or not at all evacuated as in a constipation of the belly suppression of Urine c. Thirdly the Excrements are peccant in Quality either in the First Second or Third In the First when they are too Hot too Cold too Moist or too Dry. In the Second when they are thin or thick or soft viscid or spumous In the Third when they have a strange colour Smel or Tast Fourthly they are peccant in the manner of excretion when they are not expelled in due time or not thorough the usual parts or when they are too soon or too slowly evacuated CHAP. V. Of the Differences of changed Quality The Qualities of the body changed are first second or third BUT they that may deserve the name of symptomes must depend on some disease The first Qualities are heat cold moisture and dryness The second are Hardness Softness Gravity Levity Rarity Density Laevity Asperity and the rest The third are Colours Smels Tasts Sounds A COROLLARY Concerning the changed Qualities Among the changed qualities we place Heat Cold Moisture and Dryness which were before referred to the similar diseases which knits a knot difficult of resolution which we thus untye by averring that slight distempers which are only in a way to perfection and have no permanence in the part cannot be reckoned among diseases but are rather termed symptomes and changed qualities which by the vicinity or sympathy of some parts a morbous distemper being raised are generated and preserved Next asperity and laevity are here with the changed qualities which were referred to organical diseases To this it is answered that asperity and laevity if they be very remarkable so that they manifestly injure the actions of those parts wherein they reside are true diseases but if they be so slight that they are not at all troublesome to the actions and yet are produced from a preternatural cause as an humid or dry distemper it is a convincing evidence that they are true symptomes CHAP. VI. Of the Causes of Symptomes in the genus Eâ—â—â— Symptome depends upon some disease as its proper cause THIS is chiefly demonstrated in hurt-hurt-action which is the immediate effect of a disease as appears by its definition Besides it is undoubtedly true that the changed qualities do proceed from the first qualities which constitute the temperament which when it conforms to nature cannot produce qualities changed according to nature which it is evident do perpetually flow from the distemper Lastly seeing there happens no default in the excrements unless the concoctive expulsive or retentive faculties be vitiated it is very certain that this proceeds perpetually from some disease But the causes of symptomes in their species and the history of all diseases are exactly proposed in particular Pathology chap. 7. We will here illustrate onely by some examples for the better knowledge CHAP. VII Of the Causes of Injured actions The animal actions are usually hurt by various differences of distempers organical diseases and solutions of the continuum SO by the cold and moist distemper of the brain in excesse the animall actions are abolished as appears in folly and forgetfulness and by a more remiss distemper they are diminished as in fatuity and stupidity as also they are depraved by an hot distemper sometimes simple sometimes in conjunction with siccity as in a phrensie and madness Those actions are also sometimes offended by organical diseases as by obstructions and various tumors and by solutions of the continuum as by notable wounds in the head The vital actions consisting in the palsies are abolished depraved or diminished by an hot and cold distemper principally by obstruction and solution of the continuum according to the various intension or remission of causes So in feavers the pulse is depraved abolished in a syncope and diminished in a lipothymy The private natural actions are hurt only by similar diseases but the official by organical also The private natural actions related to nutrition viz. the attractive retentive and expulsive are perfected by the temper onely therefore distemper onely can hurt them but the official want the various conformation of those parts by which they are exercised they therefore are hurt by organical diseases also So the action of the ventricle liver or any other instrument is sometimes perverted by an Erysipelas a Phlegmon and other preternatural tumors and hence the concoction is depraved or diminished So also official attraction is hurt when by a carnous swelling or any other tumor arising in the throat the way is block'd up against food or else the attraction of it to the ventricle is very difficult Retention likewise is hindred by the same causes as also by the copiousness of flatulency And lastly expulsion is hindred by the narrowness and obstruction of the passages or also when it is too much provoked and accelerated by dilatation or vellication of the part CHAP. VIII Of the Causes of Symptomes which are in Excrements The errors in Excrements depend perpetually upon diseases but most usually by the mediation of the detriments of actions In this manner Too great a quantity of excrement depends either upon the weak retentive or expulsive faculty of the part by which excretion is made provoked by some vicious quality or exceeding quantity of humor SO a Diarrhaea is caused by sharp and bilious humors as also by the overflowing of some humor A vacuation also of the excrements too plentiful is caused by defect in the part containing by reason of which it is disabled to contain This happens when the orifices of the vessels are open or eroded by an internal or external cause or onely debilitated as appears in excretion of blood caused by the anastomosis diabrosis or diapeidisis of the veins The quantity of excrements is diminished either when they are sparingly generated or when the retentive faculty is too strong the expulsive too weak or when the passages are narrow and obstructed The excrements are sparingly generated either by paucity crassity or dryness of aliments or by contrary vacuations which do usually hinder the customary ones or by too much resolution of the whole body The reason of other causes is obvious CHAP. IX Of the Causes of changed quality The Symptomes which consist in the first qualities are caused by the distemper of neighbouring or sympathizing parts as is said But those which are related to the second qualities depend upon the various vitiosity of humors or distemper of the parts SO hardness is produced by dryness tension and congelation softness by humidity and so forth Lastly as to the third qualities these are the causes Colour is changed in the part either by distemper or by some humor lodged under its superficies So by a hot distemper the parts are red by a cold one pale so Choler diffused thorough the body causeth the yellow colour of men jaundised Vitiated smels arise from the putridity of the humors or of the parts Strange tasts by the excrements touching upon the tongue Preternatural sounds by
do not wholly cohere nor participate of a common life So it extends not to the hairs nails fat and marrow of the bones which though they wholly cohere yet they are not sharers in life neither are they truly nourished but onely increased by neighbouring position so those things which are preternaturally adnate to the body as gravel hard skin and warts which though they have a total adhesion to the body yet enjoy no life So neither are carnous excretions Parts though they cohere to the whole and communicate in life because they are not appointed to any action or use You will object that Galen and Aristotle often honoured the hairs nails fat and marrow with the compellation of Parts I answer That in their time this term Part was taken in a great latitude as it signified any thing concurrent to the constitution of the Body but with us the acceptation is strict as being taken for parts onely animate and subject to Diseases Yet the hairs and nails cause sturdy doubts which many Neotericks add to the number of living parts of which dispute see Tardine in his most elegant Treatise of the Hairs CHAP. II. Of the differences of the Parts and first of the Similar Parts All Parts are divided into Similar and Dissimilar The Similar Parts are they which are divided into Parts of the same nature and not differing in species THE Matter of the Parts lends occasion of this division for some Parts being made of the same and every where alike matter are called Similar but if the matter be diverse they fall under the notion of Dissimilar But we say they have a like matter because at the first glance they represent themselves so to the sense such is the substance of the nerves whose parts appear to sense wholly similar but yet a curious Scrutinist will discover some dissimilar parts in them for their interiour substance is soft and marrowy but the internal hard and membranous But this difference is not of such validity nor so manifest but that the nerves may find place in the catalogue of Similar parts Avicen defines a Similar part thus whose parts retain the same name and definition with the whole So every part of the bone is bone and every part of the nerve nerve But you must alwayes apprehend this discourse to signifie the matter of the Parts not their figure or use for in relation to these every particle of them retains not the definition of the whole for example a nerve is defined a similary part white arising from the brain or the spinalis medulla prepared for the communication of motion and sense to the whole body which definition is not agreeable to every particle of it These Similar parts are two Spermatick and Carnous The spermatick are produced by the incrassation of seed in the first fashioning of our bodies The principles of our generation are two viz. the seed and menstruous blood which are the platform of all the parts of our bodies for seed is the Author of those first rafters viz. bones ligaments tendons membranes and such like The Carnous owe their composition to blood The carnous parts are easily distinguished from the spermatick because they are red but these white and most commonly solid and hard but blood being hot and moist therefore the carnous parts have also acquired a temper hot and moist Yet it is not so with the spermatick parts which though seed be hot and moist are yet cold and dry because the calidity of the seed depends upon its spirits which convert not into the substance of the part but have the title only of efficients in generation but the moisture of the seed is wasted that the parts generated out of it may become dry and hard whence heat subsisting upon moisture is diminished proportionally to the diminution of moisture The flesh of the similary parts is threefold of the muscles of the bowels and flesh properly so called But the quantity of the musculous flesh is greatest for almost the whole bulk of the body is composed of muscles and their substance is commonly and simply termed flesh but the substance of the bowels also is called flesh and the greater part of them is composed of blood alone yet to the constitution of some there goes a permixtion of seed with blood such is the substance of the ventricle intestines the wombe and such like For the due execution of the actions of the similar parts there is but one condition necessary viz. their just temper The similar parts as similar and as distinguished from the organical exercise onely one action viz. Nutrition for which cause they attract retain and assimilate to themselves their proper and convenient aliment which cannot be effected but by their temper for according to the various temper of any part the aliment must be various and diversly changed whence a similar action is defined whose original being only from the temper of the part it is perfected by the same and is wholly and perfectly exercised by every punctilio of the part CHAP. III. Of the Dissimilar and Organical parts The Dissimilar parts are those which are divided into parts unlike in nature and differing in species SO the Heart Liver Reins and other parts are termed Dissimilar as being composed of many similar parts viz. membranes veins arteries nerves and a parenchyma So the hand and arm is pieced up of bones nerves musculous flesh skin and the rest Every Dissimilar part is Organicall but every Organicall part is not Dissimilar Many confound the Organical with the Dissimilar so that they suppose it to imply all one if we divide the parts into similar and organical as into similar and dissimilar But in this they erre because many similar parts are also organical for the bones veins and arteries are similar parts yet being variously formed and exercising organical actions they are usually called organical and so in relation to their matter they are similar but in respect of their form and figure organical But an Organical part is that which by the vertue of its owne conformation acts determinately The similar parts simply and strictly considered as being conflated of one matter and busie in one action viz. Nutrition may stand in direct opposition to the organical hence it is common to divide all the actions of our body into similar and organical and though as before is noted there be but one onely similar action yet the organical run almost to infinity as they are various and particularly want an organ variously conformable this signifies a necessity of constituting many instrumental parts Hence is that large catalogue of the parts contrived with such rare artifice that causeth us to stand amazed in admiration of the juncture of our own bodies To cause the action of the organical parts there are four things necessary conformation magnitude number and conjunction Conformation imports three things figure passage and cavity asperity and laevity It is impossible that an organical part should
Second Book of MEDICINAL INSTITUTIONS CONTAINING PATHOLOGY Introductions to Pathology In Pathology is considered Mans body deviating from Nature and faln into a state of Disease NATURE is twofold according to the Philosophers universal and particular The laws of universal nature require generation corruption and various alteration to be strictly observed in bodies which are therefore obedient to the dictates of this universal nature but particular nature viz. humane hath enacted laws proper to the constitution of her own Republick differing from the laws of universal nature which if they be cancelled a man is then thought to decline from nature viz. particular nature So a certain harmony of first qualities constitute Mans body together with a due conformation and adunation of the parts in which when there happens any distraction a body becomes preternatural as shall be at large expounded in the following Treatise Observe that some in the front of whom marches Fernelius distinguish things preternatural from those which are contrary to nature so that that is preternatural which though it be illegal in its aberration from the rule of nature yet it offers no violence to it as pimples to the face and the colour contracted from the heat of the Sun But that is contrary to nature which violently opposeth it and manifestly mutilates its actions But these two are commonly confounded by Physicians and used for one and the same The state of mans body is threefold healthy unhealthy and neutral The Philosophers disavow this division and affirm that there intercedes no medium between disease and health But the Physicians term that unhealthy or morbous state when some actions of the body are manifestly out of tune healthy when they persist in a symmetry but neutral when they are neither manifestly vitiated nor altogether whole such a disposition is evidently apparent in those which are in a tendency to or in a recovery from a Disease for it was necessary to induce these three constitutions into the Art of Medicine for two causes chiefly The first is drawn from Medical operations and the manner of dyet to be instituted to every one for cure is necessary for the sick conservation for the healthy but to bodies neuters if they incline to disease preservation to the recovery from a disease refection or restauration The second cause is taken from the decretory dayes which are not to be computed from the beginning of every weakning of health but from that time in which the sick person hath suffered manifest and notable impediments in his actions so that he is necessitated to rest which could not be so distinguished unless a neutrality of state were distinguished from insalubrity Yet the difference between Philosophers and Physicians is not so wide that it abhors reconciliation which may be made if we say That the Philosophers Discourse of Disease and Health in a wider sense as also Galen sometimes takes them so that in this latitude they comprehend the state of neutrality The Physicians close nearer and use them more strictly as the use of Art requireth For the more copious explication of these three states I referre you to Galen in his Ars Parva We must now by course treat of the state of insalubrity by which means are three considerations 1 Disease 2 The Cause of the Disease 3 The Symptomes All that Treatise discourseth of that disposition of the body which is termed Disease For that we may attain a perfect knowledge of it the first proposition must be of its nature then we must make a search into all its differences next the causes which produce those Diseases are to be enquired into and lastly the effects produced by them will require our contemplation for the effects of Diseases the Physicians call Symptomes By this means all Pathology is commonly divided into three Sections in the first of which the nature of the Disease and its differences in the second the causes of Diseases in the third the symptomes of Diseases are by explication made obvious But because the consideration of the Crisis is not any where so appositely placed as in Pathology being defined by a mutation made in the Disease therefore we have resolved to adde to our Pathology a fourth Section comprehending the whole doctrine of the Crisis and Critical dayes and this we will advance to the second place So that the first shall handle the nature and differences of a Disease the second the changes contingent in Diseases of which the chief is the Crisis the third the causes of Diseases and the fourth the symptomes The first Section of PATHOLOGY Of the nature and differences of a Disease The First CHAPTER Of the nature of a Disease A Disease is a disposition of a body preternatural primarily and by it self injuring the actions GALEN in his first Book of the Method of Healing and in his Book of the Differences of Diseases in a well-contrived and clear method hath omitted nothing discoverable in the nature of a Disease whom in this place we propose for our pattern First then we deliberate of action it self which if it be hurt in mans body we say it is sick but if whole and unhurt we say it is in health I call that action hurt which manifestly and sensibly appeareth such for small harms and imperceptible by the sense are excluded from this place Moreover action being a motion and having no permanent essence onely so long in being as it is doing and performing therefore it implies a necessity of a constant and permanent cause But this cause is a corporeal instrument which exerciseth the action as the Eye seeth the Stomach concocteth But because one and the same instrument doth not alwayes exercise in the same manner its operations but sometimes unhurt and according to nature sometimes hurt and beside nature it will necessarily follow that the constitution and disposition thereof is various Hence if it be disposed according to nature the body will also be naturally disposed and exercise actions conformable to nature If therefore the body be in health when being naturally disposed it produceth perfect actions it will be diseased when it being disposed beside nature it exerts actions imperfect and so this detriment of actions will depend upon this preternatural disposition This definition therefore perfectly opens the intricacie of a Disease and is compleat bearing in his bulk a genus a subject a cause and an effect the genus is the disposition which being not circumscribed by the limits of any difference is predicated not onely of a Disease cause of Disease and symptomes thereof but of health also the subject is mans body the cause effecting the Disease is the discomposure of the symmetry of the parts or an excess overflowing the proper and natural constitution which by that terme Preternatural is demonstrated Lastly the immediate effect of a Disease is an ingredient also of the definition which is the detriment of actions which perpetually attending the Disease and being obvious to our senses
likeness of children to their parents chap. 6. p. 65 The second Book of Medicinal Institutions Containing Pathology Introduction to Pathology The first Section of Pathology Of the nature and differences of diseases OF the nature of a disease chap. 1. p. 69 Of the kindes and differences of diseases chap. 2. p. 72 Of the species of a similar disease chap. 3. p. 73 Of the species of an organical disease chap. 4. p. 77 Of the difference of the common disease or solution of the continuum ch 5. p. 80 Of the accidental differences of diseases chap. 6. p. 81 The second Section of Pathology Of the changes of diseases and chiefly of Crisis OF the changes contingent in diseases chap. 1. p. 85 Of the nature of a Crisis chap. 2. p. 86 Of the differences of Crisis chap. 3. p. 87 Of the signes of Crisis chap. 4. p. 91 Of the Critical dayes chap. 5. p. 92 Of the causes of Crisis and Critical dayes chap. 6. p. 99 The third Section of Pathology Of the causes of diseases OF the nature of the morbifick cause chap. 1. p. 102 Of the differences of causes chap. 2. p. 102 Of the causes of similar diseases chap. 3. p. 104 Of the causes of organical diseases chap. 4. p. 106 Of the causes of common diseases chap. 5. p. 106 Of the causes of the accidental differences of diseases chap. 6. p. 108 The fourth Section of Pathology Of the nature differences and causes of Symptomes OF the nature of Symptomes chap. 1. p. 109 Of the difference of Symptomes chap. 2. p. 109 Of the differences of action hurt chap. 3. p. 110 Of the difference of excrement chap. 4. p. 112 Of the difference of changed quality chap. 5. p. 112 Of the causes of Symptomes in the genus chap. 6. p. 113 Of the causes of injured actions chap. 7. p. 113 Of the causes of Symptomes which are in excrements chap. 8. p. 114 Of the causes of changed qualities chap. 9. p. 115 The third Book of Medicinal Institutions containing the Semeiotical part The Preface The first Section Of Signes in their Genus OF the nature and definition of a signe chap. 1. p. 116 Of the differences of signes chap. 2. p. 117 Of the general originals of signes chap. 3. p. 118 The second Section of the Semeiotical part Of the diagnostick signes OF the signes of bilious humor predominant in the whole body ch 1. p. 119 Of the signes of pituitous humor predominant in the body chap. 2. p. 121 Of the signes of bloud predominant in the body chap. 3. p. 122 Of the signes of melancholy predominant in the body chap. 4. p. 124 Of the signes of the affected part chap. 5. p. 126 Of the signes of a part primarily diseased or by consent chap. 6. p. 129 Of the signes of the species of a disease chap. 7. p. 131 Of the signes of a great and a small disease chap. 8. p. 133 Of the signes of a great and malignant disease chap. 9. p. 134 Of the signes of an acute and chronical disease chap. 10. p. 136 Of the signes of morbifick causes and first of the signes of preternatural choler chap. 11. p. 138 Of the signes of preternatural flegme chap. 12. p. 139 Of the signes of serum abounding chap. 13. p. 139 Of the signes of flatulency chap. 14. p. 141 Of the signes of the times of diseases chap. 15. p. 141 The third Section Of the Semeiotical part of the Prognostical signes OF the signes discovering when a disease shall be long or short chap. 1. p. 142 Of the signes of a disease tending to health or death chap. 2. p. 147 Of the manner how a disease will end whether by Crisis or a leasurable dissolution chap. 3. p. 207 Of the time when the disease will end wherein the day and hour of the Crisis is foretold chap. 4. p. 208 Of the place where the Crisis shall appear and first of the signes of the approching Crisis by vomit chap. 5. p. 209 Of the signes of the Crisis by looseness chap. 6. p. 209 Of the signes of an approching Crisis by sweat chap. 7. p. 210 Of the signes of future Crisis by urine chap. 8. p. 212 Of the signes of future Crisis by bleeding chap. 9. p. 212 Of the signes of future Crisis by the monthes and hemorrhoids chap. 10. p. 214 Of the signes of an ulcer chap. 11. p. 214 Of the signes of those things which will happen to one already sick or falling into a disease and first of the signes of approching madness chap. 12. p. 215 Of the signes of approching convulsions chap. 13. p. 217 Of the signes of a future relapse chap. 14. p. 218 The fourth Book of Physical institutions Of the conservation of health The Proem OF meat drink or of the matter of our nourishment chap. 1. p. 220 Of the substance of aliments chap. 2. p. 221 Of the quality of aliments chap. 3. p. 222 Of the quality of meats chap. 4. p. 225 Of the order of aliments chap. 5. p. 226 Of the time and hour of eating chap. 6. p. 228 Of the preparation of the nourishment chap. 7. p. 232. Of custome and delight in the use of meats chap. 8. p. 233 Of meat convenient for every age chap. 9. p. 234 Of diet convenient for every season of the year chap. 10. p. 236 Of Bread chap. 11. p. 257 Of Barly Rice Oats Beans Pease Vetches and Lentiles chap. 12. p. 259 Of pot-herbs most in use and their faculties chap. 13. p. 261 Of roots fit to eat chap. 14. p. 263 Of fruits fit to eat chap. 15. p. 264 Of animals fit for nourishment and first of flesh in general chap. 16. p. 278 Of the flesh of fourfooted beasts chap. 17. p. 279 Of the entrails and extreme parts of beasts chap. 18. p. 280 Of the nourishment contained in the parts of fourfooted beasts chap. 19. p. 281 Of nourishment from birds chap. 20. p. 283 Of fish chap. 21. p. 285 Of sauces chap. 22. p. 285 Of honey chap. 23. p. 287 Of drink and matter fit for drink chap. 24. p. 288 Of the air chap. 25. p. 295 Of the season of the year chap. 26. p. 297 Of motion and rest chap. 27. 299 Of sleep and watchings chap. 28. p. 300 Of Excretions and Retentions chap. 29. p. 302 Of the passions of the mind chap. 30. p. 303 The fifth Book of Physicall institutions containing the cure of diseases The Preface The first part of the cure of diseases Of the general method of curing The Proem The first Section Of the method of curing and the indications WHat is the method of curing what curation is and what are the conditions of it chap. 1. p. 307 Of Indications and their differences chap. 9. p. 308 Of the things that indicate chap. 3. p. 310 Of coindicaments contraindicaments and correpugnants chap. 4. p. 311 Of the things indicated chap. 5. p. 313 Of the first and most general principle of curation chap. 6. p.
form of a mixt body for example when seeds of divers plants are so mingled that there remains a possibility of separation this is called apposition but when water and wine or such other things are mixed so that the union cannot be parted and yet no new form produced this is called Confusion And both of these are improperly termed mixtion Four Conditions are requisite to produce mixtion 1 The Miscibles must be contrarily qualified that they may be fit for mutual action and passion If the things mixed did not mutually act one on the other they could not be reduced to a due temper whose spawne mixtion is and by that means they would not be moved from their former state 2 A just proportion of Miscibles is necessary as well for quantity as for quality For if one exceed in quantity or quality that will destroy the rest and appropriate them to its own nature hence will arise the generation of one and the corruption of the rest but no mixtion 3 While the Elements are mixed they must be minc'd into very smal particles that every iota of the mixt body may comprehend in it self the four Elements This unition is caused by nature which by making the Elements penetrable fits them for a mutual incursion that so the transmutation may be the easier 4 The forms of the Elements must remain in mixt bodyes This causeth a difference between generation and mixtion for in generation by the accession of a new form the precedent are corrupted but in mixtion the new form produced together with the constitutive form of the mixt bodies dwell peaceably under the same roofe The truth of which may hence be asserted because the form is author of all action but the skirmish of contrary qualities in mixt bodies of which their destruction is the consequence cannot be caused by their form for by this meanes it would be treacherous to it self and accessary to its own destruction which runs counter to true Philosophy This implies a necessity of its dependence upon the formes of the Elements and so that the Elements remain formally in mixt bodies This affords matter of objection That if a mixt body admits of plurality of forms it loses its unity of being for of many actuall beings cannot arise one being by it self as Aristotle in the 2. of his Metaph. but only accidentally aggregate but the form gives an actual being to every thing For the delumbation of this argument I Answer that this is true if we level the vertue of forms into an equality so that no one may Lord it over the rest but in mixt bodies there is a herauldry one form being nobler than another which is the form of the mixt body it self to the commands of which the forms of the Elements comming short of it in perfection pay the tribute of obedience and comparatively to it they are as the Matter though in relation to the Matter of the Elements they are true forms Which that we may the more easily understand we must know that the Elements are considered in a double relation either in relation which they bear to the Materia prima out of which they are conflated with their proper forms or to that body whose matter they are in the first consideration they are said to have an actual being in the latter a potential only For as in Logical predication the intermediate genus is in regard of its inferiors a genus of its superiors a species so in the essence of things there are some mediate acts which compared to the precedent matter may be called actual which in respect of a compleater composition are only potential Now though the forms of Elements in comparison to the form of a mixt body are as matter and only potential yet in respect of the matter of which the Elements are compounded they are alwayes actual and continually labouring to alter the matter that they may retreat into their former nature and be set at liberty but the form of the mixt body according to its authority quels and suppresses these active tumults for the better securing of its preservation till they summon in external causes as Auxiliaries to invade the honour and disloyally shake off the yoke of this noble form and so procure the destruction of the mixt body I might enlarge in the explanation of this knotty and intricate Theoreme but in which I have been brief because as Galen himself in the first book of the Elements affirms it is very little conducible to Medicine Here therefore I will put a period to the first section The Second Section of Physiology of Temperaments The First CHAPTER Of the Nature of Temperaments A Temperament is a proportion of the four Principal Qualities resulting from the mixtion of the Elements for the due performance of operations A Temperament retains to mixtion as the effect to its cause arising from that mutual contemperation of the first qualities which produceth that due proportion requisite to the execution of all actions but it is called proportion as being a relation which the qualities so tempered mutually bear to themselves not a quality differing from the four first as Avicenna fansyed whose opinion Fernelius copiously confutes It may be objected That if Temperament be a relation the actions shall have no dependence on it because relation hath no active vertue nor can one Temperament be properly termed contrary to another because relation admits of no contrary To this I Answer That the Temperament acts not by vertue of proportion which is a relation but of the foundation on which this relation is established for the first qualities are laid as the basis of this proportion and upon these the actions do essentially depend for the whole essence of the Temperament consists not in the relation of the proportion but necessarily imports such a relation as if we should say that Temperament were the first qualities reduced to a certain proportion CHAP. II. Of the Difference of Temperaments The Temperaments are Nine four simple Hot Cold Moist Dry four compound Hot and Moist Hot and Dry Cold and Moist Cold and Dry one moderate called Eucrasy BOdies so tempered that one quality exceeds the rest are said to be of a simple Temperament but when two qualities stand as it were in competition for supremacy over the rest they have a compounded Temperament but when all the qualities are fixed to a due Mediocrity they are then esteemed to be perfectly tempered Hence may arise an objection That the first eight differences of Temperaments are caused by some predominant Element or at least in our bodies by some predominant Humor hence some Temperaments are termed bilious some pituitous and so of the rest but every Element is fortified with two qualities by whose excess the consequence of theirs is necessary humors also haue two predominant qualities therefore there can be no simple Temperament but all are compound To this I oppose That in mixtion or alteration there may possibly be such
heat is immediately suffocated as appears in Suspension But this native heat being weak in most parts of our body and so easily obnoxious to extinction Nature hath so provided that by the continual influence of heat it may be nourished and sustained Hence Physicians divide Heat into two parts viz. implanted and adventitious The adventitious flows in from the two fountains of heat viz. the Heart and Liver in company of the spirits and blood A COROLLARY LEarned Fernelius was so transported in admiration of the noble effects of this native heat that he was of opinion that it was to be struck out of the number of Elementary qualities as being of a higher extract and wholly divine and heavenly which lest he should seem an indeliberate babler he endevours to evince by the following reasons First All action depends upon a predominant quality but there are in Nature examples of many Plants as Poppy Hemlock Mandrakes and of Animals as the Salamander which is thought to be cold in the fourth degree yet they live and heat is the cause of life it is therefore necessary to constitute another heat differing from the Elementary which in them is very weak by the help of which they live and exercise their actions Secondly If Elementary heat caused life Brimstone Arsenick and such like things which are intensely hot would chiefly live but they live not because they are destitute of this celestial and vivifying heat so cadaverous reliques retain Elementary heat yet live not Thirdly If our heat were Elementary it would admit of no contrary Elementary heat as that of a Feaver which most of all dissolves it Fourthly Fernelius grounds this assertion upon the authority of Aristotle Book 2. of the Gener. of Anim. Chap. 3. where he affirms That native heat is not of an igneous but some more divine nature correspondent in proportion to the Element of the Stars But though this opinion is grounded upon the invention of a most ingenious and excellent Artist we cannot betray our reason to it by a quiet assent for the species of the qualities of our bodies are not without the command of necessity to be multiplyed our judgement therefore is that native heat is wholly of an Elementary nature as we shall prove by the following arguments First Celestial bodies have not the first qualities for then they would be corruptible for all corruption depends upon the qualities so the Philosophers prove the Heavens incorruptible because they have no qualities So they argue the Sun to have no heat in it but to produce it in these inferiour bodies energetically and virtually viz. by motion light and influence Secondly If native heat were celestial it would abhor a contrary according to the sense of Fernelius himself But Elementary cold hath a contrary for the extremity of cold sometimes causeth death by the extinction of native heat therefore it is not celestial Thirdly If it were celestial it would want no fuel to prey on and if it wanted it could not be proportioned to it in our body for Celestial cannot be nourished by Elementary To this is opposed That this heat though it be celestial is by a familiarity with elementary heats changed as it were into elementary or at least models it self into an elementary fashion which seems not satisfactory because celestials receive the impress of no passion from elementaries it is not possible their nature should be so inverted as to savour of the conditions of things elementary Fourthly Native heat derives its original from seed and seed from blood and spirits which are also the production of blood but the blood is elementary therefore by consequence native heat The Arguments of Fernelius though they represent some truth yet may be easily thus resolved by us To the first I answer That heat in a living body is twofold one as the body is mixt the other as it is living as mixt it hath the foure first qualities tempered and so only potential heat mixt bodies inanimate affecting not the touch with heat as living it hath actual heat by the help of which it exercises the functions of life and this heat though it be no ingredient of mixtion and though its operations are performed in a different manner from the operations of mixt heat yet it is not distinguished from it specifically but onely numerically as if Pepper be heated in the fire that acquired actual heat differs from the heat produced by mixtion yet both are elementary To the second I reply That Brimstone Arsenick and such like live not through the defect of a soul which is the true and principal Author of life whereof heat is but onely the instrument but the instrumental cause acts nothing of it self but at the command of the principal though that heat proceeding from mixtion as before is said concurs not to the operations of life but onely the living heat of which they are destitute So dead carcasses have neither soul nor that actual heat so bodies just expired retain that heat for some time yet live not wanting a soul So seed is largely fraught with that native heat though it live not through defect of a soul though our learned Neoterikes judge it to be animate which discourse shall be referred to its proper place To the third I answer That feaverish heat is contrary to the native as it is more intense for an intense degree of the same quality in comparison with a more remiss is accounted contrary because it effects its destruction by raising it to intensity Besides feaverish heat is contrary to native by reason of the passive quality attending it for feaverish heat is dry native moist Lastly we shall thus disoblige our selves from the duty we owe to Aristotle's authority that he referred to the effects not the nature of native heat But the effects of this heat are almost divine the honour of which is rather to be conferred upon the soul and its faculties though the heat of our fire being temper'd according to Art produceth admirable effects in Chymistry And so even in our Culinary fire as in Aegypt according to the report of Scaliger Eggs are wont to be excluded in some Furnaces so artificially built that the heat of the fire may be in them so temperate that it may be fit to effect generation The fifth Section of Physiology Of the Parts CHAP. I. Of the Nature of the Parts A Part is a body cohering to the whole Mass and participating of life and fit for its functions and offices THIS definition of a Part being the most ingenious invention of Fernelius was afterwards ratified by the consent of most learned men For he considers a Part as it is related to Medicine viz. as it is capable of health or disease and in his opinion all those deserve not the name of Parts which though they concur to constitute the body yet they cannot sympathize in a Disease Therefore the Humors and Spirits have no share in this definition because they
duly perform its action unless it first rightly conform and especially acquire a proper figure so for instance the head ought to be round the arm long and so forth Besides the parts for the discharge of their offices must have certain passages and cavities so the veins and arteries have their passages the ventricle useth the passage of the Esophagus but the cavity is all that space which contains the aliment Thirdly some parts for their more convenient operation ought to be smooth as the aspera arteria whose interior superficies is smooth and polite for the sweeter modulation of the voyce for it is not termed rough as being unequal and rugged according to the usual acception of that term but being made up of an unequal viz. cartilaginous and membranous substance But it is requisite some parts should be rough and rugged as the interior superficies of the ventricle that it may the better contain the aliment A certain and determinate magnitude also is proportioned to every member requisite to the exercise of its action So the Liver is bigger than the Heart the Brain than the Eye and so forth But one part of the same kind are sufficient for the exercise of certain actions for others many So for speech the tongue onely is requisite but to hold any thing many fingers are necessary Conjunction signifies two things viz. site and connexion So the liver is situated on the right hypocondrium but the milt in the left the intestines in the middle of the abdomen the wombe between the bladder and the intestinum rectum so the bones effect motion by their mutual connexion in the joynts on the contrary the lips and the eye-lids for the performance of their offices ought not to have any connexion but are open and separate But the organical parts are two the principal and the ignoble The principal are they which are without exception necessary for the conservation of the individual and are liberal in the distribution of faculty and spirit to the whole body And these are three the brain the heart and the liver There are in our bodies three faculties as we shall afterwards instance the animal vital and natural every of these keeps a peculiar court in peculiar members in which it is more glorious and majestical and from which in fellowship with the spirits which are also generated in it it flows into the whole body hence these parts are nobilitated with the title of Principal This is the ancient and customary tenent of School-Physicians which we propose for the sake of young Practitioners from which opinion in the Physical Schools it was a sin to dissent though it be inconsistent with the assertions of the Peripateticks who obtrude that the Soul with the train of all its faculties resides wholly in the whole and wholly in every part therefore there needs no influence of faculties they dwelling in every part and operating every where if they want not convenient instruments which caused Aristotle to say If the eye were placed in the foot the foot would see The ignoble are they which send forth no faculties nor spirits or which are the servants and vassals of the principall So the organs of the senses are framed for the sake of the brain onely so the lungs midriffe and arteries are designed to the temper and purgation of the heart so the ventricle intestines milt reins both bladders are made for the use of the liver To be short all the parts of the whole body are ignoble excepting the three principal parts mentioned Yet Galen in his Ars parva reckons the testicles among the principal parts because they are necessary for the conservation of the species We must therefore distinguish that in respect of the species they are principal parts not in relation to the individuum A COROLLARY THat which should here be discoursed of the substance temper figure situation action and use of every part is so accurately and perspicuously handled by the learned Laurentius in his Anatomical History that repetition will be superfluous Therefore thus much shall suffice to be spoken of the Parts The sixth Section of Physiology Of the Faculties and Functions The First CHAPTER Of the Nature of Faculties and Functions The Faculties and Functions depending upon the Soul as their first cause it will not be amiss to explain what the Soul is The Soul therefore is the substantial form of a living body by which we enjoy life sense nutrition understanding and local motion ARistotle defines it the perfection or act of an organical body potentially living which definition lies invelop'd in obscure terms and is a point of nice speculation We therefore suppose this our definition to be more clear and more convenient for our conduct in the course of Physick for man being constituted of matter and form as all other natural bodies and all his parts being the matter it is consequent that the soul should be the form For all actions having a dependency upon the form and the soul being the cause and principle of all the actions of a living body we must necessarily acknowledg that the soul is the form Hence in the absence of the soul action ceaseth By this means we arrive at the knowledg of her by her actions onely because immaterial substances are understood only by their effects But these various actions are exercised by the soul through the help of divers vertues and proprieties which are the immediate retainers to its Essence and immediately depend upon it and these proprieties are termed faculties of which we institute our following discourse A Faculty is a proper and inseparable accident of the soul which is instrumental to it in the execution of certain Functions in the body The faculties are accidents referred to the second species of quality Their subject is the soul in which they inhere not as common but as proper and inseparable accidents hence Fernelius weakly asserts them separable from the soul which he endeavours to verify by an instance of the auctive faculty which he affirms to be abolished when the vigor of Age declines Yet this faculty is not abolished but only lies idle for want of Instruments for the whole Aliment is wasted in nutrition because the body being well grown requires more nutriment and innate heat being debilitated cannot operate accretion of which nature also is unmindful while it hath filled the body to its due proportion yet this faculty is not extinct as neither the procreating faculty in a Child though it is quiet without wantonizing till Youth when it finds the seed elaborated to maturity fit for the exercise of its functions A Function is an Active motion or the effect of a Faculty in any part of the body As the faculties wait immediately upon the form or the soul so the functions upon the faculties as effects depend upon their causes But in this lies the distinction between the actions and faculties that they are appropriated to the soul the functions to
in its proper substance inclined to this crassity but by the permixtion of some other crass thing not separated through some defect in concoction which by the assistance of heat is wont to banish things heterogeneous The expulsive faculty is that by which the parts after concoction expel things of no use All that is attracted by the parts cannot be wholly consubstantiated with them but there alwayes remains something which estranges it self and will not accept of the benefit of concoction which therefore ought to be removed as strange and superfluous which for this reason is called Excrement This faculty then was requisite to turn out of dores this alien lest it should contrive any thing prejudicious to nature The official parts also drive out not the excrements onely but the useful substance being unable to naturalize all the aliment after they have for some time entertained it and pleasur'd themselves in it they thrust it away to other parts as a burdensome superfluity and useless mass And for this reason the very alimentary substance is called useful excrement in relation to the parts expelling it because whatever is expelled or cast out is in a common speech usually termed Excrement Private expulsion is caused by heat and siccity But official partly by those qualities partly by transverse fibres There is no cause of admiration in any one why attraction retention and expulsion being actions widely differing should be performed by the same qualities viz. calidity and siccity for this doth peculiarly evidence that we must needs acknowledge an higher cause of actions then the temper which is onely the instrument of the form So an Artist by one and the same instrument operates variously though it is undeniable that divers degrees of heat and dryness are requisite to divers actions which yet fall not under our knowledge But the transverse fibres are very commodious for official expulsion because especially by their contraction they crone up the part and compression is the cause of expulsion A COROLLARY Many hold the Number of faculties and functions attending on nutrition to be imperfect and deficient because Galen and other Authors enlarge this catalogue with many Additions but how many functions soever are found we must multiply the faculties which are their causes to equalize them in number First Therefore Galen serves up two courses of appetency in the ventricle not Animal only perceptible to the sense and named hunger but also natural by which through a natural appetite we desire convenient Aliment this appetite no part of the body wants Secondly Galen addes to the before rehearsed qualities the secretive and distributive for in the first of nat fac when he had informed us that the concoctive was in the veins and parts he further insists that a secretive faculty is necessary which might segregate things superfluous and useless from the useful and expel them And in the 5. of causes of symptomes he recites symptomes contingent by some error in secretion and distribution the Jaundies proceeding from a defect in secretion Atrophy from vitiated distribution Thirdly Apposition and assimilation differ from the rest before mentioned therefore their number must be multiplyed To the first I answer That appetency is not really distinct from attraction but the difference onely consists in the nicety of understanding for this vertue is implanted not to attract promiscuously but with choice viz. of that which bears a friendly compliance with the parts To the second I answer That distribution and secretion are not distinct but rather mixt faculties consequential to the operations of the other For the distribution of the Aliment thorough the whole body is effected by the other parts expelling it in which humors are copious and others attracting which want humor as Galen himself attests and so it depends partly from the faculty attractive partly from the expulsive So also secretion is usually caused when the retentive faculty of the parts keeps that which is of use and the expulsive expells that which is useless To the third I answer That apposition and assimilation proceed not from any peculiar faculty but only are various degrees of concoction so that through its mediums it is in progresse from the first motion of its alteration to the perfection of assimilation But the reason why Galen proposeth them all in proper and distinct terms is for the clearer understanding them not that they are really distinct from the other actions CHAP. IV. Of the Auctive faculty and of Accretion The Auctive faculty is that virtue of the soul by which the body upon conversion of aliment into its substance fils up its dimensions and to arrives a due proportion convenient for the exercise of actions Hence Auction or Accretion is an extension of the body into every dimension viz. long broad profound HEnce ariseth that distinction of Natural from Artificial Accretion for those things which are augmented or extended by Art lose so much of their longitude as they acquire in latitude and the contrary But true accretion is in this manner differenced from pinguefaction because pinguefaction extends not it self to all dimensions but most to profundity It is also distinguished from the Accretion of stones and metals which is by opposition not by an intrinsecal dilatation of the parts from aliment converted by nutrition for auction deviates not from nutrition but the parts receive augmentation from the same matter that they receive nutrition Yet though Accretion proceeds in the same course as Nutrition it is really distinct from it This auctive faculty is of such necessary alliance to the nutritive that without the assistance of it it cannot be compleat upon which ground many have been moved to assert them one and the same faculty therefore the auctive enjoyeth no singularity of action different from the nutritive but when so much is acquired by the prepared aliment as was carried away by quotidian effluxions then the body is said to be simply nourished but when the income is greater then it is augmented and increased But addition or diminution change not the species of the action therefore the auctive faculty differs not from the nutritive having one and the same object viz. nutriment But yet we may for certain conclude that these two faculties are set at a large distance for proof of which there are many arguments For first they agree not in their proposed end for the end of the nutritive is the restoring of the parts wasted but of the auctive an acquisition of due proportion Secondly they differ in form for the form of nutrition is the union of the aliment but of accretion a motion of extention Thirdly they are distinct in the manner of their mutation for in nutrition there happens no local mutation of the body but that which is augmented changeth place for it fills up more room Fourthly they are differenced in consideration of time for nutrition is at all times but accretion hath a determinate time of duration But that accretion
conservation of it will be the conservation of life hence this faculty is significantly termed Vital or the preservative of life And so life is an action depending upon this faculty as an effect upon its cause The Vital faculty is attended by two servants Pulse and Respiration It is ignorantly asserted by some that the Pulse is the chief of Vital actions and immediately to depend upon the Vital faculty for life as we before affirmed immediately depends upon that but the pulse is only a subservient action to it caused by a pulsifick faculty whose vertue is only to cause systole and diastole in the heart by which means it performs its duty to the Vital faculty Pulse is a function of the heart and Arteries composed of Systole and Diastole with some interposition of rest caused by the pulsifick faculty of the heart to further the generation of the Vital spirits and effect the distribution of them thorough the whole body The Pulse of the heart and Arteries is composed of three parts viz. diastole systole and the intercession of a pause By Diastole the heart and Arteries are impregnate When the heart dilates it selfe it attracts the Aire from the Lungs by the help of the Arteria Venosa and the blood from the Vena Cava that from the commistion of them in the left closet of the heart the spirits may be generated but the Arteries being strtech'd to a dilatation attract the spirits from the heart and are tumid with them as also the external Aire entertained by those orifices which are terminated in the skin and in this manner is transpiration caused which by this intromission of external aire fixes the internal heat to a due temperament and cherishes it for all heat is preserved by a moderate compliance of cold according to Hippocrates By Systole or contraction the heart by the assistance of the Arteria venosa purges out at the Lungs all the fuliginous excrements left in the generation of spirits For the Arteries by an insensible transpiration drive out the fuliginous vapors contained in them and send the spirits more copiously to the parts Lastly there mediate between the systole and diastole and intercessive quiet because a transition from one contrary to another cannot be effected but by a medium A doubt may be moved whether the spirit and blood contained in the heart moves upon its coarctation I Answer that there are two doores in the heart one in the right corner another in the left which are dilated when the heart is contracted and are so filled viz. the right with blood contained in the right cavity but the left with spirits contained in the left Three things are requisite to cause pulsation Faculty Instrument and Use The first necessary is a pulsifick faculty which is the primary and principal agent Secondly instruments disposed to pulsation viz. the Heart and Arteries moved by that faculty Thirdly use and necessity forcing the faculty to action viz. the generation of spirits and conservation of native heat Respiration is an action partly Animal partly Natural by which the Aire is ushered in thorough the mouth to the Lungs by the distention of the breast and by the contraction of the same the smoaky vapors are excluded for the conservation of Native heat and the generation of Vital spirit The parts of Respiration and of Pulsation are three Inspiration expiration and immediate quiet By inspiration the breast is dilated by the muscles destin'd to this office and in compliance with the dilatation of the breast the lungs are also dilated lest there should happen a vacuity in that cavity and the lungs are filled with air as bellowes the inspiration of which aire tempers the violent heat of the heart and thence the vital spirits are generated as is before urged But by expiration the breast and lungs are contracted which by their contraction turn out of doores the hot aire and fuliginous vapors issuing from the heart The concurrence of three things is necessary for expiration Faculty Instrument Use First Animal faculty concurs moving the muscles of the breast as also the natural implanted faculty causing motion in the lungs that they might be helpful to the heart Secondly There is a concurrence of instruments as all the parts designed for Respiration And Lastly use or necessity of Respiration for the ventilation of the heat in the heart A COROLLARY It is much disputed whether Respiration be purely Animal or mixt viz. partly Natural partly Animal Which being ingeniously disputed by Laurentius question 20. book the ninth I referre the Reader to him CHAP. VII Of the Animal faculty and function and first of the Principal faculties The Animal faculty is that vertue of the soul which moveth a man to the exercise of sense Auction and other principal functions of the mind The principal are three Imagination Ratiocination and Memory Imagination is that action of the Soul by which the species of every object offered to the external senses is made perceptible and distinctly discerned EVery sense enjoyeth its proper and peculiar object as shall after appear whose species it entertains in its proper organ without passing judgment of it for this is the prerogative of the Imagination only to which the spirits presents the species conveyed by the nerves from the brain to the instruments of the senses The brain therefore being the Court of the principal faculties while the objects of divers senses promiscuously resort to it they are first represented and distinguished in the imagination which the peculiar senses are not able to perform for instance the whiteness of milk is only represented to the sight but not the sweetness of it on the contrary the sweetness is represented to the taste not the whiteness But they are both together perceptible to imagination which rightly distinguisheth to what sense they be related Besides imagination apprehends not only things present as the senses but things absent also and represents them to the mind composing many things never existent yet in Analogy to those which are apparent to the senses The Philosophers divide those operations of the mind which we consenting to Galen include under the notion of imagination into two species viz. into the common sense and into fantasy or imagination commanding as it were the common sense to welcome only the species of present objects but the imagination to propose to it self things absent as if they were really present as also things not in being and impossibilities But seeing that they differ only in the method of their operation it is not necessary that they should depend upon faculties differing in species Ratiocination is that action of the soul by which a man discourses understands and reasons This is appropriate to man the others being enjoyed also by brutes But this receives the species of things from the imagination dividing and compounding them and unravelling their nature by the help of discourse distinguishing good from bad truth from falsity drawing out of them many things
incomprehensible by sense which yet our mind knows to be certainly true This is the head of all sciences which by the efficacious vertue of this faculty are usually learned and taught Memory is that operation of the soul which retains and preserves the received species of things The species of things when they are once hedged in to the mind are there long detained so that after a large space of time when they have been entertained by the senses they are represented to the mind and imagination This caused the invention of a third faculty distinct from the rest which might preserve all those species as a treasury out of which they may be fetched as occasion serves The Philosophers create another operation different from the memory viz. reminiscency which summons up those things that are run away from the memory rallying them together by the help of those which are yet retained But yet we are inclinable to assert with Galen that reminiscency is an operation of the memory reflecting upon it self For it is not as some conceive the only business of the memory to retain the species for by this means it would be a vertue not knowing but only lodging the species but it is the office of the memory to record things as they are transacted and so reminiscence is a progressive motion not a differing action of the memory A COROLLARY A notable question is usually debated among Physicians whether the principal faculties are locally distinguished in the brain in which for satisfaction I referre you to Laurentius by whom quest 2. book 10. it is admirably well handled CHAP. VIII Of Sleeping and Waking To the internal functions of the Brain are referred Sleeping and Waking we must therefore now treat of them ALL the Philosophers referre Sleeping and Waking to the common sense Positively asserting sleep to be the cessation of the common and exterior senses but watching to be the action and exercitation of them Hence when wee comprehend the common sense under imagination when also dreams of which we shall after treat may be circled into imagination strictly accepted therefore this place will be convenient for this Treatise But Sleep is a quietation or cessation of the internal and external senses appointed for the recreation of the body Watch is nothing else but the free exercise of the same senses By the Interior senses we chiefly understand that internal action by the help of which the species are received which by the external senses are conducted to the imagination for that operation sleeps with us but not the action of imagination ratiocination or memory which are not seldome exercised in sleep Nay the senses themselves do not wholly compose themselves to cessation for in sleep we receive violent objects as noyses ratlings and such like and so though sleep be called a privation and watching an habit yet it is no total privation but such an one which easily gives way to a retreat from it self to the habit and by this means it comes short of the essence of true privation The next and immediate cause of sleep is the locking up of the spirits and prohibition of their influence into the instruments of sense and motion But the influence of the spirits is block'd up by swarmes of vapors suffocating the brain which barricadoe the passages thereof The cause of natural and quiet sleep is a gentle and as it were roride vapour exhaling from the aliments into the brain stopping up the ventricles and passages of it for the retention of the spirits and quietation of animal actions But that sleep is induced by such like vapors mounting into the brain it is evident because the copiousness of meat and drink wine especially casts us into a long and deep sleep but these send up many vapors into the brain But they who are very sober and fast sleep little by reason of the paucity of vapors making to the brain which are soon dissipated for the sleep ceaseth when the native heat hath dispersed those vapors For those things stop the influence of the spirits which either much dissipate or dull them or any other way fix them The principal cause of sleep prohibiting the influx of the spirits is the plenty of vapors randezvouzing in the brain Yet there may be afforded many other causes producing the same with less efficacy or at least not so naturally for instance when the animal spirits are so tyred by the labour of the day more serious thoughts of the mind studies and cares so that all their forces rallyed together will not be able to effect an ordinary influx but nature retains them and the influent heat to repair the loss of the spirits So also cold things taken or applyed intercept and solidate the spirits as it were to a congelation And the spirits do not seldome make a stop at such things as delight the mind as pleasant Songs the allusion of bubbling waters an intermission of cogitations security of the mind and such like Lastly the end of sleep is the instauration of the animal strength and of the whole body The chief designe of sleep is to restore the animal powers to their vigour because they being over-wrought by a tedious and various sensation are by the help of sleep enlivened and the spirits exhausted by watching are strengthned the members wearied with motion return to their former nature and functions Secondarily also sleep conduceth to the better effecting of natural actions which by animal operations are in watching in a manner hindred For in the time we repose our selves to sleep the heat retires to the inner parts which is advantagious to concoction and now new matter is afforded for generation of spirits the excrements are mitigated diminished and better concocted CHAP. IX Of Dreams A Dream is a glancing apparition of some sensible thing represented to an animal in the time of sleep WHile an animal wakes and exercises the external senses representations from sensible objects are conveyed to the brain that there being imprinted by the virtue of the animal spirits they might be preserved When therefore this animal sleeps and releases to his external senses then these representations unless the animal spirits be obscured and obliterated with some dregs or disturbance of violent motion do again present themselves and appear in sleep This is the cause that the animal judgeth it self really to know by the outward senses those things which are objected onely in shadow Dreams usually visit us in the morning because then after perfect digestion the animal spirit is more pure the crass vapors being resolved and dispelled by native heat now therefore the species of things are presented and stated before the imagination more clearly and perfectly for as in troubled waters we perceive either none or a very uncomely effigies so the brain muddied with such plenty of vapors gives place to the effigiating of no dreams or of very confused and broken ones But Dreams are either supernatural or natural Supernatural
discovers the secrecie of it deceiving otherwise the quickest glance of sense This definition being laid as a foundation the superstructed theorems will illustrate the nature of a Disease Disease is placed in the predicament of quality and the first species thereof The first species of quality is habit and disposition for though we called Disease by the name of disposition which is a flitting quality and easily deserting the subject according to Aristotle yet here we stretch it to adequate a little wider sense that it may comprehend habit also and so that whole first species of quality But some may object That Disease should be placed in divers predicaments for magnitude increased seems to be aptly referred to quantity the stone and maw-wormes to substance and so of the rest but all these Galen himself calleth Diseases To this I answer That all diseases are formally placed in the predicament of quality but may fundamentally be reduced to others as by those nearer causes which are contained under other predicaments of which sort are the stone maw-worms magnitude increased number exceeding or deficient and such like which are as it were the foundations of diseases a certain disposition is introduced constituting the true form of disease but the predicament only respects the form For those things which are placed under other predicaments as the stone maw-worms c. are by Galen and others for perspicuity sake called diseases as also for the insufficiency of names by which those dispositions may be signified and because it was satisfactory to the Physician intending curation to understand the nature of that thing which being taken away the whole preternatural disposition and detriment of the functions would be taken away also not that to the accuratness of Philosophical inspection they would appear true diseases but rather causes which often accompany us without any evident hurt of the functions and the stone maw-worms and the like cannot injure us before they be abetted some by disposition in our bodies as obstuctrion or divulsion It may again be objected That the fit place for disease is in the predicament of relation which is gathered out of Galens words in the beginning of his book of the difference of diseases where he saith That health is a kind of symmetry disease an ametry but symmetry and ametry speak nothing but relation which Aristotle also seems evidently to confirm 7. of his Physicks Chap. 3. where he teacheth that disease and health are relations To that I answer That though disease be termed ametry or immoderateness this proves it not to be a relation for as deformity is a kind of disproportion of the parts yet handsomness and deformity are true qualities So Disease is a disproportion of the heat cold moisture or dryness or of the parts yet it is no relation but a certain quality or disposition by means of which the whole body is disaffected Yet if a confession must be extorted that there is found in Diseases some relation that we may pay due obedience to the dictates of Aristotle we say that this is caused as those qualities viz. health and disease are mutually compared according to their access to or recess from mediocrity such a relation is found between extreme colours and between virtue and vice which no man will assert to be simple relations which may be accidental to subjects without any mutation of them Every disease hath a permanence in the part and permanence is of the essence of disease Disease is defined by a Diathesis or disposition which term signifies to us a certain position of its essence or parts or constancy in the body by which it is distinguished from a simple affection called a patible quality and is the third species of quality And this constancy is called permanency viz. a disposition so stamp'd upon the part that its essence is different and separate from the cause producing it an independent on it and those things which have a permanency are by Physicians termed things made or in fact but those which have no permanency esse in fieri But it may be objected That an ephemeral feaver and other slighter affects and some also more dangerous as the epilepsie and apoplexy have but a small duration of time in the body and so they may seem to have no permanency I answer Permanency looks to two relations either to time which signifies duration and so it is not of the essence of disease because the duration of many diseases is but short or it may be referred to the existence fix'd and stable which signifies a certain position of the essence and parts which all diseases have in the body though the time of some be soon determined Again it is objected Diseases are by consent in a possibility and owe their existence to the communication of simple humors or vapors which ceasing they also cease But these are by Galen numbred amongst true diseases therefore all diseases have not a permanence I answer That diseases by consent cannot last long but that it will follow that from their causes an idiopathy should be introduced in the part which though it be small hath alwayes something of the fact sufficient to constitute a true disease But if the sympathicall affect be yet so small that it hath no consistency in the part nor requires any peculiar cure but dies by the taking away of the primary disease then Galen himselfe excludes it from the true nature of a Disease It is again objected That diseases by the general suffrages of all Physicians have four times which are in a perpetual flux viz. beginning augmentation state and declination Diseases therefore being continually in motion can have no permanency I answer The ages and times of diseases respect their motion and various constitutions but not their generation and essence which persists fix'd and constant as the nature of man is preserved in the same state though in him variety of ages toules on variety of change so diseases now made and generated run on their time in which they are variously affected Lastly some argue thus To have permanency and to be in fact falls under the same understanding with Physicians as is before intimated But of all Feavers the Hectick onely is in fact for this condition affords it a distinction from the rest which are said to be onely in a tendency Therefore the other Feavers have no permanency I answer In all diseases there is something which makes them such from which they produce their generation but the morbifick cause viz. the putrid humor perpetually acteth in feavers and multiplyeth that morbous quality therefore they are said to be in a possibility till they arrive to an Hectick viz. when the cause rests from action by reason of an equal intemperateness introduced and then they are simply called in fact but the rest partly in fact partly in a possible tendency thereto The necessary consequence of every disease is action by it self and immediately hurt Diseases are not seldome
occult from the senses yet all of them are understood by symptomes which are their effects and most of all by labefacted action which immediately and by it self depends upon disease and so essentially that if we assert action hurt we necessarily imply a disease on which it hath dependence But it may be objected That action is often hurt immediately by the very morbifick causes for aliment too copiously burdensome to the ventricle is hurtful to concoction without the interposing of a disease Therefore all action hurt depends noton a disease I answer That the coction of the ventricle is not therefore hurt because it cannot concoct a great plenty of aliment for it being requisite that there should be a certain proportion between the Agent and Patient for the right exercise of action if the Aliment be too copious or of quality troublesome the action of the ventricle is not hurt though it cannot master it as it is not troubled though it cannot concoct Iron This defect therefore depends on the disproportion of the object It is again thus objected Some symptomes may primarily and by themselves hurt action as the quality changed in the eye viz. the yellow colour of the cornea tunica of men troubled with the Jaundies caused by the effusion of yellow choler into it which immediately produceth sight for they can discern no colour but their own but no disease can be impeached of such treason against the eye Therefore that colour which is the symptome doth immediately injure action I Answer in the eye peculiarly a preternatural colour may be termed a disease for the eye in its natural constitution ought to be without any colour that it may be the fitter for the reception of the species of external objects pure and inconfused and their various colours for that colour of the eye may be referred to diseases in number because the number of qualities which ought naturally to be in the eye is increased The same may be held of an extraneous taste in the tongue and sound in the eare which are impediments to the due perception of taste and sound hence it appears that in these peculiar instruments of sense peculiarly constituted we may admit a peculiar kind of disease Here ariseth lastly cause of objection That in Sympathetick affects the actions of the parts are hurt without the violence of any disease for if a disease were in the sympathizing parts we should endeavour remedy for the which is not done neither when the action of the nerves is hurt by the obstruction of the brain can we impute a disease to the nerves but only to the brain I oppose to this That Therapeutick Physicians number not the sympathetical affects with the diseases because we apply no remedies to them but if we consider more seriously we shall find they may be referred to some genus of disease viz. the influence of animal spirits into the nerves is block'd up by the obstruction of the brain by the defect of which motion and sense decay but this defect may be reckoned among diseases in the number of deficients and so we may hold of many others CHAP. II. Of the Kinds and Differences of Diseases Hitherto of the Nature of disease it followes now that we discourse of the Differences thereof GAlen confounds the genus species and differences of diseases in 2. of his method and useth them for one and the same for he is not precise in their strict and logical consideration though either of them may be truely predicated in a diverse respect viz. in relation to the disease it self which is the principal genus they must be called species or differences in relation to the subordinate species into which they are subdivided they are honoured with the Title of genus But the differences of diseases are some essential some accidental The Essential are taken from the very essence of the disease and are otherwise called specifical because out of them the genus and species are constituted But they are three viz. similar organical and common The whole essence of accidents depends upon subjects therefore their essential differences must be derived from the differences of their subjects but the subjects of diseases are the parts of our body which are properly called such viz. which cohere to the whole mass and partake of life in common for although by Hippocrates the parts be divided into the containing the contained and those that cause motion where by the containing he understands the living parts designed for the exercise of actions by the contained the humors by those causing motion the spirits there the name of part is tentered to the widest sense for nor humors nor spirits can be the subjects of diseases nor do they communicate of life but they are rather the causes of diseases when they are extravagant in quality or quantity Therefore seeing those living parts branch out into two differences viz. similar and organical diseases also shall be divided into similar and organical but because in both the forementioned parts there is required another common disposition besides their due temper and conformation that they may behave themselves according to the rule of nature viz. a natural continuity or union of these parts the corruption of which is the generation of another species of disease termed Common CHAP. III. Of the species of a similar disease Every similar disease is called Intemperancy THE similar Parts are composed of Elements onely and their actions are executed by the symmetry of the foure first qualities and the allaying them to a due fixation of temper For the similar Parts as similar are voyd of any action nutrition excepted by reason of which they retaine convenient aliment when it is attracted concoct it and thrust out superfluities all which are in them performed by the temper alone As long therefore as a due temper is preserved in the similar parts they regulate themselves according to nature But when they are intemperate they are in a morbous condition and so every disease affecting the similar parts will be intemperateness But intemperateness breaks out into other differences of which some are essential some accidental Again the Essential are some simple some compound the simple are foure 1 Hot 2 Cold 3 Moist 4 Dry. The Compound are the same in number 1 Hot and moist 2 Hot and dry 3 Cold and moist 4 Cold and dry These intemperatures are called morbous when they swell to such an excess that they do manifestly hurt the actions otherwise they confine themselves to the prescripts of health for instance though a man of a bilious temper be hotter and dryer than is convenient for the moderation of a fit temperament yet as long as in the exercise of his actions he is not irregular as to the prescript of his innate temperament he is not said intemperate to disease till transgressing the proper limitation of health he falls for example into a feaver or some other hot affect The accidental differences
neither retains its pure nature nor hath a sincere cause to which it may acknowledge its production A tertian feaver excited by sincere choler is called true and legitimate as also a quartan the effect of pure melancholy But those feavers are called bastard spurious and illegitimate when they have a confusion of other humors befides those now mentioned 3. In respect of the place or region in which diseases are generated some are called endemical some epidemical some sporadical Endemical diseases are those which are peculiar to some Region and are in it commonly powerful They are otherwise called vernacular and gentilitious because they are alwayes appendent to one Region by reason of the air aliments c. proper to that Countrey So the Inhabitants of the Alpes are troubled with a Bronchocele the Spaniards are perplexed with strumous swellings the Lusitanians pine away with tabifical consumptions and all these are judged Endemical diseases Epidemical diseases are those which in any Region rage among the popularity In this Endemical and Epidemical diseases are neerly related that they seise upon many and spend their fury upon the popularity But in this they differ that Endemical confine themselves alwayes to the same Countrey but Epidemical are indifferent and inclinable to forain invasions The reason of which is this because Endemical proceed from the peculiar disposition of the air water or dyet of the Countrey but Epidemical are caused by the air alone not infected by means of the place but rather by the malignant influences of superiour bodies The Sporadical are they which neither commonly range abroad nor particularize themselves to any Region They are also termed dispersed and are opposed to Endemical and Epidemical diseases because they are various and driven by contingences do sometimes light here sometimes there So in this or any other Region one is sick of a pleurisie another languishing by a continual or tertian feaver another troubled with a catarrhe nephretical pains gout dropsie or any disease of another nature according to the various nature and constitution of individuals Thus much of the nature and differences of diseases as well Essential as Accidental now it rests that we handle their Changes The second Section of PATHOLOGY Of the Changes of Diseases and chiefly of the Crises The First CHAPTER Of the Changes contingent in Diseases IN Diseases there are two mutations worth our notice either when they metamorphose into some other disease or when they are absolutely and simply dissolved without a transmigration into any other The change of one disease into another is frequently seen when the Apoplexy makes a transition into a Palsie a Tertian feaver into a Quartan a quartan the swelling of the liver or spleen and many other affections turn their stream and run into the channel of a Dropsie Diseases are absolutely and simply dissolved when without the intercession of any other disease they are determined either by health or death But their end in health or death is double To wit leisurely and by degrees or suddenly and unawares When a disease is slowly and by little and little ended in death it is called a Marasmus but when it is so ended in health it is called simply Solution by the Greeks termed Lysis When it is hastily and suddenly ended either by health or death it is called Crisis which is commonly opposed to Lysis or solution it being a frequent expression with Authors that all diseases are terminated by Crisis or Lysis CHAP. II. Of the nature of Crisis A Crisis is a sudden and unexpected change happening in a disease to health or to death HIppocrates and Galen use this term Crisis many wayes sometimes they intend by Crisis nothing else but a secretion of humors as Galen Comment on Aph. 13. Sect. 2. saith That a Crisis is caused by Nature separating the noxious humours from the good and preparing them for excretion But sometimes by Crisis they signifie excretion it self because the best Crisis is compleated by excretion So Hippocrates in his Book of Art terms the excretion of a corrupt bone a Crisis or lastly it is taken for a conflict which upon the imminency of a Crisis is usually waged between the disease and nature But the more frequent and usual acception of it is for judgement which construction hath been from Galen's age to this imbraced by many for Galen in his Comment on 1 Progn witnesseth that judication passed on diseases was derived from the Courts of Judicature and applyed to the Art of Medicine nor truly very improperly for though the things from whence these translations are taken be not altogether like yet the judgement passed in diseases hath some similitude with forensical judgement For in Courts of Judicature in capital causes there is the person that brings the action and the person guilty The person that brings the action maintains a conflict with the person guilty and constantly accuseth him produceth witnesses and menaceth death or punishment But if this accusation be falsly charged upon the person seemingly guilty he pleads boldly for himself and retorts the punishment on him that brings the action but if he cannot stand in contradictory opposition to the accusation he is forced to give up and yield All these things are transacted before a Judge who weighs them all and at last on a certain time gives judgement of the whole matter In the same manner in the Crisis the disease represents him that brings the action nature the person guilty the morbifick cause brings nature into the Court endevouring to overthrow it of this invasion the symptomes are witnesses which declare the whole progress of the contention But nature which is as it were in the capacity of a guilty person defends it self stoutly against its adversary disease whose resistance if she be well fortified she baffles and turns him off as an unjust Plaintiff and thrusts him out of Court but if she want good supports she must submit to the fury of her Antagonist All these things are points of accurate inspection to a Physician who after a serious pensitation of the strength of both parts gives sentence as a Judge and designes that day of judgement in which either the disease or nature shall be cast From hence it is evident that the comparison of a Crisis with Judicature is not wholly absurd and contemptible But to draw neerer to the very definition of a Crisis it being defined by mutation it is requisite to be known that in all motion according to the Philosophers there are many things considerable the point from which the point to which the medium through which motion is made motion the mover and the moveable All these things are perpetually found in a Crisis For the Mover is Nature it self performing coctions separating humors and at last expelling them on the Critical day The Moveable is the Morbifick cause and preternatural humors to which only a Crisis is incident The point from which a Crisis is derived is the augmentation
these causes for that first the formal cause is nothing else but the proper essence of every thing but we have at large explained the nature and essence of diseases before Next there is no material cause in diseases for disease being an accident needs no matter out of which it should be produced but in which it should exsist which is nothing else but the subject thereof or the parts of our body As for the final cause though the lesion of actions may be termed as it were such yet this is by accident as it follows the generation of the disease but diseases by themselves and properly have no final cause as neither all those things which are constituted in a kind of imperfection therefore the efficient cause remains onely considerable in this discourse which is here taken by the Philosopher not only for that from which the effect is first produced but in a wider signification as appears by our description for all that which is in any manner conducible to the generation of the disease CHAP. II. Of the Differences of Causes The cause of a disease is either by it selfe or by accident The cause by it self is when by its own proper and implanted strength without the intervening help of any thing else it produceth a Disease But the cause by accident is when any thing else is summoned as auxiliary to the production of a morbous disposition SO cold water sprinkled upon our body by it self and naturally causeth a chilness but by accident upon the densation of the skin and contraction of the vapors within it heats So Scammony being an extreme hot Medicine by it self over-heats the bowels but by its powerful expurgation of choler and hot humors by accident it refrigerates and cures a feaver And there are causes of diseases some principal some helping some without which nothing could be The principal cause is that which either gave the first motion to the effect or is able alone to excite it The helping cause is that which produceth not the effect alone but is auxiliary to the principal The cause without which nothing could be is that which neither causeth the affection it self nor performs any thing else but without it nothing can be transacted The Gout is exemplary in all these three causes for the cold constitution of the air and the copiousness of excrementitious humors is the principal cause of a defluxion into the joynts the auxiliary cause is the tenuity of the humors but the cause without which nothing could be is the infirmity of the joynts and laxity of the passages There is also one cause of a disease remote the other nigh The remote is that between which and the disease others intercede The near cause is that to which the disease owes its immediate production The proposed differences of causes are of frequent use in the Art of Medicine but the succeeding are most frequent and of great validity in the explication of all diseases therefore in them we shall act the curious Scrutinists The causes of diseases are some external some internal The external causes are those which either outwardly applyed or differing from the constitution of our body usually cause diseases The term of external seems not very convenient because sleep waking and the passions of the mind are comprehended under it which yet seems to be contained among internal things yet because it hath found much acceptance with Physicians therefore we also reject it not averring those causes to be external because many of them are outwardly applyed as the air meat drink c. But the rest as sleep waking and the passions of the mind are so manifest that they are granted without any dispute for external positions Celsus therefore calleth them evident by a very apposite term Others call them procatarctick precedent and primitive because from them the first original of diseases flows But of them some are necessary some are unnecessary The necessary are those which do necessarily affect us and inevitably light upon us Yet though they necessarily affect us they do not necessarily introduce diseases but they are neutrals fluttering in an indifferency between health and disease for by the orderly use of them health is preserved but by the abuse and immoderateness of them it is destroyed But they are six 1 Air 2 Meat and drink 3 Motion and rest 4 Excretions and Retentions 5 Sleeping and Waking 6 The Passions of the mind They are vulgarly called the six not-natural things because by themselves they are neither agreeable to nor disconsonant from the nature of mans body but are made hurtful or useful according to the mode of well or bad using them They are peculiarly handled in that part of Medicine which treateth of Dyet therefore we omit the discourse of them The unnecessary are they which happen fortuitly and not concurring to the ordinary use of life All fortuite things are comprehended under these as the strokes of swords or stones the bitings of wilde beasts c. The internal causes are those which lurk within our body imperceptible to sense and discoverable only by an artificial conjecture So the humors spirits excrements flatulency vapors particles of the parts themselves and whatsoever is contained in them or agnate to them are circled into the nature of internal morbifick causes But they are either antecedent or concomitant The antecedent cause is that which is before the concomitant and moveth it and by the mediation of it effects a disease So in continuall feavers the antecedent cause is the matter fitted for putrefaction the concomitant which actually putrefies So in swellings caused by humors the flowing humor is accounted the antecedent cause the flux the concomitant The Concomitant cause is that which immediately and by it self produceth the disease Examples of this are after proposed in the explication of the antecedent But it is observable that external causes are sometimes concomitant as the sword which immediately makes the wound and therefore all the causes are not seldome divided into procatarctick antecedent and concomitant omitting the consideration of internal and external The concomitant cause is again simply concomitant or containing Simply concomitant is that which if it be the disease is but if it be taken away the disease remains So supposing the action wounding the wound is supposed but taking away the action that remains Continent cause is that which being supposed a disease is supposed and being taken away that follows So supposing the stone or some other matter causing obstruction we must suppose obstruction which if we take away obstruction removes also So taking away a sixth finger making an excess in number the error depending on that is taken away Hence it appears that all diseases have not a containing cause but some onely but all the rest have necessarily a concomitant cause CHAP. III. Of the Causes of Similar Diseases Thus far of the Causes of Diseases in their genus it followes that we handle them in their species
immediately on a disease The chief symptome is injured action immediately depending on a disease which is able to produce another in excretions and retentions and that to induce a change of qualities which yet depend upon the disease as their true cause some mediately some immediately as is before mentioned The symptomes may arrogate to themselves the honor of causes never of diseases So nutrition hurt is the cause of the consumption of the parts and leanness So excrements imprisoned in the body cause feavers obstructions humors and such like and so the symptomes become the causes of diseases but never presume to take the nature of a disease as being unable by themselves to injure the actions For though some diseases be called symptomatical because they are consequents of others as a feaver which follows a pleurisie or any other inflammation which is in it self a true disease yet in respect of the disease on which it depends it is called a symptome Yet certain it is that those diseases are improperly termed symptomes because they follow other diseases as symptomes but yet they are not the immoderate production of them but mediate by some true symptomes for as by humor or vapor which are the after-causes of diseases CHAP. II. Of the Differences of Symptomes There are three kinds of Symptomes action-hurt default in excrements and quality changed ACtion-hurt is the chief and principal symptome which immediately followes the disease and from which the rest are generated and depend Default in excretions follow the lesson of natural actions by which the aliments are ill affected corrupted or tainted with some evill quality or lastly are naturalized to a contrariety infestious to the body But by Excretions we here understand not onely true excrements but also all those which preternaturally issue out of the body as sand the excrements of the parts themselves c. But quality changed follows the before-mentioned symptomes and under it are contained all patible qualities perceptible by sense and inherent in the body it self or in any part thereof as colours smell taste and the like which in their proper place shall more at large be explained CHAP. III. Of the Differences of Action-hurt The differences of Action-hurt are taken either from the differences of laesions or from the divisions of the actions themselves The differences of laesions cause a triple difference of hurt-action 1 Action abolished 2 Dimished 3 Depraved 1 Action abolished is that which is impossible by any means to be restored AS sight in blindness and hearing in deafness are said to be be abolished because they cannot by any means be exercised Yet there is action called abolished as to the judgement of the sense as motion and sense in an apoplexy and in a suffocation of the wombe Action diminished is that which is infirm and scarce exercised and requires more time for perfection or never arrives to a just proportion thereof So the weak concoction of the ventricle or function of any other part imperfectly exercised is said to be diminished Depraved action is so called either when it is corrupted or not exercised as it ought to be Action is termed corrupt when it changes its object into another quality as when the ventricle changeth the aliment into nidorous juices as porraceous choler or matter wholly putrid It is not exercised as it ought to be in cold palpitation hiccough c. because in these affections the parts are unduely agitated or too violently provoked by a preternatural object From the differences of action Action hurt is threefold 1. Animal 2. Vital 3. Natural These branch out again into as many differences as in Physiology are proposed of animal vital and natural actions The animal actions are in Phisiology divided into Sensitive Motive and Principal The Sensitive actions are five Sight Hearing Tast Smel and Touch. All these as before is declared are subject to abolition deminution and depravation The Sight is abolished in blindness diminished in obtusion and dulness depraved in hallucination The Hearing is abolished in deafness diminished in slowness of hearing depraved in the tinckling of the ears and thus it is easie to conjecture of the symptomes of other Senses Motion is abolished in the palsy diminished in stupidity depraved in convulsions trembling cold c. So the principal actions ratiocination and memory are abolished in a carus and apoplexy diminished in fondness and lethargy depraved in phrensy and madness The Vital actions consist in the Pulses which also are frequently abolished diminished or depraved Lastly the natural actions concoction retention attraction and expulsion are accompanied with as many symptomes The Concoction of the ventricle is abolished in inconcoction diminished in slow concoction and depraved in bad concoction So we must judge of the other differences of actions all which suffer under as many differences of laesions of which many are not yet particularized by proper terms A COROLLARY Concerning the Differences of hurt Actions In the number of hurt actions is reckoned that which is termed a preternatural auction such as a canine appetency great thirst c. But it is dubious to what species it should be referred The vulgar answer is that it is contained under the notion of depraved action because it is amist and perversly exercised which is the condition of depraved action but it is objected that if this opinion hold that diminished action should also be placed under depraved since action increased and diminished stand in a direct contrariety and therefore ought to be placed under the same genus It is answered That in matter of diseases and symptomes it is not a Physicians business to consider the trifles of Logical contrarieties but only those diversities by which our bodies are preternaturally affected and so action increased standing in a wide distance from action diminished as well in respect of the cause as of the manner of operation when as we said it is amiste and perversly exercised it is in right reason contained under depraved action and distinguished in the whole genus from action diminished in a Medicinal consideration CHAP. IV. Of the Differences of Excrements Excrements may be peccant four wayes 1. In Substance 2. In Quantity 3. In Quality 4. In the manner of Excretion First they are peccant in Substance when they have a Substance quite different from that of vulgar Excrements AND they are said to be preternatural in the wide extension of their whole genus And they are twofold either wholly aliens or consisting of natural things The stone maw-worms c. are mere strangers to nature Excrements consist of natural things when the blood fat a part of the flesh or some such thing is driven out as an excrement which ought by all means to be retained Secondly Excrements are peccant in Quantity by reason of excesse or defect When either their effluxion is too copious as in a Diarrhaea Dysenteria Diabete plentifull sweat and profuse issuing of blood or when they are more sparingly than is convenient
and cold as also by temperate injured by things cold and dry as vineger Effects Animal Actions Imagination Fear and sadness which without any manifest cause possesseth men very Melancholick But they who are Melancholick by a light adustion of the blood are cunning wary prudent constant and ingenious Atrabilary persons in whom melancholy is adust are haters and betrayers Melancholick persons are difficulty provoked to anger and difficultly appeased A difficult apprehension of things Memory Memory firm by reason of Siccity Watching Much watching troubled and interrupted sleep Dreams Dreams of black and horrid things of carcases sepulchres devils c. Sense A dulness of the senses an unconstant sad and horrid aspect Motion A slow heavy and composed motion Vital actions Pulse A slow and hard pulse Natural actions Hunger Insatiable voracity by reason of the acidity of melancholy which excites an appetency even when it is dejected Thirst Small thirst by reason of abundance of spittle and wheyish humor being plentiful in melancholick men Expulsion Acid belchings excited by crudities abounding in melancholick men Accretion Slow accretion and quick age Venery They are not easily excited to venery and by the use thereof are very much injured yet those Melancholicks are more forward to it which are very flatulent neither is venery so hurtful to them because they send not forth so much seed being by flatulency excited to coition Passions A frequent invasion of Melancholick diseases such as the Quartane swelling of the Milt and hardness the Leprosie loathsome scabs corrupt blood and the hemorrhoids c. Excrements Frequent vomiting of Melancholick humor By mouth Customary spitting and copious ejection of water whence Melancholicks are termed Spitters Belly The belly for the most part dry and constipated and blackish dejections Hemorrhoids Excretion of black blood through the hemorrhoids Bladder Urine thin and white sometimes thick and pale The habit of the body Skin first second third A skin to the touch cold dry hard and rough A dark leaden or blackish colour of the face Hairs Many hard rough thick black slow of growth and soon hoary hairs Vessels Narrow veins Flesh A slender and lean habit Thus much of the Signes of humors predominant in the whole body A COROLLARY By tracing in this method after the footsteps of these Signes we shall find out the temper of every part by applying them in the same manner to those parts and by contemplating chiefly their actions and excrements A Table of the Signes of the part affected The Signes of the part affected are taken either from The Essence which with Physicians is either The Temper which consists in qualities The first which are Calidity Frigidity Humidity Siccity The second which are Hardness Softness Magnitude Increased Diminished Situation Figure Causes External Internal Effects which are Actions Animal The principal Imagination Ratiocination Memory Less principal Sense Common to which refer Sleeping Watching Private Seeing Hearing Smelling Tassing Touching under which pain which is Purgitive Tensive Gravative Pulsative Motion The vital known by pulse Natural which are Nutrition whose servants are Attraction Retention Concoction Expulsion Generation Excrements in which is considered The substance which is either Of the essence of the part Naturally contained in the p. Preternaturally contained First Heat Cold Moisture Dryness Second Tenuity Crassity Viscidity Spumosity Third Colour Taste The Quantity Manner of Excretion Order Quality changed in Colour Taste Sound CHAP. V. Of the signs of the Affected part HAving duly enquired into the natural we come now to search out the preternatural disposition of the body First then we will make a diligent inspection for the better discovery of the signs of the part affected Next the species of the affection possessing that part and lastly the causes on which it depends The signs of the part affected may be derived from three heads the Essence the Causes and the Effects a Catalogue of which is proposed in the Table marked with the letter B. Therefore according to that Series the affected part is discovered by The essence First quality By the Temper of the part for if we perceive it hot moist or dry in excesse we shall judge it to be preternaturally affected Second By hardness and softness if for instance in Hypochondriacks we perceive hardness and retinency we shall judge the parts subjected the liver or milt to be obstructed or inflamed so too much softness in any part is a sign that the part is affected with some tumid distemper Magnitude increased A preternatural swelling whether external perceptible to the sight or internal sensible to the touch such as the tumors of the ventricle liver milt bladder c. Diminished A great consumption and atrophy of the parts Situation The situation of the part which in this case is very considerable for if we know by anatomical inspection what place is proper to every part in our body we shall easily conjecture by the humor distemper or some other sensible affection possessing that place that that part is diseased Figure The figure mutually distinguisheth the parts situated in the same place so a tumor in the right Hypochondrium shaped like the Moon shews that the bunchey part of the liver is affected but being of a long figure and more external it evidenceth to us that the straight muscles of the abdomen are affected External Causes External Causes also discover something for instance if any one hath taken Cantharides and conjecture that his bladder is affected because they have a peculiar vertue to alter the bladder if any one be affected after converse in the Sun we judge that his head akes because the sun doth usually affect that part rather than any of the rest if the affection be produced by the immoderate use of venery we say the spiritous substance and nervous parts are ill because venery is an enemy to these parts Internal causes We may number the affections themselves among external causes as where any one is troubled with a Tertian this speaks the liver affected a Quotidian the ventricle a Quartan the milt because these parts are the randezvouz of their causes Observe That when we in practise search for the part affected we must not trace it by its essence and causes but from its actions excrements and changed qualities the signes are first to be deduced and after from the essence and causes thereof The Effects Actions Animal The laesion of an action shews the part on which it depends to be affected for instance Principal Deliration watching abolition of sense and motion signifie the brain affected Sense private Laesion of a particular sense as of sight or hearing shews that the instrument thereof is affected Pain pungitive tensive A pungitive pain shews the membrane affected chiefly by sharp and eroding matter but a tensive pain is often caused in the membranes by flatulency and in the veins by over-repletion Gravative A gravative pain signifies the parenchyma of any of the bowels to be affected for all
Pain A pulsatory pain is a signe of inflammation in the part aggrieved A stupid pain shews a cold distemper A sharp and eroding pain discovers exulceration Vital Actions A great and frequent pulse shews an hot distemper a small and rare one a cold distemper Natural Actions Attraction A dejected appetency and great thirst shews a hot distemper A great appetency and small thirst argues a cold distemper Expulsion Nidorous belching shews a hot distemper but acid a cold Frequent vomiting and excretion of feculencies hindred shews an obstruction lurking in the intestines Generation The appetite to coition being lost signifies a cold distemper A vehement desire of coition with a perpetual and painful erection shews an inflammatory affection Excrements By the mouth Bloud copiously expelled by coughing through the mouth shews a ruption of the vessel but a small quantity permixt with purulent matter an exulceration Belly Fragments ejected through the belly shew exulceration in the intestines Bladder Urine having red and sandy sediments is a sign of the stone or of an hot distemper of the reines scorching the humours Heart Small sweats and frequent interludes of shaking signifie an Empyema 10 Coat 1. By the acrimony of the corruption the internal parts are vellicated which is the cause of trembling but the small sweats proceed from the debilitated faculty Substance Aliments excreted in the same manner as they are taken shew a Lienteria drink if it be expelled unchanged by urine signifies a Diabete Yellow Choler excreted in the beginning of a paroxysme signifies a Tertian Feaver Manner Blood copiously flowing through the nostrils in the beginning of a Feaver signifies a synochical one Bloud flowing abundantly from any part signifies a ruption or anastomosis of the veines but softly sweating out a diapedesis Quality changed Redness in a deep grain in any part speaks a phlegnumous inflammation so redness in the cheeks signifies a peripneumony A Yellow colour shews an Erisipelatous affection so in an exquisite pleurisie the eyes do often appear as it were delineated in yellow colours so the Jaundise doth not seldome succeed bilious Feavers A yellow colour of the whole body without a Feaver shews an obstruction in the bladder of the gall The skin of the whole body preternaturally drawn in a blackish colour signifies an obstruction in the milt CHAP. VIII Of the signes of a great and a small disease A Physician who undertakes the cures of diseases is not sufficiently furnished for it by the bare knowledge of their essential differences by their proper signes for the accidental differences also are to be diligently inquired after that we may pass a certain judgement of them We will therefore propose signes of the chiefest of them viz. of those which are of near necessity to the practise of the Art in respect of which every disease is called great or small gentle or malignant acute or slow and so forth That disease is termed great which is very intense and oppresseth our body with much violence The signes of which are taken from the three heads aforesaid for we judge that disease great which being great in its Essence was produced by great and intense causes and hath great and vehement symptomes all which for clearer instruction are in order to be handled as is described in the following Table noted with the Letter E. E. A Table of the signes shewing a disease to be great or small The signes of a great or small disease are taken either from The Essence The causes Efficient External Internal Helpfull and hurtful Material or subject Effects or symptomes which are either Actions Animal Vital Natural Excrements Qualities changed That we may therefore in proposing the signes of a great disease conform to this Table we shall institute the following theorems The Essence Great distempers or inflammations great tumors great obstructions great wounds or ulcers extended to the full dimensions long broad and deep shew great diseases The Causes External Whatsoever external Causes are very prevalent in affecting our body do usually produce and discover great diseases So long and violent exercise used in a very hot air doth excite a great Feaver Internal Those humours which are nested in our body and which are the ordinary causes of most diseases if they extremely erre in quantity or quality they cause and foreshew great diseases So the bloud copiously abounding or very hot either choler copious sharp or putrified are signes of a great disease Helpful and hurtful Those diseases to which there are none or few remedies profitably many noxiously applied are accounted great Those diseases which outrage the dignity of the principal or the publickly officious parts are in respect of them judged great if they be but accompanied with any other signe of magnitude So a wound though of it self inconsiderable if it be inflicted on the Heart Liver Lungs or other the like parts is counted great in respect of the part affected as also because it produceth great symptomes EFFECTS Animal Actions Whatsoever disease introduceth a deliration profound sleeping immoderate watching privation of sense or motion or a very vehement pain discovers a great disease Vital Actions Whenever we perceive in any sick person a great frequent and difficult respiration a great frequent or else very small pulse we may safely pronounce him troubled with a great disease Natural Actions A small appetite or thirst or on the contrary an insatiable appetite and ever quaffing thirst inconcoction or a long flux of the belly and suppression of urine or a tedious and copious profusion thereof signifie a great disease Excrements A superfluous quantity of excrements or a total suppression of them or a bad colour or a most fetid smell or substance very remote from their natural one are signes of a great disease Qualities changed A Colour of the body very red yellow or pale a tast bitter in the tongue the colour thereof black and much driness declare a great disease A Corollary By these signes before mentioned we may easily discern what diseases they are which deserve the name of small diseases viz. all those in which the mentioned signes are not found CHAP. IX Of the signes of a gentle and malignant disease WE term those malignant diseases which are attended by some malignant and venomous quality and their signes may be derived from the same heads All which shall be in the following Table mark't with the Letter F orderly proposed F. Of the signes of a gentle and malignant disease The signes shewing the benignity or the malignity of a disease are drawn from either The Essence The Causes which are either Material Out of which Aliments Medicaments In which The disposition of the parts Efficient External Necessary Aire Not-necessary Venery Fortuit Wounds Internal Bloud Flegme Divers species of choler Helpful and hurtful Effects which are either Actions Animal Vital Natural Excrements ejected by Vomit The belly Urine Habit. Qualities changed and proper accidents Therefore to follow the series of this Table
we propose the succeeding Theorems The Essence Some diseases are naturally alwaies malignant as a Cancer Leprosie the Venereal disease a Carbuncle the Plague others alwaies gentle unless they light upon a pestilent constitution as a Tertian ephemeral simple synochical Feaver and the like The material causes Usual feeding on meats of a bad juyce or corrupt drinking of marish muddy or corrupt waters do frequently produce malignant diseases Medicines venomous and of a deleterious quality generate malignant diseases In bodies of bad juyce and ill affected malignant diseases are most commonly generated The efficient causes A pestilent and corrupt aire doth usually produce malignant diseases Coition with an impure harlot whose sole issue is a malignant disease Wounds inflicted with intoxicated swords or the bitings of venomous creatures do produce and shew venomous affections Bloud and flegme produce gentle diseases but choler black porraceous eruginous and sometimes yellow causeth malignant diseases Whatever sick person is not sustained by healthful causes whether proceeding from nature as spontaneous vacuations or from art by due administrations of remedies but is advantaged by these applications onely which are of a preservative virtue against poyson and injured by almost all the rest that person is molested with a malignant disease THE EFFECTS Animal actions A deliration and great perturbation of the mind watching disturbance without a vehement Feaver are signes of a malignant disease Vital actions A sudden debilitation of the pulses and the strength a Deliquium and syncope discover a malignant disease Natural actions Great thirst without a vehement Feaver or the appetite to meat and drink abolished signifies a malignant disease If by vomit the belly or urine exerements pale black eruginous or tainted with some alien quality remote from the natural be expelled this shews a malignant disease In a notable Feaver attended by ill-look't symptomes if the urine be like that of healthy persons it shews a malignant disease For by such urine it doth evidently appear that the disease scornes to own for a parent vulgar putridity but is generated by a more intense profound occult or malignant quality which appears not with the urine Small and frequent sweats flowing in the forehead and neck onely shew a malignant disease Qualities changed A place colour in the face or other parts in Feavers signifie the malignity of them A black colour in the tongue not accompanied with thirst demonstrates a malignant disease Proper Accidents Those who in Feavers are infested with Wheals divers Pimples Carbuncles Botches in their arm-pits and groins impostumated ebullitions behind the ears and such like are malignantly diseased Ulcers smooth all round are malignant Aph. 4. Sect. 6. A corollary Those diseases are accounted gentle in which the foresaid signes of malignity are not discoverable CHAP. X. Of the Signes of an acute and Chronical disease DIseases of short continuance and swift motion which also have magnitude accompanying brevity are called acute and vehement to which the Physicians commonly oppose Chronical though they stand not in diametral contrariety to them for Chronical or long diseases are so called onely for that they are of continuance though sometimes also they are great such as the palsy the Dropsie and the like to which those are truly and properly opposed which are termed short simply as an Ephemeral Feaver The signes therfore of acute diseases shall be drawn from the precedent heads according to the order of the following Table mark't with the Letter G. G. The signes shewing an acute or Chronical disease are taken either from The Essence or species of the disease The internal causes or humours producing the disease The Effects or symptomes which are either Actions Animal Vital Natural Excrements ejected by The Belly The Bladder Qualities changed But the series of this Table will more evidently appear by the following Theorems The Essence All the inflammations of the interiour parts burning and continual Feavers are in their proper nature alwaies acute So when we see any one troubled with the Phrensie Pleurisie or such like affection we say they are sick of an acute disease The Causes Whatever diseases are produced by blood yellow or black choler are usually acute and so the knowledge of the humour effecting the disease easily conducts us to such skil that we know whether it fall into the number of the acute ones THE EFFECTS Animal Actions A deliration abolition of sence and motion or any part afflicted with very vehement pain shew an acute disease Natural Actions A great thirst large fluxes of the belly or total suppression of the evacuations of the belly and urine signifie an acute disease Excrements The excrements of the belly very yellow porraceous eruginous pale or black discover an acute disease Red green or eruginous urines shew the like Qualities changed The countenance of the sick person engrained in red heat overspread in the whole body a bitter taste in and blackness discolouring the tongue signifie an acute disease A Corollary The signes of the differences of acute diseases are described chap. 4. Sect. 3. of prognostick signes But Chronical diseases are easily known by the absence of the mentioned signes and presence of the contrary so that repetition of them here will be useless CHAP. XI Of the signes of morbifick causes and first Of the signes of preternatural choler DIseases are most generally the spawn of various humours unconformable to nature but those humours do usually breed diseases which are predominant in the whole or in any part of the body and so if we do accurately know this factious humor we shall easily arrive to the cause of the disease We must therefore recall the signes of these domineering humors from the first Chapters of this Section and because the humors there fall under our consideration as they are constituted in their natural state we therefore proposed onely four first differences of humors but now some others offer themselves which are wholly preternatural these we shall in short propose neither will it be impertinent to enquire after some other causes of diseases produced by humors lest this Treatise should be any way defective To begin therefore with choler we termed that natural which was died with yellow or pale though it be often disobedient to nature and produceth many diseases yet it always presents the same signes if to that which is preternatural and somewhat putredinous we adde this onely viz. that it is moved every third day as manifestly appears in the paroxysmes of a Tertian Feaver But there are other species of choler which are perpetually preternatural and as often as they visit the body they usually produce diseases and they are vitelline porraceous erguinous glasteous and black The vitelline owes its production to the yellow with the midwifery of preternatural heat which by dissipating the thinner parts incrassates that so that in consistence and colour it dissembles the yolk of an egge This is not discovered by any other signes then the yellow except onely
inflammations But to be then in augmentation when the heat doth evidently grow more intense And we know it to be then in station when the heat remits not any of that vehemency which was left at its highest degree and lastly to decline when the hot distemper is in a way of mitigation In the beginnings of diseases the injury of the actions is less considerable in the augmentation worse in the station worst of all and continues long so but lastly in declination they are reduced to a betterment Excrements wholly crude having not any appearance of coction signifie a beginning disease but when we see some glimmerings of coction in them the disease hastens to an increase and when we find very great signes of coction the disease is stated And lastly absolute concoction and melioration of the excrements signifie a declination THE THIRD SECTION OF THE SEMEIOTICAL PART OF THE PROGNOSTICAL SIGNES CHAP. I. Of the signes discovering when a disease will be long or short THE brevity and longitude of diseases are evidenced by many signes which in the same method are derived from the same heads as appears in the succeding Table noted with the Letter K. K. The signes of the longitude and brevity of a disease are taken either from The Essence to which are referred the accessions of diseases in which is considered Magnitude Motion Time Manner of the solution thereof The Causes Efficient which are either Not natural Countrey Season of the year The condition of life past Preternatural or varioushumors in which is considered Quality Quantity Material or subject in which is considered Age. Temper Various disposition of parts The effects which are either Actions Excrements in which are considered Concoctions and in them The time of their appearance Increase Duration Qualities First Calidity Frigidity Second Tenuity Crassity Third Colour Smell Taste The quantity of excretion The manner of excretion The place by which excretion is made in which is considered Aptitude Rectitude Latitude The time in which it is done The Contents of them The qualities of the body which are either First Calidity Frigidity Second Tenuity Crassity Third Colour In conformity to this Table we shall constitute the following Theorems The Essence Hot diseases are always of less continuance if they have not contracted an habit but cold ones longer In diseases which are supplied by accessions the longer they are they foretel the permanence of the disease the shorter they are the shortness thereof Those accessions of diseases which are soon perfected signifie the speedy expiration of the disease according to Galen Book 3. of Crises chap. 4. because that vehement motion is the motion of an approching Crisis Those accessions which like abortives come before their time an hour or two signifie that the disease prepares for a speedy departure For this anticipation is caused by the tenuity and mobility of the matter yet we must note that this anticipation that it may signifie the brevity of a disease must not be orderly viz. to anticipate every day in the same space of time viz. one or two hours for this order signifies the stability of the disease and the obstinacy of the morbifick matter But the time of anticipations must be unequal that by it the infirmity of the matter may appear and that it is no uneasie task for nature to be victorious Accessions returning slowly are signes of the diuturnity of the disease For hence it is evident that the morbifick matter is incrassated to a contumacy But yet this is sometimes caused by the diminution of the same matter when it is by degrees consumed which is easily perceptible by the remission of symptomes and the less troublesom toleration of the sick person Of those who have accessions what ever hour the Feaver departs if it on the next day return on the same difficult iudgement will be passed Aph. 30. Sect. 4. For when paroxysmes do constantly observe the same returns they signifie the firmness and stability of the matter that it cannot be mastered but by long conflict because order in all things denotes a fixtness and power of causes and so a difficult solution So we are instructed by daily experience that the paroxysmes of quartan Feavers do most commonly return on the same hours for that they are established upon the foundation of a firm and strong cause whence also proceeds their contumacy and diuturnity A paroxysme also implies a difficulty not onely if it always happen the same hour but also if it anticipate or retard on even hours continually and in the same proportion As if a paroxysme happen this day at one the next at two the third day at three of the clock for in these there is order no less then in the precedent which order perpetually depends upon the fixtness and stubbornness of the matter Those diseases whose exacerbations return every third day are shorter then those which return every day but those are the longest which have recourse every fourth day For a tertian Feaver because generated by choler viz. thinner humor is more easily dissolved But a quotidian is generated by flegme which in respect of its crassity and stubbornness is related as a medium to choler and melancholy But though double tertians have daily paroxysmes yet by reason of the copiousness of the matter which much more abounds in them then in a simple tertian they are usually longer Those diseases which have their paroxysmes about noone are shorter then those which have them in the morning The longest of all are those which have their exacerbations about evening or in the night For the four humors use to be moved in the four parts of the day viz. the blood in the morning the choler at noon the melancholy about evening the flegme in the night Whereas therefore the hour of exacerbation in continual Feavers shews the predominancy of the humor the same also may denote to us the longitude or brevity of the disease which depends upon the nature of the humor Those diseases whose solution is caused by excretion are sooner finished then when it is caused by abscession Because the thin humors are evacuated by excretion the thick by abscession The Causes The Countrey season of the year antecedent condition of life all hot shew diseases to be short all cold long Diseases caused by blood yellow choler and thin and exiguous humor are shorter but those produced by melancholy black choler or any thick and copious humor are longer In youth diseases are most commonly short in old age long in others indifferent Those who are of an hot temper are affected with short those of a cold temper with long diseases In well-affected bodies sickness is shorter in ill-affected longer In the harder and thicker parts diseases are more lasting as also in the softer and looser parts but shorter in those which are of an indifferent consistency EFFECTS Actions Much Laesion of Actions signifies the longitude of a disease Because that such a wide recess from
those are together with the humors in them contained refrigerated it is not to be admired if they infrigidate the sweats conveyed through them though caused by very frequent humors imprisoned within Cold sweat then in acute feavers is a signe of death because it shewes that the native heat is too weake to lord it over these cold humors and must therefore submit to their pleasure But in more gentle feavers it signifies longitude because by reason of the exiguity thereof it doth not so enervate the strength as to lay it naked to the invasion of death yet plenty of cold humors cannot under a long space be concocted and subdued The second A very great extenuation of the whole body signifies a long disease If a person troubled with no inconsiderable seaver remaines in the same plight of body without extenuation this denotes a long disease Aph. 28. Sect. 2. For permanence and non-extenuation depends upon the density of the skin and crasseness of the humors and it therefore signifies a long disease The body very pale or of an orange colour denotes duration of a disease For this colour shewes a wide recess from natural state which cannot be retrograde but in a long time CHAP. II. Of the signes of a disease tending to health or death THat is called an healthy disease which endangers not the life but that a deadly one which threatens death to the sick party The prognostick signes of them are derived from three heads The Essence Causes and Effects according to the following table marked with the Letter L. L. The signes of an healthy and deadly disease are taken either from its Essence in respect of which it is either Similar Organical Common and these either Simple Complicate The Causes which are either Efficient or various humors Material or the subject Helpful or hurtful The effects which are either Actions Animal Principal Less principal which are either Sences Internal Sleep Watching Dreams External Seeing Hearing touching c Motion to which is referred A voluntary commotion of the members Lying down Trembling Convulsion Stiffness and shaking Sternutation Vital to which refer Respiration Pulse Natural to which belong Attraction to which Hunger Thirst Expulsion to which The Hicough Excrements ejected by The eyes Ears Nostrils Mouth Belly Bladder to which referurine Liquor Contents and in these Substance Quantity Quality Manner of excretion Sweats Abscesse and pimples Qualities First Calidity Frigidity Second Hardness Softness Third Colour Smell Taste Sound Proper accidents chiefly considered in The eyes Ears Nostrils Teeth Temples Lips Tongue Jawes Hypochondriums By observing the series of which Table the following Theorems will discover an healthy or deadly disease The Essence A day-expiring Feaver and all true intermitting Feavers are healthy and bring no danger The Solution of a strong Apoplexy is impossible of a slight one difficult Aph. 42. Sect. 2. That is called a strong Apoplexy which introduceth a total privation of sence and motion together with a great laesion of respiration But a slight one is that in which there is no such loss of sence and motion or so violent an injury of respiration In a strong one the brain is so oppressed that it cannot by any means free it self from it nor in a slight one neither without much struggling so that alwaies if a solution is made it degenerates into the Palsie by reason of the weakness of nature unable any longer to expel the morbifick matter Those who are taken with a Tetanus dy within four dayes but if they escape in them they recover A Tetanus according to Galen in his comm is a disease compounded of an emprosthotonus and an opisthotonus in which the body is so stiffe and unmoveable that the breast alone can hardly be moved It being therefore such a violent disease it kills a man in the first quaternion which if he escapes it is a signe that the fury of the disease is remitted otherwise it were intolerable Those who frequently and strongly swoune without the appearance of any manifest cause dye suddenly Aph. 41. Sect. 2. For this signifies a great infirmity or oppression of vital strength by which nature is soone overthrown Almost every dropsy is in its own nature deadly Because the temper of the liver being vehemently injured is irreparable All Feavers continual and burning as also the inflammations of internal parts as Phrensies Quinsies Pleurisies peripneumonies hepatitides and the like are naturally dangerow Yet they are not wholly mortal but according to the various condition of the sick person they end sometimes in health sometimes in death Nor can a Physician under pain of convincible ignorance give sentence of health or death on the beginnings of these affections but the critical dayes are to be expected which do commodiously discover unto us whether the disease incline to death or health Upon cessation of a Feaver into a dangerous disease without any evident cause death not health is to be expected Whatever Feavers not intermitting on the third day grow stronger are more dangerous But those which pause sometimes signifie no danger Aph. 43. Sect. 4. Continual Feavers either alwaies keep one station or are increased or diminished Those which are increased and exacerbated are worse then those which are not exacerbated because the evil in exacerbation is made much worse and more troublesome to the sick person But they are exacerbated either every day or every third day But those which are exacerbated every third day are more dangerous for that they are caused by bilious and so more hot juyces to which it is proper to be moved every third day Of this kind are burning Feavers and semitertians which are usually most dangerous But those Feavers which intermit are not dangerous because as Galen in his comm asserts they proceed not from any inflammation nor malignant putrefaction for neither of these acquiesceth without a Feaver Yet it is known by experience at least in these regions that intermitting tertians have been fraught with much malignity which in a third or fourth paroxysme did kill the sick parties We must say therefore that this opinion is of them which do most commonly but not perpetually happen or we may answer to the defensive argument of Hippocrates and Galen that these intermitting tertians have no perfect apyrexy and there alwaies lies hid some obscure sparkles of a Feaver raked up in the embers of intermission They who by an asthma or cough are distorted to gibbosity dye before their puberty Aph. 46. Sect. 6. For the heart and lungs being augmented by which they become disproportionable to their place this crookedness hindring the amplification of the breast it happens that the augmenting bowels cannot be long crouded up in too narrow a lodging so that sherly after gibbosity it introduceth death not that we may draw a consequence from this that the sick persons presently dye but that they fall far short of that diuturnity of life to which otherwise they might attain A Dropsie accompanying
same opinion in the place of deadly inserts dangerous Convulsion or an hiccough after much profusion of bloud is bad Aph. 3. Sect. 5. Convulsion followes an immoderate loss of bloud either when the veines and arteries are robbed of that due proportion of bloud which they should contain and being empty are contracted and being contracted contract the nerves or because the veines exhausted attract from the neighbouring parts demanding mutual courtesie and so being dried with long profusion of bloud seek aliment from the nerves which forceth the exsiccated and contracted nerves to a convulst retirement to the fountain head as it were to derive help from it or else because the veines and arteries being immoderately exhausted hurry away not onely the bloud but all the spirits from the extreme parts whence the nerves are suddenly refrigerated hence ariseth an extremporary not a long convulsion not proceeding from a preternatural cause but rather produced by the action of nature and endeavouring to hinder the detriment of this inanition therefore we said before that a convulsion upon a flux of bloud was not alwaies deadly though dangerous because no convulsions caused by inanition wants danger Convulsion or an hiccough upon a superpurgation is bad Aph. 4. Sect. 5. In superpurgation not onely the useless but the useful humors are evacuated therefore the convulsion which succeeds it is by inanition and therefore dangerous So Aph. 1. of the same Section Convulsion upon hellebore is deadly because of the immoderate purgation which succeeds the assumption of hellebore Convulsion and desipience after watching is bad Aph. 18. Sect. 7. Watching saith Galen in his comm is one of those things which do most evacuate and dry and so cause a convulsion by siccity and besides because by long watchings the bloud is made more bilious and by consequence more fit for the stimulation of the nervous parts Cold. Those feavers in which are daily colds have a daily solution Aph. 63. Sect. 4. It holds not onely true in quotidian but in tertian and quartan recourses that feavers are resolved by a precedent coldness and hence we collect that there is no danger in coldness of intermitting feavers and that it gives no cause of fear Coldness in continual feavers happening on a critical day with the precedent signes of concoction and a remarkable evacuation following is healthy Good evacuations following such colds are copious sweats vomits dejection of the belly or flux of bloud by which feavers are either wholly taken away or much remitted of which Hippocrates Aph. 58. Sect. 4. A solution of a burning feaver is caused by supervening coldness Which is thus to be understood viz. if it happen with the mentioned conditions So in Hipp. 3. Epid. Sect. 2. aegr 5. Cherion Demenetus his guest was taken after a drinking match with a great feaver on the third day with an acute feaver trembling of his head and most of all his lower lip a while after he was cold convulst was fond in all passed the night with trouble on the fourth he had some quiet slept a little talked On the fifth day he was troubled all exacerbated he was fond passed the night with molestation slept not On the sixth day in the same condition On the seventh day he was extreme cold taken with an acute Feaver sweated all over was judged this man all along had bilious dejections few and sincere from his belly thin urine well-coloured having a cloudy enaeorema About the eighth day his urine was better and more coloured having a white small sediment he was in his senses without a Feaver he intermitted But about the fourteenth day an acute Feaver surprised him and he sweated On the sixteenth he vomited bilious matter yellow somewhat copiously On the seventeenth he was extreme cold and seised by an acute Feaver he sweated was without a Feaver and was judged his urine after his relapse and Crisis was of a better colour having sediment neither was he fond in his recidivations on the eighteenth he was a little hot thirsted had thin urine cloudy enaeorema was somewhat disipient About the nineteenth he was without a Feaver was pained in his neck had sediment in his urine on the twentieth was perfectly judged In this sick person cold first happened on the third day to no purpose as well because that day is seldome decretory as for that there appeared not any signes of concoction neither followed there any excretion and so all the before proposed conditions of good cold were wanting but the cold happening on the seventh day was healthy because it appeared on a critical day with the precedent signes of concoction for his urine was indeed thin and of a good colour having a cloudy enaeorema with copious evacuation for he sweated all over therefore on the eighth day which followed the Crisis he was without a Feaver yet the disease was not wholly taken away but very much diminished for we said before that by such colds Feavers were either taken away or very much diminished and the morbifick cause being not wholly driven away by the mentioned sweats he relapsed which on the seventh day a cold again followed in company with the aforesaid conditions viz sweats and concocted urine therefore his Feavers left him again and he was on the twentieth day perfectly judged That is also observable in this history which is remarked by Hipp. in both colds which happened on the seventh and the seventeenth day that the Feaver was much inflamed for in both places he saith he was cold and taken with an acute Feaver whereas in all Critical cold the more the body is heated the better and more perfect judication followeth for this declares nature strong and to operate powerfully the exclusion of the morbifick matter Colds after which the body is not at all or very little heated are bad For they signifie nature to be in a languishing condition and unable to make head against the morbifick cause whence Hipp. in 1. Prorrhet refrigeration not resuming heat after coldness is bad For that as Galen in his comm writes denotes an extinction of heat Which Hipp. also observed in 3. Epid. Sect. 2. aegr 12. Where a woman on the seventh day was extreme cold was taken with an acute Feaver much thirst jactation about evening sweated all over cold her extreme parts were refrigerated she was no more hot and again at night was extreme cold on the seventh day she was not reinvested with heat on the fourteenth day she dyed If a coma succeed a coldness or trembling falling on a Critical day death is to be expected Coldness happening not on a Critical day or that which none or a bad evacuation followes is pernicious So in the woman mentioned coldness often appeared even on not Critical daies without any excretion or cold sweat which is a bad evacuation so again History the eleventh Section 1. book 1. Epid. The wife of Dromeada was extreme cold on the third day with an universal but a
cold sweat on the sixth again she was extreme cold with an universal sweat yet coldness of the extreme parts fondness convulsions followed it and she died the same day because that coldness happened not on a critical day but on the sixth day which by Galen is termed tyrant so that Hipp. deservedly said Aph. 29. Sect. 4. If coldness happen the sixth day to febricitating persons an hard judgement followes Yet it may be objected that Larissea a maid whose history we find in 3. Epid. Sect. 3. aegr 12. was on the sixth day upon a coldness which was seconded by a copious flux of bloud and universal hot sweat perfectly judged To which we must answer with Galen in the comment that this is one of those rare examples in which Hipp. observed judication to be sometimes made on even daies which so rarely falls within the compass of example that it will no way disorder the common method of good Crises To this adde that her months then first flowing from her were very advantageous for the solution of the disease If coldness do happen without the intermission of the Feaver the sick person being now infirm it is deadly Aph. 46. Sect. 4. Galen in his comment saith that it signifieth not the same to say if it shall happen and if it do happen for the word shall happen denotes one assault of cold do happen many therefore upon cold happening once we may sometimes presage good sometimes bad as appeareth by the precedent theorems but for cold to happen often without any deficiency of the Feaver being otherwise not good is in infirmity more pernicious for if any evacuation follow the coldness which causeth no intermission both conduce to a mans dissolution as well because by reason of imbecillity the body cannot bear the agitation of the cold as because the strength is by evacuation dissolved but if coldness alone happen without the attendance of evacuation it is both waies bad for as a bad cause it tries the strength of a man and is a bad signe shewing his imbecillity which did usually evacuate the noxious humors in colds but now it is not able Coldness often coming in a long disease or rather shakings without any order or type signifie an internal suppuration Hipp. in Coac Or they may signifie plenty of depraved humors by which sharp vapors are usually elevated See Hipp. 1 Coac Apn. 10.13.16 Shakings frequently appearing in the beginning of acute Feavers are bad For they shew a very great pravity of humors vellicating the sensible parts and the infirmity of nature spending her labour in vain to move the humors Such shakings do usually appear in the beginning of malignant and pestilent Feavers Frequent tremblings of the loyns with a quick return of heat are dangerous for it signifies a painful suppression of urine and for it to sweat out there is perillous 1. Coac Aph. 18. For it signifies an inflammation of the spinalis medulla or the membranes thereof which parts by the violence of preternatural heat are scorched and by the want of native heat they are refrigerated as it happens in a sudden and frequent mutation of the parts into both This also is not seldome found in an Empyema but the suppression of urine followes because by frequent cold the native heat of the bladder is extinguished and so its expulsive faculty destroyed and sense of irritation lost Shaking after sweat is not good Aph. 4. Sect. 7. Iudicatories which judge not are bad so sweat breaking forth on a Critical day if it be not beneficial to the sickperson but shaking followed it is a bad signe for it shewes that either the useful humors onely were evacuated by sweat and the vseless and copious keep their station or that a part onely of these depraved humors was evacuated by sweat but the rest dwell within and vellicate the sensible parts and so cause shaking It is therefore evident that either nature is so weak that she cannot rid her self of the morbifick matter or the humors so strong that they give nature the foile Sternutation It is observed that if a sick man sneese onely once that he will yeild up to the ferocity of the disease but if he sneese twice the disease will lose the day and he recover But the contrary is noted in women if any of them dangerously sick sneese twice this is destructive and exitial if the sneese be once it is an healthy sign Forest obser 487. distillations of the head and sneesings precedent or subsequent in the diseases of the lungs are bad But in other even exitial diseases sneesings raise hopes of solution Hipp. 2. progn chap. 16. In a phthisis pleurisie and peripneumony by that concussion of the brain sneesing the parts of the breast are lacerated and violently torn which increaseth much the inflammation and so there is no vacuation of the morbifick matter But in other diseases the morbifick cause may be dissipated and dispelled by the strength of nature sallying upon it by that violent motion therefore sneesing signifies that nature resumes strength and is excited to expulsion whence we may conjecture that it is the beginning of a recovery Galen in his comment on this place affirms that sternutation without rheume in the declination of a disease or after the sickness is past is alwaies a good sign though the sickness be pernicious Sternutation happening to a woman in hysterical fits or when she brings forth with difficulty is good Sneesing is very commodious in hysterical suffocations dissicult labour and retention of secundines both as a signe and as a cause as a signe because it shews that nature is mindful of her proper motions and that being before dulled she is now excited and revived because she casts out some superfluity as a cause for that by vehement concussion and fervour it partly rouses up nature partly causeth excretion of those things which adhere to the parts of the body Vital actions Good and easie respiration conduceth much to health in acute diseases Hipp. 1. progn Respiration For as Galen instructs us in his com good respiration signifies that the breast heart lungs ribs midriffe and all the parts subservient to spiration are in good case And when they are so we need fear no danger from an acute discase unless it be malignant and pestilent For such feavers do often as it were surprise us by an ambuscado so that we cannot be sensible of any injury offered to respiration though in their progress they are deadly affections When in a not intermitting Feaver difficulty of spiration and desipiency happen it is a deadly signe Aph. 50. Sect. 4. Because the two grand Patrons of life the heart and brain are vehemently hurt and sympathize to destruction but both passions viz. desipience and difficulty of spiration must last long that they may be called mortal for both sometimes do happen healthfully in a critical perturbation Great and unfrequent respiration in an acute Feaver is very bad For this shews
begin to rage judgement will be made on the twentieth or twenty one Here it is to be noted that those Crises do not seldome prevent the days of judgement or retard them according to the fluidness or obstinacy of the matter and are perfected on judicatory dayes which also are somewhat judicatory and thus may these be known when the vehemence of the disease either begins either a little too soon or too late as for example when the violence begins in the beginning of the second quaternary that is on the fifth day the Crisis will be lookt for on the fourteenth But if it begin on the sixth or seventh expect the Crisis upon the seventeenth day But there is required in this a very diligent exercise perfected by the use of art If signes of concoction appear in the first day of the disease the disease will be judged the fourth day if on the fourth then the Crisis will come upon the seventh If on the seventh judgement will be made on the eleventh If on the eleventh the day of Crisis will be the fourteenth and so of the other dayes computing the quaternaries or septenaries according to the nature of the disease The signes of concoctions are to be seen in another place of which the chief in feavers is the sediment of the urine Note here that in observing the signes of concoction you must take along with you the vehemency of the symptomes that you may thence make a certain prognostication But the approch of the Crisis is easily known from the perturbation that precedes it for when the combate between nature and the disease begins then the symptomes are chiefly exasperated Which Hipp. intimates Aph 13. Sect. 2. where the Crisis is made the night before the access of it is troublesome Lastly the hour of the Crisis may hence be artificially presaged suppose that every Crisis is made in the height and vigour of the disease when therefore we know when the disease is at the height we may easily perceive the hour of the Crisis Again if the disease use to have any fits or exasperations we first note the hour of their coming and the time of their stay and at what hour the vigour and height of that fit prevails most for it being certain that the Crisis comes in the heat and vigour of the disease and exasperation thereof those being diligently found out not onely the day but the very hour of the approching Crisis may be foretold CHAP. V. Of the place where the Crisis will appear and first of the signes of the Crisis approching by vomit EVery critical evacuation is made by vomit by flux of the belly by sweat by urine bleeding in moneths hemorrhoids or abscessions the signes of which being fetched from the mentioned heads shall be declared in the following theorems beginning with vomiting Actions and visions Dark apparitions presented to the eyes foretel an approching vomit For they shew that the matter causing the disease is heaped up in the stomach which sends up vapours in great plenty to the head that causes those dark visions A sharp and pricking pain in the head foretels vomiting For that pain being excited by the foresaid vapours they with their acrimony bite the filmes of the brain A griping at the mouth of the stomach foreshews vomiting Motion For it is caused by the foresaid vapours pricking those parts A stifness and coldness of the Hypochondriums fortels a speedy vomiting For it is caused by the said vapours gnawing those parts A trembling of the lower lip shews approching vomit For it is caused by a sympathy of the inner tunicle of the stomach with the mouth and palate Frequent spitting shews immediate vomiting Excrements For they proceed from the sympathy of the mentioned tunicle and the compression of the stomach which sets it self in that manner to its work A Corollary Note that most commonly after critical vomiting there follows a loosness which puts an end to the disease and scowres away the reliques thereof CHAP. VI. Of the signes of the Crisis by loosness THe Crisis which is made by loosness hath not very plain and manifest signes yet may it be known partly by the signes which shall be set down and partly also by the want of those signes which usually shew other Crises For the knowledg whereof observe these following theorems Those who are troubled with frequent belching followed by much wind coming from the belly with a great noise and a kind of swelling thereof must expect a sudden loosness For all these shew a translation of the matter that causes the disease into the guts Pain of the loyns with other signes joyned to it foretel a sudden loosness For when the noxious humor is carried through the mesaraical veins into the intestines it communicates a pain to the loyns by the continuity of the mesenterium that draws its original from the ligaments that knit together the joynts of the loyns Those whose Hypochondriums being lifted up have a murmuring sound with a pain in the loyns will have a loosness unless statulencies break forth with a great quantity of urine but this is onely in feavers Aph. 73. Sect. 4. When the region of the Hypochondriums swels and makes a noise it is a signe that the humour and wind doth abound in that place to which if a pain in the loyns succeed that humour and wind creepeth downward which causes a loosness or at least an cruption of wind from the seat unless that humour be voided by urine A Corollary Note that a better conjecture may be made if the belly were open all the time of the disease or appeared more loose on the indicative day then at any other time CHAP. VII Of the signes of an approching Crisis by sweat ACute diseases are more frequently judged by sweat then by any other evacuation And therefore we shall be more exact in searching out the signes of sweat of which the following table will afford an easie knowledge being noted with the letter M. The signes that shew the approching Crisis by sweat are taken either from the Essence Causes which are either Efficient External The air Internal Humors Material The body of the patient Effects which are either Actions Animal Coldness Vital Pulse Natural Suppression of urine Excrements Change of the qualities From the observation of the series of this table we shall propound these theorems following The essence Most acute diseases are judged most commonly by sweat For that proceeds from a cholerick humor hot and thin easily expelled through the habit of the body The efficient causes the aire In a hot and moist constitution of the aire diseases are terminated most commonly by sweat For by a hot and moist temper of the aire the pores and passages of the body are loosened and opened and the humors are renderd more fluid so that they are more easily purged forth by sweat The humors Whatever diseases are produced from a hot and thin humor are judged by sweat So
cholerick feavers are judged for the most part by sweat because the thinness and heat of the humor is more easily expelled by nature by that way of evacuation The material cause the body of patient Whoever in their sickness have a soft and loose skin have their diseases more easily judged by sweating Effects the animal actions Coldness Whether that loosness and softness of the skin proceed from the natural disposition of the body or the constitution of the aire they avail much to perfect the Crisis by sweating A coldness or shaking in continual Feavers shew that the Crisis will be performed by sweat For those humors being thin when they are carried by the veins to the habit with their sharpness they bite the membranous parts of the body and so cause a shaking Vital Pulse Asoft and fluctuating pulse in feavers foretels sweat to be near at hand For when the more thin parts of the urine endeavour a passage through the body they moisten and soften the arteries which causes a moist and fluctuating pulse which is the forerunner of sweat Natural Suppression of urine Suppression of urine in feavers shews the Crisis near at hand by sweat For when the matter of sweat and urine are the same viz. the serous humor while they are carried to the habit of the body it follows consequently that the urine must be suppressed or be much lessened in quantity The excrements If a hot vapour be perceived to arise from the body of the sick patient or a slight kind of dew it shews the approch of the Crisis by sweat If contrary to custome the external parts of the body of the sick person grow hot or the face grow red it shews the Crisis is approching by sweat These two last signes shew that nature endeavours a passage to the habit of the body by which she may expel the noxious and preternatural humors CHAP. VIII Of the signes of future Crisis by Urine THe signes of future Crisis by urine are very few yet they may be known partly by some particular and positive signes partly by the absence of others For if the signes do appear which do demonstrate in general the approch of the Crisis and that there be no symptomes of vomit flux bleeding or sweat then may you conjecture that it will come to pass by urine But those signes which do particularly demonstrate the coming thereof are set down in this order which are notwithstanding to be collected together that we may thence have some certainty to make a judgement They are these A cold constitution Old age Thickness of the skin Frequent pissing or a greater quantity of urine appearing upon the symptomatical day A heat or itching in the extreme parts of the privities A heaviness in the Hypochondrium The three first signes concern the impediments which are in the external parts of the body which hinder the serous humor from purging forth by sweat But when the same matter which flows out by sweat may also be easily purged out by urine there being a stoppage in the passages for sweat we may conjecture that the excretion will be by urine The three last signes shew that the humors do descend to the passages of the urine CHAP. IX Of the signes of future Crisis by bleeding THe following rules foreshew the approch of bleeding The Essence Inflammation of the hypocondriums are for the most part allayed by bleeding And in this manner of solution doth all the hope of safety consist which if it happen not death may be presaged The assisting causes Bleeding uses more frequently to happen until the twenty fifth year then after that time in a sanguine or cholerick constitution in the spring season and at the time of southern winds The Effects From the effects which are taken either from the impairing of the actions or the excrements or the change of qualities proceed these signes of future bleeding Dreams and images of red things A frequent pain of the head and neck Heaviness in the temples and a great pulse in their arteries Tingling or sounding in the ears Dimness of the eyes and a kind of lightning before them Redness of them and almost of all the face An aversion to the light Involuntary teares Itching of the nose A drop of bloud upon the symptomatical day Difficulty of breathing A stretching of the Hypochondriums without pain When the bloud begins to be carried up to the head it begets phantasms or appearances of red things both by dreams and in awaking As happened to a Roman youth of whom Galen makes mention For he labouring with an acute disease thought that he saw a red Serpent running about the roof of his chamber which caused him suddenly to leap out of his bed from whence Galen foretold bleeding and forbid the letting bloud which other Physicians had prescribed Pain in the head and neck proceeds from the same translation of the bloud to the upper parts which by griping and distending the membranes begets pain the arteries beat through the extraordinary motion of the temples being oppressed and streightned by the fulness of the veins Tingling of the ears is caused by the ascending of the vapours in great plenty to the head Dimness of the sight proceeds from certain thick and copious vapours which arising to the upper parts stop the passages whence it comes to pass that they shuting out the animal spirits the sight is dulled That kind of lightning which hovereth before the eyes is nothing else but certain little thin and ragged bodies of several colours contained between the chrystalline and carneous Tunicle produced from the vapours carried upward which though they are within yet deceive the sight as if they were without when as the eye used to external objects judges that to be without which is within A redness of the face and eyes is caused by the bloud gathered in more abundance to those parts The aversion from light proceeds from this that the eyes being already distended with plenty of humors are more distended by the light because light scatters the spirits which causes a dilatation of the eye and thence pain which that the sick person may avoid he shuns the light Involuntary tears are caused by a repletion of the eyes and parts adjacent which being distended beyond measure press the kernels containing the humors which causeth tears Itching of the nose is caused by the ascent of the vapours which tickle the nose A drop of bloud appearing on a symptomatical day as the fourth or seventh shews that the bleeding will be on the day of the Crisis that is on the seventh or fourteenth because nature begins to drive the humor to those parts upon those days Difficulty of breathing is caused by the bloud which when it is carried to the upper parts causes a compression of the diaphragma The tension of the hypochondriums is caused by reason that the bloud begins to stir in its fountain and in the roots of the veins but that distention continues
difficult wholly to expel the morbifick cause The subject Those persons who have a good constitution of body and are once recovered of a disease never suffer relapse but persons of a bad constitution often fall into it For in those the strength of the parts easily dissolves the morbifick cause but in these weak nature doth imperfectly expel the humor Helpful and hurtful Those that cannot regain perfect health being helped but by few things and hurt by many are in danger of a relapse For this signifies that the reliques of the morbifick cause do lurk in the body whence proceed relapses Effects If the actions excrements and qualities of persons recovering differ much from the natural constitution and return not to their former condition a relapse is to be feated in those whose feavers cease without the signes of concoction a recidivation is to be feared Hipp. 2. prog The noxious humors cannot be conveniently expelled unless they be first concocted and therefore although the feaver cease if the signes of crudity appear they shew that the morbifick matter is still retained within and will cause a relapse If after the Crisis is made the patient for a long time voyd thin water and very little coloured t is a signe of a relapse For it shews a weakness of nature which doth not perfect its concoction duly and in order whence arise new and fresh excrements by which we may expect a relapse THE FOURTH BOOK OF Physical Institutions WHICH IS THE HYGIASTICK PART OR TREATISE OF THE CONSERVATION OF HEALTH The Proem THe end of Physick is twofold viz. the conservation of health which is already enjoyed and recovery of that which is lost In the Hygiastick part is handled the former the latter in the Therapeutical That which contains the conservation of present health consists in the administration of six things not natural Those are Aire meat and drink motion and rest sleeping and waking excretions and retentions and the passions of the mind They are called not natural as being between natural and preternatural For those things are properly and absolutely natural which are ingredients to the constitution of a living body and are treated of in Physiology but these are said to be not natural because the right and true use of them preserves the health and then they are referred to natural causes but the preposterous and unlawful use of them produces diseases and then they are preternatural and the causes of almost all diseases as is declared in Pathology But there are some of them that are contained in the rank of things truly natural as motion of the body passions of the mind as the functions do proceed from their faculties but being considered as the use of them affects the body they are called not natural They are also said to be necessary because we cannot want nor be without their efficacy but they do continually and necessarily affect our bodies It may be objected that there are many other things that do alter our bodies which for this cause are to be numbred among those things which are not natural as the heaven water fire earth and the countrey or place of abode and therefore their number must be multiplied I answer That the heaven fire earth and countrey are reduced to aire because they act not on us but by the mediation of air water may be referred to drink if it be assumed but if it be applied as in a bath and lotions we deny it to be a necessary for that we may easily want it and therefore it is to be rased out of the catalogue of things not natural Therefore all this book shall treat wholly of the explication of the six things not natural wherein shall be shewn how to make use of them for the conservation of health and to defend the body as long as may be against the assaults of diseases we will begin with meat and drink because they are of most consequence and therein are most things do offer themselves to consideration CHAP. I. Of meat drink or of the matter of our nourishment NOurishment is that which being changed by the natural heat may be converted into the substance of our bodies and nourish it It differs from a medicine in this that a medicine is defined by Galen 1. simpl to be a thing that cannot alter the substance of our body nor as such be changed into it Yet there is a certain medium between these two partaking of both natures which may both nourish and alter and it is called a medicinal nourishment But there are several sorts of nourishments which are taken out of several things all which things notwithstanding are contained under the several sorts of plants and animals All sublunary things which are used in Physick are comprehended under a threefold head as plants animals and minerals Now every mixt thing endued with a nourishing faculty must of necessity have had life whereby minerals are excluded out of the number of things that nourish In the use of them are to be considered the substance quantity quality order time and hour of taking them the preparation custom delectation age and time of the year Of which we shall treat severally and as a consequence relate the qualities and faculties of those meats and sawces which are chief and most in use and at length discourse the use and substance of things potable CHAP. II. Of the substance of aliments BY the substance of the nourishments we understand the form and matter whereof they are composed Under the word form we comprehend that propriety of the whole substance by which the nourishment is made fit to be converted into the substance of our bodies Whence it is vulgarly said that the meat doth nourish us by reason of the likeness of substance it hath with our bodies Hence meats are said to be of good or evil juyce much or little nourishing according to the analogy which they hold with the substance of our bodies or according to their purity or mixt composure of the heterogeneous parts To the matter hardness softness thinness thickness heaviness lightness crassity tenuity clamminess and friability are related which although they be contained in the rank of second qualities yet because they are inherent to the matter and are therefore called material qualities as proceeding from the various mixture of moisture with driness they are referred to substance or mood of substance Therefore as to the substance those are said to be good and wholesome nourishments which beget good and wholesome juyce and few excrements and which are of a midling substance as being neither over hard thick or close nor oversoft thin or fine Of which sort is bread made of the purest flour of wheat new well baked and leavened mutton kids flesh veal capons hens pullets chickens partridges and other mountain birds and other things which shall be more copiously reckoned up hereafter Meats of evil juyce hard to be concocted of bad nourishment and begetting many excrements are
and sweet Oyle pressed out of ripe Olives is moderately hot and moist it mollifies loosens asswages tempers all acrimony kills worms and resists poyson Sugar is hot and dry in the first degree it expels putrefaction cleanses and therefore helps the stomack because it carries away the flegm thereof but if the stomack be full of choler it is hurtful by reason that it soon turns into choler It is good for the reins and bladder by cleansing them from gravel and slimy flegm it cleanses the breast loosens the belly nourishes very much but the too often use thereof begets obstructions as all sweet things which the Liver speedily drawes to it self and with it the other meats before they are concocted it hurts the teeth for it blacks and rots them and therefore after eating thereof the mouth is to be washed CHAP. XXIII Of Hony HOny is hot and dry in the second degree yet there is some difference in respect of the places where the Bees gather it That is hotter and dryer which is made in hotter places stored with Thyme Lavender Rosemary and other Aromatical herbs but in cold Countreys where these herbs are not it is lesse hot In general that which is yellow is hotter then the white And our senses do tell us that some is more sweet then others some sharper and consequently of greater force and vertues It cleanses loosens provokes urine heals the cough and resists rottennesse So that horary fruits if they be preserved in Hony though there be nothing that rots sooner keeps unputrefied for many years It is good for old folks and people of moist tempers and in the winter time hurtful to young cholerick stomachs and in the summer It is good against the Stone Asthma's and other affections of the Lungs It nourishes little it refreshes the strength of body and minde recreates the senses and makes them more acute We thought good to explain the nature and vertues of Hony in a particular Chapter both because of the excellency thereof as also because it is not so much to be reckoned among sauces as meats themselves And lastly because Galen writes that the nature of Hony is different from that of Plants and Animals The excellency thereof is confirmed by many authorities and examples For Plinie calleth Hony divine Nectar And again in imitation of Aristeus he saith that Hony is none of the meanest advantages to humane life But that it was in very much use among the Ancients and availed much to the preservation of health there are many Histories to confirm Pythagoras so saith Laertius liv'd frugally contented many times with nothing but Hony and lived to the 90th year and he affirmed that those might live without diseases who used much Hony Athenaeus relates that the diet of the Pythagoreans was bread and Hony Gal. 5. de san tuend c. 4. relates the story of Antiochus a Physitian and Telephus a Grammarian of which the first was wont to eat every day at the third hour bread and Hony seldome raw oftenest boyl'd and with other diet set down there he exceeded fourscore years The last for his breakfast eat raw Hony with Rice boyled in water and lived above 100. years Plin. l. 12. c. 24. relates of Pollion who exceeded 100 years that when the Emperor asked him how he did to prolong his daies to that age answered by using Oyl without and Hony within which he learnt from Democritus who being asked how a man might live in health answered If he oyl his outside and use Hony inwardly The same Democritus being in his old age weary of his life endevoured to end his daies by abstaining from nourishment But at the feast of Ceres the women importuning him not to sadden the house at such a time of general mirth he caused a vessell of Hony to be brought him and meerly by the vapour thereof sustained his life for some daies Atheneus writes that the Cyrntans who inhabited Corsica were therefore long liv'd because they fed much upon Hony of which there was great plenty in that place Lastly the excellency of Hony is confirmed by the testimony of sacred Scripture where speaking of John the Baptist it saith He shall eat Hony and Butter that he may know to choose the good and reject the evil For good humours being generated by Hony and out of good humours good spirits which are the causes of all the actions of the body and brain it follows that the use thereof increases the wit and understanding the operation whereof consists in perfect knowing The nature of Honey is secret enough it being uncertain under what head and order of things to reduce it Galen having also written that the nature thereof is different from all plants and animals and Authors differ much about this matter some saying that it proceeds simply and purely from the air and that it is gathered by the Bees for food and carried into their hives other affirming that it is collected by the Bees from the juice of plants The first opinion is held by Aristotle Galen and divers others and experience tels us that in Countreys abounding with Hony in the spring time and in the morning the leaves are to be seen all covered with a dew falling down from the air Therefore Hony is a certain airy and fat dew proceeding from certain fat vapours ascending from the earth and condens'd in the air which is gathered by the Bees from off the flowers and leaves of plants and reserved in their hives for food Yet there remains a doubt whether any Hony can be generated from the juice of flowers when as it is without doubt that wax is made by the Bees out of the juice of herbs which having so great a likenesse with Hony it is not unlikely that Hony is generated out of the same juices when there is no dew this is most certain that Hony hath a resemblance with the vertues of those plants out of which it is collected So that which is gathered from Thyme smels of Thyme that which is made in Sardinia where there is plenty of Wormwood is bitter in Pontus it is poyson because of the abundance of Rhododendron which growes there But the vertues of the plants may be easily communicated to the Hony while it lies and sticks to them That Hony is the best which is of a yellow colour sweet savour having neither the taste nor smell of the flowers yet pleasant to the palat Yet the white Hony such as is that of Narbon and Attica is more excellent for nourishment by reason that it is the more temperate yet the yellow is to be preferred in medicines But all Hony is the nourishment of medicines because it doth not only perfectly nourish as being most perfect and incorruptible and free from excrements but also because it warms the body cleanses the stomack and guts from the flegm that sticks to them and loosens the belly and affords not a few other benefits to the body Hony gathered
It is peccant in quantity when it is too copious or deficient It is peccant in quality when it is too dry or moist c. Thirdly by an hereditary disposition when a Mans parents are ill-shaped And so in the first generation diseases are caused in the shape After the first generation they are contingent in or after the birth In the birth by preposterous commotion or inconvenient eduction For instance when an infant starting from the wombe puts forth his foot arm or sides while by his own bulk or the narrowness of the wombe it endevours its exit too much or is unskilfully handled by an ignorant Midwife After birth the shape of the parts is deformed by many external and internal causes External causes mishaping a man are when the infant being yet tender is not conveniently entertained in swathings or is rashly crushed any other way as also if any member broken or dislocated fall not into the hands of a good Artist in Chirurgery or if they being well restored by the error of the patient distorted to a relapse or disordered by a fall stroke or too much motion and agitation But by internal causes the shape is unfashioned when the humors are rallied copiously in the parts as is evident in preternatural tumors in the face of Lepers in the belly of hydropical men and such like Astriction obstruction and dilatation are produced by a multitude of causes which coarctate obstruct or dilate the passages or cavities which to number to a particularity is a task almost impossible Asperity and levity is produced by many causes internal or external For instance bones wounded broken or eroded loose their natural laevity the inner part of the aspera arteria is unequal and causeth an hoarse and inharmonical voyce being drench'd with too much humor dry deterse or ulcerated which reason also will hold good in the rest But in parts naturally rough and rugged laevity is caused by viscid and glutinous humors adhering to the uncertunicles as in a Lieuteria so also things wounding and eroding by accident when a skar is induced on a cured ulcer by which that internal superficies is more smoothed and lesse fit to contain Magnitude is increased in the body by too much plenty of blood and fat Magnitude is increased in a part either by affluxion of laudable blood or vicious humors collected by fluxion or congestion So in some women the caule grows very fat by reason of the plentiful affluxion of blood and enlarges to such a bulk that by compression of the orifice of the wombe it induces sterility So vicious humors cause various kinds of swellings Magnitude in the whole body is diminished for want of aliment As in a Pthisis Marasmus and notable leanness Magnitude is diminished in a part when it doth not take in convenient aliment or cannot dispose of it The number of the parts is increased in birth or after birth In birth by the redundancy of seminal matter As when six fingers or three testicles are generated After birth by vicious matter As appears in warts or a pterygium c. The number is diminished in birth by defect of matter after birth by all those things which are able to amputate or destroy any part The situation of the parts is changed either by default of them or the parts containing them or the ligaments connecting them The situation of the parts is changed by default of the parts themselves by their overmuch crassity or gravity So the caule or intestines being too crass or too fat are by their owne weight of overburdened to a rupture or else they dilate the peritonaeum and fall down into the scrotum The situation is changed by default of the parts containing when they being broken or loosened cannot duely execute their office So when the peritonaeum is by any means broken or loosened it cannot keep the parts in it contained in their proper station The situation is changed by default of the ligaments when they are too loose or infirm so that they cannot retain the parts to the connexed in their natural place So the wombe the intestinum rectum and other parts do usually fall by too much extension or the weakness of their ligaments The connexion of the parts is destroyed by many internal and external causes In the joyntings peculiarly the connexion is changed by three causes 1 By defect of an entertaining room viz. an hollowness 2 By defect of a bone to be entertained 3 Of a ligament containing and making firm the articulation First there is a defect in the place entering when either the cavity receiving is too broad or superficiary or when the ridges are taken away or the brims hurt Secondly in the bone entertained there is a defect when it is bigger or less than is convenient or any other way out of shape Thirdly there is a defect in the ligaments when they are too loose or infirm From all these causes luxations are usually produced to which may be added violent and innordinate motions CHAP. V. Of the Causes of common diseases THE Causes of common diseases were proposed in the recital of their differences because they are thence derived therefore lest the repetition of them should be vain we refer to the fifth chap. of the first Section CHAP. VI. Of the Causes of the Accidental differences of diseases THE same causes which usually concur to the production of Similar Organical and common diseases are also the causes of Accidental differences as they are fraught with various conditions viz. if they be intense or remiss light or obstinate gentle or malignant or any other way affected they cause diseases great or small acute or chronical gentle or malignant and such like The fourth Section of PATHOLOGY Of the Nature Differences and Causes of Symptomes CHAP. I. Of the Nature of Symptomes A Symptome is a preternatural affection following the Disease as the effect of its cause and not being able to subsist without it THIS term affection is here taken in a signification somewhat more large than in the definition of a disease whereas not all symptomes have a permanency or position of parts in their subject but most part of them have a positive essence in a tendency to being for actions either whole or not well hanging together consist in the motion of the parts and are perpetually in a tendency to perfection Excretion and retention is proper to them so long as they are in that progress if we consider them in the mood of their formality But the simple or patible qualities are sometimes fix'd and permanent We also alleage that symtomes follow the disease because as we said they are by it effected but the effect is the attendant of its cause whence it also appears that it is different from its cause for that the cause of diseases precedes but the symptome follows But for the more clear understanding of the nature of symptomes the succeeding Theorems are proposed Every symptome depends mediately or