of memory I have thought good to describe them in the following Table A Table of the Fractures of the Skull A Fracture or Solution of continuity in the Skull is caused either by Contusion that is a collision of a thing bruising hard heavy and obtuse which shall fall or be smitten against the head or against which the head shall be knocked so that the broken Bones are divided or Keep their natural figure and site touching each other whence proceeds that fracture of the Skull which is called a fissure which is Either manifest and apparent that is To your sight To your feeling Or instrument Or obscure and not manifest when as not the part which received the blow is wounded but the contrary thereto and that happens either In the same Bone and that two manner of ways as On the side as for example when the right side of the Bone of the Forehead is strucken the left is cleft Or from above to below as when not the first Table which received the blow is cleft but that which is under it In divers Bones to wit in such men as want Sutures or have them very close or disposed other-wayes then is fit and this opposition is either From the right side to the left and so on the contrary as when the right Bregma is struck and the left cleft From before to behind and the contrary as when the Forehead is smitten the Nowl is cleft Or between both that is the obscure and manifest as that which is termed a Capillary fissure and is manifested by smearing it over with Oyl and writing Ink. Or lose their site and that either Wholly so that the particles of the broken Bone removed from their seat and falling down press the Membrane whence proceeds that kind of effracture which retains a kind of attrition when as the Bone struck upon is broken as it were into many fragments shivers and scales either apparent or hid in the sound Bone so that it is pressed down Or in some sort as when the broken bone is in some part separated but in others adheres to the whole Bone whence another kind of effracture arises you may call it arched when as the Bone so swels up that it leaves an empty space below Or by incision of a sharp or cutting thing but that incision is made either by Succision when the bone is so cut that in some part it yet adheres to the sound Bone Rescission when the fragment falls down wholly broken off Or Seat when the mark of the weapon remains imprinted in the wound that the wound is of no more length nor breadth than the weapon fell upon Another Table of the
this flux And as the matter is divers so it will stain their smocks with a different color Truly if it be perfectly red and sanguine it is to be thought it commeth by erosion or the exsolution of the substance of the vessels of the womb or of the neck thereof therefore it commeth very seldome of blood and not at all except the woman be either great with childe or cease to be menstrual for some other cause Womens flâ—x commeth veâ—y seldom of blood for then in stead of the monthly flux there floweth a certain whayish excrement which staineth her cloaths with the color of water wherein flesh is washed Also it very seldome proceeds of a melancholick humor and then for the most part it causeth a cancer in the womb But often-times the purulent and bloody matter of an ulcer lying hidden in the womb deceiveth the unskilful Chirurgian or Physician but it is not so hard to know these diseases one from the other for the matter that floweth from an ulcer By what signs an ulcer in the womb may be known from the white flowers because as it is said it is purulent it is also lesser grosser stinking and more white But those that have ulcers in those places especially in the neck of the womb cannot have copulation with a man without pain CHAP. LIX Of the causes of the Whites SOmetimes the cause of the Whites consisteth in the proper weakness of the womb or else in the uncleanness thereof and sometimes by the default of the principal parts For if the brain or the stomach be cooled or the liver stopped or schirrous many crudities are engendred which if they run or fall down into the womb that is weak by nature they cause the flux of the womb or Whites but if this Flux be moderate and not sharp How a womans flux is who eâ—â—me How it causeth diseases it keepeth the body from malign diseases otherwise it useth to infer a consumption leanness paleness and an oedematus swelling of the legs the falling down of the womb the dejection of the appetite and all the faculties and continual sadness and sorrowfulness from which it is very hard to perswade the sick woman because that her minde and heart will be almost broken by reason of the shame that she taketh How it leâ—teâ—h the concepâ—ion because such filth floweth continually it hindereth conception because it either corrupteth or driveth out the seed when it is conceived Often-times if it stoppeth for a few months the matter that stayeth there causeth an abscess about the wound in the body or neck thereof and by the breaking of the abscess there followeth rotten and cancerous ulcers sometimes in the womb sometimes in the groin and often in the hips This disease is hard to be cured not only by reason of it self Why it is hard to be cured as because all the whole filth and superfluous excrements of a womans body floweth down into the womb as it were into a sinke because it is naturally weak hath an inferior situation many vessels ending therein and last of all because the courses are wont to come through it as also by reason of the sick woman who oftentimes had rather die then to have that place seen the disease known or permit local medicines to be applied thereto for so saith Montanus An history that on a time he was called to a noble woman of Italy who was troubled with this disease unto whom he gave counsel to have cleansing decoctions injected into her womb which when she heard she fell into a swound and desired her husband never thereafter to use his counsel in any thing CHAP. LX. The cure of the Whites IF the matter that floweth out in this disease be of a red color it differeth from the natural monthly flux in this only because it keeps no order or certain time in its returning If the flux of a woman be red wherein it d ffereth from the menstrual flux Therefore phlebotomy and other remedies which we have spoken of as requisite for the menstrual flux when it floweth immoderately is here necessary to be used But if it be white or doth testifie or argue the ill juice of this or that humor by any other colour a purgation must be prescribed of such things as are proper to the humor that offends for it is not good to stop such a flux suddenly for it is necessary A womans flux is not suddenly to be stopped that so the body should be purged of such filth or abundance of humors for they that do hasten to stop it cause the dropsie by reason that this sink of humors is turned back into the liver or else a cancer in the womb because it is stayed there or a fever or other diseases according to the condition of the part that receiveth it Therefore we must not come to local detersives desiccatives restrictives unless we have first used universal remedies according to art Alum-baths baths of brimstone and of bitumen or iron are convenient for the whites that come of a phlegmatick humor What baths are profitable instead whereof baths may be made of the decoction of herbs that are hot dry and indued with an aromatick power with alom and pebbles or flint-stones red hot thrown into the same Let this be the form of a cleansing decoction and injection â„ž fol. absynth agrimon centinod burs-past an m. ss boil them together and make thereof a decoction in which dissolve mellis rosar â„¥ .ii aloes myrrhae salis uitri an Ê’i make thereof an injection the woman being so placed on a pillow under her buttocks that the neck of the womb being more high An astringent injection may be wide open when the injection is received let the woman set her legs across and draw them up to her buttocks and so she may keep that which is injected They that endeavor to dry and binde more strongly add the juice of acatia green galls the findes of pomegranats roch-alome Romane vitriol and they boil them in Smiths water and red-wine pessaries may be made of the like faculty The signs of a putrified ulcer in the womb If the matter that commeth forth be of an ill color or smell it is like that there is a rotten ulcer therefore we ought to inject those things that have power to correct the putrefaction among which Aegyptiacum dissolved in lie or red wine excelleth There are women which when they are troubled with a virulent Gonorrhaea The vâ—rulent Gonorrhaea is like unto the flux of women or an involuntary flux of the seed cloaking the fault with an honest name do untruly say that they have the whites because that in both these diseases a great abundance of filth is avoided But the Chyrurgian may easily perceive that malady by the rottenness of the matter that floweth out and he shall perswade himself that it will not be cured without salivation or fluxing
those things which are not agreeable to nature To what things besides nature But the things which are called Natural may be reduced to seven heads besides which there comes into their fellowship those which we term Annexed The seven principal heads of things Natural are Elements Temperaments Humors Parts or members Faculties Actions Spirits To these are annexed as somewhat near Age Sex Colour Cmpoosure Time or season Region Vocation of life CHAP. IV. Of Elements AN Element by the definition which is commonly received amongst Physitians is the least and most simple portion of that thing which it composeth or What an Element is that my speech may be the more plain The four first and simple bodies are called Elements Fire Air Water and Earth which accommodate and subject themselves as matter to the promiscuous generation of all things which the Heavens engirt whether you understand things perfectly or unperfectly mixed Such Elements are only to be conceived in your mind Elements are understood by reason not by sense being it is not granted to any external sense to handle them in their pure and absolute nature Which was the cause that Hippocrates expressed them not by the names of substances but of proper qualities saying Hot Cold Moist Dry because some one of these qualities is inherent in every Element as his proper and essential form not only according to the excess of latitude but also of the active faculty Why Hipp. expressed the Elements by these names of Qualities to which is adjoined another simple quality and by that reason principal but which notwithstanding attains not to the highest degree of his kind as you may understand by Galen in his first Book of Elements So for example sake in the Air we observe two qualities Heat and Moisture both principal and not remitted by the commixture of any contrary quality Two principal qualities are in each Element for otherwise they were not simple Therefore thou maist say What hinders that the principal effects of heat shew not themselves as well in the Air as in the Fire Because as we said before although the Air have as great a heat according to his nature extent and degree no otherwise than Fire hath yet it is not so great in its active quality Why the Air heats not so vehemently as the Fire The reason is because that the calfactory force in the Air is hindered and dulled by society of his companion and adjoined quality that is Humidity which abateth the force of heat as on the contrary driness quickneth it The Elements therefore are endewed with qualities Names of the substances Fire Air Water Earth is Hot and dry Moist and hot Cold and moist Cold and dry Names of the qualities These four Elements in the composition of natural bodies How the Elements may be understood to be mixed in compound bodies retain the qualities they formerly had but that by their mixture and meeting together of contraries they are somewhat tempered and abated But the Elements are so mutually mixed one with another and all with all that no simple part may be found no more then in a mass of the Emplaister Diacalcitheos you can shew any Axungia oil or Litharge by it self all things are so confused and united by the power of heat mixing the smallest particulars with the smallest and the whole with the whole in all parts You may know and perceive this concretion of the four Elementary substances in one compound body by the power of mixture in their dissolution by burning a pile or heap of green wood For the flame expresses the Fire the smoak the Air the moisture that sweats out at the ends Why of the first qualities two are active and two passive the Water and the ashes the Earth You may easily perceive by this example so familiar and obvious to the senses what dissolution is which is succeeded by the decay of the compound body on the contrary you may know that the coagmentation or uniting and joyning into one of the first mixed bodies is such that there is no part sincere or without mixture For if the heat which is predominant in the fire should remain in the mixture in its perfect vigor it would consume the rest by its pernicious neighbourhood the like may be said of Coldness Moisture and Driness although of these qualities two have the title of Active that is Heat and Coldness because they are the more powerful the other two Passive because they may seem more dull and slow being compared to the former The temperaments of all sublunary bodies arise from the commixture of these substances and elementary qualities which hath been the principal cause that moved me to treat of the Elements But I leave the force and effects of the Elementary qualities to some higher contemplation content to have noted this that of these first qualities so called because they are primarily and naturally in the four first bodies others arise and proceed which are therefore called the second qualities as of many these Heaviness Why the first qualities are so called Lightness variously distributed by the four Elements as the Heat or Coldness Moistness or Driness have more power over them For of the Elements two are called light because they naturally affect to move upwards the other two heavie What the second qualities are by reason they are carryed downward by their own weight So we think the fire the lightest because it holds the highest place of this lower world the Air which is next to it in site we account light for the water which lies next to the Air we judg heavie What Elements light what heavy and the earth the center of the rest we judg to be the heaviest of them all Hereupon it is that light bodies and the light parts in bodies have most of the lighter Elements as on the contrary heavie bodies have more of the heavier This is a brief descripion of the Elements of this frail world which are only to be discerned by the understanding to which I think good to adjoin another description of other Elements as it were arising or flowing from the commixture of the first For besides these there are said to be Elements of generation and Elements of mans body Which as they are more corporal so also are they more manifest to the sense By which reason Hippocrates being moved in his Book de Natura humana after he had described the Nature of Hot Cold Moist and Dry What the Elements of generation are he comes to take notice of these by the order of composition Wherefore the Elements of our generation as also of all creatures which have blood What the Elements of mâ—xt bodies are seed and menstruous blood But the Elements of our bodies are the solid and similar parts arising from those Elements of generation Of this kind are bones membranes ligaments veins arter es and many others manifest to the eys
ears neither doth the phlegmon in the jaws and throat admit the same form of cure as it doth in other parts of the body For none can there outwardly apply repercussives without present danger of suffocation What the conditions of the parts affected do indicate So there is no use of repercussives in defluxions of those parts which in site are neer the principal Neither must thou cure a wounded Nerve and Muscle after one manner The temperature of a part as Moisture alwayes indicates its preservation although the disease be moist and give Indication of drying as an ulcer The principality of a part always insinuates an Indication of astringent things although the disease require dissolving as an Obstruction of the Liver for otherwise unless you mix astringent things with dissolving you will so dissolve the strength of the part that hereafter it cannot suffice for sanguification If the texture of a part be rare it shews it is less apt or prone to obstruction if dense it is more obnoxious to that disease hence it is that the Liver is oftner obstructed than the Spleen If the part be situate more deep or remote it indicates the medicines must be more vigorous and liquid that they may send their force so far The sensibleness or quick-sense of the part gives Indication of milder medicines than peradventure the signs or notes of a great disease require Indications from the ages For the Physitian which applyes things equally sharp to the Horny tunicle of the eye being ulcerated and to the leg must needs be counted either cruel or ignorant Each Sex and Age hath its Indications for some diseases are curable in youth which we must not hope to cure in old age for hoarsness and great distillations in very old men admit no digestion as Hippocrates saith Aphor. 40. li. 2. Nunquam decrepitus Bronchum coquit atque Coryzam The feeble Sire for age that hardly goes Ne're well digests the hurtful Rheume or pose Moreover according to his decree the diseases of the Reins Aphor. 6. sect 6. and whatsoever pains molest the bladder are difficultly healed in old men and also reason perswades that a Quartain admits no cure in Winter and scarce a Quotidian and Ulcers in like manner are more hard to heal in Winter that hence we may understand certain Indications to be drawn from time and to increase the credit of the variety and certainty of Indications some certain time and seasons in those times command us to make choice of medicines for as Hippocrates testifies Aphor. 5. sect 4. Ad Canis ardorem facilis purgatio non est In Dog-dayes heat it is not good By purging for to cleanse the blood Neither shalt thou so well prescribe aslender diet in Winter as in the Spring for the air hath its Indications For experience teaches us that wounds of the head are far more difficultly and hardly cured at Rome Naples and Rechel in Xantoigne But the times of diseases yeeld the principal Indications for some Medicines are only to be used at the beginning and end of diseases others at the increase and vigour of the disease From our diet We must not contemn those Indications which are drawn from the vocation of Life and manner of Diet for you must otherwise deal with the painful Husbandman when he is your Patient which leads his life sparingly and hardly than with the Citizen who lives daintily and idlely To this manner of life diet may be referred a certain secret and occult property Hatred arising from secret properties by which many are not only ready to vomit at eating of some meats but tremble over all their bodies when they hear them but spoken of I knew a prime Nobleman of the French Nobility who was so perplext at the serving in of an Eel to the Table at the midst of dinner and amongst his friends that he fell into a swound all his powers failing him Galen in his Book de Censuetudine tells that Aerius the Peripatetick died sodainly because compelled by the advice of those Physitians he used he drank a great draught of cold water in the intolerable heat of a Feaver For no reason saith Galen than that because he knowing he had naturally a cold stomach from his childhood perpetually abstained from cold water Indications taken from things against nature For as much as belongs to Indications taken from things against nature the length and depth of a wound or ulcer indicates one way the figure cornered round equal and smooth unequal and rough with a hollowness streight or winding indicate otherwise the site right left upper lower in another manner and otherwise the force and violence of antecedent and conjunct causes For oftentimes the condition of the cause indicates contrary to the disease as when abundance of cold and gross humors cause and nourish a Feaver So also a Symptome often indicates contrary to the disease in which contradiction that Indication must be most esteemed which doth most urge as for example sake If swounding happen in a Feaver the feaverish burning shall not hinder us from giving wine to the Patient Wherefore these Indications are the principallest and most noble which lead us as by the hand to do these things which pertain to the cure prevention and mitigating of diseases But if any object that so curious a search of so many Indications is to no purpose because there are many Chirurgeons which setting only one before their eyes which is drawn from the Essence of the disease have the report and fame of skilful Chirurgeons We do not alwayes follow the Indication which is from the disease in the opinion of the vulgar But let him know that it doth not therefore follow that this Indication is sufficient for the cure of all diseases for we do not always follow that which the Essence of the disease doth indicate to be done But chiefly then where none of the fore-recited Indications doth resist or gain-say You may understand this by the example of a Plethora which by the Indication drawn from the Essence of the thing requires Phlebotomy yet who is it that will draw blood from a child of three months old Besides such an Indication is not artificial but common to the Chirurgeon with the common people For who is it that is ignorant that contraries are the remedies of contraries and that broken bones must be united by joyning them together But how it must be performed and done this is of Art and peculiar to a Chirurgeon and not known to the vulgar Which the Indications drawn from those fountains we pointed at before aboundantly teaches which as by certain limits of circumstances encompass the Indication which is taken from the Essence of the disease In what parts we cannot hope for restoring of solution of continuity lest any should think we must trust to that only For there is some great and principal matter in it but not all For so
common consent of Physitians it is in the midst of all excels for that seeing it is the medium between the object and faculty if it should be hotter colder moister or dryer it would deceive the faculty by exhibiting all objects not as they are of themselves but as it should be no otherwise than as to such as look through red or green spectacles The use all things appear red or green Wherefore for this reason it was convenient the Cuticle should be void of all sense It hath no action in the body but it hath use for it preserves and beautifies the true skin for it seems to be given by the singular indulgence of nature to be a muniment and ornament to the true skin This Providence of Nature the industry of some Artizans or rather Curtizans doth imitate who for to seem more beautiful do smooth and polish it Why the Cuticle cannot be restored in scars By this you may understand that not all the parts of the body have action yet have they their use because according to Aristotle's opinion Nature hath made nothing in vain Also you must note that this thin skin or Cuticle being lost may every where be re-generated unless in the place which is covered with a scar For here the true skin being deficient both the matter and former faculty of the Cuticle is wanting CHAP. IV. Of the true Skin The substance Magnitude THe true skin called by the Greeks Derma is of a Spermatick substance wherefore being once lost it cannot be restored as formerly it was For in place thereof comes a scar which is nothing else but flesh dryed beyond measure It is of sufficient thickness as appears by the separating from the flesh But for the extent thereof it encompasses the whole body if you except the eyes ears nose privities Figure fundament mouth the ends of the fingers where the nails grow that is all the parts by which any excrements are evacuated The figure of it is like the Cuticle round and long with its productions with which it covers the extremities of the parts Composure It is composed of nerves veins arteries and of a proper flesh and substance of its kind which we have said to be spermatical which ariseth from the process of the secundine which lead the spermatick vessels even to the navel in which place each of them into parts appointed by nature send forth such vessels as are spred abroad diffused from the generation of the skin Which also the similitude of them both that is the skin and membrane Chorion do argue For as the Chorion is double without sense encompassing the whole Infant lightly fastened to the first coat which is called Amnios so the skin is double and of it self insensible for otherwise the nerves were added in vain from the parts lying under it ingirting the whole body lightly cleaving to the fleshy Pannicle But if any object That the Cuticle is no part of the true skin seeing it is wholly different from it and easily to be separated from it and wholly void of sense I will answer These arguments do not prevail For that the true skin is more crass thick sensible vivid and fleshy is not of it self The skin it self is void of sense being rather by the assistance and admixture of the parts which derived from three principal it receives into its proper substance which happens not in the Cuticle Neither if it should happen The number would it be better for it but verily exceeding ill for us because so our life should lye fit and open to receive a thousand external injuries which encompass us on every side as the violent and contrary access of the four first qualities Connexion There is only one skin as that which should cover but one body the which it every-where doth except in those I formerly mentioned It hath connexion with the parts lying under it by nerves veins and arteries with those subjacent parts put forth into the skin investing them that there may be a certain communion of all the parts of the body amongst themselves It is cold and dry in its proper temper in respect of its proper flesh and substance for it is a spermatical part Yet if any consider the sinews veins arteries and fleshy threds which are mixed in its body it will seem temperate and placed as it were in the midst of contrary qualities as which hath grown up from the like portion of hot cold moist and dry bodies Use The use of the skin is to keep safe and sound the continuity of the whole body and all the parts thereof from the violent assault of all external dangers for which cause it is every where indued with sense in some parts more exact in others more dull according to the dignity and necessity of the parts which it ingirts that they might all be admonished of their safety and preservation Lastly it is penetrated with many pores as breathing-places as we may see by the flowing out of sweat that so the arteries in their diastole might draw the encompassing air into the body for the tempering and nourishing of the fixed inbred heat and in the systole expel the fuliginous excrements The reason why the skin is blacker and rougher in Winter which in Winter supprest by the cold air encompassing us makes the skin black and rough We have an argument and example of breathing through these by drawing the air in by transpiration in women troubled with the mother who without respiration live only for some pretty space by transpiration CHAP. V. Of the fleshy Pannicle AFter the true skin follows the Membrane which Anatomists call the fleshy Pannicle What a membrane is Why it is sometimes called a coat sometimes the fleshy and fatty Pannicle whose nature that we may more easily prosecute and declare we must first shew what a Membrane is and how many ways the word is taken Then wherefore it hath the name or the fleshy Pannicle A membrane therefore is a simple part broad and thin yet strong and dense white and nervous and the which may easily without any great danger be extended and contracted Sometimes it is called a coat which is when it covers and defends some part This is called the Pannicle because in some parts it degenerates into flesh and becomes musculous as in a man from the coller-bones to the hair of the head in which part it is therefore called the broad muscle whereas in other places it is a simple Membrane here and there intangled with the fat lying under it from whence it may seem to take or borrow the name of the fatty Pannicle But in Beasts whence it took that name because in those a fleshy substance maketh a great part of this Pannicle it appears manifestly fleshy and musculous over all the body Why beasts have this Pannicle wholly fleshy or musculous as you may see in Horses and Oxen that by that
Membranes Nerves and Tendons What we must consider in performing the cure wherefore they cannot indure acrid and biting medicines Having called to mind these indications the indication will be perfected by these three following intentions as if we consider the humor flowing down or which is ready to flow the conjunct matter that is the humor impact in the part the correction of accidents yet so that we alwayes have care of that which is most urgent and of the cause Therefore first repercussives must be applyed for the antecedent matter strong or weak having regard to the tumor as it is then only excepting six conditions of tumors What things disswade us from using repercussives the first is if the matter of the tumor be venenate the second if it be a critical abscess the third if the defluxion be neer the noble parts the fourth if the matter be gross tough and viscid the fifth when the matter lies far in that is flows by the veins which lies more deep the sixth when it lies in the Glandules But if the whole body be plethorick a convenient diet purging and Phlebotomy must be appointed frictions and bathes must be used Ill humors are amended by diet and purging If the weakness of the part receiving draw on a defluxion it must be strengthned If the part be inferior in its site let the patient be so seated or layed that the part receiving as much as may be may be the higher If pain be the cause of defluxion we must asswage it by things mitigating it If the thinness or lightness of the humor cause defluxion it must be inspissate by meats and medicines But for the matter contained in the part because it is against Nature it requires to be evacuate by resolving things as Cataplasms Ointments Fomentations Cupping-glasses or by evacuation as by scarifying or suppurating things as by ripening and opening the Impostume Lastly for the conjunct accidents as the Feaver pain and such like they must be mitigated by asswaging mollifying and relaxing medicines as I shall shew more at large hereafter CHAP. VI. Of the four principal and general Tumors and of other Impostumes which may be reduced to them THe principal and chief Tumors which the abundance of humors generate are four a Phlegmon What tumors may be reduced to a Phlegmon Which to an Eâ—â—sipelas Which to an Oedema Erysipelas Oedema and Scirrhus innumerable others may be reduced to these distinguished by divers names according to the various condition of the efficient cause and parts receiving Wherefore a Phygethlum Phyma Fellon Carbuncle Inflammation of the Eyes Squincy Bubo and lastly all sorts of hot and moist tumors may be reduced to a Phlegmon The Herpes miliaris the eating Herpes Ring-worms and Tetters and all Impostumes brought forth by choler are contained under an Erysipelas Atheromata Steatomata Melicerides the Testudo or Talpa Ganglion Knots Kings-Evils Wens watery Ruptures the Ascites and Lencophlegmatia may be reduced to an Oedema as also all flatulent tumors which the abundance of corrupt Phlegm produces Which to a Scirrhus In the kindred of the Scirrhus are reckoned a Cancer Leprosie Warts Corns a Thymus a Varix Morphew black and white and other Impostumes arising from a Melancholy humor Now we will treat of these Tumors in particular beginning with a Phlegmon CHAP. VII Of a Phlegmon What a true Phlegmon is A Phlegmon one thing and a Phlegmonous tumor another A Phlegmon is a general name for all Impostumes which the abundance of inflamed bloud produces That is called a true Phlegmon which is made of laudable bloud offending only in quantity But a bastard Phlegmon or a Phlegmonous Impostume hath some other and proper name as a Carbuncle Fellon Gangrene Sphacel and the like malign Pustuls So when there is a conflux of divers humors into one tumor divers kinds of Phlegmonous Impostumes called by divers names according to the more abundant humor arise as if a small portion of Phlegm shall be mixed with a greater quantity of bloud it shall be called an Oedematous Phlegmon but if on the contrary the quantity of phlegm be the greater it shall be named a phlegmonous Oedema and so of the rest always naming the tumor from that which is predominant in it Therefore we must observe that all differences of such tumors arise from that either because the bloud causing it offends only in quantity which if it do it causes that tumor which is properly called a Phlegmon if in quality it makes a Phlegmonous tumor because the matter thereof is much departed from the goodness of bloud But bloud is said to offend in quantity either by admixture of some other matter as Phlegm Choler or Melancholy from whence proceeds Oedematous Erysipelous and Scirrhous Phlegmons or by corruption of its proper substance from whence Carbuncles and all kinds of Gangrenes or by concretion and when Nature is disappointed of its attempted and hoped for suppuration either by default of the Air or Patient or by the error of the Physitian and hence oft-times happen Atherema's Steatoma's and Melicerides Although these things be set down by the Ancients of the simple and similar matter of the true Phlegmon yet you must know that in truth there is no Impostume whose matter exquisitely shews the Nature of one and that simple humor without all admixture of any other matter for all humors are mixed together with the bloud yet from the plenty of bloud predominating they are called Sanguine as if they were of bloud alone Wherefore if any tumors resemble the nature of one simple humor truly they are not of any natural humor but from some humor which is corrupt vitiated and offending in quality for so bloud by adustion degenerates into Choler and Melancholy Therefore a true Phlegmon is defined by Galen A tumor against Nature of laudable bloud Gal. lib. de tumoribâ—n c. ad Glauc Hippoc. lib. de vuln cap. Gal. lib. de tumor praeter naturam flowing into any part in too great a quantity This tumor though most commonly it be in the flesh yet sometimes it happens in the Bones as Hippocrates and Galen witness A Phlegmon is made and generated thus when bloud flows into any part in too great a quantity first the greater veins and arteries of the part affected are filled then the middle and lastly the smallest and capillary so from those thus distended the bloud sweats out of the pores and small passages like dew and with this the void spaces which are between the similar parts are first filled and then with the same bloud all the adjacent parts are filled but especially the flesh as that which is most fit to receive defluxions by reason of the spongious rarity of its substance but then the nerves tendons membranes and ligaments are likewise stuffed full whereupon a Tumor must necessarily follow by reason of the repletion which exceeds the bounds of Nature and from hence also are Tension and Resistance
and pain also happens at the same time both by reason of the tension and preternatural heat And there is a manifest pulsation in the part specially whilst it suppurates because the veins The cause of a beating pain in a Phlegmon arteries and nerves are much being they are not only heated within by the influx of the fervid humor but pressed without by the adjacent parts Therefore seeing the pain comes to all the foresaid parts because they are too immoderately heated and pressed the arteries which are in the perpetual motion of their systole diastole whilst they are dilated strike upon the other inflamed parts whereupon proceeds that beating pain Hereunto add The Arteries then filled with more copious and hot bloud have greater need to seek refrigeration by drawing in the encompassing Air wherefore they must as of necessity have a conflict with the neighbouring parts which are swollen and pained Comm. ad Aph. 21. sect 7. Therefore from hence is that pulsation in a Phlegmon which is defined by Galen An agitation of the arteries painful and sensible to the Patient himself for otherwise as long as we are in health we do not perceive the pulsation of the arteries Wherefore these two causes of pulsation or a pulsifick pain in a phlegmon are worthy to be observed that is the heat and abundance of bloud contained in the vessels and arteries which more frequently than their wont incite the arteries to motion that is to their systole and diastole and the compression and straitning of the said arteries by reason of the repletion and distention of the adjacent partts by whose occasion the parts afflicted and beaten by the trembling and frequent pulsation of arteries are in pain Hence they commonly say that in the part affected with a Phlegmon they feel as it were Another kind of Pulsation in a Phlegmon the sense or stroke of a Mallet or Hammer smiting upon it But also besides this pulsation of the arteries there is as it were another pulsation with itching from the humors whilst they putrefie and suppurate by the permixtion motion and agitation of vapours thereupon arising The cause of heat in a Phlegmon is bloud which whilst it flows more plentifully into the part is as it were trodden or thrust down and causes obstruction from whence necessarily follows a prohibition of transpiration and putrefaction of the bloud by reason of the preternatural heat But the Phlegmon looks red by reason of the bloud contained it because the humor predominant in the part shines through the skin CHAP. VIII Of the Causes and Signs of a Phlegmon THe Causes of a Phlegmon are of three kinds for some are primitive some antecedent The Primitive causes of a Phlegmon The Antecedent and Conjunct and some conjunct Primitive are falls contusions immoderate labour frictions application of acrid ointments burnings long staying or labouring in the hot Sun a diet unconsiderate and which breeds much bloud The antecedent Causes are the great abundance of bloud too plentifully flowing in the veins The conjunct the collection or gathering together of bloud impact in any part The signs of a Phlegmon The signs of a Phlegmon are swelling tension resistance feaverish heat pain pulsation especially while it suppurates redness and others by which the abundance of bloud is signified And a little Phlegmon is often terminated by resolution but a great one by suppuration and sometimes it ends in a Scirrhus or a Tumor like a Scirrhus but otherwhiles in a Gangrene that is when the faculty and native strength of the part affected is over-whelmed by the greatness of the defluxion Gal. l. de Tum as it is reported by Galen The Chirurgeon ought to consider all these things that he may apply and vary such medicines as are convenient for the nature of the Patient and for the time and condition of the part affected CHAP. IX Of the cure of a true Phlegmon What kind of diet must be prescribed in a Phlegmon THe Chirurgeon in the cure of a true Phlegmon must propose to himself four intentions The first of D et This because a Phlegmon is a hot affect and causes a Feaver must be ordained of refrigerative and humecting things with the convenient use of the six things not natural that is air meat and drink motion and rest sleep and waking repletion inaninition and lastly the passions of the mind Therefore let him make choice of that air which is pure and clear not too moist for fear of defluxion but somewhat cool let him command meats which are moderately cool and moist shunning such as generate bloud too plentifully such will be Broths not too fat seasoned with a little Borage Lettuce Sorrel and Succory let him be forbidden the use of all Spices and also of Garlick and Onions and all things which heat the bloud as are all fatty and sweet things as those which easily take fire Let the Patient drink small Wine and much allayed with water or if the Feaver be vehement the water of the decoction of Licoris Barly sweet Almonds or Water and Sugar alwayes having regard to the strength age and custom of the Patient For if he be of that age or have so led his life that he cannot want the use of Wine let him use it but altogether moderately Rest must be commanded for all bodies wax hot by motion but let him chiefly have a care that he do not exercise the part possessed by the Phlegmon for fear of a new defluxion Let his sleep be moderate neither if he have a full body let him sleep by day specially presently after meat Let him have his belly soluble if not by Nature then by Art as by the frequent use of Clysters and Suppositories Let him avoid all vehement perturbations of minde as hate anger brawling let him wholly abstain from venery How to divert the defluxion of humors This maner of diet thus prescribed we must come to the second scope that is the diversion of the defluxion which is performed by taking away its cause that is the fulness and illness of the humors Both which we may amend by purging and bloud-letting if the strength and age of the Patient permit The pain must be asswaged But if the part receiving be weak it must be strengthned with those things which by their astriction amend the openness of the passages the violence of the humor being drawn away by Cupping-glasses Frictions Ligatures But if pain trouble the part which is often the occasion of defluxion it must be mitigated by Medicines asswaging pain The third scope is to overcome the conjunct cause That we may attain to this we must enter into the consideration of the tumor according to its times that is the beginning increase state and declination When we must use repercussives For from hence the indications of variety of medicines must be drawn For in the beginning we use repercussives to drive away the
matter of the Phlegmon flowing down as the white of an Egge Oxycrate the juyces or waters of Housleek Plantain Roses Cataplasms of Henbane Pomgranate Pils Balausties Bole Armenick Terra sigillata Oyl of Roses Quinces Myrtils Poppies Of these simples variety of compound medicines arises This may be the form of a Cataplasm â„ž far hordei â„¥ ij succi semper-vivi plantag an â„¥ iij pul malicerii balaustiorum rosar an Ê’ ij ol myrtill rosar an â„¥ i. fiat Cataplasma Another â„ž Plantag sâ—lani hyâ—sâ—yam an m. ij caudae equin tapsi 〈◊〉 centinâ—diae an m. 1. cequantur perfecte in oxycrato pistentur trajiciantur addendo pulveris myrtill unc cupressi ros rub an Ê’ iij farin fab â„¥ ij clei rosar cyden an â„¥ i ss mix them and make a Cataplasm to the form of a liquid pultis And you may use this liniment by dipping linnen clothes in it and applying to the part â„ž ol nymph rosar an â„¥ iij aq ros solani plantag an â„¥ ij aceit â„¥ iij aliumin ovâ—rum n. iij. fiat linimentum Also ung r. satum ung Ad um camphor Rasis are good to apply to it as in like manner Emp. Diacaicitheos dissolved in Vinegar and Oyl of Roses and also Pâ—pâ—leon may be used In the increase you must have care of the humor flowing down and of that which already impacted in the part did formerly fall down Therefore repercussives must be tempered and mixed with discussing medicines What local medicines we must use in the encrease but so that they may carry the chief sway as â„ž fol. malvae absinth plantag an m. iij coquantur in oxycrate contundantur trajectis add farinae fabarum hordei an â„¥ i pul rosar rub Absinth an Ê’ i ol rosar chamaem an â„¥ i fiat cataplasma ad formam pultis satis liquidae Another â„ž farinae hord â„¥ iij farinae sem lini faenugraeci an â„¥ i coquantur in aqua communi addendi sub finem pul myrtill rosar chamaem an â„¥ ss axungiae anseris olei rosar an â„¥ i misce fiat cataplasma What in the state But in the state the repercussives and discussives ought to be alike with some anodyns or mitigating medicines if it be painful as â„ž rad Altheae â„¥ iiij melva parietar an m. ij coquantur sub cineribus addendo farin fabar lentium an â„¥ ij pulveris cham meliloti an â„¥ ss olei cham rosar an â„¥ i axungia gal â„¥ ij fiat cataplasma Another â„ž micae panis triticei aquà calidà macerati lb ss pulveris rosar rub absinth an Ê’ vi olei aneth mellis com an â„¥ ij Misce omnia simul fiat cataplasma ad fermam pultis satis liquidae which is of chief use when there is pain But when the violence of pain and other symptoms are asswaged What in the declination it is likely that the Phlegmon is come to determination Wherefore then we must use more powerful and strong discussives and only then beginning with the more gentle lest the subtiler part of the humor being dissolved the grosser remaining in the part should grow hard as â„ž mal bismal an m. iij coquantur addendo farinae hordei â„¥ ij mellis com â„¥ i ol chamaem melilot an â„¥ ss fiat cataplasma Or â„ž rad cum Bran. Cucumer agrest an â„¥ ij florum chamaem melilot ana m. iij coquantur in hydromelite addendo farinae sem ani faenugrac an â„¥ ij ol an thâ— axungiae anser anat an â„¥ i fiat Cataplasma And this Plaister following may here find place â„ž Diachyl mag â„¥ ij Empl. de melilot Ê’ i olei aneth chamaemel an â„¥ ss dissolve them all together and make a medicine for your use Or â„ž Empl. de mucag. oxycr an â„¥ ij Empl. Diachyl Irent â„¥ i olei liliorum chamaemel quantum satis est and make thereof a soft Emplaister The fourth scope of curing a Phlegmon consists in correct on of the accidents which accompany it of which pain is the principal The correction of the accidents Wherefore the Chirurgeon must be diligent to asswage it for besides that it weakens the strength and debilitates and depraves the function The discommodities of pain it also causes defluxions by drawing the bloud and spirits to the part affected According to the variety of pain there must be variety of medicines as â„ž micae panis albi in lacte tepido macerati lb ss vitell ovorum iij ol rosar â„¥ ij croci ℈ ss fiat cataplasma Or Medicines asswaging pain â„ž florum chamaem melil an p. iij farinae sem iint faenugraec an â„¥ i fiat cataplasma pultis satis liquidae Or â„ž mucagin rad altheae faenugr an â„¥ iij ol rosar aneth an â„¥ i farin sem lim quantum satis ut inde formetur cataplasma satis mâ—lle But if the pain remain and yield not to these remedies we must flie to stronger Narcotick medicines making of narcoticks or stupefactives but with care lest we benum or dead the part as â„ž fol. hyoscyani papaver sub cineribus coctorum an â„¥ iij adipis suillae ol ros an â„¥ i croci ℈ ij fiat cataplasma or â„ž fol. cicutae solam furiosi an â„¥ iiij coquantur suâ— cineribus pissentur trajiciantur addendo unguent popul câ—â—r sar an â„¥ i farin faenugraec quantum satis erit ut inde formentur caplasma ad formam pultis liquidae CHAP. X. The cure of an ulcerated Phlegmon BUt it often happens that the humor is so impact in the part that it cannot be repressed The signs of a Phlegmon turning to an Abscess and so gross that it cannot be discussed which we may know by the greatness of the heat and swelling by the bitterness of the pricking pain the feaver and pulsation and heaviness Wherefore laying aside all hope of discussing we must come to the Suppuratives Lib. 2 Glan Cap. 7. For which purpose Galen foments the swollen part with water or Oyl being warm or with both of them and then applies this following Cataplasm â„ž farinae tric vel micae panis â„¥ iiij ol com â„¥ iâ—j aquae com quantum sufficit fiat cataplasma Or Suppurative medicines â„ž rad lili r. alb althâ—ae an â„¥ iij fol malvae p. rietar senecionis ana m. i coquantur in hydromelite pâ—ssmur trajectis adde farin sem lim â„¥ ij axungiae suâ—llae ol liliorum an â„¥ ss fiat cataplasma Or â„ž malva â—ismalv violar an m. i caricarum ping n. x. passul â„¥ ij coquantur in aq com tusis trajectis adde nullis com â„¥ ij ung basilicon butyri recent ana â„¥ i fiat cataplasma You may profitably use for the same purpose Empl. Diachylon magnum or Basilicon Or â„ž Empl. Diachyl Mag. â„¥ iij ung basilicon â„¥ i ol liliorum â„¥ ss Of these
â„¥ ss Mucaginis sem Psylii â„¥ ij succi hyoscyami â„¥ i. Misce But if the Erysipelas be upon the face you must use the medicine following â„ž Unguent Ros â„¥ iiij succi plantagin sempervivi an â„¥ i trochisc de CamphoraÊ’ ss aceti parum let them be mixed together and make a liniment But if the heat and pain be intolerable we must come to narcotick medicines As â„ž succi hyoscyami solani cicutae an â„¥ i allum ovorum n. ij aceti â„¥ ss opii Camphor an gra 4 croci ℈ ss Mucaginis sem psyll faenigr extractae in aq ros plantag an â„¥ i ol de papav â„¥ ij fiat linimentum addendo ung refrigerantis Gal. comphor q. satis sit Yet we must not use such like medicines too long lest they cause an extinction of the native heat and mortification of the part What caution must be had in the use of narcotick medicines Wherefore such Narcotick medicines must be used with regard of place time and such other circumstances Therefore we may three manner of wayes understand when to desist from using Narcotick or stupefactive medicines The first is when the Patient in the affected part feels not so much heat pricking and pain as before The second is when the part feels more gentle to the touch than before The third when the fiery and pallid colour begins by little and little to wax livid and black for then must we abstain from Narcotick and use resolving and strengthening things whereby the part may be revived and strengthned by recalling the Native heat As â„ž Farinae hordei Orobi an â„¥ ij farinae sem lini â„¥ i ss coquantur in Hydromelite vel oxycrato addendo puâ—v rosarum chamaemel an â„¥ ss ol anethi chamem an â„¥ i fiat cataplasma Or you may use this following fomentation Resolving and strengthening medicines â„ž Rad. Althea â„¥ ij fol. malvae bismal pariet absinthii salviae an m. i fior chamaem meliloti rosar rub an m. ij coquantur in aequis partibus vini aquae fiat fotus cum spâ—ngia After the fomentation you may apply an Emplaister of Diachylon Ireatum or Diapalma dissolved in Oyl of Chamomile and Melilote and such other like The fourth Intention which is of the correction of accidents we will perform by those means which we mentioned in curing a Phlegmon by varying the medicaments according to the judgment of him which undertakes the cure CHAP. XIV Of the Herpes that is Teaters or Ring-worms or such like What a Herpes is what be the kinds thereof Gal. 2. ad Gleuconem What the Herpes milioris is What the exedens HErpes is a tumor caused by pure choler separated from the rest of the humors that is carryed by its natural lightness and tenuity even to the outer or scarf-skin and is diffused over the surface hereof Galen makes three sorts of this tumor For if perfect choler of an indifferent substance that is not very thick cause this tumor then the simple Herpes is generated obtaining the name of the Genus but if the humor be not so thin but compounded with some small mixture of Phlegm it will raise little blisters over the skin like to the seeds of Millet whence it was that the Ancients called this Tumor the Herpes Miliaris But if it have any admixture of Melancholy it will be an Herpes exedens terrible by reason of the erosion or eating into the skin and muscles lying under it Three intentions in curing Herpes There are absolutely three intentions of curing The first is to appoint a Diet just like that we mentioned in the cure of an Erysipelas The second is to evacuate the antecedent cause by medicines purging the peccant humor for which purpose oft-times Clysters will suffice especially if the Patient be somewhat easie by Nature and if the Urin flow according to your desire for by this a great part of the humor may be carryed into the bladder The third shall be to take away the conjunct cause by local medicines ordained for the swelling and ulcer A rule for healing ulcers conjoyned with tumors Therefore the Chirurgeon shall have regard to two things that is the resolving of the tumor and the drying up of the ulcer for every ulcer requires drying which can never be attained unto unless the swelling be taken away Therefore because the chiefest care must be to take away the Tumor which if it be performed there can be no hope to heal the ulcer he shall lay this kind of medicine to dissolve and dry as â„ž Cerusae tuthia praepar an â„¥ i ol ros adipis capon an â„¥ ij certicis pini usti loci â„¥ ss cerae quantum satis fiat unguentum Or â„ž Farin hord lent an â„¥ ij coquantur in decocto corticis mali granati The force of Vrguentum enulatum cum Meâ—curio Medicines fit for restraining earing and spreading ulcers balaust plantag addendo pulveris rosar rub absinth an â„¥ ss olei Myrtillor mellis com an Ê’ vi fiat ungentum ut artis est But for an Herpes Miliaris these must chiefly be used â„ž pulv gallarum malicurii balaust boli armeni an â„¥ i aquae ros â„¥ iij aceti acerrimi â„¥ i axungiae anser olei Myrtillor an â„¥ i ss terebinth â„¥ i fiat unguentum ad usum I have often found most certain help in unguentum enulatum cum Mercurio for it kills the pustules and partly wastes the humor contained in them Yet if the ulcer not yet neither yields but every day diffuses it self further and further you shall touch the edges and lips thereof with some acrid medicine as Aqua fortis Oyl of Vitriole or such like for by this kind of remedy I have oft-times healed fretting Ulcers which seemed altogether incurable CHAP. XV. Of Feavers which happen upon Erysipelous Tumors AS Feavers sometimes happen upon Inflammations and Erysipelaes A vulgar description of an intermitting Tertian feaver which favour of the humor whereof they proceed that is Choler Therefore seeing it is peculiar to Choler to move every third day it is no marvail if great Inflammations bring with them Tertian Feavers or Agues which have their fit every third day for it is called an Intermitting Tertian which comes every other day The Primitive causes in general are strong exercises especially in the hot Sun The causes of Tertian feavers the use of heating and drying either meats or medicines great abstinence joyned with great labour care sorrow the antecedent causes are the plenty of choler in the body an hot and dry distemperature either of the whole body or of the liver only the conjunct cause is the putrefaction of the cholerick humor lying in some plenty without the greater vessels in the habit of the body The signs a shaking or shivering like as when we have made water in a cold Winter-morning The signs of an intermitting
open Aneurismaes unless they be smal in an ignoble part not indued with large vessels but rather let him perform the cure after this manner Cut the skin which lies over it until the Artery appear and then separate it with your knife from the particles about it then thrust a blunt and crooked needle with a thred in it under it bind it then cut it off and so expect the falling off of the thread of it self whiles Nature covers the orifices of the cut Artery with the new flesh then the residue of the cure may be performed after the manner of simple wounds Those of the inward parts incurable The Aneurismaes which happen in the internal parts are incurable Such as frequently happen to those who have often had the unction and sweat for the cure of the French disease because being so attenuated and heated therewith that it cannot be contained in the receptacles of the Artery it distends it to that largeness as to hold a man's Fist Which I have observed in the dead body of a certain Taylor who by an Aneurisma of the Arterious vein suddenly whilst he was playing at Tennis fell down dead A History and vessel being broken his body being opened I found a great quantity of bloud poured forth into the capacity of the Chest but the body of the Artery was dilated to that largness I formerly mentioned and the inner coat thereof was boney For which cause within a while after I shewed it to the great admiration of the beholders in the Physitians School whilest I publiquely dissected a body there whilst he lived he said he felt a beating and a great heat over all his body the force of the pulsation of all the Arteries by the occasion whereof he often swounded Doctor Sylvius the Kings Professor of Physick at that time forbad him the use of Wine and wished him to use boyled water for his drink and Curds and new Cheeses for his meat and to apply them in form of Cataplasms upon the grieved and swoln part At night he used a Ptisan of Barly meal and Poppy-seeds and was purged now and then with a Clyster of refrigerating and emollient things or with Cassia alone by which medicines he said he found himself much better The cause of such a bony constitution of the Arteries by Aneurismaes is for that the hot and fervid bloud first dilates the Coats of an Artery then breaks them which when it happens it then borrows from the neighbouring bodies a fit matter to restore the loosed continuity thereof This matter whilest by little and little it is dryed and hardened it degenerates into a gristly or else a bony substance just by the force of the same material and efficient causes by which stones are generated in the reins and bladder For the more terrestrial portion of the bloud is dryed and condensed by the power of the unnatural heat contained in the part affected with an Aneurisma whereby it comes to pass that the substance added to the dilated and broken Artery is turned into a body of a bony consistence In which the singular providence of Nature the Hand-maid of God is shewed as that which as it were by making and opposing a new wall or bank would hinder and break the violence of the raging bloud swelling wich the abundance of the vital spirits unless any had rather to refer the cause of that hardness to the continual application of refrigerating and astringent medicines Which have power to condensate and harden Lib 4. cap. ult de praesaex pulsu A Caution in the knowing Aneurismaes as may not obscurely be gathered by the writings of Galen But beware you be not deceived by the fore-mentioned signs for sometimes in large Aneurismaes you can perceive no pulsation neither can you force the bloud into the Artery by the pressure of your fingers either because the quantity of such bloud is greater than which can be contained in the Ancient receptacles of the Artery or because it is condensate and concrete into clods whereupon wanting the benefit of ventilation from the heart it presently putrefies Thence ensue great pain a Gangrene and mortification of the part and lastly the death of the Creature The End of the Seventh Book The Eighth BOOK Of Particular TVMORS against NATVRE The Preface BEcause the Cure of Diseases must be varyed according to the variety of the temper not only of the body in general but also of each part thereof the strength figure form site and sense thereof being taken into consideration I think it worth my pains having already spoken of Tumors in general if I shall treat of them in particular which affect each part of the body beginning with those which assail the head Therefore the Tumor either affects the whole head or else only some particle thereof as the Eyes Ears Nose Gums and the like Let the Hydrocephalos and Physocephalos be examples of those tumors which possess the whole head CHAP. I. Of an Hydrocephalos or watry tumor which commonly affects the heads of Infants THe Greeks call this Disease Hydrocephalos as it were a Dropsie of the Head What it is The causes by a waterish humor being a disease almost peculiar to Infants newly born It hath for an external cause the violent compression of the head by the hand of the Midwife or otherwise at the birth or by a fall contusion and the like For hence comes a breaking of a vein or artery an effusion of the bloud under the skin Which by corruption becoming whayish lastly degenerateth into a certain waterish humor It hath also an inward cause which is the abundance of serous and acrid bloud which by its tenuity and heat sweats through the pores of the vessels sometimes between the Musculous skin of the head and the Pericranium sometimes between the Pericranium and the skull and sometimes between the skull and membrane called Dura mater Differences by reason of place and otherwhiles in the ventricles of the Brain The signs of it contained in the space between the Musculous skin and the Pericranium Signs are a manifest tumor without pain soft and much yielding to the pressure of the fingers The Signs when it remaineth between the Pericranium and the skull are for the most part like the fore-named unless it be that the Tumor is a little harder and not so yielding to the finger by reason of the parts between it and the finger And also there is somewhat more sense of pain But when it is in the space between the skull and Dura-mater or in the ventricles of the Brain or of the whole substance thereof there is a dulness of the senses as of the sight and hearing the tumor doth not yield to the touch unless you use strong impression for then it sinketh somewhat down especially in Infants newly born who have their skuls almost as soft as wax and the junctures of their Sutures lax both by nature as also
mortal wherefore you must provide a skilful Physitian for the cure of this Disease which may appoint convenient diet purging and bloud-letting In the mean time the Chirurgeon shall make way for the virulent and venenate matter by making Incision in the inner part of the finger even to the Bone alongst the first joint thereof for Vigo saith there is not a presenter remedy if so be that it be quickly done Lib. cap. 4. tract and before the maturation of the matter for it vindicates the Finger from the corruption of the Bone and Nerves and asswages pain which I have often and happily tryed immediately at the beginning before the perfect impression of the virulency But the wound being made you must suffer it to bleed well then presently let him dip his finger in strong and warm Vinegar in which some Treacle being dissolved may draw forth the virulency But to appease the pain the same remedies must be applyed to the affected part as are used in Carbuncles as the leaves of Sorrel Henbane Hemlock Mandrake roasted under the Embers and beaten in a Mortar with new Unguentum Populeon or Oyl of Roses or new Butter without Salt for such like medicines also help forward suppuration whilst by their coldness they repress the extraneous heat affecting the part and so strengthen the native heat being the author of suppuration which reason moved the ancient Physitians to use such medicines in a Carbuncle but if by reason of the fearfulness of the Patient or unskilfulness of the Chirurgeon no Incision being made a Gangrene and Sphacel shall possess the part it remains that you cut off with your cutting Mullets as much of the part as shall be corrupt and perform the rest of the cure according to Art Yet it doth not seldom happen that there may be no need to cut off such a finger because it being corrupted together with the Bone by little and little dissolves into a purulent or rather sanious or much stinking filth But in this affect there is often caused an Eschar by the adustion of putredinous heat and superfluous flesh indued with most exquisite sense groweth underneath it which must in like manner be cut off with the Mullets that the part may receive comfort the pain being asswaged by the copious effusion of Bloud CHAP. XX. Of the swelling of the Knees Gal. com ad sent 1 ser 4. lib. 6. Epid. Gal. Com. ad sent 67. sect 2. prog AFter long and dangerous diseases there oftentimes arise Tumors in the Knees and also in Plethorick Bodies and such as have evil juyce after labours and exercise This kind of disease is frequent because the humor easily falls into the part which hath been heated by labour But if such Tumor follow long Diseases they are dangerous and difficult to cure and therefore not to be neglected for bitter pain accompanyeth them because the humor falling thither distends the Membranes which being many involve the part besides that this humor participateth of a certain virulent and malign quality whether it be cold or hot when it hath setled into those parts being such as we find in the pains of the joynts and in the bitings of venemous creatures The Cure For the cure if the tumor be caused by Bloud let a slender and refrigerating diet be appointed and phlebotomy for the revulsion of the antecedent cause divers local medicines shall be used according to the variety of the four times But for to asswage the pain Anodynes or mitigating medicines shall be appointed of all which we have sufficiently treated in the Chapter of the cure of a Phlegmon And because these parts are of exact sense if there be necessity to open the tumor yet must we not do it rashly or unconsiderately for fear of pain and evil accidents This kind of tumor is oft-times raised by wind contained there in which case the Chirurgeon must be very provident that he be not deceived with the shew of flowing of the humor which he seems to perceive by the pressure of his fingers as if there were matter and humor contained therein and so be brought to open the tumor For the wind breaking forth in stead of the humor causeth evil symptoms by reason of the section rashly made in a part so sensible But if waterish humors shall tumefie the part the Body shall first be purged with medicines purging flegm And then inciding attenuating rarifying discussing and very drying local medicines shall be used Of which we have abundantly spoken in the Chapter of the Oedema Yet this humor divers times lies deep between the Whirl-bone and the Joynt which causeth it that it cannot be discussed and resolved by reason of the weakness of the part and defect of heat so that the adventitious humor often moves and excludes the Bones from their seat As I have observed it to have happened to many In which case Irrigations of red Wine falling something high whereby the force of the medicine may enter and more easily penetrate are much commended CHAP. XXII Of the Dracunculus It is not as yet sufficiently known what Dracunculi are I Cannot chuse but explain in this place those things which may be spoken of that kind of Tumor against Nature which by the Ancients is called Dracunculus The matter and reason of these hath been variously handled by divers Authors so that hitherto we have nothing written of them to which we may by right and with good reason adhere as a firm foundation of their essence For first for Galen's opinion Lib. 6. de Loc. affect cap. 3. The generation saith he of those hairs which are evacuated by the Urin is worthy no less admiration than the Dracunculi which as they say in a certain place of Arabia breed in the Legs of men being of a nervous nature and like worms in colour and thickness Therefore seeing I have heard many who have said they have seen them but I may self never saw them I cannot conjecture any thing exactly neither of their original nor essence Lib 4. cap. ult Paulus Aegineta writes that the Dracunculi are bred in India and the higher parts of Aegypt like worms in the musculous parts of Mans Body that is the arms thighs and legs and also creep by the intercostal muscles in children with a manifest motion The cure out of Aegineta But whether they be creatures indeed or only have the shape of creatures they must be cured with a hot fomentation by which the Dracunculus raised to a just tumor may put forth it self and be pluckt away piece-meal with the fingers also suppurating Cataplasms may be applyed composed of Water Hony Wheat and Barly-Meal Avicen being various having no certainty whereon to rest inclineth one while to this and another while to that opinion Cap. 21. lib. 4. sent 3 tract 3. for now he speaketh of the Dracunculi as of creatures then presently of a matter and humor shut up in a certain place for
immoderate eating and drinking and omission of exercise or any accustomed evacuation as suppression of the Hemorrhoides and courses for hence are such like excrementitious humors drawn into the Nerves with which they being repleat and filled are dilated more than is fit whence necessarily becomming more short they suffer Convulsion Examples whereof appear in Leather and Lute or Viol-strings which swoln with moisture in a wet season are broken by repletion Causes of Inanition Immoderate vomitings fluxes bleedings cause Inanition or Emptiness wherefore a Convulsion caused by a wound is deadly as also by burning feavers For by these and the like causes the inbred and primogenious humidity of the Nerves is wasted so that they are contracted like leather which is shrunk up by being held too neer the fire or as fidle strings which dryed with Summers heat are broken with violence such a convulsion is incurable For it is better a Feaver follow a Convulsion Aph. 26 sec 2. then a Convulsion a Feaver as we are taught by Hippocrates so that such a Feaver be proportional to the strength of the convulsifique cause and the Convulsion proceed from Repletion for the abundant and gross humor causing the Convulsion is digested and wasted by the feaverish heat Causes of convulsion by consent of pain The Causes of a convulsion by reason of pain are either the puncture of a Nerve whether it be by a thing animal as by the biting of a venemous Beast or by a thing inanimate as by the prick of a needle thorn or pen-knife or great and piercing cold which is hurtful to the wounds principally of the nervous parts whereby it comes to pass that by causing great and bitter pain in the nerves they are contracted towards their original that is the Brain as if they would crave succour from their parents in their distressed estate Besides also an ill vapour carried to the brain from some putrefaction so vellicateth it that contracting it self it also contracteth together with it all the Nerves and Muscles as we see it happeneth in those which have the falling sickness By which it appears that not only the brain it self suffereth together with the Nerves but also the Nerves with the Brain The signs of a Convulsion are difficult painful and depraved motions Signs of a convulsion either of some part or of the whole body turning aside of the Eyes and whole Face a contraction of the Lips a drawing in of the Cheeks as if one laughed and an universal sweat CHAP. X. The Cure of a Convulsion The cause of a Convulsion by Repletion THe cure of a Convulsion is to be varied according to the variety of the convulsive cause for that which proceeds from Repletion must be otherwise cured than that which is caused by an Inanition and that which proceeds of Pain otherwise than either of them For that which is caused by Repletion is cured by discussing and evacuating medicines as by diet conveniently appointed by purging bleeding digestive locall Medicines exercise frictions sulphurious baths and other things appointed by the prescription of some learned Physitian which shall oversee the cure which may consume the superfluous and excrementitious humors that possess the substance of the Nerves and habit of the body The locall remedies are Oyls Unguents and Liniments with which the Neck back-bone and all the contracted parts shall be anointed The Oyls are the oyl of Foxes Bayes Cammomill Worms Turpentine of Costus of Castoreum The Oyntments are Unguentum Arragon Agrippae de Althaea Martiatum This may be the form of a Liniment â„ž Olei chamaem Laurin ana â„¥ ij Olei Vulp â„¥ j Unguenti de Althaea Marti an â„¥ ss Axungiae vulpis â„¥ i Aquae vitae â„¥ i ss Cerae quantum sufficit Make a Liniment for your use Or â„ž Olei Lumbric de Spica de Castoreo an â„¥ iij Axung hum â„¥ i Sulphuris vivi â„¥ ss Cerae quantum sufficit Make a Liniment or â„ž Unguenti Martiati Agrip. an â„¥ iij. Olei de Terebinth â„¥ i ss Olei Salviae â„¥ ss Aquae vitae â„¥ i Cerae â„¥ i ss fiat linimentum But this disease is cured by slender diet and sweating with the Decoctions of Guiacum because by these remedies the gross tough and viscid excrements which are in fault are digested A Convulsion proceeding of Inanition is to be cured by the use of those things which do wholesomly and moderately nourish The cure of a Convulsion caused by inanition And therefore you must prescribe a diet consisting of meats full of a good nourishment as broaths and cullices of Capons Pigeons Veal and Mutton boyling therein Violet and Mallow leaves Conserves must be ordained which may strengthen the debilitated powers and humect the habit of the body such as are the Conserves of Bugloss Violets Borage and water Lillies The following broath will be profitable â„ž Lactucae Buglos portul an M i quatuor seminum frigid major an â„¥ ss seminis Barberis Ê’ i. Let them all be boyled with a chicken and let him take the broath every morning If thirst oppress him the following Julep will be good â„ž Aquae rosar â„¥ iv Aquae viol lb ss Saccari albissimi â„¥ vi fiat Julep utatur in siti If the Patient be bound in his body emollient and humecting Clysters shall be appointed made of the decoction of a Sheeps-head and feet Mallows Marsh Mallows Pellitory of the wall Violet leaves and other things of the like faculty Or that the remedy may be more ready and quickly made let the Clysters be of Oyl and Milk Topick remedies shall be Liniments and Baths Let this be the example of a Liniment An Emollient Liniment for my Convulsion â„ž Olei Viol. Amygdal dulc an â„¥ ij Olei Lilior Lumbric an â„¥ i Axungiae porci recentis â„¥ iij Cerae novae quantum sufficit fiat Linimentum with which let the whole spine and part affected be anointed This shall be the form of an emollient and humecting bath â„ž Fol. Malvae Bis Malvae An Emollient and humecting Bath Pariet ana M. vj. Sâ—minis Lini foenug ana lb ss Coquantur in aqua communi addendo Olei Lilior lb viiij Make a Bath into wâ—â—ch let the Patient enter when it is warm When he shall come forth of the Bath let him be â—ried with warm clothes or rest in his bed avoiding sweat But if the patient be able to undergo the charge it will be good to ordain a bath of milk or oyl alone or of them equally mixt together CHAP. XI Of the cure of a Convulsion by sympathy and pain A Convulsion which is caused both by consent of pain and Communication of the affect The Cure of a Convulsion by a puncture or bite is cured by remedies which are contrary to the dolorifick cause For thus if it proceed from a puncture or venemous bite the wound must be dilated and inlarged by cutting the skin that
and Sanies may pass and be drawn forth lest that matter being suppressed may corrupt the Bone and cause an inflammation in the Brain But the broken Bone must be taken forth within three days You may use the Trepan after the tenth day if it be possible especially in Summer for fear of inflammation Yet I have often taken forth with a Trepan and with Scrapers the Bones of the Skull after the seventeenth day both in Winter and Summer and that with happy success Which I have the rather noted lest any should at any time suffer the wounded to be left destitute of remedy for it is better to try a doubtful remedy than none Yet the By-standers shall be admonished and told of the danger for many more dye who have not the broken bones of the Skull taken out than those that have But the Instruments with which the wounded or cleft Bones may be cut out are called Scalpri or Radulae of which I have caused divers sorts to be here decyphered that every one might take his choyce according to his mind and as shall be best for his purpose But all of them may be scrued into one handle the figure whereof I have exhibited Radulae or Scalpri i. Shavers or Scrapers Radulae of another form for the better cutting of the greater Bones To conclude When the Skull shall be wounded or broken with a simple Fissure It is sufficient in a simpâ—e fissure to dilate it with your Scalpri only and not to Trepan it the Chirurgeon must think he hath done sufficient to the Patient and in his Art if he shall divide the Bone and dilate the Fissure or cleft with the described Instruments though he have used no Trepan although the Fissure pierce through both the Tables But if it doth not exceed the first Table you must stay your scrapers assoon as you come to the second according to the opinion of Paulus but if the bone shall be broken and shivered into many pieces they shall be taken forth with fit Instruments using also a Trepan if need shall require after the same manner as we shall shew you hereafter CHAP. V. Of a Contusion which is the second sort of Fracture AN Ecchymosis that is effusion of bloud What an Ecchymosis is presently concreting under the musculous skin without any wound is oft caused by a violent contusion This Contusion if it shall be great so that the skin be divided from the Skull it is expedient that you may make an Incision whereby the bloud may be evacuated and emptied How a contusion of the skull must be cured For in this case you must wholly desist from suppurative medicines which otherwise would be of good use in a fleshy part by reason that all the moist things are hurtful to the Bones as shall be shown hereafter But if the Bone shall bee too strong thick and dense so that this Instrument will not serve to pluck it forth then you must perforate the Skull in the very center of the depression and with this threefold Instrument or Levatory put into the hole lift up and restore the Bone to its natural site for this same Instrument is of strength sufficient for that purpose It is made with three feet that so it may be applyed to any part of the head which is round but divers heads may be fitted to the end thereof according as the business shall require as the figure here placed doth shew A three-footed Levatory But if at any time it comes to pass that the Bone is not totally broken or deprest but only on one side it will be fit so to lift it up as also to make a vent for the issuing out of the filth to divide the Skull with little Saws like these which ye see here expressed for thus so much of the Bone as shall be thought needful may be cut off without compression neither will there be any danger of hurting the Brain or Membrane with the broken Bone The figures of Saws fit to divide the Skull But if by such signs as are present and shall appear we perceive or judg that the contusion goes but to the second Table or scarse so far the baring or taking away of the Bone must go no further than the contusion reaches for that will be sufficient to eschew and divert inflammations and divers other symptoms And this shall be done with a scaling or Desquamatory Trepan as they term it with which you may easily take up as much of the Bone as you shall think expedient And I have here given you the figure thereof A Desquamatory or Scaling Trepan A Delineation of other Levatories A A. Shews the point or tongue of the Levatory which must be somewhat dull that so it may be the more gently and easily put between the Dura Mater and the Skull and this part thereof may be lifted up so much by the head or handle taken in your hand as the necessity of the present operation shall require B. Intimates the body of the Levatory which must be four square lest the point or tongue put thereon should not stand fast but the end of this Body must rest upon the sound bone as on a sure foundation The use thereof is thus put the point or tongue under the broken or depressed Bone then lift the handle up with your hand that so the deprâ—ssed bone may be elevated C. Shews the first Arm of the other Levatory whose crooked end must be gently put under the depressed Bone D. Shews the other Arm which must rest on the sound Bone that by the firm standing thereof it may lift up the depressed Bone CHAP. VI. Of an Effracture or depression of the Bone being the third kind of Fracture BEfore I come to speak of an Effracture I think it not amiss to crave pardon of the curteous and understanding Reader for this reason especially that as in the former Chapter when I had determined and appointed to speak of a Contusion I inserted many things of a Depression so also in this Chapter of an Effracture What a Consion is I intend to intermix something of a Contusion we do not this through any ignorance of the thing it self for we know that it is called a Contusion when the Bone is deprest and crusht but falls not down But an Effracture is What an Effracture is when the Bone falls down and is broken by a most violent blow But it can scarse come to pass but that the things themselves must be confounded and mixt both as they are done and also when they are spoken of so that you shall scarse see a Contusion without an Effracture or this without that Therefore the Bones are often broken off and driven down with great and forcible blows The cause of Effractures with clubs whether round or square or by falling from a high place directly down more or less according to the force of the blow kind of weapon and condition of the
blows as with Stones Clubs Staves the report of a peece of Ordnance or crack of Thunder and also a blow with ones hand Lib. 5. Epidem Thus as Hippocrates tells that beautiful Damosel the daughter of Nerius when she was twenty yeers old was smitten by a woman a friend of hers playing with her with her flat hand upon the fore-part of the head and then she was taken with a giddiness and lay without breathing and when she came home she fell presently into a great Feaver her head aked and her face grew red The seventh day after there came forth some two or three ounces of stinking and bloudy matter about her right Ear and she seemed somewhat better and to be at somewhat more ease The Feaver encreased again and she fell into a heavy sleepiness and lost her speech and the right side of her face was drawn up and she breathed with difficulty she had also a convulsion and trembling both her tongue failed her and her eyes grew dull on the ninth day she dyed But you must note that though the head be armed with a helmet yet by the violence of a blow the Veins and Arteries may be broken not only these which pass through the Sutures The vessels of the brain broken by the commotion thereof but also those which are dispersed between the two Tables in the Diploe both that they might bind the Crassa meninx to the Skull that so the Brain might move more freely as also that they might carry the alimentary juyce to the Brain wanting Marrow that is bloud to nourish it as we have formerly shewed in our Anatomy But from hence proceeds the efflux of bloud running between the Skull and Membranes Signs or else between the Membranes and Brain the bloud congealing there causeth vehement pain and the Eyes become blind Vomitting is caused Celsus the mouth of the Stomach suffering together with the Brain by reason of the Nerves of the sixt conjugation which run from the Brain thither and from thence are spread over all the capacity of the ventricle whence becoming a partaker of the offence it contracts it self and is presently as it were overturned whence first The cause of vomitting when the head is wounded those things that are contained therein are expelled and then such as may flow or come thither from the neighbouring and common parts as the Liver and Gall from all which Choler by reason of its natural levity and velocity is first expelled and that in greatest plenty and this is the true reason of that vomitting which is caused and usually follows upon fractures of the Skull and concussions of the Brain Within a short while after inflammation seizes upon the Membranes and Brain it self which is caused by corrupt and putrid bloud proceeding from the vessels broken by the violence of the blow and so spread over the substance of the Brain Such inflammation communicated to the Heart and whole body by the continuation of the parts causes a Feaver But a Feaver by altering the Brain causes Doting to which if stupidity succeed the Patient is in very ill case according to that of Hippocrates Stupidity and doting are ill in a wound or blow upon the Head Aph. 14. sect 7. But if to these evils a Sphacel and corruption of the Brain ensue together with a great difficulty of breathing by reason of the disturbance of the Animal faculty which from the Brain imparts the power of moving to the Muscles of the Chest the Instruments of Respiration then death must necessarily follow A great part of these accidents appeared in King Henry of happy memory A History a little before he dyed He having set in order the affairs of France and entred into amity with the neighbouring Princes desirous to honour the marriages of his daughter and sister with the famous and noble exercise of Tilting and he himself running in the Tilt-yard with a blunt-lance received so great a stroak upon his Brest that with the violence of the blow the vizour of his helmet flew up and the trunchion of the broken Lance hit him above the left Eyebrow and the musculous â—kin of the Fore-head was torn even to the lesser corner of the left Eye many splinters of the same Trunchion being struck into the substance of the fore-mentioned Eye the Bones being not touched or broken but the Brain was so moved and shaken that he dyed the eleventh day after the hurt What was the necessary cause of the death of King Henry the second of France His Skull being opened after his death there was a great deal of bloud found between the Dura and Pia Mater poured forth in the part opposite to the blow at the middle of the Suture of the hind-part of the Head and there appeared signs by the native colour turned yellow that the substance of the Brain was corrupted as much as one might cover with ones Thumb Which things caused the death of the most Christian King and not only the wounding of the Eye as many have falsly thought For we have seen many others who have not dyed of farr more grievous wounds in the Eye The History of the Lord Saint-Johns is of late memory he in the Tilt-yard A History made for that time before the Duke of Guises house was wounded with a splinter of a broken Lance of a fingers length and thickness through the visour of his Helmet it entring into the Orb under the Eye and piercing some three fingers bredth deep into the head by my help and Gods favour he recovered Valeranus and Duretus the Kings Physitians and James the Kings Chirurgeon assisting me What shall I say of that great and very memorable wound of Francis of Lorain the Duke of Guise He in the fight of the City of Bologne had his head so thrust through with a Lance A History that the point entring under his right Eye by his Nose came out at his Neck between his Ear and the Vertebrae the head or Iron being broken and left in by the violence of the stroak which stuck there so firmly that it could not be drawn or plucked forth without a pair of Smith's pincers But although the strength and violence of the blow was so great that it could not be without a fracture of the Bones a tearing and breaking of the Nerves Veins and Arteries and other parts yet the generous Prince by the favour of God recovered By which you may learn that many dye of small wounds and other recover of great yea Why some die of small wounds and others recover of great very large and desperate ones The cause of which events is chiefly and primarily to be attributed to God the Author and Preserver of Mankind but secondarily to the variety and condition of Temperaments And thus much of the commotion or concussion of the Brain whereby it happens that although all the Bone remains perfectly whole yet some veins broken
made by Gunshot is not to be attributed either to the poyson carryed into the body by the Gunpowder or Bullet nor to Burning imprinted in the wounded part by Gunpowder Wherefore to come to our purpose that opinion must first be confuted which accuseth wounds made by Gunshot of poyson and we must teach that there is neither any veneâ—ate substance Gunpowder is not poysonous nor quality in Gunpowder neither if there should be any could it impoyson the bodies of such as are wounded Which that we may the more easily perform we must examin the composition of such powder and make a particular inquiry of each of the simples whereof this composition consists what essence they have what strength and faculties and lastly what effects they may produce For thus by knowing the simples the whole nature of the composition consisting of them will be apparently manifest Of what it is made The Simples which enter the composition of Gunpowder are only three Charcoals of Sallow or Willow or of Hemp-stalks Brimstone and Salt-peter and sometimes a little Aqua vitae You shall find each of these if considered in particular void of all poyson and venenate quality For first in the Charcoal you shall observe nothing but dryness and a certain subtlety of substance by means whereof it fires so sodainly even as Tinder Sulphur or Brimstone is hot and dry but not in the highest degree it is of an oily and viscid substance yet so that it doth not so speedily catch fire as the coal though it retain it longer being once kindled neither may it be so speedily extinguished Salt-peter is such that many use it for Salt whereby it is evidently apparent that the nature of such Simples is absolutely free from all poyson but chiefly the Brimstone which notwithstanding is more suspected than the rest Lib. 5. Cap. 73. Lib. simpl Cap. 36. For Dioscorides gives Brimstone to be drunk or supped out of a rear Egg to such as are Aschmatick troubled with the cough spit up purulent matter and are troubled with the yellow Jaundise But Galen applyes it outwardly to such as are bitten by venemous beasts to scabs teaters and leprosies For the Aqua vitae it is of so tenuous a substance that it presently vanisheth into the air and also very many drink it and it is without any harm used in frictions of the exteriour parts of the body Whence you may gather that this powder is free from all manner of poyson seeing those things whereof it consists and is composed want all suspition thereof Therefore the Germane horsemen when they are wounded with shot fear not to drink off cheerfully half an ounce of Gunpowder dissolved in Wine hence perswading themselves freed from such malign symptoms as usually happen upon such wounds wherein whether they do right or wrong I do not here determin The same thing many French souldiers forced by no necessity but only to shew themselves more courageous also do without any harm but divers with good success use to strew it upon ulcers so to dry them Bullets cannot be poysoned Now to come to those who think that the venenate quality of wounds made by Gunshot springs not from the powder but from the bullet wherewith some poyson hath been commixt or joyned or which hath been tempered or steeped in some poysonous liquor This may sufficiently serve for a reply that the fire is abundantly powerful to dissipate all the strength of the poyson if any should be poured upon or added to the Bullet This much confirms my opinion which every one knows The Bullets which the Kings Souldiers used to shoot against the Townsmen in the siege of Rouen were free from all poyson and yet for all that they of the Town thought that they were all poysoned when they found the Wounds made by them to be uncurable and deadly Now on the other side the Towns-men were falsly suspected guilty of the same crime by the Kings Army when as they perceived all the Chirurgeons labour in curing Wounds made by the Bullets shot from Rouen to be frustrated by their contumacy and malign nature each side judging of the magnitude and malignity of the cause from the unhappy success of the effect in curing As Gales noâ—eâ— ad sent 20 21. sect 8. lib. 3. Epid. Even as amongst Physitians according to Hippocrates all diseases are termed pestilent which arising from whatsoever common cause kill many people so also wounds made by Gunshot may in some respect be called pestilent for that they are more refractory and difficult to cure than others and not because they partake of any poysonous quality but by default of some common cause as the ill complexions of the Patients the infections of the air and the corruption of meats and drinks For by these causes wounds acquire an evill nature and become less yeelding to medicins Now we have by these reasons convinced of error that opinion which held wounds made by Gun-shot for poisonous let us now come to overthrow that which is held concerning their combustion First it can scarse be understood how bullets which are commonly made of Lead Wounds made by Gunshot are not burnt can attain to such heat but that they must be melted and yet they are so far from melting that being shot out of a Musket they will pierce through armour and the whole body besides and yet remain whole or but a little diminisht Besides also if you shoot them against a stone wall you may presently take them up in your hand without any harm and also without any manifest sense of heat though their heat by the striking upon the stone should be rather increased if they had any Furthermore a Bullet shot into a barrell of Gunpowder would presently set it all on fire if the bullet should acquire such heat by the shooting but it is not so For if at any time the powder be fired by such an accident we must not imagine that it is done by the bullet bringing fire with it but by the striking and collision thereof against some Iron or stone that opposes or meets therewith whence sparks of fire proceeding as from a flint the powder is fired in a moment The like opinion we have of thatched houses for they are not fired by the bullet which is shot but rather by some other thing as linnen rags brown paper and the like which rogues and wicked persons fasten to their bullets There is another thing which more confirms me in this opinion which is take a bullet of Waxe and keep it from the fire for otherwise it would melt and shoot it against an inch board and it will go through it whereby you may understand that Bullets cannot become so hot by shooting to burn like a cautery The reason why wounds made by Gun-shot look black But the Orifices may some say of such wounds are alwaies black This indeed is true but it is not from the effect
head and then take fast hold of the head with your Cranes-bill and so draw them forth all three together CHAP. XX. What to be done when an Arrow is left fastned or sticking in a Bone BUt if the weapon be so depart and fastned in a Bone that you cannot drive it forth on the other side neither get it forth by any other way than that it entred in by A Caution you must first gently move it up and down if it stick very fast in but have a special care that you do not break it and so leave some fragment thereof in the bone then take it forth with your Crows-bill or some other fit Instrument formerly described Then press forth the bloud The benefit of bleeding in wounds and suffer it to bleed somewhat largely yet according to the strength of the Patient and nature of the wounded part For thus the part shall be eased of the fulness and illness of humors and less molested with inflammation putrefaction and other symptoms which are customarily feared When the weapon is drawn forth and the wound once dressed handle it if simple as you do simple wounds if compound then according to the condition and manner of the complication of the effects Certainly the Oyl of Whelps formerly described is very good to asswage pain To conclude you shall cure the rest of the symptoms according to the method prescribed in our Treatise of wounds in general and to that we have formerly delivered concerning wounds made by Gunshot CHAP. XXI Of poysoned Wounds IF these Wounds at any time prove poysoned they have it from their Primitive cause to wit The signs of poysoned wounds the empoysoned Arrows or Darts of their enemies You may find it out both by the property of the pain if that it be great and pricking as if continually stung with Bees for such pain usually ensues in wounds poysoned with hot poyson as Arrows usually are Also you shall know it by the condition of the wounded flesh for it will become pale and grow livid with some signs of mortification To conclude there happen many and malign symptoms upon wounds which are empoysoned being such as happen not in the common nature of usual wounds Remedies in poysoned wounds Therefore presently after you have plucked forth the strange bodies encompass the wound with many and deep scarifications apply ventoses with much flame that so the poyson may be more powerfully drawn forth to which purpose the sucking of the wound performed by one whose mouth hath no soarness therein but is filled with Oyl that so the poyson which he sucks may not stick nor adhere to the part will much conduce Lastly it must be drawn forth by rubefying vesicatory and caustick medicines and assailed by Oyntments Cataplasms Emplaisters and all sorts of local medicines The End of the Eleventh Book The Twelfth BOOK Of CONTVSIONS and GANGRENES CHAP. I. Of Contusions A Contusion according to Galen is a solution of continuity in the flesh or bone Gal. Lib de artis c nstitut Sect. 2 lib. de fracturis caused by the stroak of some heavy and obtuse thing or a fall from on high The symptom of this disease is by Hippocrates called Peliosis and Melasma that is to say blackness and blewness the Latins term it Sugillatum There are divers sorts of these Sugillations or blacknesses Causes of Bruises and Sugillations according as the bloud is poured forth into the more inward or outward part of the body The bloud is poured forth into the body when any for example falls from an high or hath any heavy weight falls upon him as it often happens to such as work in Mines or are extreamly racked or tortured and sometimes by too loud and forcible exclamations Besides also by a Bullet shot through the body bloud is poured forth into the Belly and so often evacuated by the passages of the Guts and Bladder The same may happen by the more violent and obtuse blows of a hard Trunchion Club Stone and all things which may bruise and press the cloud out of the vessels either by extending or breaking them For which causes also the exteriour parts are contused or bruised sometimes with a wound sometimes without so that the skin being whole and as far as one can discern untoucht the bloud pours it self forth into the empty spaces of the muscles and between the skin and muscles which affect the Ancients have tearmed Ecchymosis Hippocrates calls it by a peculiar name Nausiosis Sect. 2. Lib. de fract for that in this affect the swoln veins seem as it were to vomit and verily do vomit or cast forth the superfluous blood which is contained in them From these differences of Contusions are drawn the indications of curing as shall appear by the ensuing discourse CHAP. II. Of the general cure of great and enormous Contusions THe blood poured forth into the body must be evacuated by visible and not-visible evacuation The visible evacuation may be performed by blood-letting Cupping-glasses horns scarrification horsleeches and fit purgative medicins if so be the patient have not a strong and continual feaver The not-visible evacuation is performed by resolving and sudorifick potions Ad sentent 62. sect 3. lib. de A ticulis baths and a slender diet Concerning Blood-letting Galens opinion is plain where he bids in a fall from an high place and generally for bruises upon what part soever they be to open a vein though the parties affected are not of a full constitution for that unless you draw blood by opening a vein there may inflammations arise from the concreat blood from whence without doubt evill accidents may ensue After you have drawn blood give him foure ounces of Oxycrate to drink for that by the tenuity of its substance hinders the coagulation of the blood in the belly A portion to disolve an evacuate clotted blood A hot sheeps skin or in stead thereof you may use this following Potion â„ž rad GentianaeÊ’iij bulliant in Oxycrato in cilaâ—ura dissolve rhei electiÊ’ j. fiat potio These medicins dissolve and cast forth by spitting and vomit the congealed blood if any thereof be contained in the ventricle or lungs it will be expedient to wrap the Patient presently in a sheeps skin being hot and newly taken from the sheep and sprinkled over with a little myrrhe cresses and salt and so to put him presently in his bed then cover him so that he may sweat plentifully The next day take away the sheeps-skin A discussing ointment and anoint the body with the following anodyne and resolving unguent â„ž unguent de althaea â„¥ vj. olei Lumbric chamaem anethi an â„¥ ij terebinth venetae â„¥ iiij farinae foenugrae rosar rub pulverisat pul myrtillorum an â„¥ j. fiat liâ—us ut dictum est Then give this potion which is sudorifick and dissolves the congealed blood A Sudorifick potion to dissolve congealed blood Syrups hindering putrefaction
for such as live for they did not so much as suspect or imagine so horrid a wickedness but either for that they held an opinion of the general resurrection or that in these monuments they might have something whereby they might keep their dead friends in perpetual remembrance Thevet not much dissenting from his own opinion writes that the true Mummie is taken from the Monuments and stony Tombs of the anciently dead in Egypt the chinks of which tombs were closed and cemented with such diligence the inclosed bodies embalmed with precious Spices with such Art for eternity that the linnen vestures which were wrapt about them presently after their death may be seen whole even to this day but the bodies themselves are so fresh that you would judg them scarse to have been three days buryed And yet in those Sepulchers and Vaults from whence these bodies are taken there have been some corps of two thousands years old The same or their broken members are brought to Venice from Syria and Egypt and thence disperst over all Christendom But according to the different condition of men the matter of their embalments were divers for the bodies of the Nobility or Gentry were embalmed with Myrrh Aloes Saffron and other precious Spices and Drugs but the bodies of the common sort whose poverty and want of means could not undergo such cost were embalmed with asphaltum or pissasphaltum Now Mathjolus saith that all the Mummie which is brought into these parts What our Mummie usually is is of this last kind and condition For the Noblemen and chief of the Province so religiously addicted to the Monuments of their Ancestors would never suffer the bodies of their friends and kindred to be transported hither for filthy gain and such detested use as we shall shew more at large at the end of this work Which thing sometimes moved certain of our French Apothecaries men wondrous audacious and covetous to steal by night the bodies of such as were hanged and embalming them with Salt and Drugs they dryed them in an Oven so to sell them thus adulterated in stead of true Mummie Wherefore we are thus compelled both foolishly and cruelly to devour the mangled and putrid particles of the carkasses of the basest people of Egypt or of such as are hanged as though there were no other way to help or recover one bruised with a fall from a high place than to bury man by an horrid insertion in their that is in mans guts Now if this Drug were any way powerful for that they require they might perhaps have some pretence for this their more than barbarous inhumanity But the case stands thus that this wicked kind of Drug Mummie is no way good for contusions doth nothing help the diseased in that case wherefore and wherein it is administred as I have tryed a hundred times and as Thevet witnesses he tryed in himself when as he took some thereof by the advice of a certain Jewish Physitian in Egypt from whence it is brought but it also infers many troublesome symptoms as the pain of the heart or stomach vomiting and stink of the mouth I perswaded by these reasons do not only my self not prescribe any hereof to my Patients But hurtful and how but also in consultations endeavour what I may that it be not prescribed by others It is far better according to Galen's opinion in Method med to drink some Oxycrate The effects of Oxycrate in Contusions which by its frigidity restrains the flowing bloud and by its tenuity of substance dissolves and discusses the congealed clots thereof Many reasons of learned Physitians from whom I have learned this History of Mummie drawn from Philosophy whereby they make it apparent that there can be no use of this or that Mummie in contusions or against flowing or congealed bloud I willingly omit for that I think it not much beneficial to Chirurgeons to insert them here Wherefore I judg it better to begin to treat of Combustions or Burns CHAP. VIII Of Combustions and their Differences ALl Combustions whether occasioned by Gunpowder or by scalding Oyl Water The reason and symptoms of Combustions some metal or what things soever else differ only in magnitude These first cause pain in the part and imprint in it an unnatural heat Which savouring of the fire leaves that impression which the Greeks call Empyreuma There are more or less signs of this impression according to the efficacy of the thing burning the condition of the part burned and stay upon the same If the combustion be superficiary the skin rises into pustules and blisters unless it be speedily prevented If it be low or deep in it is covered with an Eschar or Crust the burnt flesh by the force of the fire turning into that crusty hardness The burning force of the fire upon whatsoever part it falls leaves a hot distemper therein condensates The 〈…〉 the 〈…〉 sing But 〈…〉 contracts and thickens the skin whence pain proceeds from pain there comes an attraction of humors from the adjacent and remote parts These humors presently turn into waterish or serous moisture whilst they seek to pass forth and are hindered thereof by the skin condensated by the action of the fire they lift it up higher and raise the blisters which we see Hence divers Indications are drawn whence proceeds the variety of medicins for Burns For some take away the Empyreuma that is the heat of the fire as we term it and asswage the pain other hinder the rising of blisters othersome are fit to cure the ulcer first to procure the falling away of the Eschar Variety of medicins to take away the heat and asswage the pain then to clense generate flesh and cicatrize it Remedies fit to asswage pain and take away the fiery heat are of two kinds for some do it by a cooling faculty by which they extinguish the preternatural heat and repress or keep back the bloud and humors which flow into the parts by reason of heat and pain Others endued with contrary faculties are hot and attractive as which by relaxing the skin and opening the pores resolve and dissipate the serous humors which yield both beginning and matter to the pustules and so by accident asswage the pain and heat Refrigerating things are cold water the water of Plantain Nightshade Henbane Hemlock the juyces of cooling hearbs as Purslane Lettuce Plantain Housleek Poppy Mandrake and the like Of these some may be compounded as some of the fore-named juyces beaten with the white of an Egge Clay beaten and dissolved in strong Vinegar Roch-Alome dissolved in water with the whites of Egs beaten therein writing-Ink mixed with Vinegar and a little camphire Unguentum nutritum and also Populeon newly made These and the like shall be now and then renewed chiefly at the first until the heat and pain be gone But these same remedies must be applyed warm for if they should be laid or put to
cold they would cause pain and consequently defluxion besides also their strength could not pass or enter into the part or be brought into action but so applyed they asswage pain hinder inflammation and the rising of blisters CHAP. IX Of hot and attractive Medicins to be applyed to Burns How fire may asswage the pain of burning AMongst the hot and attractive things which by rarifying drawing out and dissolving asswage the pain and heat of combustions the fire challenges the first place especially when the burning is but small For the very common people know and find by daily experience that the heat of the lightly burnt part vanishes away and the pain is asswaged if they hold the part which was burnt some pretty while to the heat of a lighted Candle or burning Coals for the similitude causeth attraction Thus the external fire whilest it draws forth the fire which is internal and inust into the part is a remedy against the disease it caused and bred It is also an easily made and approved remedy Beaten Onions good for burns and how if they presently after the Burn apply to the grieved part raw Onions beaten with some Salt Now you must note that this medicine takes no place if it be once gone into an ulcer for it would increase the pain and inflammation but if it be applyed when the skin is yet whole and not excoriated it doth no such thing but hinders the rising of pustles and blisters Hippocrates for this cause also uses this kind of remedy in procuring the fall of the Eschar If any endeavour to gainsay the use of this remedy by that principle in Physick which says that contraries are cured by contraries and therefore affirm that Onions Lib. 5. simpl according to the authority of Galen being hot in the fourth degree are not good for combustions let him know that Onions are indeed potentially hot and actually moist therefore they rarifie by their hot quality and soften the skin by their actual moisture whereby it comes to pass that they attract draw forth and dissipate the imprinted heat and so hinder the breaking forth of Pustles To conclude the fire as we formerly noted is a remedy against the fire But neither are diseases always healed by their contraries saith Galen but sometimes by their like although all healing proceed from the contrary this word contrary being more largely and strictly taken for so also a Phlegmon is often cured by resolving medicines which healeth it by dissipating the matter thereof Therefore Onions are very profitable for the burnt parts which are not yet exulcerated or excoriated But there are also many other medicins good to hinder the rising of blisters such as new Horse-dung fryed in Oyl of Wal-nuts or Roses and applyed to the parts In like manner the leaves of Elder or Dane-wort boyled in Oyl of Nuts and beaten with a little Salt Also quenched L me powdered and mixed with Unguentum Rosatum Or else the leaves of Cuckow-pint and Sage beaten together with a little Salt Also Carpenters Glue dissolved in water and anointed upon the part with a feather is good for the same purpose Also thick Vernish which Polishers or Sword Cutlers use But if the pain be more vehement How often in a day these must be dressed these medicins must be renewed three or four times in a day and a night so to mitigate the bitterness of this pain But if so be we cannot by these remedies hinder the rising of Blisters then we must presently cut them as soon as they rise for that the humor contained in them not having passage forth acquires such acrimony that it eats the flesh which lyeth under it and so causeth hollow ulcers So by the multitude of causes and increase of matter the inflammation groweth greater not only for nine days as the common people prattle but for far longer time also somewhiles for less time if the body be neither repleat with ill humors nor plethorick and you have speedily resisted the pain and heat by fit remedies When the combustion shall be so great as to cause an Eschar Medicins for an Eschar the falling away must be procured by the use of emollient and humective medicins as of Greases Oyls Butter with a little Basilicon or the following Ointment â„ž Mucagin psillii cydon an â„¥ iiij gummi trag â„¥ ij extrahantur cum aqua pariatariae olei filiorum â„¥ ijss cerae novae q. s fiat unguentum molle For ulcers and excoriations you shall apply fit remedies which are those that are without acrimony such as Unguentum album camphoratum deficcativum rubrum unguentum rosatum made without Vinegar or nutritum composed after this manner â„ž lithargyri auri â„¥ iiij ol rosat â„¥ iij. ol de papavar â„¥ ij ss ung populcon â„¥ iiij A description of Nutritum camphoraeÊ’ j. fiat unguentum in mortario plumbeo secundum artem Or Oyl of Egs tempered in a Leaden Mortar Also unquenched lime many times washed and mixed with unguentum rosatum or fresh Butter without Salt and some yolks of Egs hard roasted Or â„ž Butyri recent sine sale ustulati colati â„¥ vj. vitell over iiij cerus lotae in aqua plantag vel resar â„¥ ss tuthiae similiter lotae Ê’ iij. pâ—um i usti loti Ê’ ij Misceantur omnia simul fiat linimentum ut decet Or else â„ž cort sanâ—uc viridis olei rosat an lib. j. bulliant simul lento igne postea colentur adde olei ovorum â„¥ iiij pul cerus luthiae praepar an â„¥ j. cerae albae quantum sufficit fiat unguentum molle secundum artem But the quantity of drying medicins may always be encreased or diminished according as the condition of the ulcer shall seem to require The following remedies are fit to asswage pain as the mucilages of Line-seeds of the seeds of Psillium or Flea-wort and Quinces extracted in Rose-water or fair-water with the addition of a little Camphire and lest that it dry too speedily adde thereto some Oyl of Roses Also five or six yolks of Egs mixed with the mucilages of Line-seed the seed of Psillium and Quinces often renewed are very powerful to asswage pain A remedy for Burns commonly used in in the Hospital of Paris The women which attend upon the people in the Hospital in Paris do happily use this medicine against burns â„ž Lard conscissi libram unam let it be dissolved in Rose-water then strained through a linnen cloath then wash it four times with the water of Hen-bane or some other of that kind then let it be incorporated with eight yolks of new laid Egs and so make an Ointment If the smart be great as usually it is in these kinds of wounds the ulcer or sores shall be covered over with a piece of Tiffany lest you hurt them by wiping them with somewhat a coarse cloth and so also the matter may easily come forth and the medicins easily
Whilst I more attentively intended these things another mischief assails my Patient to wit Convulsions and that not through any fault of him or me but by the naughtiness of the place wherein he lay which was in a Barn every where full of chinks and open on every side and then also it was in the midst of Winter raging with frost and snow and all sorts of cold neither had he any fire or other thing necessary for preservation of life to lessen these injuries of the air and place Now his joints were contracted his teeth set and his mouth and face were drawn awry when as I pitying his case made him to be carried into the neighbouring Stable which smoaked with much horse dung and bringing in fire in two chafendishes I presently anointed his neck and all the spine of his back shunning the parts of the Chest with liniments formerly described for convulsions then straight way I wrapped him in a warm linnen cloth Burying in hot horse-dung helps Convulsions and buried him even to the neck in hot dung putting a little fresh straw about him when he had stayed there some three dayes having at length a gentle scouring or flux of his belly and plentiful shut he begun by little and little to open his mouth and teeth which before were set and close shut Having got by this means some opportunity better to do my business I opened his mouth as much as I pleased by putting this following Instrument between his teeth A Dilater made for to open the mouth and teeth by the means of a Screw in the end thereof Now drawing out the Instrument I kept his mouth open by putting in a willow stick on each side thereof that so I might the more easily feed him with meats soon made as with Cows milk and rear egs untill he had recovered power to eat the convulsion having left him He by this means freed from the Convulsion I then again begun the cure of his arm and with an actual cautery seared the end of the bone so to dry up the perpetual afflux of corrupt matter It is not altogether unworthy of your knowledg that he said how that he was wondrously delighted by the application of such actual cauteries a certain tickling running the whole length of the arm by reason of the gentle diffusion of the heat by the applying the caustick which same thing I have observed in many others especially in such as lay upon the like occasion in the Hospital of Paris After this cauterizing there fell away many and large scales of the bone the freer appalse of the air than was fit making much thereto A fomentation for a Convulsion besides when there was place for fomentation with the decoction of red Rose leaves Wormwood Sage Bay-leaves flowers of Camomil Melilote Dill I so comforted the part that I also at the same time by the same means drew and took away the virulent Sanies which firmly adhered to the flesh and bones Lastly it came to passe that by Gods assistance these means I used and my careful diligence he at length rocovered Wherefore I would admonish the young Chirurgeon Monsters or miracles in diseases that he never account any so desperate as to give him for lost content to have let him go with prognosticks for as an ancient Doctor writes that as in Nature so in diseases there are also Monsters The End of the Twelfth Book The THIRTEENTH BOOK Of Vlcers Fistulaes and Haemorrhoides CHAP. I. Of the nature causes and differences of Ulcers HAving already handled and treated of the nature differences causes The divers acceptions of an Ulcer Sent. 34. sect 3. lib. de fract signs and cure of fresh and bloody wounds reason and order seem to require that we now speak of Ulcers taking our beginning from the ambiguity of the name For according to Hippocrates the name of Ulcer most generally taken may signifie all or any solution of Countinuity In which sence it is read that all pain is an Ulcer Generally for a wound and Ulcer properly so called as appears by his Book de Ulceribus Properly Sect. 1. prog as when he saith it is a sign of death when an Ulcer is dryed up through an Atrophia or defect of nourishment What an Ulcer properly is We have here determined to speak of an Ulcer in this last and proper signification And according thereto we define an Ulcer to be the solution of Continuity in a soft part and that not bloody but sordid and unpure flowing with quitture Sanies or any such like corruption associated with one or more affects against nature Lib. de constit Artis cap. 6. which hinder the healing and agglutination thereof or that we may give it you in fewer words according to Galens opinion An ulcer is a solution of Continuity caused by Erosion The causes of Ulcers are either internal or external The internal causes The internal are through the default of humours peccant in quality rather than in quantity or else in both and so making erosion in the skin and softer parts by their acrimony and malignity now these things happen either by naughty and irregular diet or by the ill disposition of the entrails sending forth and emptying into the habit of the body this their ill disposure The external causes are the excess of cold seising upon any part The external causes especially more remote from the fountain of heat whence followes pain whereunto succeeds an attraction of humors and spirits into the part and the corruption of these so drawn thither by reason of the debility or extinction of the native heat in that part whence lastly ulceration proceeds In this number of external causes may be ranged a stroak contusion the application of sharp and acrid medicins as causticks burns as also impure contagion as appears by the virulent Ulcers acquired by the filthy copulation or too familiar conversation of such as have the French disease How many and what the differences of Ulcers are you may see here described in this following Scheme A Table of the differences of Ulcers An Ulcer is an impure solution of continuity in a soft part flowing with filth and matter or other corruptition whereof there are two chief differences for one Is simple and solitary without complication of any other affect against nature and this varies in differences either Proper which are usually drawn from three things to wit Figure whence one Ulcer is called Round or circular Sinuous and variously spread Right or oblique Cornered as triangular Quantity and that either according to their Length whence an Ulcer is long short indifferent Breadth whence an Ulcer is broad narrow indifferent Profundity whence an Ulcer is deep superficiary indifferent Equality or inequality which consists In those differences of dimensions whereof we last treated I say in length breadth and profundity wherein they are either alike or of the same manner or else unlike and so
of a different manner Or common and accidental and these drawn either From their time whence an Ulcer is tearmed new old of short or long cure and curation From their appearance whence one is called an apparent Ulcer another a hidden and occult Ulcer From their manner of generation as if it be made by a heavy bruising cutting pricking or corroding thing whence a cut torn and mixt Ulcer From their site whence an Ulcer before behinde above below in the head tail or belly of a Muscle From that part it seises upon whence an Ulcer in the flesh and skin or feeding upon the gristles or bones such as these of the nose the palat of the mouth and ears From other common accidents whence a Telephian Ulcer that is such an Ulcer as Telephus had A Chironian which needs the hand and art of Chiron A Cankrous which resembles a Cancer Is compound and many and various wayes complicated as With the cause whence an Ulcer Is Cacochymick Câ—tarrhoick or venenate that is which a Cacochymia or Repletion of ill humours a Catarrh or poison cherishes or feeds With the disease as from Distempers whether simple or compound whence an Ulcer is Hot. Cold. Dry. Moist Mixt. Swelling or Tumor whence a Phlegmonous Ulcer Erisipelous Ulcer Oedematous Ulcer Scirrhous Ulcer Cancrous Ulcer Solution of continuity or any other discommodity whence a rough callous fistulous cavernous sinuous Ulcer with luxation fracture c. With the Symptome whence a corroding eating painfull sordid and virulent Ulcer With the cause and disease Examples whereof may be taken from that we have formerly delivered With the cause and Symptom Examples whereof may be taken from that we have formerly delivered With the disease and Symptom Examples whereof may be taken from that we have formerly delivered With the cause disease and Symptom Examples whereof may be taken from that we have formerly delivered CHAP. II. Of the signs of Ulcers The signs of a putrid Ulcer THere are various signs of Ulcers according to their differences For it is the sign of a putrid Ulcer if it exhale a noysom grievous stinking and carion-like vapour together with filthy matter An eating Ulcer is known by the eating in hollowness and wearing away of the part wherein it resides together with the adjoyning parts A sordid Ulcer may be known by the grosseness and viscidity of the excrements it sends forth and by the loose and spongy softness or the crusted inequality of the flesh which grows over it A cavernous Ulcer by the straitness of the orifice and largeness and deepness of the windings within A fistulous Ulcer if to the last mentioned signs there accrew a callous hardness of the lips or sides of the Ulcer A cankrous Ulcer is horrible to behold with the lips turned black hard and swoln flowing with virulent and stinking corruption and sometimes also with bloody matter together with the swelling and lifting up of the adjacent veins Gal. cap. 5. lib. 4. Meth. An untemperate or as they term it a distempered Ulcer is such as is nourished by some great distemper whether hot or cold moist or dry or compounded of these An ill * Ulcus Cacocches natured or malign Ulcer is known by the difficulty of curing and rebellious contumacy to remedies appointed according to Art and reason We know a catarrhous Ulcer if the matter which feeds it flow to it from some varices thereunto adjoyning or dilated swollen and broken veins or from some entrail or from the whole body being ill affected An Apostumatous Ulcer is perceived by the presence of any tumor against nature whose kind may be found out by sight and handling Telephian Ulcers are such as affected Telephus and Chironian in whose cure Chiron excelled are Ulcers which may be known by their magnitude not much putrid and consequently not sending forth any ill smell not eating not tormenting with pain but having their lips swoln and hard and therefore ill to be healed For although they may be sometimes cicatrized yet it being but slender may easily be broken and the Ulcer renewed They are almost like an ulcerated Cancer but that they are accompanied with swelling in the adjacent parts they are also worse than these which are termed Cacoethe that is Com. ad aphor 22. sect 5. ill natured or malign whence it is that Fernelius thought they had a hidden cause of malignity besides the common default of the humor and that such as can scarce be driven away such commonly are felt after the plague Wherefore Galen thinks such to be malign as will not suppurate or yield any quitture CHAP. III. Of the Prognosticks of Ulcers THe bone must necessarily scale Aph. 45. sect 6. and hollow scars be left by malign Ulcers of a years continuance or longer and rebellious to medicins fitly applyed The bone must scale by reason of the continual efflux and wearing by the acrimony of the humor which looses the composure and glue by which the parts thereof are joined together But the scars must become hollow for that the bone whence all the flesh takes its first original or some portion thereof being taken from under the flesh as the foundation thereof so much of the bulk of the flesh must necessarily sink down as the magnitude of the portion of the wasted bone comes unto You may know that death is at hand when the Ulcers that arise in or before diseases Hip. progn lib. 1 cap. 8. Aph. 65. sect 5. are suddainly either livid or dryed or pale and withered For such driness sheweth the defect of nature which is not able to send the familiar and accustomed nutriment to the part ulcerated But the livid or pale colour is not only an argument of the overabundance of choler and melancholy but also of the extinction of the native heat In Ulcers where tumors appear the patients suffer no convulsions neither are frantick for the tumor being in the habit of the body possessed with an Ulcer argues that the nervous parts and their original are free from the noxious humors But these tumors suddainly vanishing and without manifest cause as without application of a discussing medicin or bleeding those who have them on their backs have convulsions and distensions for that the spine of the back is almost wholly nervous but such as have them on their fore parts become either frantick or have a sharp pain of their side or pleurisie or else a dysentery if the tumors be reddish for the forepart of the body is replenished and overspread with many and large vessells into whose passages the morbifick matter being translated is presently carryed to those parts which are the seats of such diseases Soft and loose tumors in Ulcers are good Aph. 97. sect 5. for they shew a mildness and gentleness of the humors but crude and hard swellings are naught for all digestion in some measure resembles elixation Ulcers which are smooth and shining are ill for they shew that there resides
revulsion and derivation as also for holding of medicins which are laid to a part as the neck breast or belly Lastly The eighth the particular use of ligatures in the amputation of members there is a triple use of Ligatures in amputation of members as arms and legs The first to draw and hold upwards the skin and muscles lying under it that the operation being performed they may by their falling down again cover the ends of the cut-off bones and so by that means help forwards the agglutination and cicatrization and when it is healed up cause the lame member to move more freely and with less pain and also to perform the former actions this as it were cushion or boulster of musculous flesh lying thereunder The second is they hinder the bleeding by pressing together the veins and arteries The third is they by strait binding intercept the free passage of the animal spirits and so deprive the part which lyes thereunder of the sense of feeling by making it as it were stupid or num CHAP. VII Of Boulsters or Compresses BOulsters have a double use The first use of Boulsters the first is to fill up the cavities and those parts which are not of an equal thickness to their end We have examples of cavities in the Arm-pits Clavicles Hams and Groins and of parts which grow small towards their ends in the arms towards the wrists in the legs towards the feet in the thighs towards the knees Therefore you must fill these parts with Boulsters and Linnen cloths that so they may be all of one bigness to their ends The second use of Boulsters The second use of them is to defend and preserve the first two or three Rowlers or Under-binders the which we said before must be applyed immediately to the fractured part Boulsters according to this twofold use differ amongst themselves for that when they are used in the first mentioned kind they must be applyed athwart but when in the latter long-wayes or downright You may also use Boulsters The third use of them lest the too strait binding of the Ligatures cause pain and trouble to the new-set bones A three or four times doubled cloth will serve for the thickness of your Boulsters but the length and breadth must be more or less according to the condition of the parts and disease for which they must be applyed CHAP. VIII Of the use of Splints Junks and Cases HAving delivered the uses of Ligatures and Boulsters it remains that we say somewhat of the other things which serve to hold the Bones in their places as Splints Junks Cases and such other like Splints are made and composed of past-board The matter of Splints of thin splinters of wood of leather such as shoo-soals are made with of the rindes of trees or plates of latin or lead and such other like which have a gentle and yielding stiffness yet would I have them made as light as may be lest they by their weight become troublesome to the affected part But for their length breadth and number let them be fitted agreeable to the part whereto they must be used Let also their figure be streight or crooked according to the condition of the member whereto they must be applyed You must have a special care that they run not so far as the swellings out or eminencies of the bones as the ankles knees elbows and the like lest they hurt them by their pressure also you must have a care that they be smaller at their ends and thicker in their middles whereas they lye upon the broken bone The use of splints is Their use to hold fast and firm that they may stir no way the broken and luxated bones after they be set and restored to their places That they perform this use it is fit there be no thick boulsters under them nor over many rowlers for so through so thick a space they would not so straitly press the part Junks are made of sticks the bigness of ones finger wrapped about with rushes What Junks are and then with linnen cloth they are principally used in fractures of the thighs and legs Cases are made of plates of latin or else some light wood their use is to contain the bones in their due figure The matter and use of Cases when the Patient is to be carried out of one bed or chamber into another or else hath need to go to stool lastly if we must rest somewhat more strongly upon the broken or luxated members these Cases will hinder the bones from stirring or flying out on the right side or left above or below we sleeping or waking being willing or unwilling and in like sort lest being not as yet well knit or more loosly bound up for fear of pain inflammation or a gangrene they hang down fall or fly in sunder by reason of the inequalities of the bed Such Cases Junks and the like Glossocomium a general name for such things which serve for restoring and fast holding of broken and luxated bones we may according to Hippocrates his minde call them in generall Glossocomia All which things the young Surgeon which is not as yet exercised in the works of Art can scarce tell what they are But in the mean time whilest that he may come to be exercised therein or see others perform these operations I as plainly as possibly I could have in words given him their portraiture or shape The End of the Fourteenth Book The FIFTEENTH BOOK Of FRACTURES CHAP. I. What a Fracture is and what the differences thereof are Lib. 6. method A Fracture in Galens opinion is the solution of continuity in a bone which by the Greeks is called Catagma There are many sorts of hurting or offending the bones as the drawing them asunder luxation or putting them out of joint their unnatural growing together their cutting or dividing asunder contusion abscess putrefaction rottenness laying bare the periosteum being violated or lost and lastly that whereof we now treat a Fracture Again the varieties of Fractures are almost infinite For one is complete and perfect another imperfect one runs long-wise another transverse another oblique one while it is broken into great pieces another while into little and small scales which have either a blunt or else a sharp end and prick the adjacent bodies of the muscles nerves veins or arteries It sometimes happens that the bone is not broken into splinters What it is for a bone to be broken Raphanedon that is long-wayes but together and at once into two pieces overthwart which Fracture is called Raphanedon that is after the manner of a Radish What Caryedon or Alphitidon A Fracture is made Caryedon or like a nut when as the bone flyes into many small pieces severed each from other as when a Nut is broken with a hammer or mallet upon an Anvile Which fracture is also termed Alphitidon by reason of the resemblance it hath to meal or
things to be observed in Ligation when a fracture is associated with a Wound THis taken out of the doctrine of the Ancients ought to be kept firm and ratified That the ligation must be most strait upon the wound that ligation must be made upon the wound otherwise the wounded part will presently lift it self up into a great tumor receiving the humors pressed thither by the force of the ligation made on this and that side above and below whence ensue many malign symptoms You may make tryall hereof upon a sound fleshy part What symptoms ensue the want of binding upon the wounded part for if you binde it above and below not touching that which is in the midst it will be lifted up into a great tumor and change the flourishing and native colour into a livid or blackish hue by reason of the flowing and abundance of the humors pressed forth on every side from the neighbouring parts Therefore such things will happen much the rather in a wounded or ulcerated part But for this cause the ulcer will remain unsuppurated and weeping crude and liquid sanies flowing there-hence like unto that which usually flowes from inflamed eyes Such sanies if it fall upon the bones and make any stay there it with the touch thereof burns and corrupts them and so much the more if they be rare and soft Signs of the corruption of the bones These will be the signs of such corruption of the bones if a greater quantity and that more filthy sanies flow from the Ulcer than was accustomed or the nature of a simple ulcer requires if the lips of the ulcer be inverted if the flesh be more soft and flaccid about them if a sorrowfull sense of a beating and also deep pain torment the Patient by fits if by searching with your probe you perceive the bone to be spoiled of its periosteum and lastly if you finde it scaly and rough or also if your probe be put down somewhat hard it run into the substance of the bone But we have treated sufficiently hereof in our particular Treatise of the rottenness of the bones But certainly such rottenness will never happen to the bone if the hurt part be bound up as is is fit and according to art Wherefore I judge it not amiss again to admonish the Surgeon of this that as far as the thing shall suffer When the wounded part must be omitted in ligation he make his rowlings upon the wound unless by chance there be such excessive pain and great inflammation that through occasion of such symptoms and accidents he be diverted from this proper and legitimate cure of the disease Therefore then because nothing more can be done let him only doe this which may be done without offence that is let him supply the defect of ligation and rowlers with a linnen cloth not too weak nor too much worn being twice or thrice doubled and which may serve to compass the wound and neighbouring parts once about let him sew the edges thereof at the sides of the wound lest he be forced to stir the fragments of the bones which once set ought to be kept unmoved as often as the wound comes to be dressed For broken bones do not require such frequent dressing as wounds and ulcers do By this it appears that as want of binding and too much loosness in absence of pain and a phlegmon so also too strait ligation when pain is present brings a phlegmon and abscess to the wound Therefore let all things here according to the forementioned rules and circumstances be indifferent I have for this purpose thought good to reiterate these things because you shall as yet find many who follow the practise of Paulus and make many circumvolutions here and there above and below the wound which presently they carry cross-wise Lattice-like binding to be shunned But this cross or lattice-like kind of ligation is wholly to be disliked and that only to be used which we have described according to the mind of Hippocrates Now it is time that I return to the former history of my mishap and declare what was done to me after that first dressing which I have formerly mentioned CHAP. XXV What was used to the Authors Leg after the first dressing I Being brought home to mine own house in Paris in the afternoon they took from me out of the Basilica of the left arm some six ounces of blood And then at the second dressing the lips or edges of the wound and places thereabout were anointed with unguentum rosatum Unguentum Rosatum wherefore good in fractures which by a joint consent of the Ancients is such commended in the beginnings of fractures for it will asswage pain and hinder inflammation by repelling the humours far from the wounded part for it is cold astringent and repelling as the composition thereof shews for it is made ex oleo omphacino aquâ rosaceâ pauco aceto cera alba Therefore I used this ointment for six dayes I dipped the compresses and rowlers somewhiles in Oxycrate otherwhiles in thick and astringent red wine for the strengthening of the part and repressing the humors which two things we must have a care of in Hippocrates opinion You must have a care that the compresses and rowlers grow not hard by driness in fractures especially with a wound Wherefore if at any time the compresses or rowlers seemed to dry I now and then moistened them with the Oxycrate or rose-vinegar for by their too much dryness pain and inflammation happen and if they binde the part somewhat more strait they hurt it also by their hardness You shall see many Surgeons who in this kind of affect from the beginning to the end use only astringent and emplastick medicins wholly contrary to the method set down by Hippocrates and commended by Galen For by the continued use of such things the pores and breathing-places of the skin are shut up whence the fuliginous excrement being supprest the externall heat is increased and itching caused and at length an ulcer by the fretting of the acrid and serous humour long supprest Whereby you may learn that astringent and emplastick medicins must not be used above six dayes Instead hereof you shall use the emplaisters which I shall presently describe In the beginning of my disease I used so spare a diet that for nine dayes I ate nothing each day but twelve stewed Prunes and six morsels of bread and drank a Paris pinte of sugred water of which water this was the composition The description of a sugred water ℞ sacc albis ℥ xij aquae font lb xij cinam ʒ iij. bulliant simul secundum artem Otherwhiles I used syrup of maidens-hair with boiled water Otherwhiles the divine drink as they term it whereof this is the composition ℞ aquae coctae lb vj. sacc albis ℥ iv succ lim ℥ j. agitentur transvasentur saepius in vasis vitreis I was purged when
rag dipped therein but with care that none thereof fall upon the eye But when the Patient goes to bed let him cause them to be anointed with the following ointment very effectual in this case â„ž axungiae porci butyri recentis an â„¥ ss tut praepar Ê’ ss antimon in aqua euphrasiae praeparati ℈ ij camphorae gra iv misce in mortario plumbeo ducantur per tres horas conflatum indè unguentum servetur in pyxide plumbeâ Some commend and use certain waters fit to cleanse drie binde strengthen and absolutely free the eye-lids from itching and redness of which this is one â„ž aquae euphrag foeniculi chelidon an â„¥ ss sarcocol nutritae ℈ ij vitriol rom Ê’j misceantur simul bulliant uniâ—â â—bullitione postea coletur liquor servetur ad usum dictum Or else â„ž aquae ros vini alb boni an â„¥ iv tut praepar aloes anÊ’j flor aeni ℈ ij camphor gra ij Let them be boiled according to art and kept in a glass to wash the eye-lids Or else â„ž vini albi lb ss salis com Ê’ j. let them be put into a clean Barbars bason and covered and kept there five or six days and be stirred once a day and let the eye-lids be touched with this liquor Some wish that the Patients urine be kept all night in a Barbars bason and so the Patients eye-lids be washed therewith Verily in this affect we must not fear the use of acrid medicines for I once saw a woman of fifty years of age You need not fear to use acrid medicines in the itching of the eyelids Lib. 2. cap. 9. tract 3. who washed her ey-lids when they itched with the sharpest vinegar she could get and affirmed that she found better success of this then of any other medicine Vigo prescribes a water whose efficacie above other medicins in this affect he saith hath been proved and that it is to be esteemed more worth then gold the description thereof is thus â„ž aq ros vini albi odoriferi mediocris vinofitatis an â„¥ iiij myrobalan citrini trit Ê’j ss thurisÊ’ij bulliant omnia simul usque ad consumptionem tertiae partis deinde immediatè addantur flores aeris ℈ ij camph. gr ij Let the liquor be kept in a glass well stopped for the foresaid use CHAP. XI Of Lippitudo or Blear-eyes THere are many whose eyes are never drie but always flow with a thin acrid and hot humour which causeth roughness and upon small occasions inflamations blear or blood-shot eyes and at length also Strahismus or squinting What lippitudo is Lippitudo is nothing else but a certain white filth flowing from the eyes which oft-times agglutinates or joins together the eye-lids This disease often troubles all the life time and is to be cured by no remedy in some it is cureable Such as have this disease from their infancie are not to be cured for it remains with them till their dying day For large heads and such as are repleat with acrid or much excrementitious phlegm scarce yield to medicines There is much difference whether the phlegm flow down by the internal vessels under the skul or by the external which are between the skull and the skin or by both For if the internal veins cast forth this matter it will be difficultly cured if it be cured at all But if the external vessels cast forth that cure is not unprofitable which having used medicins respecting the whole body applies astringent medicines to the shaved crown as Empl. contra rupturam which may streighten the veins and as it were suspend the phlegm useth cupping and commands frictions to be made towards the hind part of the head and lastly maketh a Seton in the neck There are some who cauterize the top of the crown with an hot iron even to the bone so that it may cast a scale thus to divert and stay the defluxion A Collyrium of vitriol to stay the defluxions of the eyes For local medicines a Collyrium made with a good quantity of rose-water with a little vitriol dissolved therein may serve for all CHAP. XII Of the Ophthalmia or inflamation of the Eyes AN Ophthalmia is an inflamation of the coat Adnata What Ophthalmia is and the causes thereof and consequently of the whole eye being troublesome by the heat redness beating renitencie and lastly pain It hath its original either by some primitive cause or occasion as a fall stroke dust or small sand flying into the eyes For the eye is a smooth part so that it is easily offended by rough things as saith Hippocrates lib. de carnibus Or by an antecedent cause as a defluxion falling upon the eyes The signs follow the nature of the material cause Signs for from blood especially cholerick and thin it is full of heat redness and pain from the same allaied with phlegm all of them are more remiss But if a heaviness possess the whole head the original of the disease proceeds there from But if a hot pain trouble the forehead the disease may be thought to proceed from some hot distemper of the Dura mater or the pericranium but if in the very time of the raging of the disease the Patient vomit the matter of the disease proceeds from the stomach But from whencesoever it cometh there is scarce that pain of any part of the body which may be compared to the pain of the inflamed eyes Verily the greatness of the inflamation hath forced the eyes out of their orb and broken them asunder in divers Therefore there is no part of Physick more blazed abroad then for sore eyes For the cure The cure the Surgeon shall consider and intend three things diet the evacuation of the antecedent and conjunct cause and the overcoming it by to pick remedies The diet shall be moderate eschewing all things that may fill the head with vapours and those things used that by astriction may strengthen the orifice of the ventricle and prohibit the vapors from flying up to the head the Patient shall be forbidden the use of wines unless peradventure the disease may proceed from a gross and viscid humour as Galen delivers it The evacuation of the matter flowing into the eye shall be performed by purging medicines phlebotomie in the arm cupping the shoulders and neck with scarification and without and lastly by frictions Com. ad aphor 31. sect 6. as the Physitian that hath undertaken the cure shall think fit Galen after universal remedies for old inflamations of the eyes commends the opening of the veins and arteries in the forehead and temples Lib. 13. meth cap. ult because for the most part the vessels thereabouts distended with acrid hot and vaporous bloud cause great and vehement pains in the eye For the impugning of the conjunct cause divers to pick medicins shall be applied according to the four sundry times or seasons that every phlegmon usually hath For in the beginning
when as the acrid matter flows down with much violence repercussives do much conduce and tempred with resolving medicines are good also in the increase â„ž aq ros A repercussive medicine plantag an â„¥ ss mucilag gum Tragacanth Ê’ij album ovi quod sufficit fiat collyr let it be dropped warm into the eye and let a double cloth dipped in the same collyrium be put upon it Or â„ž mucil sem psil cydon extractae in aq plant an â„¥ ss aq solan lactis muliebris an â„¥ j. trochisc alb rha ℈ fiat collyrium use this like the former The veins of the temples may be streightned by the following medicine â„ž bol arm sang drac mast an â„¥ ss alb ovi Astringent emplasters aquae ros acet an â„¥ j. tereb lot ol cidon an â„¥ j. ss fiat defensivum You may also use Vng de Bolo empl diacal or contra rupturam dissolved in oyl of myrtles and a little vineger But if the bitterness of pain be intolerable the following cataplasm shall be applied â„ž medul An anodine cataplaâ—m pomor sub ciner coctorum â„¥ iij. lactis muliebris â„¥ ss let it be applied to the eye the formerly prescribed collyrium being first dropped in Or â„ž mucilag sem psil cidon an â„¥ ss micae panis albi in lacte infusi â„¥ ij aquae ros â„¥ ss fiat cataplasma The blood of a Turtle dove pigeon or Hen drawn by opening a vein under the wings dropped into the eye asswageth pain Baths are not onely anodine The efficacie of Bathes in pains of the eyes Ad Aphor. sect 7. Detergent Collyâ—ia but also stay the defluxion by diverting the matter thereof by sweats therefore Galen much commends them in such defluxions of the eyes as come by fits In the state when as the pain is either quite taken away or asswaged you may use the following medicines â„ž sarcocol in lacte muliebri nutritae Ê’i aloes lotae in aq rosar ℈ ij trochis alb rha Ê’ ss sacchar cand Ê’ij aq ros â„¥ iij. fiat collyrium Or â„ž sem foeniculi foenug an Ê’ij flo chamae melil an m. ss coquantur in aq com ad â„¥ iij colaturae adde tutiae praep sarcoc nutritae in lacte muliebri anÊ’j ss sacchari cand â„¥ ss fiat collyrium ut artis est In the declination the eye shall be fomented with a carminative decoction and then this collyrium dropped thereinto â„ž sarcoc nutritaeÊ’ij aloes myrrh an Ê’i aq ros euphrag an â„¥ ij fiat collyrium ut artis est CHAP. XIII Of the Proptôsis that is the falling or starting forth of the eye and of the Phthisis and Chemôsis of the same THe Greeks call that affect Proptôsis the Latines Procidentia or Exitus oculi when as the eye stands and is cast out of the orb by the occasion of a matter filling and lifting up the eye into a great bigness The cause and largeness of substance The cause of this disease is sometimes external as by too violent straining to vomit by hard labour in child-birth by excessive and wondrous violent shouting or crying out It sometimes happeneth that a great and cruel pain of the head or the too strait binding of the forehead and temples for the easing thereof or the palsie of the muscles of the eye give beginning to this disease Certainly sometimes the eye is so much distended by the defluxion of humours that it breaks in sunder and the humours thereof are shed and blindness ensues thereof as I remember befel the sister of Lewis de Billy merchant dwelling at Paris near S. Michaels Bridge The cure The cure shall be diversified according to the causes Therefore universal medicines being premised cupping glasses shall be applied to the original of the spinal marrow and the shoulders as also Cauteries or Setons the eye shall be pressed or held down with clothes doubled and steeped in an astringent decoction made of the juice of Acacia red roses the leaves of poppy henbane roses and pomegranate pills of which things poultifles may be made by addition of barly-meal and the like The Atrophia of the eye There is sometimes to be seen in the eye an affect contrary to this and it is termed Atrophia By this the whole substance of the eye grows lank and decays and the apple it self becomes much less But if the consumption and emaciation take hold of the pupil onely the Greeks The Phthisis thereof Lib 3. cap. 22. by a peculiar name and different from the general term it a Phthisis as Paulus teacheth Contrary causes shall be opposed to each affect hot and attractive fomentations shall be applied frictions shall be used in the neighbouring parts and lastly all things shall be applied which may without danger be used to attract the blood spirits into the parts There is another affect of the eye of affinitie to the Proptôsis which by the Greeks is termed Chemôsis The Chemosis Paulus l. 3 c. 2. Now this is nothing else then when both the eye-lids are turned up by a great inflammation so that they can scarce cover the eyes and the white of the eye is lifted much higher up then the black Sometimes the Adnata changing his wont looketh red besides also this affect may take its original from external causes as a wound contusion and the like But according to the varietie of the causes and the condition of the present affect fixed and remaining in the part divers remedies shall be appointed CHAP. XVI Of the Vngula or Web. THe Vngula Pterygion or Web is the growth of a certain fibrous and membranous flesh upon the upper coat of the eye called Adnata arising more frequently in the bigger but sometimes in the lesser corner towards the temples When it is neglected it covers not onely the Adnata but also some portion of the Cornea and coming to the pupil it self hurts the sight therefore Such a web sometimes adheres not at all to the Adnata but is onely stretched over it from the corners of the eye so that you may thrust a probe between it and the Adnata it is of several colours somewhiles red somewhile yellow somewhiles duskish and otherwhiles white It hath its original either from external causes as a blow fall and the like or from internal as the defluxion of humours into the eys The Vngula which is inveterate What web curable and what incurable and that hath acquired much thickness and bredth and besides doth difficultly adhere to the Adnata is difficultly taken away neither may it be helped by medicines whereby scars in the eyes are extenuated But that which covereth the whole pupil must not be touched by the Surgeon for being cut away the scar which is left by its densitie hindereth the entrance of objects to the crystalline humour and the egress of the animal spirit to them But oftentimes it is accompanied with
luc lb. ii aq vitae â„¥ vi agitentur omnia simul diligentissime Lutetur alembicum luto sapientiae fiat distillatio lento ignae in balneo mariae Use it after the following manner â„ž aq stillatitiae prescriptae â„¥ ii aut iii. According to the operation which it shall perform let the patient take it four hours before meat Also radish-water distilled in balneo mariae is given in the quantity of â„¥ iiii with sugar and that with good success Baths and sem cupia or halt baths are artificially made Why the use of diureticks is better after bathing To cleanse the ulcers of the kidnies and bladder relax soften dilate and open all the body therefore the prescribed diureticks mixed wtih half a dram of treacle may be fitly given at the going forth of the bath These medicines following are judged fit to cleanse the ulcers of the kidnies and bladder Syrup of maiden-hair of â—oses taken in quantity of â„¥ i. with hydromel or barlie-water Asses or Goats-milk are also much commended in this affect because they cleanse the ulcers by their serous or whayish portion and agglutinate by their chees-life They must be taken warm from the dug with hony of roses or a little salt least they corrupt in the stomach and that to the quantity of four ounces drinking or eating nothing presently upon it The following Trochises are also good for the same purpose Trochisces to heal the ulcers of the kidnies â„ž quatuor sem frigid major seminis papaveris albi portulâ—cae-plantag cydon myrtil gum tragacanth arab pinear. glycyrrhi mund hordei mund mucilag psilii amygdal dulcium an â„¥ i. bâ—â— armen sanguin dracon spodii rosar mastich terrae sigil myrrhae an â„¥ ii cum oxymelite conficiantur secundum artem trochisci Let the patient take Ê’ ss dissolved in whay ptisan barlie-water and the like they may also be profitably dissolved in plantain-water and injected into the bladder Let the patient abstain from wine and instead thereof let him use barlie-water or hydromel or a ptisan made of an ounce of raisins of the Sun Drink instead of wine stoned and boiled in five pints of fair water in an earthen pipkin well leaded or in a glass untill one pint be consumed adding thereto of liquorice scraped and beaten â„¥ i. of the cold seeds likewise beaten two drams Let it after it hath boiled a little more be strained through an hypocras bag with a quartern of sugar and two drams of choice cinnamon added thereto and so let it be kept for usual drink CHAP. LVI Of the Diabete or inabilitie to hold the Vrine THe Diabete is a disease wherein presently after one hath drunk the urine is presently made in great plentie What Diabete is by the dissolution of the retentive faculty of the reins and the depravation or immoderation of the attractive faculty The external causes are the unseasonable and immoderate use of hot and diuretick things and all more violent and vehement exercises The causes The internal causes are the inflammation of the liver lungs spleen but especially of the kidnies and bladder This affect must be diligently distinguished from the excretion of the morbifick causes by urine Signs The loins in this disease are molested with a pricking and biteing pain and there is a continual and unquenchable thirst and although this disease proceed from a hot distemper Why the urines are watrish yet the urine is not coloured red troubled or thick but thin and white or waterish by reason the matter thereof makes very small stay in the stomach liver and hollow vein being presently drawn away by the heat of the kidnies or bladder If the affect long endure the patient for want of nourishment falleth away whence certain death ensues For the cure of so great a disease the matter must be purged which causes or feeds the inflammation or phlegmon and consequently blood must be let We must abstain from the four cold seeds for although they may profit by their first qualitie The cure yet will they hurt by their diuretick faculty Refrigerating and astringent nourishments must be used and such as generate gross humors as rice thick and astringent wine mixed with much water Narcotick things to be applied to the loins Exceeding cold yea narcotick things shall be applied to the loins for otherwise by reason of the thickness of the muscles of those parts the force unless of exceeding refrigerating things will not be able to arrive at the reins of this kinde are oil of white poppie henbane opium purslain and lettuce-seed mandrage vinegar and the like of which cataplasms plasters and ointments may be made fit to corroborate the parts and correct and heat CHAP. LVII Of the Strangurie What the Strangurie is THe Strangurie is an affect haveing some affinitie with the Diabete as that wherein the water is involuntarily made but not together at once but by drops continually and with pain The causes The external causes of a strangurie are the too abundant drinking of cold water and all too long stay in a cold place The internal causes are the defluxion of cold humors into the urinarie parts for hence they are resolved by a certain palsie and the sphincter of the bladder is relaxed so that he cannot hold his water according to his desire inflammation also and all distemper causeth this affect and whatsoever in some sort obstructs the passage of the urine as clotted blood thick phlegm gravel and the like And because according to Galens opinion all sorts of distemper may cause this disease diverse medicines shall be appointed according to the difference of the distemper Therefore against a cold distemper fomentations shall be provided of a decoction of mallows Com. ad aphor 15. sect 3. roses origanum calamint and the like and so applied to the privities then presently after let them be anointed with oil of bays and of Castoreum and the like Strong and pure wine shall be prescribed for his drink and that not only in this cause but also when the strangurie happens by the occasion of obstruction caused by a gross and cold humor if so be that the body be not plethorick But if inflammation together with a Plethora oâ— fulness hath caused this affect we may according to Galens advice Ad aphor 48. sect 7. heal it by blood-letting But if obstruction be in fault that shall be taken away by diureticks either hot or cold according to the condition of the matter obstructing We here omit to speak of the Dysuria or difficultie of making water because the remedies are in general the same with those which are used in the Ischuriae or suppression of urine CHAP. LVIII Of the Cholick WHensoever the guts being obstructed or otherwise affected the excrements are hindred from passing forth and if the fault be in the small guts the affect is termed Volvulus Ileos and Miserere mei but if it be in
the greater guts it is called the Colick What Ileâ—s or illiaca passio is What Celica passio or the Colick is Lib. 3. Lib. 3. c. 43. from the part affected which is the Colon that is the continuitie of the greater guts but especially that portion of the greater guts which is properly and especially named Colon or the Colick-gut Therefore Avicen rightly defines the Colick A pain of the guts wherein the excrements are difficultly evacuated by the fundament Paulus Aegineta reduceth all the causes of the Colick how various soever to four heads to wit to the grosness or toughness of the humors impact in the coats of the guts flatulencies hindred from passage forth the inflammation of the guts and lastly the collection of acrid and biteing humors Now we will treat of each of these in particular Almost the same causes produce the grosness of humors and flatulencies in the guts to wit the use of flatulent and phlegmatick tough and viscid meats yea also of such as are of good nourishment if sundrie thereof and of sundry kindes be eaten at the same meal and in greater quantity then is fit For hence crudity and obstruction and at length the collection of flatulencies whereon a tensive pain ensues This kinde of Colick is also caused by the use of crude fruits and too cold drink drunken especially when any is too hot by exercise or any other way for thus the stomach and the guts continued thereto are refrigerated and the humors and excrements therein contained are congealed and as it were bound up The manner of the stone-colick The colick which is caused by the inflammation of the kidnies happens by the sympathie of the reins pained or troubled with the stone or gravel contained in them or the ureters Therefore then also pain troubles the patient at his hips and loins because the nerves which arising from the vertebrae of the loins are oppressed by the weight of the stones and gravel about the joint of the hip are disseminated into the muscles of the loins and thigh Also the ureters are pained for they seem nothing else but certain hollow nerves and also the cremaster muscles so that the patient's testicles may seem to be drawn upwards with much violence Hence great phlegmatick and cholerick vomiting and sweat of the whole body all which do not surcease before that the stone or gravel shall be forced down into the bladder Now vomiting happens in this affect for that the ventricle by reason of its continuitie and neighborhood which it hath with the guts suffers by consent or sympathie For the stomach is of the same kinde or matter as the guts are so that the guts seem nothing else but a certain production of the stomach Therefore if at any time nature endeavor to expel any thing that is troublesome in the kidnies ureters coats of the guts mesenterie pancreas and hypochondries it causeth a Colick with pain and vomiting An hot and drie distemper also causeth the Collick produceing a pricking and biteing pain by drying the excrements shut up in the guts How a hot distemper causeth the colick as also by wasting as it were the radical humors of that place provided for the lubricateing of the guts Acrid viscid and tough phlegm causeth the same There is also another cause of the Colick which is not so common to wit the twineing of the guts that is when they are so twined folded The folding of the guts the cause of the colick and doubled that the excrements as it were bound in their knots cannot be expelled as it manifestly happens in the rupture called Enterocele by the falling of the guts into the cod Likewise also worms generated in the Colick-gut whilst that they mutually fold or twine themselves up do also twine the Colon it self and fold it with them Also the too long stay of the excrements in the guts whether it shall happen by the peculiar default of the too hot and drie body of the patient or by his diet that is the use of too drie meats or exercises and pains taken in the heat of the sun or by the greatness of businesse the minde being carried away causeth the colick with head-ach and plenty of vapors flying upwards I remember I once dissected the body of a boy of some twelve years old An history who had his guts folded with many as it were ties or knots of the restrained too hard and drie excrements the which he cast out by his mouth a little before his death which brought him to his end being not helped in time by fitting medicines Now these are the causes of the colick according to the opinion of the ancient and modern Physicians of whose signs I judg it not amiss here to treat in particular You shall know the patient is troubled with the stone-colick Signs whereby we know that the colick proceeds from this for that cause by the pain which is fixed and as it were kept in one place to wit of the kidnies by his former manner of life as if the patient hath formerly voided stones or gravell together with his urine by the pain of the hips and testicles for the formerly mentioned causes and lastly by that the patient casteth forth by stone or urine for that the great and laborious endeavor of nature to cast forth the stone which is in the kidnies is propagated by a certain sympathie and like study of the neighboring parts stirring up the expulsive faculties each to his work The signs of a flatulent colick are a tensive pain such as if the guts were rent or torn in pieces together with a noise or rumbling in the bellie The force of the shut-up winde is sometimes so great that it rendeth or teareth the guts in â—â—nder no otherwise then a swines bladder too hard blown up Which when it happens the patient dies with much vomiting because the stomach opprest with winde can contain not imbrace no meat The colick which is occasioned by the too long keeping in of the excrements is accompanied with the weight and pain of the bellie the tension of the guts head-ach apparent hardness of the bellie and the complaint of the patient that he hath not gone to stool in a long time That which proceeds from a cholerick inflammation yields a sense of great heat and puâ—sation in the midst of the bellie by reason of the veins and arteries which are in the pancreas and coats of the guts and there are the other signs of a Phlegmon although also this as it were inflammation may arise also from salt acrid and viscous phlegm which nature can neither expel upwares by vomit nor downwards by stool this sundry times is assoâ—iated with a difficulty of making water for that when as the right gut is inflamed the bladder is pâ—essed by reason of their society or neighborhood The collick which proceeds from the contoâ—â—on of the guts shews it self by the excessive crueltie of the
as there is great abundance of humors in a body and the patient leads a sedentarie life not some one but all the joints of the bodie are at once troubled with the Gout CHAP. II. Of the occult causes of the Gout THe humor causing the Gout is not of a more known or easily exprest nature then that which causeth the plague Lues venerea or falling sickness For it is of a kinde and nature clean different from that which causeth a Phlegmon oedema erysipelas or Scirrhus for as Aetius saith Lib. 12. Cap. 12. it never cometh to suppuration like other humors not for that as I think because it happens in bloodless parts but through the occasion of some occult malignitie Hereto may be added that the humors which cause the fore-mentioned tumors when as they fall down upon any part not then truly when they are turned into pus or matter do they cause so sharp pains as that which causeth the Gout for the pain thereof is far more sharp then of that humor which causeth an ulcerated Cancer Besides these humors when they fall upon the joints through any other occasion never turn into knots only that which causeth the Gout in the joints after it hath fallen thither is at length hardned into a certain knotty and as it were plaister-like substance to be amended by no remedies But seeing it offends not the parts by which it flows down The resemblance of the Gout to the Epilepsie no more then the matter which creeping upwards from the lower parts to the brain causeth the Epilepsie as soon as it falleth into the spaces of the Joynts it causeth cruel pain one while with heat another while with cold For you may see some troubled with the Gout who complain that their ruined joints are burnt there are others to whom they seem colder than any ice so that they cannot be sufficiently heated to their hearts desire verily you may sometimes see in the same body troubled with the Gout that the Joints of the right side will as it were burn with heat but on the left side will be stiff with cold or which is more the knee in the same side to be tormented with a hot distemper and the ankle troubled with a cold Lastly The strange variety of the Gout there sometimes happens a succession of pain in a succession of dayes as the same joints will be this day troubled with a hot to morrow with a cold distemper so that we need noâ— marvel to see Physicians prescribe one while hot another while cold medicines against the same disease of the same part and body Also it sometimes happens that the malignity of this humor doth not only not yield to medicines but it is rather made worse so that the patients affirm that they are far better when they have none than when they have any remedies applyed For all things being rightly done and according to reason yet the disease will come again at certain seasons by fits and hereupon it is said by Horace Qui cupit aut metuit juvat illum sic domus aut res Vt lippum pictae tabulae fomenta podagram Riches the covetous and fearfull so do please As pictures sore eyes Bathes the Gout do ease Certainly such as have this disease hereditarily can no more be helped and throughly freed therefrom than those in whom the matter of the disease is become knotty whereof Ovid thus speaketh Tollere nodosam nescit medicina podagram Physick the knotty Gout it cannot heal These reasons have induced many to believe that the essence of this disease is unknown for there is a certain occult and inexplicable virulency the author of so great malignity and contumacy Which Avicen seems to acknowledge Lib. 3. sect 22. tract 2. cap. when he writes that there is a certain kinde of Gout whose matter is so acute and malign that if it at any time be augmented by the force of anger it may suffice to kill the party by sudden death Lib de thâ—r ad Pisonem c. 15. Therefore Galen himself writes that Treacle must be used in all Arthritical and gouty affects and as I think for no other reason then for that it dries wasts and weakens the malignity thereof Gordonius is of the same opinion but addeth withall that the body must be prepared and purged before we use Treakle The matter of the Goâ—â— partakes of occult malignity Therefore the matter of the Gout is a thin and virulent humor yet not contagious offending in quality rather than quantity causing extreme pains and therefore instigating the humours together with the caliginous and flatulent spirits prepared or ready for defluxion upon the affected parts Therefore as the bitings of Asps and stingings of Wasps cause cruel pain with sudden swelling and blistering which is by the heat of the humors which the poyson hath tainted and not by the simple solution of continuity seeing that we daily see Shoo-makers and Tailors pricking their flesh with auls and needles without having any such symptom So the virulency of the Gout causeth intolerable tormenting pain not by the abundance because it happens to many who have the Gout no sign of defluxion appearing in the joynts but only by a malign and inexplicable quality by reason whereof these pains do not cease unless abated by the help of medicines or nature or both The recital of the following histories will give much light to that inexplicable and virulent malignity of the matter causing the Gout Whilest King Charles the ninth of happy memory An History was at Burdeaux there was brought to Chappellain and Castellan the Kings Physicians and Taste a Physician of Burdeaux Nicholas Lambert and my self Surgeons a certain Gentlewoman some forty years old exceedingly troubled for many years by reason of a tumour scarce equalling the bigness of a pease on the outside of the joint of the left Hip A terrible fit one of her tormenting fits took her in my presence she presently began to cry and roar and rashly and violently to throw her body this way and that way with motions and gestures above a womans yea a mans nature For she thrust her head between her legs laid her feet upon her shoulders you would have said she had been possessed of the Divel This fit held her some quarter of an hour during all which time I â—eedfully observed whether the grieved part swelled any bigger than it was accustomed whether there hapned any new inflammation but there was no alteration as far as I could gather by sight or feeling but only that she cried out more loudly when as I touched it The fit passed a great heat took her all her body ran down with sweat with so great wearinesse and weaknesse of all her members that she could not so much as stir her little finger There could be no suspicion of an Epileptick for this woman all the time of her agony did perfectly make use of all
her senses did speak discourse and had no convulsion How an Epileptick fit differs from the Gout Neither did she spare any cost or diligence whereby she might be cured of her disease by the help of Physicians or famous Surgeons she consulted also with Witches Wizzards and Charmers so that she had left nothing unattempted but all art was exceeded by the greatness of the diâ— ease When I had shewed all these things at our consultation we all with one consent were of this opinion to apply a potential Cautery to the grieved part or the tumor I my self applied it after the fall of the Eschar very black and virulent sanies flowed out which free'd the woman of her pain and disease for ever after Whence you may gather that the cause of so great evil was a certain venerate malignity hurting rather by an inexplicable qualitie then quality which being overcome and evacuated by the Cauterie all pain absolutely ceased Upon the like occasion but on the right arm the wife of the Queen's Coach-man at Amboise consulted Chappellain Castellan and mee earnestly craving ease of her pain for shee was so grievously tormented by fits that through impatiency being careless of her self she endeavoured to cast her self headlong out of her chamber window for fear whereof she had a guard put upon her We judged that the like monster was to be assaulted with the like weapon neither were we deceived for useing a potential Cautery this had like success as the former Wherefore the bitterness of the pain of the gout is not occasioned by the onely weakness of the joints for thus the pain should be continual and alwaies like it self neither is it from the distemper of a simple humor for no such thing happen's in other tumors of what kinde soever they be but it proceed's from a venenate malign occult and inexplicable qualitie of the matter wherefore this disease stand's in need of a diligent Physician and a painful Surgeon CHAP. III. Of the manifest causes of the Gout The first primitive cause of the Gout ALthough these things may be true which we have delivered of the occult cause of the Gout yet there be and are vulgarly assigned others of which a probable reason may be rendred wherein this malignity whereof we have spoke lies hid and is seated Therefore as of many other diseases so also of the Gout there are assigned three causes that is the primitive antecedent and conjunct the primitive is twofold one drawn from their first original and their mother's womb which happen's to such as are generated of Goutie parents chiefly if whilst they were conceived this gouty matter did actually abound and fall upon the joynts For the seed fall's from all the parts of the Body as saith Hippocrates and Aristotle affirm's lib. de gen animal Lib. 〈◊〉 loc aqua 〈◊〉 1. cap. 17. Yet this causes not an inevitable necessity of haveing the Gout for as many begot of sound and healthful parents are taken by the Gout by their proper and primary default so many live free from this disease whose fathers notwithstanding were troubled therewith It is probable that they have this benefit and priviledge by the goodnesse of their Mothers seed and the laudable temper of the womb whereof the one by the mixture and the other by the gentle heat may amend and correct the faults of the paternal seed for otherwise the disease would become hereditary and gouty persons would necessarily generate gouty for the seed followeth the temper and complexion of the party generating as it is shewed by Avicen Another primitive cause is from inordinate diet especially in the use of meat drink exercise and Venery Lib. 3. seu 22. tâ—act 2. cap. 5. Anothâ—r primitive cause of the Gout Lastly by unprofitable humors which are generated and heaped up in the body which in process of time acquire a virulent malignity for these fill the head with vapors raised up from them when the membranes nerves and tendons and consequently the joynts become more lax and weak They offend in feeding who eat much meat and of sundry kinds at the same meal who drink strong wâ—ne without any mixture who sleep presently after meat and which use not moderate exercises for hence a plentitude an obstruction of the vessels cruditites the increase of excrements especially serous Which if they flow down unto the joynts without doubt they cause this disease for the joynts are weak either by nature or accident in comparison of the other parts of the body by nature as if they be loose and soft from their first original by accident as by a blow fall hard travelling running in the sun by day in the cold by night racking too frequent Venery especially suddenly after meat for thus the heat is dissolved by reason of the dissipation of the spirits caused in the effusion of seed whence many crude humors which by an unseasonable motion are sent into the sinews and joynts Through this occasion old men because their native heat is the more weak are commonly troubled with the Gout Besides also the suppression of excrements accustomed to be avoided at certain times as the courses hemorhoids vomit scouring Aâ—â—h 19 Sect. 9. causeth this disease Hence it is that in the opinion of Hippocrates A woman is not troubled with the Gout unless her courses fail her They are in the same case who have old and running ulcers suddenly healed or varices cut and healed unless by a strict course of diet they hinder the generation and increase of accustomed excrements Also those which recover of great and long diseases unless they be fully and perfectly purged either by nature or art these humors falling into the joynts which are the reliques of the disease make them to become gouty and thus much for the primitive cause The internal or antecedent cause is the abundance of humors The â—ntecedent cause of the Gout the largeness of the vessels and passages which run to the joynts the strength of the amandating bowels the loosness softness and imbecilitie of the reviving joynts The conjunct cause is the humor it self repact and shut up in the capacities and cavities of the joynts The conjunct Now the unprofitable humor on every side sent down by the strength of the expulsive faculty sooner lingers about the joynts for that they are of a cold nature and dense so that once impact in that place Five causes of the pain of the Gout it cannot be easily digested and resolved This humor then causeth pain by reason of distention or solution of continuity distemper and besides the virulency and malignity which it requires But it savors of the nature sometimes of one somtimes of more humors whence the Gout is either phlegmous erysipilatous oedematous or mix't The concourse of flatulencies together with the flowing down humors and as it were tumult by the hinderance of transpiration encreaseth the dolorifick distention in the membranes
the him of this disease Sixthly for that the ulcers which over-spread the body by reason of this disease admit of no cure unless you cause sweats Therefore if the matter of the disease and such ulcers as accompany it were hot and dry it would grow worse and be rather increased by a decoction of Guaicum the roots of China or sarsaparilla Seventhly because oftimes this disease The disease sometimes lies long hid in the body before it shew it self the seed thereof being taken or drawn into the body so lieth hid for the space of a year that it shews no sign thereof which happens not in diseases proceeding from an hot matter which causeth quick and violent motions By this it appeareth that the basis and foundation of the Lues venerea is placed or seated in a phlegmatick humor yet may not deny but that other humors confused therewith may be also in fault and defiled with the like contagion For there are scarce any tumors which proceed from a simple humor and that of one kinde but as in tumors so here the denomination is to be taken from that humor which carryeth the chief sway CHAP. IV. Of the signs of the Lues Venerea WHen the Lues Venerea is lately taken malign ulcers appear in the privities swellings in the groins a virulent strangury runneth oft-times with filthy sanies which proceeds either from the prostatae or the ulcers of the urethra the patient is troubled with pains in his joints head and shoulders and as it were breakings of his arms legs and all his members they are weary without a cause so that neither the foot nor hand can easily perform his duty their mouths are inflamed a swelling troubles their throats which takes away their freedom of speaking and swallowing yea of their very spittle pustles rise over all their bodies but chiefly certain garlands of them engirt their temples and heads the shedding or loss of the hair disgraceth the head and chin and leanness deformeth the rest of the body yet all of these use not to appear in all bodies The most certain signs of the Lues venerea but some of them in some But the most certain signs of this disease are a callous ulcer in the privities hard and ill conditioned and this same is judged to have the same force in a prognostick if after it be cicatrized it retain the same callous hardness the Buboes or swellings in the groins to return back into the body without coming to suppuration or other manifest cause these two signs if they concur in the same patient you may judg or foretel that the Lues venerea is either present or at hand yet this disease happeneth to many without the concourse of these two signs which also bewraieth it self by other manifest signs as ulcers and pustles in the rest of the body rebellious against medicines though powerful and discreetly applyed unless the whole body be anointed with Argentum vivum But when as the disease becometh inveterate many become impotent to venery and the malignity and number of the symptoms encrease their pains remain fixed and stable very hard and knotted tophi grow upon the bones and oft-times they become rotten and foul as also the hands and feet by the corruption of salt phlegm are troubled with chops or clefts and their heads are seized upon by an ophiasis and alopecia whitish tumors with roots deep fastned in arise in sundry parts of the body filled with a matter like the meat of a chesnut or like a tendon if they be opened they degenerate into diverse ulcers as putrid eating and other such Two other causes of the excess of pain in the night according to the nature and condition of the affected bodies But why the pains are more grievous on the night season this may be added to the true reason we rendred in the precedent Chapter first for that the venerous virulency lying as it were asleep is stirred up and enraged by the warmness of the bed and coverings thereof Secondly by reason of the patients thoughts which on the night season are wholly turned and fixed upon the only object of pain CHAP. V. Of Prognosticks The signs of a cureable Lues venerea IF the disease be lately taken associated by a few symptoms as with some small number of pustles and little and wandring pains and the body besides be young and in good case and the constitution of the season be good and favourable as the Spring then the cure is easie and may be happily performed But on the contrary that which is inveterate and enraged by the fellowship of many and malign symptoms as a fixed pain of the head knots and rottenness of the bones ill-natured ulcers in a body very much fallen away and weak and whereof the cure hath been already sundry times undertaken by Empericks but in vain or else by learned Physicians but to whose remedies approved by reason and experience the malignity of the disease and the rebellious virulency hath refused to yield is to be thought incureable especially if to these so many evills The signs of an incureable one this be added that the patient be almost wasted with a consumption and hectique leannesse by reason of the decay of the native moisture Wherefore you must only attempt such by a palliative cure yet be wary here in making your prognostick for many have been accounted in a desperate case who have recovered for by the benefit of God and nature wonders oftimes happen in diseases Young men who are of a rare or lax habit of body are more subject to this disease then such as are of a contrary habit and complexion For as not all who are conversant with such as have the Plague or live in a pestilent air are alike affected so neither all who lie or accompany with such as have the Lues Venerea are alike infected or tainted The pains of such as have this disease How these pains differ from those of the gout are far different from the pains of the Gout For those of the Gout return and torment by certain periods and fits but the other are continual and almost alwaies like themselves Gouty pains possess the joints and in these condense a plaster-like matter into knots but those of the Pox are rather fastned in the midst of the bones and at length dissolve them by rottenness and putrefaction Venerious ulcers which are upon the yard are hard to cure but if being healed they shall remain hard and callous they are signs of the disease lying hid in the body Generally The Lues venerea becomes more gentle then formerly it was the Lues venerea which now reigneth is far more milde and easie to be cured then that which was in former times when as it first began amongst us besides each day it semeth to be milder then other Astrologers think the cause hereof to be this for that the celestial innfluences which first
must be pâ—epared with humecting things before unction unless we shall have first prepared the tumor to expulsion by emollient and digesting things first used But if it be lately taken with moveable pains pustles and ulcers in the jaws throat and privie parts then may it be easily cured without such preparatives especially if the humor be sufficiently obedient and as it were prepared of it self and it 's own nature Therefore first useing general medicines you may afterwards come to use the unction with Hydrargyrum CHAP. X. Of the choice preparation and mixing of Hydrargyrum HYdrargyrum which is cleer thin white and fluid is the best on the contrary that which is livid and not so fluid is thought to be adulterated by the admixture of some lead That it may be the purer strain it through some sheeps-leather for by pressing it when it is bound up it passeth through by its subtilty and leaves the filth and leaden dâ—oss behind it on the inside Then it may be boild in vinegar with sage rosemary thyme camomile meliloâ—e and strained again that so many waies cleansed it may enter into ointmenâ—s and plasters How to kill argentum vivum To kill it more surely it shall be long wrought and as it were ground in a mortar that it may be broken and separated into most small particles that by this means it may not be able to gather it self into the former body to which purpose you may also add some sulpher or sublimate as we shall shew hereafter It is most usually mixed with hogs-grease adding thereto some oil of turpentine nutmegs cloves sage and Galens treacle If a Leucophlegmatia together with the Lues Venerea affect the body then hot Whet to mix therewith attenuating cutting and dying things shall be added to the medicine which shall be provided for unction the same shall be done when as we would have it to enter into the substance of the bones But if the patient be of a cholerick temper his blood easie to be inflamed you shal make choice of less hot attractive and discussing things As when the body shall be replenished with knotty and scirrhous tumors or squalid by excessive driness then shall emollient and humecting things mixed therewith But that such ointments may have a better consistence I use to add to each a pound thereof four five or six yolks of hard eggs Therefore this shall be the form of the ointment called Vigoes â„ž axung porci lbi olei chamaem aneth mastich laurini an â„¥ i. styrac liquid Ê’x rad enulae cam An unction with argentum vivum parum tritae ebuli an â„¥ iii. pul euphorb â„¥ ss vini odorif lbi bulliant omnia simul usque ad consumptionem vini deinde colentur colaturae adde lythargyri auri â„¥ vi thuris mastich an Ê’vi res pini â„¥ iss tereb vetet â„¥ i. argenti vivi â„¥ iv cerae albae â„¥ iss liquefactis oleis cum cera incorporentur omnia simul fiat linimentum ad usum Or else â„ž argenti vivi praeparati â„¥ vi sublimati Ê’ ss sulphuris vivi â„¥ ss axung Another porci salis expertis lbi vitellos ovorum sub cineribus coctorum nu iii olei terebinth laurini an â„¥ ii theriac vet mithridat â„¥ ss fiat linimentum ut artis est You shall compose it thus How to make it first the sublimatum and sulphur shall be finely powdred then some part of the Argentum vivum and hogsgrease put to them then presently after some of the hard yolks of eggs continually and diligently stirring and mixing them all together All these being well incorporate add some more Argentum vivum hogs-grease and yolks of eggs and incorporate them with the former at the last add the oils then treacle and mithridate and so let them be all beaten together for a whole daies space and thus you shall make an ointment of a good consistence which I have often used with good success How to prepare the hogs-grease before you mix the argentum vixum therewith Yet the hogs-grease shall be first boiled with the hot herbs good for the sinews as sage rosemary thyme marjerom lavander and others which the season affords For so the axungia acquires a more attenuating faculty and consolidating of those parts which the Lues Venerea afflicts Besides when unguents are made for this purpose that such virulency may be drawn from within outwards by sweats and transpiration through the pores of the skin no man need doubt but that they ought to be furnished with relaxing and rarifying and attractive faculties But axungia besides that it is very fit to kill the Argentum vivum it also relaxeth and mollifieth Now Oleum laurinum de spicâ rutaceum rarifie digest and asswage pain Turpentine also extinguisheth and bridleth the Argentum vivum moderately heats resolvs and strengthens the nervous parts But Argentum vivum is the proper antidote of the Lues Venerea as that which cures it howsoever used drying by the subtility of the parts and provokeing sweat Verily Treacle and Methridate somwhat conduce to retund the virulency of this disease but unless Argentum vivum assist as a ferret to hunt and an Alexiterium to impugn the disease they can do no great matter CHAP. XI How to use the Vnction THe body and humors apt to cause or nourish a plethora or inflamation being prepared by digestive sirups and evacuated by purgeing and bleeding as is fitting according to the direction of some Physician the patient shall be shut up in a parlor or chamber hot either by nature or art and free from cold blasts of winde For cold is most pernicious in this disease both for that it hurts the nervous parts Cold most hurtful to such as are troubled with the Lues Venerea already ill affected by reason of the disease as also for that it lessens the efficacy of medicines Wherefore many do ill in this who whether in winter or summer annoint their patients in a large room exposed on every side to the windes They deal somwhat more wisely who put a cloth fastned like half a tent presently behind the patient though annointed by the fire-side so to keep away the cold air from him Yet it is safest to set and anoint the patient either in a little room or else in some corner of a large room separated from the rest of the room by some hangings and building a stove or makeing some fire therein for so he may stand or sit as he best likes the longer and with the less offence and be equally heated on every side whereas such as are annointed in a chimney by a fires side cannot but be heated unequally being ready to burn on the one side whilst the other is cold which motions are contrary and hurtful to that we require besides if the patient shall be weak he cannot stand and endure the heat of the fire Or if he be shamefac'd he
appetite whereby they require many and several things without reason a great part of the nourishment being consumed by the worms lying there they are also subject to often fainting by reason of the sympathy which the stomach being a part of most exquisite sense hath with the heart the nose itches the breath stinks by reason of the exhalations sent up from the meat corrupting in the stomach through which occasion they are also given to sleep but are now and then waked there-from by sudden startings and fears they are held with a continued and slow fever a dry cough a winking with their eye-lids and often changeing of the colour of their faces But long and broad worms being the innates of the greater guts Signs of worms in the great guts Signs of Ascarides shew themselves by stools replenished with many sloughs here and there resembling the seeds of a Musk-melon or Cucumber Ascarides are known by the itching they cause in the fundament causing a sense as if it were Ants running up and down causing also a tenasmus and falling down of the fundament This is the cause of all these symptoms their sleep is turbulent and often clamorous when as hot acrid and subtill vapors raised by the worms from the like humor and their food are sent up to the head but sound sleep by the contrary as when a misty vapor is sent up from a gross and cold matter They dream they eat in their sleep for that while the worms do more greedily consume the chylous matter in the guts they stir up the sense of the like action in the phantasie They grate or gnash their teeth by reason of a certain colvulsifick repletion the muscles of the temples and jaws being distended by plenty of vapors A dry cough comes by the consent of the vitall parts serving for respiration which the natural to wit the Diaphragma or midriffe smit upon by acrid vapors and irritated as though there were some humor to be expelled by coughing These same acrid sumes assailing the orifice of the ventricle cause either an hicketting or else a fainting according to the condition of their consistence gross or thin these carried up to the parts of the face cause an itching of the nose a darkness of the sight and a sudden changeing of the colour in the cheeks Great worms are worse then little ones red then white living then dead many then few variegated then those of one colour as those which are signs of a greater corruption Why worms of divers colors are more dangerous Such as are cast forth bloody and sprinkled with blood are deadly for they shew that the substance of the guts is eaten asunder for oftimes they corrode and perforate the body of the gut wherein they are contained and thence penetrate into divers parts of the belly so that they have come forth sometimes at the navel having eaten themselves a passage forth as Hollerius affirmeth When as children troubled with the worms draw their breath with difficulty and wax moist over all their bodies it is a sign that death is at hand If at the beginning of sharp fevers round worms come forth alive it is a sign of a pestilent fever the malignity of whose matter they could not endure but were forced to come forth But if they be cast forth dead they are signs of greater corruption in the humors and of a more venenate malignity CHAP. V. What cure to be used for the Worms The general indications of cureing the worms IN this disease there is but one indication that is the exclusion or casting out of the worms either alive or dead forth of the body as being such that in their whole kind are against nature all things must be shunned which are apt to heap up putrefaction in the body by their corruption such as are crude fruits cheese milk-meats fishes and lastly such things as are of a difficult and hard digestion but prone to corruption Pap is fit for children for that they require moist things but these ought to answer in a certain similitude to the consistence and thickness of milk that so they may be the more easily concocted and assimilated and such only is that pap which is made with wheat flower not crude but baked in an oven that the pap made therewith may not be too viscid nor thick if it should only be boiled in a pan as much as the milk would require or else the milk would be too terrestrial or too waterish all the fatty portion thereof being resolved the cheesie and wayish portion remaining if it should boil so much as were necessary for the full boiling of the crude meat they which use meal otherwise in pap yield matter for the generating of gross and viscid humors in the stomach whence happens obstruction in the first veins and substance of the liver by obstruction worms breed in the guts and the stone in the kidnies and bladder The patient must be fed often and with meats of good juice lest the worms through want of nourishment should gnaw the substance of the guts Now when as such things breed of a putrid matter the patient shall be purged and the putrefaction represt by medicines mentioned in our Treatise of the Plague Wherefore and wherewith such as have the worms must be purged For the quick killing and casting of them forth syrup of succory or of Lemmons with rubarb a little treacle or methridate is a singular medicine if there be no fever you may also for the same purpose use this following medicine â„ž cornu cervi pul rasur ebâ—ris an Ê’i ss sem tanacet contra verm an Ê’i fiat decoctio pro parvâ dosi in colaturâ infunde rhei optimi Ê’i cinam ℈ i. dissolve syrupi de absinthio â„¥ ss make a potion give it in the morning three hours before any broth Oil of Olives drunk kills worms as also water of knot-grass drunk with milk and in like manner all bitter things Yet I could first wish them to give a glyster made of milk hony and sugar without oils and bitter things lest shunning thereof they leave the lower guts and come upwards for this is natural to worms to shun bitter things and follow sweet things Whence you may learn that to the bitter things which you give by the mouth you must alwaies mix sweet things that allured by the sweetness they may devour them more greedily that so they may kill them Harâ—s horn good against the worms Therefore I would with milk and suger mix the seeds of centaury Rue wormwood aloes and the like harts-horn is very effectual against worms wherefore you may infuse the shaveings thereof in the water or drink that the patient drinks as also to boil some thereof in his broths So also treacle drunk or taken in broth killeth the worms purslain boiled in broths and distilled and drunk is also good against the worms as also succory and mints also a
obstructed by the thickness of this humor but they are depressed and flatted by reason of the rest of the face and all the neighboring parts swoln more then their wont add hereto that the partition is consumed by the acrimony of the corroding and ulcerating humor The seventh is the lifting up thickness and swelling of the lips the filthiness stench and corrosion of the gums by acrid vapors riseing to the mouth but the lips of leprous persons are more swoln by the internal heat burning and incrassating the humors as the outward heat of the Sun doth in the Moors The eighth sign is the swelling and blackness of the tongue and as it were varicous veins lying under it because the tongue being by nature spongeous and rare is easily stored with excrementitious humors sent from the inner parts unto the habit of the body which same is the cause why the glandules placed about the tongue above and below are swoln hard and round no otherwise then scrophulous or meazled swine Lastly all their face riseth in red bunches or pushes and is over-spread with a dusky and obscure redness the eies are fiery fierce and fixed by a melancholick chachectick disposition of the whole body manifest signs whereof appear in the face by reason of the fore-mentioned causes yet some leprous persons have their faces tinctured with a yellowish others with a whitish color according to the condition of the humor which serves for a basis to the leprous malignity For hence Physicians affirm that there are three sorts of Leprosies one of a reddish black colour consisting in a melancholick humor another of a yellowish green in a cholerick humor another in a whitish yellow grounded upon adust phlegm The ninth sign is a stinking of the breath as also of all the excrement s proceeding from leprous bodies by reason of the malignity conceived in the humors The tenth is a horsness a shaking harsh and obscure voice as it were comming out of the nose by reason of the lungs recurrent nerves and muscles of the throttle tainted with the grosness of a virulent and adust humor the forementioned constriction and obstruction of the inner passage of the nose and lastly the asperity and inequality of the Weazon by immoderate driness as it happens to such as have drunk plentifully of strong wines without any mixture This immoderate driness of the muscles serving for respiration makes them to be troubled with a difficulty of breathing The eleventh sign is very observable which is a morphew or defedation of all the skin with a dry roughness and grainy inequality such as appears in the skins of plucked geese with many tetters on every side a filthy scab and ulcers not casting off only a bran-like scurf but also scales and crusts The cause of this dry scab is the heat of the burning bowels and humors unequally contracting and wrinkling the skin no otherwise then as leather is wrinkled by the heat of the sun or fire The cause of the filthy scab and serpiginous ulcers is the eating and corroding condition of the melancholick humor and the venenate corruption it also being the author of corruption so that it may be no marvel if the digestive faculty of the liver being spoiled the assimilative of a malign and unfit matter sent into the habit of the body cannot well nor fitly perform that which may be for the bodies good The twelfth is the sense of a certain pricking as it were of Goads or needles over all the skin caused by an acrid vapor hindred from passing forth and intercepted by the thickness of the skin The thirteenth is a consumption and emaciation of the muscles which are between the thumb and fore-finger not only by reason that the nourishing and assimilating faculties want fit matter wherewith they may repair the loss of these parts for that is common to these with the rest of the body but because these muscles naturally rise up unto a certain mountainous tumor therefore their depression is the more manifest And this is the cause that the shoulders of leprous persons stand out like wings to wit the emaciation of the inward part of the muscle Trapozites The fourteenth sign is the diminution of sense or a numness over all the body by reason that the nerves are obstructed by the thickness of the melancholick humor hindring the free passage of the animal spirit that it cannot come to the parts that should receive sense these in the interim remaining free which are sent into the muscles for motions sake and by this note I chiefly make trial of leprous persons thrusting a somewhat long and thick needle some-what deep into the great tendon endued with most exquisite sense which runs to the heel which if they do not well feel I conclude that they are certainly leprous Now for that they thus lose their sense their motion remaining entire the cause hereof is that the nerves which are disseminated to the skin are more affected and those that run into the muscles are not so much and therefore when as you prick them somewhat deep they feel the prick which they do nor in the surface of the skin The fifteenth is the corruption of the extreme parts possessed by putrefaction and a gangrene by reason of the corruption of the humors sent thither by the strength of the bowels infecting with the like tainture the parts wherein they remain add hereto that the animal sensitive faculty is there decaied and as often as any faculty hath forsaken any part the rest presently after a manner neglect it The sixteenth is they are troubled with terrible dreams for they seem in their sleep to see divels serpents dungeons graves dead bodies and the like by reas n of the black vapors of the melancholick humor troubling the phantasie with black and dismal visions by which reason also such as are bitten of a mad dog fear the water The seventeenth is that at the beginning and increase of the disease they are subtill crafty and furious by reason of the heat of the humors and blood but at length in the state and declension by reason of the heat of the humors and blood and entrails decaying by little and little therefore then fearing all things whereof there is no cause and distrusting of their own strength they endeavor by craft maliciously to circumvent those with whom they deal for that they perceive their powers to fail them The eighteenth is a desire of venery above their nature both for that they are inwardly burned with a strange heat as also by the mixture of slatulencies therewith for whose generation the melancholick humor is most fit which are agitated and violently carried through the veins and genital parts by the preternatural heat but at length when this heat is cooled and that they are fallen into an hot and dry distemper they mightily abhor venery which then would be very hurtful to them as it also is at the beginning of the disease because
they have small store of spirits and native heat both which are dissipated by venery The nineteenth is the so great thickness of their gross and livid blood that if you wash it you may finde a sandy matter therein as some have found by experience by reason of the great adustion and assation thereof The twentieth is the languidness and weakness of the pulse by reason of the oppression of the vitall and pulsifick faculty by a cloud of gross vapors Herewith also their mine sometimes is thick and troubled like the urine of carriage-beasts if the urinary vessels be permeable and free otherwise it is thin if there be obstruction which only suffers that which is thin to flow forth by the urinary passages now the urine is oftentimes of a pale ash-colour and oftimes it smells like as the other excrements do in this disease Verily there are many other signs of the Leprosie as the slowness of the belly by reason of the heat of the liver often belchings by reason that the stomach is troubled by the reflux of a melancholick humor frequent sneezing by reason of the fulness of the brain to these this may be added most frequently Why their faces seem to be greasie that the face and all the skin is unctuous or greasie so that water poured thereon will not in any place adhere thereto I conceive it is by the internal heat dissolving the fat that lies under the skin which therefore alwaies looks as if it were greased or anointed therewith in leprous persons Now of these forementioned signs some are univocal that is which truly and necessarily shew the Leprosie other-some are equivocal or common that is which conduce as well to the knowledge of other diseases as this To conclude that assuredly is a Leprosie which is accompanied with all or certainly the most part of these fore-mentioned signs CHAP. VIII Of Prognostick in the Leprosie and how to provide for such as stand in fear thereof Why the Leprosie is incurable THe leprosie is a disease which passeth to the issue as contagious almost as the Plague scarce cureable at the beginning incureable when as it is confirmed because it is a Cancer of the whole body now if some one Cancer of some one part shall take deep root therein it is judged incureable Furthermore the remedies which to this day have been found out against this disease are judged inferiour and unequal in strength thereto Besides the signs of this disease do not outwardly shew themselves before that the bowels be seized upon possessed and corrupted by the malignity of the humor especially in such as have the white Leprosie sundry of which you may see about Burdeaux and in little Brittain who notwithstanding inwardly burn with so great heat that it will suddenly wrinkle and wither an apple held a short while in their hand as if it had laid for many daies in the sun There is another thing that increaseth the difficulty of this disease which is an equall pravity of the three principal faculties whereby life is preserved The deceitful and terrible visions in the sleep and numness in feeling argue the depravation of the animal faculty now the weakness of the vitall faculty is shewed by the weakness of the puls the obscurity of the hoarse and jarring voice the difficulty of breathing and stinking breath the decay of the natural is manifested by the depravation of the work of the liver in sanguification whence the first and principal cause of this harm ariseth The cure Now because we cannot promise cure to such as have a confirmed Leprosie and that we dare not do it to such as have been troubled therewith but for a short space it remains that we briefly shew how to free such as are ready to fall into so fearful a disease Such therefore must first of all shun all things in diet and course of life whereby the blood and humors may be too vehemently heated The Diet. whereof we have formerly made some mention Let them make choice of meats of good or indifferent juice such as we shall describe in treating of the diet of such as are sick of the plague purging bleeding bathing cupping to evacuate the impurity of the blood and mitigate the heat of the Liver shall be prescribed by some learned Physician Gelding good against the leprosie Valesius de Tarenta much commends gelding in this case neither do I think it can be disliked For men subject to this disease may be effeminated by the amputation of their testicles and so degenerate into a womanish nature and the heat of the liver boiling the blood being extinguished they become cold and moist which temper is directly contrary to the hot and dry distemper of leprous persons besides the leprous being thus deprived of the faculty of generation that contagion of this disease is taken away which spreadeth and is diffused amongst mankind by the propagation of their issue The end of the twentieth Book The ONE and TVVENTIETH BOOK Of Poysons and of the Biting of a mad Dog and the Bitings and Stingings of other venomous Creatures CHAP. I. The cause of writing this treatise of Poysons FIve reasons have principally moved me to undertake to write this Treatise of poysons ac-ac-according to the opinion of the antients The first is that I might instruct the Surgeon what remedies must presently be used to such as are hurt by poysons in the interim whilst greater means may be expected from a Physician The second is that he may know by certain signs and notes such as are Poysoned or hurt by poysonous meats and so make report thereof to the judges or to such as it may concern The third is that those Gentlemen and others who live in the country and far from Cities and store of greater means may learn somthing by my labour by which they may help their friends bitten by an Adder mad Dog or other poysonous creature in so dangerous sudden and unusual a case The fourth is that every one may beware of poysons and know their symptoms when present that being known they may speedily seek for a remedy The fifth is that by this my labour all men may know what my good will is and now well minded I am towards the common-wealth in general and each man in particular to the glory of God I do not here so much arm malicious and wicked persons to hurt as Surgeons to provide to help and defend each mans life against poyson which they did not understand or at least seemed not so to do which taking this my labour in evil part have maliciously interpreted my meaning But now at length that we may come to the matter I will begin at the general division of poysons and then handle each species thereof severally but first let us give this Rule What is to be accounted poyson That poyson is that which either outwardly applied or struck in or inwardly taken into the body hath
so much as hurt some third man You may also observe the same in purging medicines For the sume purge given to diverse men in the same proportion will purge some sooner some later some more sparingly others more plentifully and othersome not at all also with some it will work gently with othersome with pain and gripings Of which diversity there can no other cause be assigned then mens different natures in complexion and temper which no man can so exactly know and comprehend as to have certain knowledg thereof how much and bow long the native heat can resist and labour against the strength of poyson or how pervious or open the passages of the body may be whereby the poyson may arrive at the heart and principal parts For in such for example sake as have the passages of their arteries more large the poyson may more readily and speedily enter into the heart together with the air that is continually drawn into the body CHAP. IV. Whether such creatures as feed upon poysonous things be also poysonous and whether they may be eaten safely and without harm Such things as feed upon poyson may be eaten without danger DUcks Storks Herns Peacocks Turkies and other birds feed upon Toads Vipers Asps Snakes Scorpions Spiders Caterpillers and other venomous things Wherefore it is worthy the questioning whether such like creatures nourished with such food can kill or poyson such persons as shall afterward eat them Matthiolus writes that all late Authors who have treated of poysons to be absolutely of this opinion That men may safely and without any danger feed upon such creatures for that they convert the beasts into their nature after they have eaten them and on the contrary are not changed by them This reason though very probable yet doth it not make these beasts to be wholly harmeless especially if they be often eaten or fed upon Dioscorides and Galen seem to maintain this opinion whereas they write that the milk which is nothing else then the relented blood of such beasts as feed upon scammony hellebore and spurge purgeth violently Therefore Physicians desirous to purge a sucking child give purges to the nurses whence the milk becoming purging becomes both meat and medicine to the child The flesh of thrushes which feed upon Juniper-berries savors of Juniper Birds that are fed with worm-wood or garlick either tast bitter or have the strong sent of garlick Whitings taken with garlick so smell thereof that they will not forego that smell or tast by any salting frying or boyling for which sole reason many who hate garlick are forced to abstain from these fishes The flesh of Rabbits that feed upon penny-royal and Juniper savor of them Physicians wish that Goats Cows and Asses whose milke they would use for Consumptions or other diseases should be fed some space before and every day with these or these herbs which they deem fit for the curing of this or that disease Lib. de simp facult For Galen affirms that he doubts not but that in success of time the flesh of creatures will be changed by the meats whereon they feed and at length savor thereof Therefore I do not allow that the flesh of such things as feed upon venemous things should be eaten for food unless it be some long space after they have disused such repast and that all the venom be digested and overcome by the efficacy of their proper heat so that nothing thereof may remain in tast smell or substance but be all vanished away For many die suddenly the cause of whose deaths are unknown The occasion of sudden death in many which peradventure was from nothing else but the sympathy and antipathy of bodyes for that these things cause death and disease to some that nourish othersome according to our vulgar English proverb That which is one mans meat is another mans poyson CHAP. V. The general signs of such as are poysoned WEe will first declare what the general signs of poyson are Common signs of such as are poysoned and then wee will descend to particulars whereby we may pronounce that one is poysoned with this or that poyson We certainly know that a man is poysoned when as he complains of a great heaviness of his whole body so that he is weary of himself when as some horrid and loathsome tast sweats out from the orifice of the stomach to the mouth and tongue wholly different from that tast that meat howsoever corrupted can send up when as the colour of the face changeth suddenly somewhiles to black sometimes to yellow or any other colour much differing from the common custom of man when nauseousness with frequent vomiting troubleth the patient and that he is molested with so great unquietness that all things may seem to be turned upside down We know that the poyson works by the proper and from the whole substance when as without any manifest sence of great heat or coldness the patient swounds often with cold sweats for usually such poysons have no certain and distinct part wherewith they are at enmity as cantharides have with the bladder But as they work by their whole substance and an occult propriety of form so do they presently and directly assail the heart our essence and life and the fortress and begining of the vital faculty Now will wee shew the signs whereby poysons that work by manifest and elementary qualities may be known Those who exceed in heat burn or make an impression of heat in the tongue the mouth throat stomach guts and all the inner parts Signs of hot poysons with great thirst unquietness and perpetual sweats But if to their excess of heat they be accompanied with a corroding and putrefying quality as Arsenick Sublimate Rose-ager or Rats-bane Verdegreace Orpiment and the like they then cause in the stomach and guts intolerable pricking pains rumblings in the belly and continual and intolerable thirst These are succeeded by vomitings with sweats somwhiles hot somwhiles cold with swoundings whence sudden death ensues Sgins of cold Poysons Poysons that kill by too great coldness induce a dull or heavy sleep or drowziness from which you cannot easily rouze or waken them somtimes they so trouble the brain that the patients perform many undecent gestures and antick tricks with their mouths eies arms and legs like as such as are frantick they are troubled with cold sweats their faces become blackish or yellowish alwaies ghastly all their bodies are benummed and they die in a short time unless they be helped poysons of this kinde are Hemlock Poppy Night-shade Henbane Mandrag Dry poysons are usually accompanyed by heat with moisture for although sulphur be hot and dry yet hath it moisture Signs of the dry poysons to hold the parts together as all things which have a consistence have yet are they called dry by reason that dryness is predominant in them such things make the tongue and throat dry rough with unquenchable thirst the
hinder natures diligence and care of concoction For as in the Dog-Dayes the lees of wine subsiding to the bottom are by the strength and efficacie of heat drawn up to the top and mixed with the whole substance of the wine as it were by a certain ebullition or working so melancholick humors being the dregs or lees of the blood stirred by the passions of the minde defile or taint all the blood with their seculent impurity We found that some years agon by experience at the battle of S. Dennis For all wounds by what weapon soever they were made degenerated into great and filthy putrefactions and corruptions with severs of the like nature and were commonly determined by death what medicines and how diligently soever they were applied which caused many to have a false suspicion that the weapons on both sides were poysoned But there were manifest signs of corruption and putrefaction in the blood let the same day that any were hurt and in the principal parts disected afterwards that it was from no other cause then an evil constitution of the air and the mindes of the Souldiers perverted by hate anger and fear CHAP. V. What signs in the Air and Earth prognosticate a Plague WEe may know a plague to be at hand and hang over us if at any time the air and seasons of the year swerve from their natural constitution after those waies I have mentioned before if frequent and long continuing Meteors or sulphureous Thunders infect the air Why abortions are frequent in a pestilent season if fruits seeds and pulie be worm-eaten If birds forsake their nests eggs or young without any manifest cause if we perceive women commonly to abort by continual breathing in the vaporous air being corrupted and hurtful both to the Embryon and original of life and by which it being suffocated is presently cast forth and expelled Yet notwithstanding those airy impressions do not solely courrupt the air but there may be also others raised by the Sun from the filthy exhalations and poysonous vapors of the earth and waters or of dead carkasses which by their unnatural mixture easily corrupt the air subject to alteration as that which is thin and moist from whence divers Epidemial diseases and such as are every-where seize upon the common sort according to the several kinds of corruptions A Catarrh with difficulty of breathing killing many such as that famous Catarrh with difficulty of breathing which in the year 1510 went almost all over the world and raged over all the Cities and Towns of France with great heaviness of the head whereupon the French named it Cuculla with a straitness of the heart and lungs and a cough a continual fever and sometimes raving This although it seized upon many more then it killed yet because they commonly died who were either let blood or purged it shewed it self pestilent by that violent and peculiar and unheard of kinde of malignity The English Sweating-sickness Such also was the English Sweating-sickness or Sweating-fever which unusual with a great deal of terror invaded all the lower parts of Germany and the Low-Countries from the year 1525 unto the year 1530 and that chiefly in Autumn As soon as this pestilent disease entred into any City suddenly two or three hundred fell sick on one day then it departed thence to some other place The people strucken with it languishing fel down in a swound and lying in their beds sweat continually having a fever a frequent quick and unequal pulse neither did they leave sweating till the disease left them which was in one or two daies at the most yet freed of it they languished long after they all had a beating or palpitation of the heart which held some two or three years and others all their life after At the first beginning it killed many before the force of it was known but afterwards very few when it was found out by practice and use that those who furthered and continued their sweats and strengthened themselves with cordials were all restored But at certain times many other popular diseases sprung up as putrid fevers fluxes bloody-fluxes catarrhs coughs phrenzies squinances plurisies inflamations of the lungs inflamations of the eies apoplexies lithargies The Plague is not the definite name of one disease small pox and meazles scabs carbuncles and malign pustles Wherefore the Plague is not alwaies nor every-where of one and the same kinde but of divers which is the cause that divers names are imposed upon it according to the variety of the effects it brings and symptoms which accompany it and kinds of putrefaction and hidden qualities of the air What signs in the earth foreteâ—l a plague They affirm when the Plague is at hand that Mushroms grow in greater abundance out of the Earth and upon the surface thereof many kinds of poysonous insecta creep in great numbers as Spiders Catterpillers Butter-flies Grass-hoppers Beetles Hornets Wasps Flies Scorpions Snails Locusts Toads Worms and such things as are the off-spring of putrefaction And also wilde beasts tired with the voporous malignity of their dens and caves in the Earth forsake them and Moles Toads Vipers Snakes Lizards Asps and Crocodiles are seen to flie away and remove their habitations in great troops For these as also some other creatures have a manifest power by the gift of God and the instinct of Nature to presage changes of weather as rains showrs and fair weather and seasons of the year as the Spring Summer Autumn Winter which they testifie by their singing chirping crying flying playing and bearing with their wings and such like signs so also they have a perception of a Plague at hand And moreover the carkasses of some of them which took less heed of themselves suffocated by the pestiferous poyson of the ill air contained in the earth may be every-where found not onely in their dens but also in the plain fields These vapors corrupted not by a simple putrefaction but an occult malignity How pestilent vapors may kill plants and trees are drawn out of the bowels of the earth into the air by the force of the Sun and Stars and thence condensed into clouds which by their falling upon corn trees and grass infect and corrupt all things which the earth produceth and also kills those creatures which feed upon them yet brute beasts sooner then men as which stoop and hold their heads down towards the ground the maintainer and breeder of this poyson that they may get their food from thence Therefore at such times skilful husbandmen taught by long experience never drive their Cattle or Sheep to pasture before that the Sun by the force of his beams hath wasted and dissipated into air this pestiferous dew hanging and abiding upon the boughs and leaves of trees herbs corn and fruits But on the contrary that pestilence which proceeds from some malign quality from above by reason of evil and certain conjunction of the Stars is
but that is especially in the night season they feel prickings over all their body as if it were the pricking of needles but their nostrils do itch especially by occasion of the malign vapours arising upwards from the lower and inner into the upper parts their breast burneth their heart beateth with pain under the left dug difficulty of taking breath ptissick cough pain of the heart and such an elation or puffing up of the Hypocondria or sides of the belly distended with the abundance of vapours raised by the force of the severish heat The cause of vomiting in such as have the Plague that the patient will in a manner seem to have the Tympany They are molested with a desire to vomit and oftentimes with much and painful vomiting wherein green and black matter is seen and alwaies of divers colours answering in proportion to the excrements of the lower parts the stomach being drawn into a consent with the heat by reason of the vicinity and communion of the vessels oftentimes blood alone and that pure is excluded and cast up in vomiting and is not only cast up by vomiting out of the stomach but also very often out of the nostrils fundament and in women out of the wombe the inward parts are often burned and the outward parts are stiff with cold the whole heat of the patient being drawn violently inward after the manner of a Cupping-glass by the strong burning of the inner parts Their looks are suddenly changed then the eie-lids wax blew as it were through some confusion all the whole face hath an horrid aspect and as it were the colour of lead the eies are burning red and as it were swoln or puffed up with blood or any other humor shed tears and to conclude the whole habit of the body is somwhat changed and turned yellow Many have a burning fever which doth shew it self by the patients ulcerated jaws unquenchable thirst driness and blackness of the tongue and it causeth such a phrensie by inflaming the brain that the patients running naked out of their beds seek to throw themselves out of windows into the pits and rivers that are at hand Why some that are taken with the plague are sleepy In some the joynts of the body are so weakned that they cannot go nor stand from the beginning they are as it were buried in a long swound and deep sleep by reason that the fever sendeth up to the brain the gross vapors from the crude and cold humors as it were from green wood newly kindled to make a fire Such sleeping doth hold him especially while the matter of the sore or carbuncle is drawn together and beginneth to come to suppuration Oftentimes when they are awaked out of sleep there do spots and marks appear dispersed over the skin with a stinking swear But if those vapors be sharp that are stirred up unto the head in stead of sleep they cause great waking and alwaies there is much diversity of accidents in the urine of those that are infected with the Plague by reason of the divers temperature and condition of bodies neither is the urine at all times and in all men of the same consistence and colour For somtimes they are like unto the urine of those that are sound and in health Why their urines are like those that are sound that is to say laudable in colour and substance because that when the heart is affected by the venomous air that entreth in unto it the spirits are more greatly grieved and molested then the humors but those i. e. the spirits are infected and corrupted when these do begin to corrupt But Urines only shew the dispositions of the humors or parts in which they are made collected together and through which they pass This reason seemeth truer to me then theirs which say that nature terrified with the malignities of the poyson avoids contention and doth not resist or labour to digest the matter that causeth the disease Many have their appetites so overthrown that they can abstain from meat for the space of three daies together And to conclude the variety of accidents is almost infinite which appear and spring up in this kinde of disease by reason of the diversity of the poyson and condition of the bodies and grieved parts but they do not all appear in each man but some in one and some in another CHAP. XIV What signs in the Plague are mortal IT is a most deadly sign in the Pestilence to have a continual and burning Fever to have the tongue dry rough and black to breathe with difficulty and to draw in a great quantity of breath but breathe out little to talk idly to have Phrensie and Madness together with unquenchable thirst and great watching to have Convulsions the Hicket Heart-beating and to swound very often and vehemently further tossing and turning in the bed with a loathing of meats and dayly vomits of a green black and bloudy colour and the face pale black of an horrid and cruel aspect bedewed with a cold sweat are very mortal signs There are some which at the very beginning have ulcerous and painful weariness An ulcerous and painful weariness from the beginning sheweth the Plague to be deadly pricking under the skin with great torment of pain the eyes look cruelly and staringly the voyce waxeth hoarse the tongue rough and ftutting and the understanding decaying the patient uttereth and talketh of frivolous things Truly those are very dangerously sick no otherwise then those whose urine is pale black and troubled like unto the urine of carriage-beasts or lee with divers coloured clouds or contents as blew green black fatty and oyly as also resembling in shew a Spiders web with a round body swimming on the top If the flesh of the carbuncle be dry and black as it were seared with an hot iron if the flesh about it be black and blew if the matter do flow back and turn in if they have a lask with greatly stinking liquid thin clammy black green or blewish ordure if they avoid Worms by reason of the great corruption of the humors and yet for all this the patient is never the better if the eyes wax often dim if the nostrils be contracted or drawn together if they have a grievous cramp the mouth be drawn aside the muscles of the face being drawn or contracted equally or unequally if the nails be black if they be often troubled with the Hicket or have a Convulsion and resolution over all the body then you may certainly prognosticate that death is at hand and you may use cordial medicines only but it is too late to purge or let bloud CHAP. XV. Signs of the Plague coming by contagion of the air without any fault of the humors YOu shall understand that the Pestilence proceeds from the corruption of the air if it be very contagious and disperseth it self into sundry places in a moment If it kill quickly and many so that
figure of a Colt with a Mans face At Verona Anno Dom. 1254. a Mare foaled a colt with the perfect face of a Man but all the rest of the body like an Horse a little after that the wars between the Florentines Pisans began by which all Italie was in a combustion The figure of a winged Monster About the time that Pope Julius the second raised up all Italie and the greatest part of Christendome against Lewis the twelfth the King of France in the year of our Lord 1512. in which year upon Easter day near Ravenna was sought that mortal battel in which the Popes forces were overthrown a monster was born in Ravenna having a Horn upon the crown of his head and besides two wings and one foot alone most like to the feet of birds of prey and in the knee thereof an eie the privities of male and female the rest of the body like a man as you see by this figure The third cause is an abundance of seed and overflowing matter The fourth the same in too little quantity and deficient The fift the force and efficacy of imagination The sixt the straightness of the womb The seventh the disorderly â—ire of the partie with childe and the position of the parts of the body The eight a fall strain or sâ—â—â—k especiall upon the belly of a woman with childe The ninth hereditary diseases or affects by any other accident The tenth the confusion and mingling together of the seed The eleventh the craft and wickedness of the deviâ— There are some others which are accounted for monsters because their original or essence full of admiration or do assume a certain prodigious form by the craft of some begging companions therefore we will speak briefly of them in their place in this our treatise of monsters CHAP. II. Of Monsters caused by too great abundance of seed SEeing we have already handled the two former and truly final causes of monsters we must now come to those which are material corporeal and efficient causes taking ouâ— beginning from that we call the too great abundance of the matter of seed It is the opinion of those Philosophers which have written of monsters that if at any time a creature bearing one at once as man shall cast forth more seed in copulation then is necessary to the generation of one body it cannot be that only one should be begot of all that therefore from thence either two or more must arise whereby it commeth to pass that these are rather judged wonders because they happen seldome and contrary to common custome Superfluous parts happen by the same cause that twins and many at one birth contrary to natures course do chance that is by a larger effusion of seed then is required for the framing of that part that so it exceeds either in number or else in greatness So Austin tells that in his time in the east an infant was born having all the parts from the belly upwards double but from thence downwards single and simple for it had two heads four eies two breasts four hands in all the rest like to another childe and it lived a littly while â—aliâ—s Rhodiginus saith he saw two monsters in Italie the oâ—e male the other female handsomely and neâ—rly made through all their bodies except their heads which were double the male died within a few daies after it was born but the female whose shape is here delineated lived twenty-five years which is contrary to the common custom of monsters for they for the most part are very short-liv'd because they both live and are born as it were against natures consent to which may be added they do not love themselves by reason they are made a scorn to others and that by that means lead a hated life But it is most remarkable which Lycosthenes telleth of a * Woman-monster for excepting her two heads she was framed in the rest of her body to an exact perfection her two heads had the like desire to eat and drink to sleep to speak and to do every thing she begged from dore to door every one giving to her freely Yet at length she was banisht Bavaria lest that by the frequent looking upon her the imagination of women with childe strongly moved should make the like impression in the infants they bare in their wombs The effigies of a * Maid with two heads The effigies of two a Girls whose backs grew together In the year of our Lord 1475. at Verona in Italie two a Girls were born with their backs sticking together from the lower part of the shoulders unto the very buttocks The novelty and strangeness of the thing moved their parents being but poor to carry them through all the chie towns in Italy to get mony of all such as came to see them The figure of a man with another growing out of him In the year 1530. There was a man to be seen at Paris out of whose belly another perfect in all his members except head hanged forth as if he had been grafted there The man was fortie years old and he carried the other implanted or growing out of him in his arms with such admiration to the beholders that many ran very earnestly to see him The effigies of a harned or hooded monster At Quiers a small village some ten miles from Turine in Savoy in the year 1578. upon the seventeenth day of January about eight a clock at night an honest matron brought forth a childe having five horns like to Rams horns set opposite to one another upon his head he had also a long piece of flesh like in some sort to a French hood which women use to wear hanging down from his forehead by the nape of his neck almost the length of his back two other pieces of flesh like the collar of a shirt were wrapped about his neck the fingers ends of both his hands somewhat resembled a Hawks talons and his knees seemed to be in his hams the right leg and the right foot were of a very red colour the rest of the body was of a tawnie color it is said he gave so terrible a scritch when he was brought forth that the Midwives and the rest of the women that were at her labor were so frighted that they presently left the house and ran away When the Duke of Savoy heard of this monster he commanded it should be brought to him which performed one would hardly think what various censures the Courtiers gave of it The monster you see here delineated was found in the middle and innermost part of an* Egg with the face of a man but hairs yielding a horrid representation of Snakes the chin had three other snakes stretched forth like a beard It was first seen at Autun at the house of one Bancheron a Lawyer a maid breaking many eggs to butter the white of this egg given a Cat presently killed her Lastly this monster comming to the hands of the Baron Senecy was
brought to King Charls the ninth being then at Metz. * The shape of a monster found in an Egg. The effigies of a monstrous b Childe having two heads two arms and four legs In the year 1546. a woman at Paris in her sixth month of her account brought forth a b Childe having two heads two armes and four legs I dissecting the body of it found but one heart by which one may know it was but one infant For you may know this from Aristotle whether the monstrous birth be one or more joyned together by the principal part for if the body have but one heart it is but one if two it is double by the joyning together in the conception In the year 1569. a certain woman of Towers was delivered of * Twins joyned together with one head and naturally embracing each other Renatus Ciretus the famous Chirurgian of thoâ—e paâ—ts sent me their Sceleton The pâ—rtraiture of * Twins joined together with one head The effigies of two c Girls being twins jâ—ined together by their fore-heads Munster writes that in the village Bristan not far from Worms in the year 1495. he saw two c Girls perfect and entire in every part of their bodies but they had their foreheads so joined together that they could not be parted or severed by any art they lived together ten years then the one dying it was needful to separate the living from the dead but she did not long out-live her sister by reason of the malignity of the wound made in parting them asunder In the year of our Lord 1570. the twentieth of Julie at Paris in the street Gravilliers at the sign of the Bell these two infants weâ—e boâ—n differing in sex with that shape of body that you see here expressed in the figure They were baptized in the Church of St. Nicolas of the fâ—elds and named Ludâ—vicus and Ludâ—vica their father was a Mason his name was Peter Germane his surname Petit Dieu i. little-God his mothers name was Mathea Petronilla The shape of the infants lately born at Paris In the year 1572. in Pont de See near Anger 's a little town were born upon the tenth daie of Julie two girles perfect in their limbs but that they had out four fingerr a piece on their left hands they clave together in their fore parts from their breast to their navel which was but one as their heart also but one their liver was divided into four lobes they lived half an hour and were baptized The figure of two girls joined together in their breasts and belly The figure of a childe with two heads and the body as big as one of four moneths old Var. lect lib. 24. cap. â— Caelius Rhodiginus tells that in a town of his country called Sarzano Italie being troubled with civil Wars there was born a monster of unusual bigness for he had two heads having all his limbs answerable in greatness and tallness to a childe of four months old between his two heads which were both alike at the setting on of the shoulder it had a third hand put forth which did not exceed the ears in length for it was not all seen it was born the 5. of the Ides of March 1514. The figure of one with four legs and as manie arms Jovianus Pontanus tells in the year 1529. the ninth daie of Januarie there was a man childe born in Germanie having four arms and as many legs The figure of a man out of whose belly another head shewed it self In the year that Francis the first King of France entered into league with the Swisses there was born a monster in Germanie out the midst of whose bellie there stood a great head it came to mans age and his lower and as it were inserted head was nourished as much as the true and upper head The shape of two Monstrous Twins being but of one only Sex The shape of a monstrous Pig In the year 1572. the last day of February in the parish of Vinban in the way as you go from Carnuta to Paris in a small village called Bordes one called Cypriana Giranda the wife of James Merchant a husbandman brought forth this monster whose shape you see here delineated which lived until the Sunday following being but of one only sex which was the female In the year 1572. on Easter Munday at Metz in Lorain in the Inn whose signe is the Holie Ghost a Sow pigged a pig which had eight legs four ears and the head of a dog the hinder part from the belly downward was parted in two as in twins but the fore-parts grew into one it had two tongues in the mouth with four teeth in the upper jaw and as many in the lower The sex was not to be distinguished whether it were a Bore or Sow pig for there was one slit under the tail and the hinder parts were all rent and open The shape of this Monster as it is here set down was sent me by Borgesius the famous Physician of Metz. CHAP. III. Of women bringing many Children at one birth WOman is a creature bringing usually but one at a birth but there have been some who have brought forth two some three some four some five six or more at one birth Empedocles thought that the abundance of seed was the cause of such numerous births the Stoiks affirm the divers cells or partitions of the womb to be the cause 4 De gen anim c. p. 4. for the seed being variously parted into these partitions and the conception divided there are more children brought forth no otherwise then in rivers the water beating against the rocks is turned into divers circles or rounds But Aristotle saith there is no reason to think so for in women that parting of the womb into cells as in dogs and sows taketh no place for womens wombs have but one cavitie parted into two recesses the right and left nothing comming between except by chance distinguished by a certain line for often twins lie in the same side of the womb Aristotles opinion is that a woman cannot bring forth more then five children at one birth The maid of Augustus Cesar brought forth five at a birth and a short while after she and her children died In the year 1554. at Bearn in Switzerland the wife of Dr. John Gelenger brought forth five children at one birth three boyes and two girls Albucrasis affirms a woman to have been the mother of seven children at one birth and another who by some external injurie did abort brought forth fifteen perfectly shaped in all their parts Lib. 7. Cap 11. Cap 3. Plinie reports that it was extant in the writings of Physicians that twelve children were born at one birth and that there was another in Peloponnesus which four several times was delivered of five children at one birth and that the greater part of those children lived It is reported by Dalechampiâ—â— that Bonaventura the slave of one Savil a gentleman of
Sena at one time brought forth seven children of which four were baptized In our time betweeen Sarte and Main in the parish of Seaux not far from Chambellay there is a family and noble house called Maldemeure the wife of the Lord of Maldemure the first year she was married brought forth twins the second year she had three children the third year four the fourth year five the fifth year six and of that birth she died of those six one is yet alive and is Lord of Maldemeure In the valley of Beaufort in the countie of Anjou a young woman the daughter of Mace Channiere when at one perfect birth she had brought forth one childe the tenth day following she fell in labor of another but could not be delivered untill it was pulled from her by force and was the death of the mother The Picture of Dorithie great with childe with many children Martin Comerus the author of the Polish historie writeth that one Margaret The ninth Book of the Polish Historie a woman sprung from a noble and ancient familie neer Cracovia and wife to Count Virboslaus brought forth at one birth thirtie five live children upon the twentieth daie of Jan. in the year 1296. Franciscus Picus Mirandula writeth that one Dorothie an Italian had twentie children at two births at the first nine and at the second eleven and that she was so big that she was forced to bear up her bellie which lay upon her knees with a broad and large scarf tied about her neck as you may see by this figure And they are to be reprehended here again who affirm the cause of numerous births to consist in the variety of the cels of the womb for they feign a womans womb to have seven cels or partitions three on the right side for males three on the left side for females and one in the midst for Hermophrodites or Scrats and this untruth hath gone so far that there have been some that affirmed every of the seven cels to have been divided into ten partitions into which the seed dispersed doth bring forth a divers and numerous encrease according to the varietie of cels furnished with the matter of seed which though it may seem to have been the opinion of Hippocrates in his Book De natura Pueri notwithstanding it is repugnant to reason and to those things which are manifestly apparent to the eies and senses The opinion of Aristotle is more probable who saith twins and more at one birth Lib. 4. de gen anim cap. 4. are begot and brought forth by the same cause that the sixth finger groweth on the hand that is by the abundant plentie of the seed which is greater and more copious then can be all taken up in the natural framing of one bodie for if it all be forced into one it maketh one with the parts encreased more then is fit either in greatness or number but if it be as it weâ—e cloven into divers parts it causeth more then one at one birth CHAP. IV. Of Hermophrodites or Scrats ANd here also we must speak of Hermophrodites because they draw the cause of their generation and conformation from the abundance of seed and are called so because they are of both sexes the woman yeelding as much seed as the man For hereupon it commeth to pass that the forming facultie which alwaies endeavors to produce something like it self doth labor both the matters almost with equal force and is the cause that one bodie is of both sexes Yet some make four differences of Hermophrodites the first of which is the male Hermophrodite who is a perfect and absolute male and hath only a slit in the Perinaeum not perforated and from which neither urine nor seed doth flow The second is the female which besides her natural privitie hath a fleshie and skinnie similitude of a mans yard but unapt for erection and ejaculation of seed and wanteth the cod and stones the third difference is of those which albeit they bear the express figures of members belonging to both sexes commonly set the one against the other yet are found unapt for generation the one of them only serving for making of water the fourth difference is of those who are able in both sexes throughly perform the part of both man and woman because they have the genitals of both sexes complete and perfect and also the right brest like a man and the left like a woman the laws command those to chuse the sex which they will use and in which they will remain and live judgeing them to death if they be found to have departed from the sex they made choice of for some are thought to have abused both and promiscuously to have had their pleasure with men and women There are signs by which the Physicians may discern whether the Hermophrodites are able in the male or female sex or whether they are impotent in both these signs are most apparent in the privities and face for if the matrix be exact in all its demensions and so perforated that it may admit a mans yard if the courses flow that way if the hair of the head be long slender and soft and to conclude if to this tender habit of the body a timid and weak condition of the minde be added the female sex is predominant and they are plainly to be judged women But if they have the Perinaeum and fundament full of hairs the which in women are commonly without any if they have a a yard of a convenient largeness if it stand well and readily and yeeld seed the male sex hath the preheminence and they are to be judged men But if the conformation of both the genitals be alike in figure quantity and efficacy it is thought to be equally able in both sexes although by the opinion of Aristotle Lib. 4. de gener anim cap. 5. those who have double genitals the one of the male the other of the female the one of them is alwaies perfect the other imperfect The figure of Hermophrodite twins cleaving together with their backs Anno Dom. 1486. in the Palatinate at the village Robach near Heidelberg there were twins both Hermophrodites born with their backs sticking together The effigies of an Hermophrodite having four hands and feet The same day the Venetians and Geneses entred into league there was a monster born in Italy having four arms and feet and but one head it lived a little after it was baptized James Ruef a Helvetian Cirurgian saith he saw the like but which besides had the privities of both sexes whose figure I have therefore set forth Pag. 647. CHAP. V. Of the changing of Sex AMatus Lusitanus reports that in the village Esquina there was a maid named Maria Pateca who at the appointed age for her courses to flow had instead of them a mans yard laying before that time hid and covered so that of a woman she became a man and therefore laying
produce fat CHAP. XII Of Monsters by the confusion of seed of divers kindes THat which followeth is a horrid thing to be spoken but the chaste minde of the Reader will give me pardon and conceive that which not only the Stoicks but all Philosophers who are busied about the search of the causes of things must hold That there is nothing obscene or filthy to be spoken Those things that are accounted obscene may be spoken without blame but they cannot be acted or perpetrated without great wickedness fury and madness therefore that ill which in obscurity consists not in word but wholly in the act Therefore in times past there have been some who nothing fearing the Deity neither the Law not themselves that is their soul have so abjected and prostrated themselves that they have thought themselves nothing different from beasts wherefore Atheists Sodomites Out-laws forgetful of their own excellency and divinity and transformed by filthy lust have not doubted to have filthy and abominable copulation with beasts This so great so horrid a crime for whose expiation all the fires in the world are not sufficient though they too maliciously crafty have concealed and the conscious beasts could not utter yet the generated mis-shapen issue hath abundantly spoken and declared by the unspeakable power of God the revenger and punisher of such impious and horrible actions For of this various and promiscuous confusion of seeds of a different kinde Monsters have been generated and born who have been partly men and partly beasts The like deformity of issue is produced if beasts of a different species do copulate together nature alwayes affecting to generate something which may be like it self for wheat grows not but by sowing of wheat nor an apricock but by the setting or grafting of an apricock for nature is a most diligent preserver of the species of things The effigies of a Monster half man and half dog Anno Dom. 1493. there was generated of a woman and a dog an issue which from the navel upwards perfectly resembled the shape of the mother but therehence downwards the sire that is the dog This monster was sent to the Pope that then reigned as Volaterane writeth Cardan lib. 14. de var rerum cap 94. also Cardane mentions it wherefore I have given you the figure thereof The figure of a Monster in face resembling a man but a Goat in his other members Caelius Rhodoginus writes that at Sibaris a heards-man called Chrathis fell in love with a Goat and accompanyed with her and of this detestible and brutish copulation an infant was born which in legs resembling the dam but the face was like the fathers The figure of a Pig with a head face hands and feet of a man Anno Dom. 1110. in a certain town of Liege as saith Lycosthenes a Sow farrowed a pig with the head face hands and feet of a man but in the rest of the body resembling a swine Anno Dom. 1564. at Bruxels at the house of one Joest Dictzpeert in the street Warmoesbroects a Sow farrowed six pigs the first whereof was a monster representing a man in the head face fore-feet and shoulders but in the rest of the body another pig for it had the genitals of a sow pig and it sucked like other pigs But the second day after it was farrowed it was killed of the people together with the sow by reason of the monstrousness of the thing Here followeth the figure thereof The effigies of a Monster half man and half swine Anno Dom. 1571. at Antwerp the wise of one Michael a Printer dwelling with one John Molline a Graver or Carver at the sign of the Golcen Foot in the Camistrate on St. Thomas his day at ten of the clock in the morning brought forth a monster wholly like a dog but that it had a shotter neck and the head of a bird but without any feathers on it This Monster was not alive for that the mother was delivered before her time but she giving a great scritch in the instant of het deliverance the chimney of the house fell down yet hurt no body no not so much as any one of four little children that sate by the fire-side The figure of a monster like a dog but with a head like a bird The figure of a three headed Lamb. Anno Dom. 1577. in the town of Blandy three miles from Melon there was lambed a Lamb having three heads the middlemost of which was bigger then the rest when one bleated they all bleated John Bellanger the Chirurgian of Melo affirmed that he saw this monster and he got it drawn and sent the figure thereof to me with that humane monster that had the head of a Frog which we have formerly described There are some monsters in whose generation by this there may seem to be some divine cause for that their beginnings cannot be derived or drawn from the general cause of monsters that is nature or the errors thereof by reason of some of the fore mentioned particular causes such are these monsters that are wholly against all nature like that which we formerly mentioned of a Lion yeaned by an Ew Yet Astrologers lest there should seem to be any thing which they are ignorant of refer the causes of these to certain constellations and aspects of the Planets and Stars according to Aristotles saying in his Problems in confirmation whereof they tell us this tale It happened in the time of Albertus Magnus that in a certain village a Cow brought forth a Calf which was half a man the towns-men apprehended the herds-man and condemned him as guilty of such a crime to be presently burnt together with the Cow but by good luck Albertus was there to whom they gave credit by reason of his much and certain experience in Astrology that it was not occasioned by any humane wickedness but by the efficacy of a certain position of the stars that this monster was born CHAP. XIII Of Monsters occasioned by the craft and subtilty of the Devil IN treating of such Monsters as are occasioned by the craft of the Devil we crave pardon of the courteous Reader if peradventure going further from our purpose we may seem to speak more freely and largely of the existence nature and kindes of Devils There are sorcerers and how they com so to be Therefore first it is manifest that there are Conjurers Charmers and Witches which whatsoever they do perform it by an agreement and compact with the Devil to whom they have addicted themselves for none can be admitted into that society of Witches who hath not forsaken God the Creator and his Saviour and hath not transferred the worship due to him above upon the Devil to whom he hath obliged himself And assuredly What enduceth them thereto whosoever addicts himself to these Magical vanities and witch-crafts doth it either because he doubts of Gods power promises steady and great good will towards us or else for that he
the use of emollients The third is that we artificially gather after what manner this mollifying must be performed that is whether we should mingle with the emollients detersive or discussing medicines For there are many desperate scirthous tumors that is such as cannot be overcome by any emollient medicine as those which are grown so hard that they have lost their sense and thereupon are become smooth and without hairs Here you must observe that the part sometimes becomes cold in so great an excess that the native heat plainly appears to languish so that it cannot actuate any medicine That this languishing heat may be resuscitated an iron stove shall be set near to the part wherein a good thick piece of iron heated red hot shall be enclosed for so the stove will keep hot a long time The figure of an iron stove A. The case of the stove B. The iron-bat to be heated C. The lid to shut the stove CHAP. XIV Of Detersives or Mundificatives A Detersive is defined to be that which doth deterge or cleanse an ulcer and purge forth a double kinde of excrement of the which one is thicker which is commonly called sordes which is drawn forth from the bottom of the ulcer by the efficacious quality of the medicines the other is more thin and watery which the Greeks call Ichor the Latins Sanies which is taken away by the driness of the medicine and therefore Hippocrates hath well advised that every ulcer must be cleansed and dried Detersives Of Detersives some are simple some compound some stronger some weaker The simple are either bitter sweet or sowr the bitter are Gentiana Aristolochia iris enula scylla serpentaria centaurinum minus absinthium marrubium perforata abrotonon apium chelidonium ruta hyssopus scabiâ—sa artemisia eupatarium aloe fumus terrae hedera terrestris a lixivum made with the ashes of these things lupini orobus amygdala amara faba terebinthina myrrha mastiche sagapenum galbanum ammoniacum the galls of beasts stercus caprinum urina bene cocta squama aeris aes ustum aerugo scoria aeris antimonium calx chalcitis misy sory alumen The sweet are Viola rosa mâ—lilotum ficus pingues dactyli uvae passae glycyrrhiza aqua hordei aqua mulsa vinum dulce mel saccarum serum lactis manna thus The sharp are all kinde of sowr things Capreoli vitium acetum and other acid things The compound are Syrupus de absinthio de fumaria de marrubio de eupatorio de artemisia acetosus lixivium oleum de vitellis ovorum de terebinthina de tartaro unguentum mundificati vum de apio Their use apostolorum pulvis mercurialis We use such things as deterge that the superfluous matter being taken away nature may the more conveniently regenerate flesh to fill up the cavity But in the use of them consideration is first to be had of the whole body whether it be healthy plethorick or ill disposed there is consideration to be had of the part which is moister and drier indued with a more exquisite or duller sense But oft-times accidents befall ulcers besides nature as a callus a defluxion of a hot or otherwise malign humor and the like symptoms Lastly consideration is to be had whether it be a new or inveterate ulcer for from hence according to the indication remedies are appointed different in quantity and quality so that oft-times we are constrained to appoint the bitter remedy in stead of the sweet Neither truly with a painful and dry ulcer doth any other then a liquid detersive agree neither to be moist any other then that of a dry consistence as Powders CHAP. XV. Of Sarcoticks No medicine truly sarcotick THat medicine is said to be sarcotick which by its driness helps nature to regenerate flesh in an ulcer hollow and diligently cleansed from all excrements But this is properly done by blood indifferent in quality and quantity Wherefore if we must speak according to the truth of the thing there is no medicine which can properly and truly be called sarcotick For those which vulgarly go under that name are only accidentally such as those which without biting and erosion do dry up and deterge the excrements of an ulcer which hinder the endeavour of nature in generating of flesh For as by the law of nature from that nourishment which flows to the nourishing of the part there is a remain or a certain thin excrement flowing from some other place called by the greeks Ichor and by the Latins Sanies Thus by the corruption of the part there concretes another grosser excrement termed Rypos by the Greeks and Sordes by the Latins That makes the ulcer more moist this more filthy Hence it is that every wound which requires restitution of the lost substance must be cured with two sorts of medicines the one to dry up and waste the superflous humidity thereof the other to fetch off the filth and by how much the wound is the deeper by so much it requires more liquid medicines that so they may the more easily enter into every part thereof But diversity of things shall be appointed according to the various temper of the part For if the affected part shall be moist by nature such things shall be chosen as shall be less drie if on the contrary the part be drie then such things shall be used as be more drie but many sorts of medicines shall be associated with the sarcoticks according to the manifold complication of the affects possessing the ulcer Therefore nature only is to be accounted the workmaster and the efficient cause in the regenerating of flesh and laudable blood the material cause and the medicine the helping or assisting cause or rather the cause without which it cannot be as that by cleansing and moderately drying without any vehement heat takes away all hinderances of incarnation and orders and fits the blood to receive the form of flesh This kinde of medicine according to Galen ought to be drie only in the first degree lest by too much driness it might drink up the blood and matter of the future flesh which notwithstanding is to be understood of sarcoticks which are to be applied to a delicate and temperate body For if the ulcer be more moist of the body more hard then is fit we may ascend to such things as are drie even in the third degree And hence it is that such drie medicines may first be called detersives and then presently sarcoticks A sarcotick medicine is either simple or comound Simple Sarcoticks stronger or weaker Simple sarcotick medicines are Aristolochia utraque iris acorus dracunculus asarum symphyti omnia genera betonica sanicula mellifolium lingua canis verbena scabiosa pinpinella hypericon scordium plantago rubia major et minor eorumque succi Terebinthina lota non lota resina pini gummi arabicum sarcocolla mastiche colophonia manna thuris cortex ejusdem aloe olibanum
myrrha mel vinum sanguis draconis lythargyros auri spodium Compound Sarcoticks pompholix tutia plumbum ustum lotum scoria ferri The compound sarcoticks are Oleum hypericonis ol ovorum mastichinum caetera olea quae balsami nomine appellantur unguentum aureum emp. de betonica Vigonis de janua Emp. gratia Dei nigrum We use not sarcoticks before thar the ulcer be cleansed and freed from pain defluxion inflammation hardness and distemper In using these things we consider the temper of the body and the affected part For oft-times a part otherwise less drie by nature requires a more powerful drying medicine and stronger sarcotick then another part which is more drie and this for some other reason which ought to come into our consideration For example the glans would be more dried then the praepuce although it be of a temper less dry because it is a passage of the urine Wherefore we must diligently observe the condition of the affected parts and thence taking indication make choice of more strong sarcoticks For both that which is too little and that which is too much sarcotick makes a sordid ulcer the first because it dries not sufficiently the latter for that by its acrimony it causeth defluxion Therefore diligent care must be used in the examination hereof CHAP. XVI Of Epuloticks or skinning medicines AN Epulotick medicine is that which covereth the part with skin it is said to be such as by driness and astriction without biting desiccates binds and condensates the flesh into a certain callous substance like to the skin which we commonly call a cicatrize or scar yet this as the generation of flesh is the work of nature A medicine therefore is said to be Epulotick for that it assists nature in substituting and generating a scar in stead of the true skin whilst it consumes the superfluous humidities condensates incrassates and bindes the next adjacent flesh therefore it ought to dry more powerfully than a sarcotick Three sorts of Epuloticks Epulotick medicines are of three kindes the first is the true epulotick which only dries and bindes The second is an acrid and biting epulotick which for that it wastes the proud flesh is called so and this must be sparingly used and that only to hard and rustick bodies The third is that which only dries without aftriction The things whereof they consist are these Aristolochia utraque gentiana iris centaurium majus pentaphyllon symphytum majus chamaedris betonica cauda equina eupatorium verbenaca plantaginis symphiti folia gallae baccae myrti glandes earum calices balaustia cupressi nuces malicorium cortex quercûs cortex tamaricis cortex ligni aloes acacia colophonia sarcocolla sanguis draconis ladanum lithargyros auri argenti cerussa plumbum ustum alumen ustum ruthia squamma aeris ferri eorum scoriae aerugo flos aeris aes ustum lotum sulphur vivum chrysocolla coralli bolus armenus terra sigillata cineres buccenarum ostreorum silicis ossae usta et siccata caries lignorum ung diapompholygos ung alb Rhasis desiccativum rubrum emp. de cerussa de betonica diacalcitheos emp. nigrum We use Epuloticks when as the ulcer is almost filled up and equal to the adjacent skin Their use In the use of these we must alwaies have respect to the tenderness and hardness of the body for such things as are corrosives to tender and delicate bodies are epulotick to hard and rustick bodies Also we have much regard whether the body be plethotick or replete with ill humors for such do not easily admit cicatrization Also it is most worthy of your observation to mark whether the ulcer that is to be cicatrized be fed or nourished by the present defect of any part as the liver spleen lungs or a varix lying about it For it cannot be cicatrized before these impediments if any such be be taken away Lastly the callous lips of an ulcer unless they be scarified or softened hinder cicatrization Therefore all such defaults must be taken away and then such an Epulotick applyed as may not by the too much driness leave the scar too hollow or the too little leave it too high CHAP. XVII Of Agglutinatives AGlutinating or agglutinative medicine is of a middle nature between the Sarcotick and Epulotick more strong then the former and weaker then the later for it is dry to the second degree It by the drying and astrictive faculty void of all detersion conjoins parts that are distant or rather lends helping hands to nature the principal agent in this work Glutinatives whether they be strongly or weakly such do agglutinate either by their proper or accidental nature Of this sort are Plantaginis omnes species consolida utraque buglossa millefolium Agglutinative medicines verbena pimpinellae pilosella cauda equina sem pervivum telephium sanicula attractilis folia quercûs et dracunculi salix ebulus sambucus pentaphylon veronica cortex pini ulmi palma quercûs Aqua vitis aq è folliculis ulmi succus calaminthae vinum austerum teraebinthina myrrha sanguis draconis bolus armenus terra sigillata omnia denique acerba Glutinatives by accident are those that hinder defluction and binde the part as Sutures Glutinatives by accident Bandages Rest rowlers and the like We use glutinatives in green and as yet bloody wounds whence the Greeks call a glutinative medicine Enema although sometimes they are used to inveterate malign fistulous and sinous ulcers for they hinder the defluxion from comming to the lips of ulcers You must consider when as you intend to apply them whether the skin be whole or no For ulcers knit together or heal more difficultly if the skin be rubbed off or cut or otherwise lost Neither ought you to be unmindful of the forementioned cautions and indications drawn from the sex the tenderness or hardness of the affected body the continuance and magnitude of the ulcer for hence indication must be taken what the quantity and quality of the medicine ought to be CHAP. XVIII Of Pyroticks or caustick Medicines Three degrees of Causticks THat medicine is said to be Pyrotick or Caustick which by its acrimony and biting commonly consisting in an earthy consistence either superficially corrodes or more deeply eats and putrifies or lastly burns and consumes the skin and flesh so that it even pierces into callous and hard bodies Therefore there are three degrees of Pyroticks for some are termed cathaeretick or corroding for that they waste the proud flesh of an ulcerated or any other part and these are judged the weaker sort of Pyroticks Othersome are termed Septick or putrifying as those which destroy and dissolve the tender and new-sprung up flesh and raise blisters in the skin and these are more powerful then the chathaereticks Lastly there are othersome termed most powerful Escharoticks which by their fierie and terrestrial quality cause eschars or crusts whereupon they are also termed
Ruptoria and potential Cauteries Now all these differences are taken from that they are more or less powerful For it oft-times happens that according to the different temper and consistence of the parts according to the longer or shorter stay a Cathaeretick may penetrate as far as a Septick and on the contrary an Escharotick may enter no farther then a Septick Cathaereticks These are judged Cathaereticks Spongia usta alumen ustum non ustum vitriolum ustum calx mediocriter lota aerugo chalcanthum squamma aeris oleum de vitriolo trochisci andronis phasionis asphodelorum ung Aegyptiacum apostolorum pulvis mercurii arsenicum sublimatum Septicks and Vesicatories Septicks and Vesicatories are Radix scillae bryoniae sigill beatae Mariae buglossa radix ranunculi panis porcini apium risus lac titbymallorum lac ficiâ—euphorbium anacardus-sinapi cantharides arsenicum sublimatum For all these weaken the native temper and consistence of the part and draw thereunto humors plainly contrary to nature Escharoticks Escharoticks or Causticks are Calx viva fax vini cremata praecipuè aceti ignis whereto are referred all Cauteries as well actual as potential whereof we shall treat hereafter Their use We use Cathaereticks in tender bodies and diseases not very contumacious therefore by how much they are less acrid and painful by so much oft-times they penetrate the deeper for that they are less troublesome by delay but we use Septicks and sometimes Escharoticks in ulcers that are callous putrid and of unexhausted humidity but principally in cancers carbuncles and excessive haemorrhagies When as we make use of these the patient must have a convenient diet appointed must abstain from wine lastly they must not be used but with discretion for otherwise they may cause fevers great inflammations intolerable pains swounings gangreens and sphacels Cauteries heedfully used strengthen and dry the part amend an untameable distemper dull the force of poison bridle putrefaction and mortification and bring sundry other benefits CHAP. XIX Of Anodynes or such as mitigate or asswage pain What pain is BEfore we treat of Anodyne medicines we think it fit to speak of the nature of pain Now pain is a sorrowful and troublesome sense caused by some sudden distemper or solution of continuity There are three things necessary to cause pain The efficient cause that is a sodain departure from a natural temper or union the sensibleness of the body receiving the dolorifick cause lastly the apprehension of this induced change caused either by distemper or union for otherwise with how exquisite soever sense the body receiving the cause is indued with unless it apprehend and mark it there is no pain present Hence it is that Aphorism of Hippocrates Quicunque parte aliquâ corpâ—ris dolentes dolorem omnino non sentiunt his mens aegrotat that is Whosoever pained in any part of their bodies do wholly feel no pain their understanding is ill affected and depraved Heat cold moisture and driness induce a sodain change of temper and heat and cold cause sharp pain driness moderate but moisture scarce any at all for moisture causeth not pain so much by its quality as it doth by the quantity Both the fore-mentioned qualities especially associated with matter as also certain external causes too violently assailing such as these that may cause contusion cut prick or too much extend Wherefore pain is a symptom of the touch accompanying almost all diseases therefore oft-times leaving these they turn the counsel of the Physician to mitigate them which is performed either by mitigating the efficient causes of pain or dulling the sense of the part Hereupon they make three differences of Anodynes For some serve to cure the disease othersome to mitigate it othersome stupifie and are narcotick We term such curative of the diseases which resist and are contrary to the causes of diseases Thus pain caused by a hot distemper is taken away by oil of Roses Oxycrate and other such like things which amend and take away the cause of pain to wit the excess of heat Pain caused by a cold distemper is amended by Oleum Laurinum Nar dinum de Castoreo Pain occasioned by too much driness is helped by Hydraelium a bath of fresh and warm water Lastly by this word Anodyne taken in the largest sense we understand all purging medicines Phlebotomony Scarification Cauteries Cuppings Glysters and other such like things as evacuate any store of the dolorifick matter But such as are properly termed Anodynes What properly termâ—d Anodynes are are of two sorts for some are temperare others hot and moist in the first degree and consequently near to those that are temperate these preserve the native heat in the proper integrity thus they amend all distemperatures of this kinde are accounted Sallad oil oil of sweet Almonds the yolks of eggs and a few other such like things these strengthen the native heat that thus increased in substance it may with the more facility orecome the cause of pain besides also they rarifie attenuate digest and consequently evacuate both gross and viscid humors as also cloudy flatulencies hindred from passing forth such are floros chamoemili meliloti crocus oleum chamoemelinum anethinum oleum lini oleum ex semine altheae lubricorum ovorum ex tritico butyrum lana succida suillus adeps vitulinus gallinaceus anserinus humanus ex anguilla cunicula aliis Lac muliebre vaccinum mucago seminis lini faenugraeci althaeae malvae vel ejusmodi seminum decoctum as also Decoctum liliorum violariae capitis pedum intestinorum arietis et hoedi Narcoticks or stupefying medicines improperly termed Anodynes Narcoticks improperly termed anodynes The use of them are cold in the fourth degree therefore by their excess of cold they intercept or hinder the passage of the animal spirits to the part whence it is that they take away sense of this sort are hyoscyamus cicuta sclanum manicum mandragora papaver opium arctissima vincula You may make use of the first sort of Anodynes in all diseases which are cured by the opposition of their contraries but of the second to expugn pains that are not very contumacious that by their application we may resist defluxion inflammation the fever and other symptoms But whereas the bitterness of pain is so excessive great that it will not stoop to other medicines then at the length must we come to the third sort of anodyneâ— Yet oft-times the bitterness of pain is so great that very narcoticks must be applied in the first place if we would have the part and the whole man to be in safety Yet the too frequent use of them especially alone without the addition of saffron myrrh castoreum or some such like thing useth to be very dangerous for they extinguish the native heat and cause mortification manifested by the blackness of the part But intolerable pains to wit such as are occasioned by the excess of