brought in the head of Saint Iohn Baptist to her Mother In the same Church lies the body of S. Siri or rather Sylus the third Bishop of this City under the high altar with this Epitaph Hic recubat Sylus sacro baptismate dictus Cujus terra levis Florida menbra premi wherewith this Book concludes the end of the first Book THE HISTORY OF ITALY BEING A Compendious DESCRIPTION OF ROME THE Mistress of the WORLD with an Account of all particulars therein worth Observation as well Divine as Humane The Second PART Ammianus Marcellinus in the 14th Book of his History speaks after this manner of ROME T is not a little wonder that Virtue and Fortune whom the world conclude almost at perpetual discord should accord together in that instant of time when Rome for its agrandizing had so much need of their united force By which their conjoyned strengths Rome augmented her Empire to that Greatness that she subjugated the whole World T is worth considering the Paralell between her and a Childe Who in its first Infancy creeps when she began to be built and peopled then it acquires vigour strength for Adolescential Exercises so she then warred only with her neighbours but when arrived to more full strength is employed in Manly disputes So she when arived to be 300. yeers old and increased both in vigour and People began to pass Mountains and Seas pursuing Warr into the farthest Countreys where she obtained and brought home innumerable Victories and Triumphs from the Barbarous and wilde Nations In the end having made infinite noble Attempts and acquired whatever upon Earth through Valour was to be obtained as t were arrived to mature Age she begun to acquiesce whereby the better to enjoy those good benefits and Advantages which she had then provided for Comitting the Troubles of Government to the Emperors as to her Natural Children for her better and more pleasing repose At which time although the People participated of that publique Ease and Profit and the Souldiery moved not for her further advancement yet such was the Care of her Greatness that the Roman Majesty was no less Reverenced than feared Virgil in praise of Rome wrote these Verses Ipse Lupae fulvo nutricis tegmine laetus Romulus Assaraci quem sanguinis Ilia Mater Eduxit genti Mavortia condidit olim Maenia Romanosque suo de nomine dixit Illius auspiciis rerum pulcherrima Roma Imperium terris animos aequavit Olimpo Septemque una sibi muro circumdedit Arces Felix prole virûm qualis Berecinthia Mater Invehitur curru Phrygias turrita per Urbes Laeta Deûm partu centum complexa ne potes Omnes caelicolas omnes supera alta tenentes Hanc olim Indiginae Fauni Nimphaeque tenebant Gensque virûm truncis duro robore nata Quae duo disjectis tenuerunt oppida muris Hanc Ianus pater hanc Saturnus condidit Urbem Ianiculum Huic illi fuerat Saturnia nomen And Ovid surnamed Naso composed these of Rome Crescendo formam mutavit Martia Roma Appenini genae quae proxima Tibridis undis Mole sub ingenti posuit fundamina rerum Quanta nec est nec erit nec visa prioribus annis Hanc alii proceres per saecula longa potentem Sed dominam rerum de Sanguine natus Iuli Effecit quo quum tellus fuit usa fruuntur AEthereae sedes caelumque â—…it exitus illi Who saith also in another place Hîc ubi nunc Roma est olim fuit arduasylva Tan taque res paâ—…cis pascua bobus erat In another Gentibus est aliis tellus data limite certo Romanae spatium est urbis orbis idem Divers other testimonies and Declarations of the Magnificence of Rome were writ by Ausonius Claudianus Rutilius Numantianus old Authors and by Iulius Caesar Scaliger Faustus Sabeus a Brescian and other modern writers which for brevity sake are here omitted but without comitting an unpardonable fault we must not leave out these elegant verses of Marcus Antonius Flaminius viz. Antiquum revocat decus Divûm Roma domus caput Urbium Vertex nobilis Imper I Mater magnanimûm Roma Quiritium Fortunata per Oppida Cornu fundit opes â—…opia divite Virtuti suus est honos Et legum timor prisca redit fides Nor these of M. Valerius Martialis Terrarum Dea gentiumque Roma Cui par est nihil nihil secundum The praise of ROME written by STEFANO PIGHIO ROME the Glorious is replenisht with stupendious Structures as well publique appertaining to the Popes as private belonging to Cardinals and Princes who at this time frequent that City The Gardens behind the Vatican called Belvedere from their beauty and pleasantness are no less estimable In which Pope Sistus quartus erected a noble Palace without regard to his expence soe it might be excellently carved painted guilt and embellish't with rare figures thereby to make it a Kingly Receptacle for entertainment of such eminent Princes and Lords as should repair to Rome Before the Front of that Pallace where the Pope resides is a most stately Porticue composed in the form of a Theater raised some steps above the Earth and garnished with many marble Statues and on the western part is another Porticue which stands between the one and the other Palace Belveder being near the Popes Palace and will be when finish't according to the design a most stately Piece and of great value But of greater wonder are those footsteps and marks of old Rome which seem rather the works of Gyants than of ordinary men although compared to what t was much inferiour by the great fallings and decayes of Towers and Walls in divers places where stood formerly publique Edifices Martial in most elegant Verse sets the Theater of Titus Vespacian before the seaven wonders of the World and not unworthily since to this day it creates admiration in all judicious Men by its prodigious Structure Who admires not the Pantheon or the Circalean Dioclesian and Constantinian Baths which Fabricks are built with rare art and so great that they seem Castles and Towns Or the vast number of Arches Triumphals Collumns Sculptures of whole Armies figured to the Life Pyramids and Obelisks of so vast bigness that who would transport one of them must build a ship large and strong enough to float and sail laden with a Mountain What shall we say of the great entire Statues of the Castori on Horseback of the great bodies of Rivers prostrate on the ground of so many brass Statues and Vessels capacious to bath in or of those Marble Tablets and Pillars with hundreds of other excellencies Each of which are worthy of and would fill up a particular volume if worthily described The Gardens of Belvedere contain some Statues of white Marble far bigger than the body of a Man as of Apollo of Hercules of Venus of Mercury of the Genius of the Prince thought by some to be of Anthony of Adrian the
Colleges where are allowed honourable Pensions to many Scholars The first College stands in the Street Santo called Prattense deriveing its name from its Founder Pileo Conte di Prata Cardinal and Bishop of Padoua in which are appointed 20 Scholars Padouans Venetians Trivisans and Furlans with a Prior or Governor who heretofore kept a Coach The Scholars pensions were 20 Crowns per Moneth and more but the Merchants Banke of Venice who usually payed them being of late lessened at present besides their Lodging and Service they have but ten Crowns by the yeer The Cardinal committed the Government thereof to Francesco Zabarella his Nephew and after his death to the most antient of his house and of that of the Family di Leone recommending it also to the care and overseeing of the successive Bishops of Padoua and to the Prior of the College of the Professors of the Laws The second called Spinello à Ponte Corvo instituted by Belforte Spinello of Naples is governedby the Priors of the Masters of Art by the most Antient of the house of Doctors where are maintained four Scholars Masters of Arts for five yeers two Padouans one Trevisan and another Stranger each of whose allowance is twenty five Duckats by the yeer The third named da Rio built in the street so called and instituted by that Family consists of 4 Scholars Masters of Arts approved by the most antient of that family their stay is permitted for 7 yeers their allowance is Lodging Rooms Bread and Wine with twelve Duckats and they ought to be of Padoua or its Territories The Fourth called del Campione situated in the borgo di Vignal is for nine Scholars in the Arts two Padouans two Trivisans two Farraresians two French men and one other Foreiner and for seaven yeers they are allowed Wheat Wine Wood Service Lodging and some moneys The Patrone or Master is the Abbot of Saint Ciprian of Muran The fifth named Santa Cantarina is submitted to certain Noble Venetians and hath for Scholars in the Arts. 16 who have Corn Wine Money Salt Lodgings and Service allowed in a handsome proportion for seaven years The sixth dedicated to Santa Lucia by the Brescians conteyns 6 Scholars in the sciences chosen by the Communalty of Brescia their allowance is 25 Duckats a peece with their Lodging and service defrayed The seaventh called Feltrino founded in the Street Santo is governed by the nobles of the family of Altini in feltre the continuance of the Scholars who must be students in the Laws is seaven yeers their number is but two Scholars and one-Artist they have for allowance a quantity of Wheat being 16 measures for each and 10 Mastellaes of Wine with their Lodgings The eighth built in the Street San Leonardo named del Ravenna is put under the tuition of Piavano di S. Giulano di Venetia the Scholars have Lodging Rooms Services and one Duckat allowed by the yeer for each The ninth in the Viginali called Cocho is for Six Noble Venetians each ones allowance being Lodging Service and 40 Duckats yeerly The tenth called Amulio near the Pratto della vallae is for 12 Scholars Noble Venetians founded by Marco Antonio Amulio Cardinal and every Scholar is allowed Lodging Rooms his services are payed and six Duckats by the year The third notable and marvellous Temporal Rarity of Padoua is the Piazza or place caled the Arena which is a noble Court round about which stands the old Arches and Vestigia of a proud Theatre which by the antients was called Naumachia but of later yeers they use it to run a Tilt and for all manner of horsemanship with many other games the Ladies standing to behold them in the open Casements of that proud Palace which stands at the head of the Court in a Lunary form the Arena or Court being Oval Backwards towards the Wall are gardens filled with Vines and pretious Fruits as also on that side which is towards the Church of the Hermits with a small Chapel dedicated to the holy Virgin which is also a Priorate of the house of Foscarie and belonging to that serene Family of Venice The fourth marvellous object is the Court of the Captain or Governour of the City where the Proud Palace of the said Praefect the Chamberlains and many other Citizens habitations besides the dwelling of a world of other People are so contrived that it may not improperly be called a little Cittadel This was the Kingly house of the Carraresi Its Chambers may truly be said to be built for Princes with two halls which for their Largeness and Nobleness could not be built for other the one is Called the Hall of Giants wherein stands the publick Library here are pourtrayed the most eminent Subjects of the Roman Republick of the World with a representation of their most famous Acts by the hand of Gualterio a most eminent Lymner with their Elegies under each figure heretofore composed by the most virtuous Giovanni di Cavazzi a gentlemā of Padoua and inscribed in a signal Character by Pietro Francesco Pucivigiano called the Moor The Books conteyned in the said Library are most excellent and in great abundance The signor Gio Battista Salvatico Doctor Knight and a Gentleman of Padoua bequeathed to it by his Testament his Collection of the Books of the Laws of a great valew The signor Giacomo Caino a Gentleman of Furlan Doctor and Reader in the College hath likewise given to it the Library of Pompeo Cacino a Physician his Uncle of no less esteem The signor Conte Giacomo Zabarella hath added to it a brave quantity of Manuscripts some writ in parchment others in paper bound in Leather Lymned with Vermillion and Gold rarely and exquisitely some whereof were never Printed amongst which are the workes of Cardinal Zabarella of the Count Giacomo Zabarella his Grandfather of Philosophy of the Count Francesco his Father which are in rime and prose in the Tuscan Tongue very learned and treating of many subjects concerning his own Family Therein also are the Works of Cesare Cremonio the Philosopher and many other bought at the Publick cost and others added there by the Signor Ottavio Ferrari a Gentleman of Milan Reader of Humanity in the Schools and the publick Library Keeper which Library is every day so increased by the Nobility and others that t is well hoped within a little time t will arrive to the Reputation of the richest and most famous in the World The fifth wonder is the Castle for the Munition above named near the Church of Saint Agostino which was built by the Tyrant Eccellilino for his safeguard wherein he slew so many Noble Padouans that he had almost destroyed the whole City herein are the publick Granaries to maintain plenty in the City and all sorts of Ammunition for its defence in time of need The sixth admirable thing is the Ponte Molino so called from the thirty wheels of Mills there erected a most signal Object and the five Arches of flint Stone
his Power for the Salvation of human kind by granting all the prayers of such as with a devout and sincere heart seek him c. The infinite Miracles wrought there shew that God will be sought in one place more than another in the Church hang many pourtraies of human misery as in a theatre which notwithstanding our mercifull God conduceth to a good end as particularly by divers accidents by Water evil Times Shipwracks Thunderbolts Earthquakes Destructions Precipitous falls braking of bones Sicknesses diseases Plague Slaughters Robberies Prisons Torments hunger Want and many others which a hundred tongues can hardly explicate as Virgil saith With which afflictions God is pleased to exercise his Children to expresse his Clemency more than his Justice that by it we may more truly prepare our hearts and our Souls worthy for his habitation and for our eternal bliss In this Church are many rare and pretious gifts of several Princes dedicated to the Virgin Mary in the Vestry are kept the Vests Vessels of Gold and Silver and other Riches of immense valew and about the Chnrch are many Tablets of Verses in praise of the Church The Nobleness and Magnificence of the Church of LORETO compendiously drawn out of the five Books of Floratio Torsellino a Jesuist ALthough no day passeth wherein the Cel of the holy Virgin is not visited by many strangers as well Poles Spaniards Germans Portugals other Oltramontaneous and Oltramarine Nations as Italians yet there are two seasons in the yeer when there is exceeding concourse to wit Spring and Autumn In the Spring begins the solemnity the day of the Conception of our Lord and in Autumn the day of the birth of our Lady and each solemnity continues for 3. Moneths wherein each day the house of Loreto is repaired to by great multitudes of people the greater part whereof go in companies with their Ensignes having carryed before them a Crucifix with the Images of Saints Every Company hath its own governors Priests who sing the Donatives offered follow which are of more or lesse valew according to the quality of the Persons and their Devotions which method of going singing praiers praises to God excites great piety in the Pilgrims and people who follow though not in order in infinite multitudes When at a distance the Companies begin to see the Church which is seated on a hill above the Fields they internally are moved to devotion and cast themselves upon the ground weeping for joy saluting the Mother of God and then pursue their journey some renting their garments and putting on sackcloth others beating themselves and being beaten by others with many stripes on the nakedshoulders In the mean time the Priests of Loreto go to meet these Companies introducing them into the Church with solemn musick Trumpets and Bells when they approach the dore the Companies again fall flat on the ground saluting the Virgin from the bottome of their hearts with such zeal that the beholders are moved to tears Arrived at the Chamber of the Virgin which shines most clear by the many lights brought in their hands they contemplate the Effigies of the Madonna with such Piety Tears Sighs and humility as is wonderfull and many affix them selves so much to consider the place and Actions which the Mother of Christ there performed that were they not driven out by other companies who overtake them they would never remove thence but such as come from far Countreys not being able to preserve the order of Companies resort thither in the best manner they can the most part if not all communicate there and leave their offerings at the Altar but the most precious offerings are consigned to the deputies whose charge is to set them and the givers names down in a Book for perpetual remembrance The Altar erected by the Apostles and the effigies of the Virgin Mary are alwaies clothed from time to time with sumptuous garments aud ornaments of great valew both in Gold and Jemms The Church is alwaies full with wax lights and Lamps burning resounding with musick and Organs but what more imports t is filled with the Spirit of God which terrifies the bad rejoices the good heals the infirm and works stupendious miracles The number of the Pilgrims at Easter useth to be 12000. and at the Penticost and nativity of the Virgin not much inferiour if not more there hath been the day of the said Nativity in our times and the day following above two hundred thousand Persons which hath necessitated the intendents to make a rail round about the Cel whereby to exclude and admit whom they think fit that they may not be opprest by Multitude Moreover because in all times the Companies of Souldiers intending for the Wars resort thither first to confess and communicate the Road is so well accommodated with Inns and houses of Reception that any Person though delicate and weak may make the journey on foot besides that the continual concourse of fresh companies to and fro renders the way less heavy this convenience invited M. Antonio Colonna not to speak of others a famous rich and great Commander to take that Journey on foot These Companies having seen the countenance of the Virgin rejoyce spiritually and commonly acknowlege they have gathered great benefit from the Pilgrimage though difficult Were it not too long difficult t were worth ones pains to recount the vowes there made and rendred to God how many there escape out of the mire of Sin how many are there loosed from the intricate tyes of carnal and forbidden pleasures how many there lay down their hatred and old envy how many men almost desperate to do more good and bound already to the Gates of hell by compact between them and the Divel yet there deliver themselves from the Enemy and recover a state of Salvation finally as the Soul is more pretious than the Body so the Miracles of the blessed Virgin of Loreto wrought for the Soul are more than those that are for the Body so that to discourse more at large the things touched here were a desire to measure and confine the divine power by humane frailty Which to avoid t is better to let it alone than undertaking it to rest unsatisfied and although for the most part Fame surpasseth the thing spoken of yet whoever hath seen Loreto must confess Fame could not speak so much of it and its glory as he there saw and contemplated The remarkable and wonderfull Site of the House of LORETO T Is credibly reported that the house of the blessed Virgin leaving of its own accord Galilea first went into Dolmatia and there stopped in a Wood of Marchiano whence it went into a Mountain belonging to two Brothers who were at discord but to remain there for a time God having determinated that it should stay where now it stands and we hope will ever continue if some sins of the adjcent People make not the place unworthy and t is presumed
Orsino That of Aldo Manutio who passed to a better life at green yeers consisting of 80 thousand Books We must observe though that Fulvio Orsino in the yeer 1600. added his to the Library of the Pope And that Ascanio Colonna never enough to be praised bought that of Sirleto for 14 thousand Crownes deputing to it intelligent Keepers with honest stipends that it may rather dayly increase then at all diminish The great Duke of Florence his noble Library is known to have good numbers of Greek Books and that of Urbino of Mathematical Writers That of the Malatesti is in Cesena in the Minorites Convent In Bologna that of the preaching Fathers In Venice that of the Republique In Padoua is that of Gio Vicenzo Pinello famous enough but le ts return to the Libraria Vaticana 'T is certainly concluded that the Gentiles usually preserved their Books in the publique Libraries as well as private t is no less evident that the Catholick Church from Christs time to ours had alwaies in divers places sacred Libraries to advantage students wherefore St. Augustine in the Narration which he makes De persecutione Arrianorum in Ecclesia Alexandrina saies that in the Christian Churches there were Libraries and that with the greatest care they preserved their Books and accuseth the impiety of the Arrians amongst other things for their taking away and burning the Books of the Church Saint Jerome likewise makes mention of the same Libraries when writing to Pamachius by his Books against Jovinianus he saies that he kept in the Churches Libraries Eusebius also in his 119 Book at the 11 Chapter writeth that the Church had holy Books in the Oratories and that in Dioclesians dayes to the end the name of Christian might be wholly extinguished the Oratories were overthrowen and the books burnt nor does there want conjectures hereof from the holy Scripture for that Saint Paul writing to Timothy commands him to transport with himself his Books to Rome chiefly those in parchment and in the first to the Corinthians he testifies that in the Corinthian Churches they used to read the Prophetick books Eusebius in his 5 book of the Ecclesiastical history at the 10th Chapter saies that the Apostle Saint Eartholomew going to prea ch the gospel to the Indians left there the Gospel of Saint Matthew writ by his own hand Which very copy Origene afterwards found in the Indies and from thence carryed it as Saint Jerome averrs to Alexandria when he also brought from the East the Canonical books of the old Testament Lastly the Hebrews diligently conserved their sacred books and on every Sabbath read the Books of Moses in their Synagogues wherefore t is reasonable enough to believe that the Christians have alwaies observed their rule of diligently copying and preserving the prophetick books those of the Apostles and those of the Evangelists But the places where these books were layed up were not alwaies called by the same name but sometimes Archiviunt a Treasury of Rolls scrinium a Coffer where evidences were kept Bibliotheca or Libraria a Bibliotheque or Library as in se veral Authors appears Then indubitably they used to lay up in places deputed to that purpose the Memorials of greatest importance the Books of the Bible of the old and new Testament and the Books of the holy Fathers many whereof written by their own Authors through this means have reached our times and will continue to future Ages if God soplease And because the collecting and conserving those books required a great expence as well in writers as Inquisitors and conservators therefore the richest Christians cōmonly contributed every one some proportion and part as a common stock for the Church to have the same effected And in particular we have great obligation to the Emperor Constantine the Great who as Eusebius recounts in his third Book of his life without regard to the vast expence made it his business to collect and secure the sacred Books which in the times of the persecutions the Gentiles had wholy dispersed After which the gathering keeping and choosing Books was particularly the charge of the Bishops and Priests for which end they were wont to maintain Notaries Stationers and Women exercised and skilled in writing as may be gathered from the life of Ambrosius and of Origene Among all other Collectors of Books Pantenius the Master of the Alexandrian School is esteemed the most diligent likewise Pamfilo the Priest and Martyr as Eusebius relates instituted and governed with great industry a fair Library placing there the Books of Origene and such other good Books as he could get written by the hand of which Caesarean Library St. Jerom against Rufinus takes notice Furthermore Alexander the Bishop of Jerusalem got together a good quantity of Books as of Betillus Hippolitus Caius and other Ecclesiastical writers and with them composed a worthy Library as Eusebius testifies who also confesseth himself to have been assisted by the said Alexander in his own Ecclesiastical History And not to omit the diligence of some of later times in the like work le ts remember that Pope Clement the first successor to St. Peter who wrote many Epistles profitable to the Roman Church deputed seaven Scriveners in the seaven praecincts of Rome who were maintained out of the Churches Revenne for no other thing then diligently to search out and write the Acts of the martyrs And Anicetus the Pope made it his business to find out a secure place for the laying up the lives of the Martyrs wrote by those Scriveners Pope Fabianus ordained seaven Deacons for supervisors to those Notaries to take the better care in executing the charge of collecting and true recital of the Martirs lives Of which Scriveners the Actions of the Roman Councel under Silvester give good testimony Pope Julius successor to Marcus who followed Sil. determined that the said Notaries abovenamed should diligently gather together whatever appertained to the amplifying and fortifiing of the holy Catholick Faith that all the things by them writ should be revised by the Primicerio or chief created to that purpose who afterwards was to place and keep in the Church what he had approved Pope Hilary was the first known that built a Library who erected two near the Founts of the Laterano wherein for that in those times there were but few Books and they at great price because wholly written by the hand he caused the writings of the Roman Church the decretal Epistles of Popes the Actions of the Counsels the recantations and opinions of the Hereticks and the Books of the holy Fathers to be layed up and preserved for the publique use of the Christians But to return to our purpose of the Vatican Library we must know that beside the abovenamed Libraries the Popes used so great diligence in collecting books as they put together one greater than the two former in the Popes Palace on the Laterano which remained there about one thousand yeers till Clement the 5th translating
the Apostolick Sea into France with it carryed the said Library in the Laterano to Avignon in France which continued there about 120 yeers till the difference was appeased between the Catholicks Pope Martin the 5th caused the said Library to be reconveyed to Rome placing it in the Vatican where his S. had then chosen and setled his Residence where they were disposed confusedly without any order and a good part lost Whereto Sixtus the 4th having regard it appearing to him insupportable that so great a quantity of books should go to ruine through ill government he built a place on purpose for them adorning it by all possible means placing them methodically and adding such other Books as he could come by and ordered the Officers deputed to that end to govern them with diligence endowing it with a hundred Crowns a yeer in perpetuity being the donative which the Colledge of writers of the Pontifical Letters was used to make the Popes yeerly and this was bestowed on the Library Keepers for their diligence and pains This then is the Vatican Library filled with the most choise Books that could be had a great part written in parchment with the pen others printed and their number exceeds six thousand books Antiently the President of this Library was called Librario then Cancellario whose office was to collect with diligence not only the Books but also to copy the Bulls the Popes decrees the Acts and Constitutions of the Synods and to keep every thing exactly because it appeared convenient that the Cancellario or as he is now called the Secretary of the Pope should have the managing and preserving of the Books the Library being in those dayes as t were the Office of the Secretary or Chancery but in our times the Offices of the Chancery and of the Library are divided They used to elect Men of the greatest knowledge and of good life for Presidents of the Library as Anastasius in the Life of Pope Gregory the second relates which Gregory he saies was first President there who being sent to Constantinople by Pope Constantine to the Emperor Justinian the second and being questioned by him he answered learnedly and the Bibliothecary in the life of the said Gregory the second saies that he was from a boy brought up in the Lateranian palace and being made Deacon by Pope Sergius took upon him the charge of the Library at last Sixtus the 4th on the 10 day of July 1475. being the sixth of his Papacy created a perpetual Keeper to the Vatican Library investing him in that Office by his Bull. Bartolomeo Platina of Cremona the Apostolick writer and familiar of Sixtus the fourth was the first president to the Vatican Library for which service he had 10 Crowns per Month for his maintenance besides provision for his own Table with 3 servants and one horse and the ordinary Vails which the popes usually allowed to their Familiants as Wood Salt Oyl Vinegar Candles Brooms and other the like things Bartolomeo Manfredo a Bolonian Doctor of the Canons was by Sixtus the 4th annno 1481 in the 11th of his Popedome elected to that Charge in lieu of the deceased Platina This Manfredo was a Familiar acquaintance of the Popes and wonderfully learned And to add splendor to this Office the Pope ordained that the Presidents of the Library for the future should be the first Squires of the Roman Popes for ever and should receive the accustomed honors and profits first giving security to the Apostolick Chamber of ten thousand Duckats and taking an Oath to keep faithfully and diligently the Library After Manfredo these following were successively created Christophoro Persona a Roman Prior of Santa Balbina in anno 1484. Giovanni Gionisii a Venetian in anno 1487. A Spaniard who was Arch deacon of Barcellona in anno 1492. Possibly this was that Girolamo Paolo Cathalano Canon of Barcellona Doctor of both Laws who was Chamberlain of Alexander the sixth whose books set forth and communicated the Practise of the Roman Chancery printed anno 1493. being the second of the third Alexander Giovanni Fonsalia a Spaniard Bishop of Iteran in anno 1493. Volaterano Arch Bishop of Ragusa anno 1505. Tomaso Ingeranni or Fedra Volaterano anno 1510. Filippo Beroaldo a Bolonian 1516. Zenobio Azziaiolo a Florentine of the preaching order 1518. Girolamo Alexandro dell Mota Arch Bishop Brundusian Cardinal 1537. Augustino Stenco Eugubino Bishop of Chiama Marcello Cervino of Monte Pulciano Priest Cardinal of the holy cross in Jerusalem was created by Paul the third He would not accept the stipend nor the four sportule or Fees usually given to the Presidents of the Library but distributed those emoluments to the two Latin Correctors and to him whose charge was to find out and place the Books Roberto de Nobili of Monte Pulciano Dean Cardinal with the Title of Santa Maria in Dominica was created by Paul the fourth anno 1555. Alfonso Caraffa Dean Cardinal of Santa Maria in Dominica created by Paul the fourth Anno 1558. Marc Antonio Amulio Priest Cardinal a Venetian Anno 1565. Guglielmo Sirleto Priest Cardinal of Calabria the 20th day of May Anno 1582. Antonio Caraffa Priest Cardinal with the Title of San Giovanni and Paulo a Neapolitan Anno 1585. Guglielmo Alano Priest Cardinal an English man created by Clement the 8th Anno 1591. Marc Antonio Colonna Bishop Cardinal created by the same Clement Anno 1594. Antonio Saulio Priest Cardinal created by the same Clement Anno 1597. And because t was imposible for one single person to give sufficient attendance to the government of so many Books the same Sixtus the fourth gave to the President of the Library two other perpetual Keepers persons of good Faith and diligence to assist in that charge allowing to each 3 crowns salary per Moneth and his Dyet and the other abovenamed perquiâ—…its as also for one servant The first of which were Giovanni Caldelli a Clerk of Lyons and Pietro Demetrio of Luca who was Reader in the Popes common Hall created the 10th yeer of Sixtus his papacy the first the 29th of April the second the first of May. Demetrio being dead Julius the second the sixth of July in the eighth yeer of his Pontificacy created Lorenzo Parmenio priest of the Chamber This pope the 23d of August in the first yeer of of his Popedome granted a Load of Charcoals weekly to the said Keepers but now for the whole yeer is allowed but 24 Load only In the yeer 1535. Fausto Sabeo a Brescian Poet and Nicolo Magiorano Hidronteno succeeded these the latter of whom being created Bishop of Mancpoli him succeeded Guglielmo Sirleto and him his Brother Girolamo Sirleto Federigo Ronaldo Valnease being created prothonotary followed Sabeo and Marin Ronaldo Brother of the said Federigo succeeded to Girolamo Sirleto Furthermore the same Sixtus that nothing might be wanting to the compleating the splendor of the pontifical Library created three with the denomination of exquisite writers the one in
come near him as is recorded in the 34th Chapter of Exodus To return then to our subject The Persian Kings had a Crown to be worn on their heads which Zonara sets down in greek by its proper name which can neither be commodiously expressed either in Latin or vulgar tongue and it was a capital offence among the Persians for any one to put the Kings Crown upon his head as Dion Chrysostomus denotes in his first oration De libertate servitute Likewise the priests of the Gentiles wore a crown upon their heads for demonstration of that repute which appertained to the splendidness and maintenance of their Sacerdotal office whence the Antients were stupified at a suddain view of the great Priest of the Comani to whom as Strabo writes was granted the first honour next the King and to wear a Royal Crown Besides in Emesa a City of Phoenicia the Priests went clad with a long robe having a Crown of pretious stones of various colours in token of Majesty upon their heads Which Ornament Antoninus being made Emperor of the Romans by the multitude the Souldiery and the Priests of the Sun would not part with again as Herodianus in libro quinto clearly proves and so afterwards the Emperors of Constantinople triumphing elected this ornament which was called by a proper name as we read in the life of Basilius Porfirogenitus Triumphum duxit tiara tecta quam illi tuphum appellant although some modern Authors call it Calipora as saies Niceforus Gregorius in libro sexto Or Bishops then having two royal Dignities to wit the spiritual and temporal deservedly wear a double crown as Innocent the third in his third sermon De coronatione Pontificis confirms saying that the Popebears the Mitre in token of the spiritual power and the Crown in testimony of the Temporal both which are conferred upon him by God omnipotent King of Kings and Lord of Lords But let us examine a little whether the Mitre and the Crown are Ornaments adapted to the Ecclesiastical customs The mitre by Suidas is called the swathe or Fillet of the head bound about with gold and silver as Brissonius explains and Eusebius in his second book the first Chapter calls it a shelter with which Saint James the Apostle called the Brother of our Lord was suddainly adorned when by the Apostles he was chosen and consecrated Bishop of Jerusalem which Ornament although it took beginning with Aaron Priest of the Hebrew Law is nevertheless received into the Christian Church to the end that therewith the Bishops of all Nations may be adorned Policrates Ephesinus wore the Mitre as Eusebius in the 31st Chapter of the third Book relates as Priest of Ephesus and likewise the other Priests wore almost all the Ornaments of the antient Priests as the Robe and the Mitre that they might appear the more adorned and majestick saies Eusebius in his Book whereof Amalarius Rabanus and others the gravest Authors treat more amply What we have spoken touching the Mitre is without contradiction and is held for truth by the consent of many and sundry Nations but what is to be spoken touching a Kingdome and a Royal Crown is not so perspicuous to all wherefore to our best power we will endeavour to manifest the same Then first is to be observed that t is the common opinion of all that this sort of Ornament upon the head of the Pope had its original from the Emperor Constantine the Great as appears in the Acts of San Silvestre the Pope the same opinion is also embraced by all other Roman Bishops as by Leo the ninth in the 13. chapter of his Epistle against the presumption of Michaele and Innocent the third in his first Sermon of the blessed Silvester confirms That Constantine the great at his departure from Rome to Constantinople would have bestowed his own Crown upon San Silvester which he refused but in lieu thereof put a covering upon his head entirely circular and a little after Innocent follows in words to this sence And for this cause the Roman Bishop in testimony of Empire wears a Regal crown called in Latin Regnum and in testimony of his Pontificacy he wears a Mitre which is most convenient for him in all times and places universally because the spiritual power hath been ever esteemed for the Prior more worthy and more great then the Temporal And reason will yeeld that San Silvester would not wear that Crown but such a one as only covered the Temples in respect his head was shaven as the Popes ought to be Which shaving gave good reason that t was not decent to wear such a Diadem but rather that circular covering which he chose named properly Tiara Phrigia whereof Juvenal speaks in his sixth satyr saying Et Phrygia vestitur buca tiara Which Ornament may be supposed to be borrowed either from Phrygia or Phoenicia as we please because the Phrigians had their original from the Phoenicians And that this was given the Pope by the Emperor Constantine the great is most evident in the Acts of San Silvester where the Emperor reckons up those things that he had bestowed on the Pope and being come to this gives it the name Phrygium as t was its proper name but in respect t was not manifest to all what thing Phrygium denoted he explains himself in the sence by us set down saying et Phrygium nempe tegmen capitis sive Mitram This particular required so much explanation for that Theodorus Balsamones confounding the signification of Phrygium by joining it with the subsequent Lorum which imports a perfect different thing hath caused many to erre in beleeving that Phrygium and Lorum put together do denote Pallium the Cope which Arch Bishops wear by the concession of the highest Bishop But t is not convenient for us to dwell longer upon the dispute let the intelligent read the latin Itinerary in this place where they 'l meet an ample discourse upon the significations of these words Other authors will have that this Crown came not from Constantine but from Clodoveo as they labour to draw from Segeberto under the yeer of our Lord 550. who speaks to this sence Clodoveus the King received from Anastasius the Emperor the Codicils of the Consulacy a Crown of Gold with Jewels and the red garment and on that day he was called Consul and King but the same King sent to Saint Peter at Rome the Crown of Gold with the Jewels the Royal Ensigne which is called Regnum Armonius also confirms in his first book the 24th Chapter that from Clodoveus the Pope had the Crown and Anastasius the Library Keeper under Pope Hormisda testifies that Saint Peter received many gifts In whom I have read that in the yeer 776 that Philip the first Pope and Constantine the second Pope were both consecrated in San Peters Church but we must observe that the antient Authors under the word consecration understand also the ceremony of coronation for that when they
say that Charles the great was consecrated Emperor they also by it understand he was Crowned whence we may draw that the Coronation of the Pope had its rise in long since past times since that in the yeer 683. under Agathone the first and Benedict the second was raised the custome of giving moneys at the coronation of the Pope and of expecting the authority of the Emperor Eugenius the second was crowned the 22d of May in the yeer 824. Benedict in the yeer 855 Formosus the first in 891. But after Clement which happened in anno 1044. all succeeding Popes were crowned as Panuinus observes in such a manner as by it from that time forwards the Prophecy of Isaiah in the sixty first Chapter may be well known to be fulfilled where he saies as our English Translation renders it For he hath clothed me with the garments of Salvatio he hath covered me with the Robe of Righteousnesse as a Bridegroom decketh himself with ornaments The Italian saies they meaning the Priests are crowned as Bridegroom after that the Pope is elevated to this supremedignity he wears the garments of eternal peace and a Crown upon his head This is that Son of Eliachim spoken of from God by Isaiah the Prophet in the 22d Chapter to whom even at that time God promised the Robe the Crown and the Key as you may read in the 20. 21 22 23 and 24. verses of that Chapter and so forwards The Crown is an Ensigne of Empire the Robe is a signe of familiar government the which things are found in their excellency in our Pope So in the 14th Chapter of the Revelation of Saint John at the 14th verse t is said that Christ named the Son of man appeared sitting on a white cloud adorned with a golden Crown upon his head And in the 19th of the Revelations about the 11th verse t is said that the same Word of God appeared upon a white horse with many Regal Crowns upon his head and all his Friends as may be read in the subsequent verses For this occasion principally were these significations by Crowns to wit that Christ through his Wisdom signified by the figure of a Crown of Gold hath obtained victory over all Creatures and subjected them to his Dominion So likewise the Roman Bishop who is ouer all Nations who hath brought all the People under his authority by the consignation and power of God deservedly puts on the covering of his head three Crowns thereby demonstrating that in glory Authority and great works he surpasseth all the other Kings and Princes of the world After so many fore-passed Popes Paulus the second created in the yeer 8465. of the noble Venetian Family Barbi as he was of a fair aspect and great Spirit so he took great care to adorn the papal Mitre with pretious Jewels and curious workmanship Lastly let us advertise the Reader that in those breifs written by Caesar Costni in the third chapter of the first book of his various doubts deceives himself where he would maintain that the Popes bearing a Mitre with three Crowns proceeds from those mysterious significations by him alleaged when indeed there is no necessity of them and let thus much suffice Of the holy yeer of Jubile which is celebrated in ROME every twenty fifth year The Narration of P. M. GIROLAMO da CAPUGNANO of the preaching Order Extracted from the Book of the Holy Yeer CHAP. XII GOD granted to the Jewes divine benefits indeed whereupon afterwards that Nation boasted saying That his divine Majesty had not treated other People after that manner But those graces which the Church our Mother hath received from the goodness of God do far surpass and exceed the Benefits bestowed upon the Hebrew People For that the Lord that she might be clean and adorned in his sight gave the blood of his only Son to wash her and the Treasure of his Wisdome to beautifie her Among the other benefits conferred on the Hebrew Synagogue that of the yeer of Jubile was most excellent called most holy for that it was the yeer of remission and of the commencement of all things which the Omnipotent God ordained to be from 50 to 50 yeers The like grace being due to our Church the Spouse of Christ though with a different end for that the Synagogue attended only to temporal affairs and the holy Church to spirituals singly by divine disposition she thought convenient to ordain also the yeer of Jubile though at first only from 100. yeers to 100. yeers perhaps to draw to good use the antient diabolick custom of the celebration of the secular Games which to this end were celebrated every hundredth yeer in Rome with a preceding general invitation from Cryers who proclaimed through the streets come to the games the which none ever saw since nor shall again which drew into the City of Rome infinite People of all Nations for the service of the devil And all those Nations since the institution of the yeer of Jubile render themselves at Rome though with much better reason viz. to serve the true God for the salvation of their own souls nor ought our pains seem strange to any for what is said concerning the mutation of evil into good because that not only in this but in divers other occasions the holy Church hath had this aime to consecrate that to God which the foolish generations had before time dedicated to Satan as may be seen in divers Temples of Rome now dedicated to the true Lord and his Saints which were formerly the Temples of Idols used for the distribution of candles and to make their Feasts as in San Pietro in Vincola the first of August the first of those ceremonies was made in Rome in honour of Februa by the Romans taken for a Goddess the other in memory of the triumph of Augustus Caesar. We find that Boniface the 9th in the yeer 1300. published the yeer of Jubile by his Bull wherein he declares as a Restorer rather then an Inventor or institutor of this yeer And t is no wonder that we find no firm testimony of its institution before that time because the Church hath had so many persecutions and so great toiles that t is a miracle that any antient Memorials are preserved rather then a wonder that some are lost At that time then the Pope in writing divulged this yeer conceding entire and plenary remission of offences and punishments every hundredth yeer which number of Centum one hundred bears also a certain sense of returning to good from evil as is fully proved by Girolamus and Beda principal Ecclesiastical writers Clement the sixth at the Instance of the Romans reduced Jubile to every fiftieth yeer chiefly for that the life of man is so short that very few arrive to one hundred yeers and for that in the number quinqua ginta fifty are contained many mysteries pertinent to the Christian Religion but principally it signifies remission and pardon the proper effect of
a seige and severely chastised for the perfidie and ingratitude it exercised from which was then taken its government and liberty and annually sent thither from the Roman people a prefect to govern them which happened the five hundred forty second yeer after Romes building when many Castles and Cities ran the like fortune with it for that they had with arms defended Hannibal as Titus Livius sets down wherefore Sextus Pompeiuâ—… sets Pozzuolo among the ten Praefectures of Campania on which the Roman People every yeer imposed Governors for all which some yeers after they passed farther by disposition of the Acilian Law to with that they sent thither a Colony of Roman Citizens and made it one of the five maritimate Colonies which were drawn from Rome in the five hundred and fifty ninth yeer by force of the Laws of the said Acilius the Tribune as is clear in Titus Livius being then Consuls Publiuâ—… Scipio Africanus writes the second time and Titus Sempronius Vellejus Paterculus from the opinion of some that the Colony was later sent thither to wit 3 lustres or 15 yeers after the above written time and addes that in sum the verity is not punctually known Yet verily the old memorials of Pozzuolo copious enough in the house of Hadrianus Guilernus the most courteous learned and curious beyond measure in antient histories wholly agree with Titus Livius where is extant one of those stone Tablets containing the second Law the Regulation of publick edifices and expences there to be had which was made in the Consulacy of P. Rutilius and Cn. Mallius Maximus the six hundred forty and eight yeear as the Faâ—…ti Capitolini demonstrate which happened in the ninth yeer after the conduct of that Colony to Pozzuolo as these words set down on the beginning of the said Law clearly prove Ab Colonia deduct a anno XC N. Eufidio N. F. M. Pullio Duum vir R. Rutilio Cn Mallio Cos. Operum Lex II. From which words we clearly comprehend that the comencement of this Colony was under the Consulacy of Martius Portius Cato and L. Flaccus in the five hundred forty eighth yeer although Livius sets it down to have been the following yeer Augustus being at last become Conqueror in the Civil wars having restored peace and shut up the Temple of Janus for reward of the veteran Souldiers disposed them into the 28 Colonies of Italy among which Pozzuolo was one then made a military Colony as Suetonius writes and as may be drawn from the fragment of the Military Colonies From the above written observations is certainly known how antient the Colony of Pozzuolo is and that many times Inhabitants were thither sent and inrolled And therefore this Author holds for very imperfect and ill treated from the insufficiency or inobservancy of the remembrancer what Tacitus sets down in the fourteenth book of his Annals and so Justus Lipsius thinks also for in the acts of Rome in the eighth hundred and twelfth yeer the Emperor Nero and Cossus Lentulus being Consuls we find these words of Tacitus At in Italia vetus oppidum Puteoli jus Coloniae cognomentum a Nerone adipiscuntur adding no more as if Pozzuolo for no preceding time had the quality of a Colony whereas Titus Livius clearly proves it to have been in that condition two hundred and forty yeers before but these two may be easily reconciled by the adjusting of one single word to wit the writing it verus instead of vetus in these words At in Italia verus Oppidum Puteoli novum jus Coloniae coguomentum a Nerone adipiscuntur for that being at first called Colonia Augusta with Nero it was called Augusta Neroniana and thence t is that Tacitus saies that Pozzuolo obtained a new condition with a new name but Tacitus not explaining the occasion why then a Colony was sent thither or who gave it new condition and what that condition was the place seems to want more then one word and because the particle At separates the word afore specified and the difference of things and the particle non tamen is placed in the midst of the period which followes this place is therefore believed defective and that therefore these words set a cloud before the eyes and scruples in the studies of the curious which this Author hath thought not easily removable without some supplement to that place of Tacitus to the effect following viz. At in Italia verus Oppidum Puteoli novum ius Coloniae cognomentum adipiscuntur aequè cladem passi Queis irritâ—…m Principis beneficium facere Coloni ex diversis legionibus undecunque coaâ—…ti numero licet frequentes ut veterem Tarentium Antium adscripti non tamen infrequentiae locorum subvenere dilapsis pluribus in Provincias in quibus stipendia expleverant And thus will the diffe rence be known between what â—…ell out to Pozzuolo and what to Laodicea by the copulation At of which Cities this returned to its proper state by its own power the other not although it assisted the Prince as did happen to Tarento and Antio the occasion of which misfortune Tacitus gratiously declares The learned are intreated to have due consideration of this place and to note the defects with a stelletta To return then to our first purpose the Author when he copied out those in scriptions whilest there permanent it occurred to him that a Colony was of new conducted to Pozzuolo under the Empire of the Vespasiani and was called Flavia for that he espied among those old stones a great square marble one engraven with letters of a foot long a piece the which by being continually exposed to the surges of the Sea hath its characters almost eaten out yet not so wholly but that one may read the third part of the elogy inscribed in the old Marble Arch the which the Flavian Colony erected to express a gratefull sence to Antonius Pius Caesar for his liberality in restoring the ports which part of the Elogy will hereafter be repeated In the mean time behold in Pozzuolo and its neighbourhood the meritorious objects Among others a vasâ—… Church now entitled S. Proculo Martire the which of old Calphurnius had dedicated to Augustus Caesar t is built in a corinthian order as may be understood by the Porticue containing one peice of the old title in the frontispeice in these words L. Calphurnius L. F. templum Augusto cum ornamentis D. D. All Authors question who this Calphurnius the Son of Lucius was chiefly for that there were so many Calphurnij and they famous in the time of Augustus and if it be lawfull to make use of conjecture none comes nearer then mine that L. Calphurnius Son of Lucius called Pisone Frugi after he had been Consul and Prefect of Provinces was also Prefect of Rome after T. Statilins Taurus who was twice Consul and triumphed he exercised this very charge in the time of Augustus and Tiberius for twenty yeers as Tacitus in the fifth Book of his
testifies in the 15th book of his Annals whose vast foundations remain to this day under their old name neare the Temple of Venus That of Pompey they say was on the third Mountain between the Avernus and the contiguous Tritullian hot baths whence the surname they yet retain and there some yeers since was found a statue of Pompey The Villa Academica of Marcus Tullius CICERO Pliny in the second Chapter of his thirty first book declares that the Villa of Cicero made so famous by his writings was in these quarters between the Avernus and Pozzuolo upon the Sea shore with a most delicious grove and a spacious hall to walk in wherefore Cicero called it an Academy in imitation of that at Athens wherein they ordinarily disputed walking Here Cicero made his sepulchres and so much was he pleased with it that he often spoke of it and entitled some of his books from it Questiones Academicae Academick questions Atticus being in Athens Cicero in almost every letter recommended his Academy that he might send to him from Greece whatever could be had for ennobling it with fair ornaments wherein Atticus failed not according to the occasions in statues pictures and other the like ornaments Whence Cicero in his Epistle ad Attiticum praiseth his diligence and the things sent him Cicero being retired hither in the calamitous times of the Republique to spend away the time toyl and troubles with Books many of the Principal Romans repaired thither to visit him and take some counsel Of them was C. Caesar after the victory he obtained in the civil warr C. Octavius the Successour of Julius yet before he made himself Emperour with infinite others but after that Cicero was banished the Villa Academica was possessed by C. Antistius who was the Legat of Caesar and followed his faction in the civil wars A little after Ciceroes death in his Villa sprung up fountains of hot water good among other things for the eyes and sight celebrated by Tullius Taureus the freeman of Cicero with an Epigram set down among the works of Pliny who wrote this successe and judged that Epigram worthy of memory We must believe that this Villa stood where now the Stadio is taking that name from the length of Ciceroes hall whose ruines yet remain so distinctly as that it may be measured how long t was and although this Stadio seem to stand too far from the Sea in respect of that we read touching Ciceroes Academy yet this will not create any difficulty since the Sea may be in so long a space of time through divers causes retired because truely this Villa in Ciceroes time stood over water at leastwise conducted from the Sea by certain channels so that he eating at table might cast into the waters for the fish to eat angle and fish at his pleasure The hot fountains are extant in a neere field in a cavern underground at the root of the hill which are also of wonderfull nature because they increase and decrease according to the flowing and ebbing of the sea by day and by night in their increase they cast abundance of water into the bath and when full part of the water returns to the fountain and part runs into the Sea by a certain small chanel or gutter made to that purpose This Bath vulgarly called Bagno Ciceroniano the Ciceronian bath and by phisicians Praetense or Tritulliano is as gallant and entire an antiquity as any in the Tract of Pozzuolo These waters were so soveraign not many years since over most diseases that over every bath was written for what cures t was good of which inscription some letters yet stand but the phisicians of Palermo as they tell the story finding those waters prejudicial to their custom went with instruments expresly demolish't those writings so that for the present they are unusefull the said phisicians being all cast away in their return Thus much shall suffice touching Ciceroes famous Villa for that Leander and other writers treat sufficiently of its nature and others thereabouts From the commencement of Ciceroes Academical questions is comprehended that the Villa of Ter. Varro a most learned Roman was not far distant but the determinate place is unknown The Villa of SERVILIUS VATIA SEneca demonstrates in his fifty second Epistle to Lucullus that on the shore between Cuma and the Lake Avernus stood the Villa of Servilius Vatia the magnificence and vastness of which Fabrick may be comprehended from the fragments yet extant He saies two Caves were here built with great expence into the one whereof the Sun never entred and on the other it shone from morning to night into which ran a delicious water through as pleasant a Meadow with many Fish Hither Servilius a noble and rich Man retired himself at such time as Tiberius Caesar afflicted many noble Romans and applyed himself to honest Labour far from Rome in peace for which he was styled happy and obtained the fame of knowledge in his affaires above others by that meanes avoyding dangers Touching the dead and other notable things others have abundantly writ let this therefore suffice for the purpose of the Baianian celebrious Villa's since of the other particulars in the times of those old Roman Princes t is impossible to treat exactly all things being so wholly ruinated and destroyed that scarce any footsteps remain The old City of BAIA The most fair foundations and pitched Piazzaes of the old City Baia lye underneath the waters scarce any fragments remaining on the Land but in the neighbouring Mountains in every corner lye baths hot baths and structures of Admirable Architecture notwithstanding that many great Fabricks were burnt many thrown down by earthquakes and many swallowed up by the Earth In the Sea may be clearly seen the great old Piles of the Port of Baia like those of Pozzuolo built of Brick with intollerable expence which now seem like Rocks as do the enclosures and foundations which of old stood for defence of the Lakes Lucrinus and Avernus against the storms of the Sea which was genenerally believed to be made in this manner to wit that Hercules by his strength upon two carts abrest drew as large a peice of Earth as was requisite and that a mile in length to the place and there fixed it and therefore Posterity for a perpetual remembrance and acknowledgement of so great a benefit erected to him a Round Temple near Bauli whereof some fragments yet are extant But afterwards that repair being wasted by the Sea C. Caesar again restored and bettered it as may be collected from Virgils Georgicks and from Servius his Commentator with whose opinion Suetonius seems to accord saying that Augustus perfected the Julian Port near Baia whence t is supposed that Julius Caesar had first setled it which must have been in his first Consuâ—…lship by Commission of the Senate who gave him that charge at the instance of the Receivers of the Customs and Tolls upon their allegation that the
Pelestrina named Suffucius by frequent advices and menaces which he had in his dreams was commanded to break out of a certain place a great flint stone wherat all the other Citizens his Compatriots fell a laughing but when the stone was broke the Lots or Chaunces suddenly leaped forth engraven in antient Letters which occasioned their honouring of Fortune in that place and thence became the place by little and little enclosed and shut up through respect of the Image of Jupiter there devoutly adored by the Matrons in form of a boy childe sitting with Juno in the lap of Fortune in a posture as seeking out the breast and teat and that at the same time after the Temple of Fortune was built there dropped honey from an olive tree wherewith by commandement of the Southsayers was made a chest and therein those Lotts were reposed the which were mingled and drawn out by a litle boyes hand when ever they would see the issue of any thing as Fortune had at large directed her intention to be that after this manner they should draw out the Lots This observation was most antient and such as affirm L. Sylla to be the builder of this Temple deceive themselves Which errour they took up from their reading the thirty sixth book of Pliny who doth not say L. Sylla built that Temple but that he began to make its pavement with small stones of various colours in small figures of which pavement thus wrought some yeers since certain parts were found under ground and therein figured many forrein creatures with their names in greek It may then be rationally believed that L. Sylla being victorious in the civil warrs after he had enforced C. Marius the younger to dye and his other enemies who had saved themselves in Preneste after a long siege took the City killing some part and selling others of the Citizens but repenting afterwards his impietie expressed against the sacred places for expiation of that crime he resolved to restore and embellish anew the Temple profaned and almost wholly destroyed by him It seems a notable advise and observation to me that the strength of the scite of this City hath occasioned its own destruction which hath had a much contrary event in all other strong holds The cause whereof is attributed to the assured confidence of the strength of the place for which cause in the civil warrs the weaker part ordinarily fled thither for safety but their enemies being stronger and more potent immediately layed siege to it so that at the end if they surrendred not themselves the besiegers ruined the poor City whence we read that in the following times of civil discord the Pelestrini that they might not undergoe so great misery as formerly they had done abandoned their City and retired to their dwellings To this day appear there many subterranean waies from the Castle to the foot of the adjacent mountains besides the Caves used as conservatories for water which were made for introducing of assistance or to fly the City occultly into one of which C. Marius the younger having withdrawn himself and perceiving himself to be beseiged on all sides so that he could not fly that he might not living fall into the hands of his enemies agreed with Telesinus to run one against the other with their naked swords so to kill themselves by which means Telesinus was slain but Mvrius remained alive thorugh desperatly wounded and soon after caused one of his Seâ—vants to make an end of his then begun death by killing him From which successes the Inhabitants of the place believe the stones of those subterranean waies to be still reddish with the bloud spilt there which yet is not so for over all those hills are stones red by nature and not through any accident of blood spilt thereon Preneste was first a free City and confederate with the Romans having its own Praetor as Livy and Festus declare calling her Municipal Appianus saies that the Prenestini at the time of the Italian war were made Citizens of Rome with the â—iburtini but some time after L. Sylla victorious as Cicero speaks in Catalines conspiracy having emptied this City by slaughters and banishments and deprived her of inhabitants by the many expulsions slaughters and banishments he made of them there remained so few inhabitants that he sent of the Romans to dwell there dividing its Territory among the new comers and thus made it a Roman Colony Aulus Gellius saies in the third Chapter of his 16. book that afterwards the Prenestini obtained of Tiberius Augustus a restoration to their first state that is into the condition of free Citizens having the form of a Colony wholly amoved from their City TIVOLI WHen arrived at Tivoli first go see those gardens which Hippolitus Estense Cardinal of Ferrara planted with so much cost many yeers since upon the back of the mountain together with a proud Pallace which also is beautifyed with old statues Pictures and royal houshold stuffe even to the emulation of the greatness and magnificence of the Antients But who is able with sufficiency ever to display in words the exquisite delights costs pleasure wherewith this place and palace is plentifully furnished and who shall relate the Labyrinths the Groves the half circles the triumphant Arches the Arches laden with old statues the Caverns of the Nymphs and the innumerable fountains which every where sprout forth waters the close walkes and beautifull arbours covered with trees herbs and tender branches and other like verts Ubertus Folieta of Genoua heretofore described it most gratiously But Corona Pighio cannot satiate himself with praising of it who published descriptions of that Palace and the gardens in Rome stamped from brasse cuts the view whereof in my opinion may draw as many persons to behold it as Rome doth with all its wonders Although we have scarce courage enough yet conformable to that published Table will we cursorily describe it for satisfaction of such as have not had the good fortune to see them or at least their draught in picture First then the Hill is levelled at top and upon the plain thereon is erected the Palace built of square stones with the grandure and magnificence of a Royal palace and with exquisite art and proportion On the right hand whereof lie enclosed gardens called Secreti and therein sixteen great marble Goblets emit clear waters in the midst whereof sits a Janus Quadrifrons with four faces higher raised then those goblets which makes four other fountains adorned like looking glasses and on the right hand a Tennis Court and other sumptuous places for exercise The forefront hath between the windows many old statues of Marble as hath the first Porticue from which lead two fair stone staire-cases up into the palaces Before this Porticue in the midst of a Piazza stands a Leda which Leda was wife of Tyndarus King of Laconia with whom as Poets feign Jupiter accompanying she brought forth two eggs of the one whereof came
Cemeterio Cardino in the Via Latina That tra'due Lauri at S. Helena That of S. Ciriaco in the Via Ostiense But we must observe that Astolfo King of the Longobardi tearing up out of the earth about Rome the bodies of many Saints destroyed also their Cemeterii or burying places and that the Popes Paolo and Paschale reposed within the City in the Churches of S Stefano S. Silvestro and S Prascede many bodies of Saints then lying in those Cemeterii which were ruinated and layed wast And that the Christians were buried in the Cemeterii within Tombes and Sepulchres of Marble or of brick and of those Sepulchres some were hereditary others bestowed in gift and that at last places were assigned particularly for the Sepulture of Christians to wit Church-yards c. The Roman fixed stations granted by several Popes to divers Churches of Saints with great priviledges and Indulgencies THe first Sunday of the Advent is celebrated at Santa Maria Maggiore The second at S. Croce di Jerusalem The third at S. Pietro The Wednesday of that season at St. Maria Maggiore The Fryday at the Dodeci Apostoli The Saturday at S. Pietro The Vigils of the Nativity at S. Maria Maggiore In the first Mass of the Nativity at Santa Maria Maggiore al Presepio In the second Mass at S. Anastasia In the the third at S. Maria Maggiore On St. Stephens day at S. Stefano nel Monte Celio On St. John the Apostles day at S. Maria Maggiore The Feast of the Innocents at S. Paolo The day of the Circumcision of our Lord at Santa Maria beyond the Tyber The day of the Epiphany or Twelfe day after Christmass at S. Pietro The Septuagessima Sunday at S. Lorenzo without the Walls The Sexagessima Sunday at S. Paolo The Quinquagessima at Santo Pietro The first day of the Quadragessima or Lent at Santa Sabina The second at S. Gregorio The third at San Giovanni and Paolo The Saturday at S. Trisone The first Sunday of Lent at S. Giovanni Laterano The Munday at San Pietro in Vincola The Tuesday at Santa Anastasia The Wednesday at Santa Maria Maggiore The Thursday of Lent at S. Lorenzo in Panisperna The Fryday at the Santi Dodeci Apostoli The Satturdey at Santo Pietro The second Sunday of Lent at S. Maria in Domenica The Munday at San Clemente The Tuesday at Santa Sabina The Wednesday at Santa Cecilia The Thursday at Santa Maria in Transtevere The Friday at San Vitale The Satturday at the Santi Marcellino and Pietro The third Sunday of Lent at S. Lorenzo without the Walls The Munday at San Marco The Tuesday at Santa Potentiana The Wednesday at San Sisto The Thursday at the Santi Cosmo and Damiano The Fridry at S Lorenzo in Lucina The Saturday at Santi Susanna The Fourth Sunday of Lent at Santa Croce in Jerusalem The Munday at the Santi quatro Coronati The Tuesday at San Lorenzo in Damaso The Wednesday at San Paolo The Thursday at the Santi Silvestro and Martino The Friday at Santo Eusebio The Satturday at San Nicolo in Carcere The fifth Sunday in Lent called the Passion Sunday at San Pietro The Munday at San Grisogono The Tuesday at San Quirico The Wednesday at Santo Marcello The Thursday at Santo Apollinare The Friday at S. Stephano in Monte Celio The Satturday at San Giovanni before the Porta Latina The Palme Sunday at San Giovanni Laterano The Munday at San Prascede The Tuesday at Santa Prisca The Wednesday at Santa Prisca The holy Thursday at San Giovanni Laterano The good Fryday called Parasceve at Santa Croce in Hierusalem The Satturday at San Giovanni Laterano Easter day or the Sunday of the Resurrection of our Lord at Santa Maria Maggiore The Munday at San Pietro The Tuesday at San Paolo The Wednesday at San Lorenzo without the Walls The thursday at the Santi Dodeci Apostoli The Friday at Santa Maria Rotonda The Saturday before the Octave called Sabato in Albis at San Giovanni Laterano The Sunday of the Octave from Easter day called Domenica in Albis at San Pancratio The Feast of the Ascention at San Pietro The Vigil of the Pentecost at San Giovanni Laterano The Pentecost Sunday at San Pietro The Munday at San Pietro in Vincola The Tuesday at Santa Anastasia The Wednesday at Santa Maria Maggiore The Thursday at San Lorenzo without the Walls The Friday at the Santi Dodeci Apostoli And the Saturday of this week of Penticost at San Pietro The Wednesday of the Feasts in September at Santa Maria Maggiore The Friday at the Dodeci Apostoli The Satturday at San Pietro Besides which there are other stations for every Feast of those Saints Apostles Martyrs Confessors or Virgines to whom any Church is dedicated in Rome and for the most part those Churches on the daies of their Feasts are visited with a multitude of People his S. himself often celebrating Masse or at least being then present atended by a great number of Cardinals and Prelates Of the Vatican Library of the Pope THe Vatican Library of the Pope is every day frequented by learned Men and meritoriously for that it is filled with the most antient books in all the Professions as well Greek Latine and Hebrew as other Languages writtten with the pen in Parchment And t is certainly to be admired that those Popes under so many disgraces negociations Foreign and civil Wars and sackings of Rome should still apply their chiefest study and pain in heaping together Books and preserving those collections Sixtus the 5th in our time beautified and aggrandized it wonderfully adjoining to it a noble Fabrick and causing most excellent pictures to be drawn about it Which Guglielmo Bianco a French Man praiseth in a singular Poem and Fryer Angelo Rocca by way of History treates of it diffusely As also Onofrio Panuino of the same Order Many great Scholars have only desired favour from the Pope as to publish an Index of the Greek and Latine Books extant in that Library that by this means recourse might be had to Rome from all parts both for the enlightning and correcting Authors who have been altogether unseen or are els printed full of errors This the noble City Augusta permitted and by that publique Index set forth in vited all to go thither for comparing the uncorrected for their amendment How many bookes have Francis the first and Henry the second Kings of France sent forth to light How many benefits have the Republique of Scholars had from the Grand Duke of Tuscanies Bibliotheque and how much more advantage would all the world receive from such an Index of the Pontifical Library which is of splendidly royal Other Libraries there are also in Rome as that of the Capitol That which appertained to the Cardinal Sirleto now to Cardinal Colonna valeued at 20000. Crownes That of the Family of Sforza and that of the Farnesi abounding with Greek Authors We pass by many Libraries of private persons no less replenished with rare Books as that of Fulvio
Sea this fish bears a great price in May or June as also of the sword fish particularly at Messina which t is written they cannot take unlesse they speak Greek and to say no more both the Seas and the Rivers abound with all sorts of excellent fish They have also in divers places many baths of hot cool sulphurous and other sorts of water usefull and advantagious in several Infirmities but those are in the River Sen◅ntina near the Cities Sacra and Himera are salt and un wholsome to drink We will not speak of the Fountains of sweet water that are found over all Sicilia and many Rivolets accommodated as well for the life of Man as the enriching their Lands by the overflowing And to speak in brief this Island is not at all inferiour to any other Province either for its fatnesse or abundance but somewhat exceeds Italy in the excellency of their grain saffron honey Beasts skins and other sustenance for the life of Man in so much that Cicero not improperly called it the Granary of the Romans and Homer said that all things grew there of their own accord and therefore calls it the Isle of the Sun Sicilia is likewise admirable for the fame of those things which told exceed our beleef as the Mount Etna Mongibello who sending forth continual fires from its bowels hath not withstanding its head on that part where the fire issues deeply covered in snow to the midst of Summer Not far from Agrigento or Gergento is the Territory Matharuca which with assidu al vomiting of divers veins of waters sends forth a certain Ash coloured Earth and at certain times casting out an incredible Mass of that Earth the one and the other Fields may be heard to roar In Menenino is the Lake Nastia called by Pliny ◅fintia where in three eddies you behold boyling water which alwaies gurgles with an egregious stink and somtimes spues up flames of fire hither antiently resorted all such as through their superstition were to be sworn to any thing It hath likewise in sundry other places divers other Fountains of admirable Qualities and nature for an ample account whereof the reader is referred to Thomaso Fazellio to the end we may abridge our relation here Sicily was inhabited by the Cyclopes which is verified besides what Authors affirm by the bodies of immense bignesse and heigth which in our daies are seen in the Grots or Caves Those Cyclopes being monsters of Men or Gyants whom the Sicani succeeded and them the Siculi or Sicilians Then the Trojans the Candiots the Phenici the Calcidonians the Corinthians and other Greeks the Zanclei the Guidii the Sarasini the Normans the Lombards the Swedes the Germans the French the Arragonians the Spaniards the Catalonians the Genouans and at length many Pisans Lucchesians Bolognians and Florentines all which people at several times inhabited divers parts of this Island untill Charls the fifth Emperor took Corona and after a little time leaving it to the Turks all those Greeks that dwelt there transported themselves into Sicilia The People are of an acute and quick wit noble in their inventions and industrious by nature and said to be of three tongues for their velocity in speech wherein their expressions proceed with much grace to facetiousnesse and quicknesse they are held loquacious beyond measure whence the Antients borrowed the proverb Gerrae Siculae the Sicilian bablings Antient writers attribute the following things to the invention of the Sicilians the art of Oratory the Bucolick or pastoral verse dyall making the Catapul◅e a warlike engine the illustrating of Pictures the Art of Barbing the use of skins of wilde beasts and Ryme They are by nature suspectfull envious evil spoken facil to speak Villany and prone to revenge but industrious subtle flatterers of Princes and studious of Tyranny as saies Orosie which at this day does not so generally appear They are more covetous of their own commodities or conveniences then of the publiques and reflecting on the abundancy of the Countrey sloathfull and without industry Antiently their tables were so splendidly furnished that it became a Proverb among the Greeks but now they follow the frugality of Italy They are valiant in warrs and of uncorruptible faith to their King beyond the custōme of the Greeks they are patient but provoked they leap into extream fury They speak the Italian Language but roughly and without the least sweetnesse and in their habits and other customes live after the manner of the Italians MESSINA THat City of Sicilia that is most illustrious is Messina built with the ruines and reliques of the City Zancla at a thousand paces distance from hence came Dicearchus the hearer of Aristotle the most celebrious Peripatetick Geometritian and eloquent Oratour who wrote many books whereof Fazellius makes mention and Ibicus the Historian and the Lyrick Poet and in the memory of our Fathers times lived there Cola the Fish born at Catana who leaving human society consumed the best part of his life among the fish in the sea of Messina whence he acquired the nick name of fish Hence came also Giovanni Gatto of the preaching order a Philosopher Divine and famous Mathematician who read in Florence Bologna and Ferrara and was afterwards elected Bishop of Catano and lastly hence came Gio Andrea Mercurio a most worthy Cardinal of the holy Church Here stood the City Taurominio which gave birth according to Pausanias to Tisandro Son of Cleocrito who four times overcame in the Olympick Games and as many times in the Pythick and Timeus the historian son of Andromacus who wrote of the transactions in Sicilia and Italy and of the Theban warrs CATANA IT hath also the City Catana one part whereof is washed by the Sea and the other extends it self to the foot of the Mountains where antiently was the Sepulture or burying place for famous and illustrious persons as of Stesicorus the Poet Himerese Xenofane the Philosopher and of two young Brothers Anapia and Anfinomo who the fire of AEtna raging and burning all the Countrey round took up upon their shoulders the one his Father the other his Mother but being disabled by the weight to proceed with speed and the fire overtaking them and at their very feet yet lost not their magnan imity and courage but when almost in despair the fire on a suddain divided it self before them and so they miraculously escaped safe In this City is a Colledge for all the sciences but most particularly they here study the Civil and Canon Laws and from her have issued many illustrious persons as Santa Agatha which the Palermitans will call of their City a Virgin Martyr who under Quintiano in the yeer of our salvation 152 suffered Martyrdome for Christ and Carondo the Philosopher and Legislator and he that was reputed the great Magus Diodorus or Liodorus Hence came also Nicolo Todisco called the Abbot or Panormitano the great Cnnonist and Cardinal who wrote so many books of the Canon Laws
and was present so much to his glory at the Councel of Basilea in the yeer 1440. It gave birth likewise to Galeozzo or Galeotto Bardasino whose vast body and strength acquired him the title of a Gyant of whose prowesse and noble Acts of Chevalry we have as large relations as any our Romances attribute to their Heroes The City Leontina or Leontio antiently inhabited by the Lestrigones was the birth place of Georgia the Philosopher and Orator and Agathone the Tragick Poet and since the faith of Christ planted there Alfio Filadolfio Cirino became Martyrs for it From the City Megara came Theo genes the Poet and Epicarmo the Comick Poet and Inventor of Comedies SYRACUSA Syracusa antiently the Metropolis of Sicilia and enobled by ma ny titles gave birth to many eminent men in all the sciences as to Theocrito the Bucolick Poet Filalao the Pythagorean Filomone the Comick Poet in the daies of Alexander the Great another Philomene a Comick who also had a Son of the same name and profession Sofrone a Comick in the daies of Euripides Corace one of the prime Inventors of the Art of Oratory and his Disciple Cesia no lesse eminent in Oratory Dione Siracusano who wrote of the Art of Rhetorick Sofane the Tragick Poet Epicarmo the most learned continued alwaies in Syracusa and at his death had a statue erected in honour of him Fotino the Comick Poet Carmo the Poet Menecrates the Physician and Philosopher Filosseno the Lyrick Callimaco who wrote in verse concerning this Island Mosco the Grammarian Jaceta the Pihlosopher Antioco the Historian Filisto an Historian and Father of Dionygio the Tyrant Callins the Historian Theodore the Philosopher who wrote of the Art of Warr Archetimus a Philosopher and Histo rian Archimede a Philosopher and excelling Mathematician with many others Amongst the holy Martyrs it afforded Lucia the Virgin and Stefano the third Pope From the County of Nea came Ducetio King of Sicilia Giovanni Aurispa a famous writer Antonio Cassarino a surpassing Orator Giovanni Martasio a most celebrated Poet and here also is the sepulchre of San Corrado the Placentian to whose merits they Fable many miracles From Agrigento a famous City issued the Conquerour in the Olympick games before Diodorus and Phalaris here exercised his cruel Tyranny which begot him the surname of Tyrant hence also proceeded Creone and Acrone both Philosophers and Physicians Polo the Orator Dinoloco a Comick Archino a Tragick Poet Sofocles and Xenocorate to whom Pindarus entituled two of his Odes In the City Therme now called Sacra were born Agathocles King of Syracusa and Thomaso Fazellio of the order of San Domenico who wrote the affairs of Sicilia in a large volume PALERMO THe City of Palermo is the fairest of all the others of this Island and at present the Metropolis and Regal Seat of which much will here be spoken she gave birth to Andrea the most antient and noble Philosopher who wrote the Civil history of the Sicilians but it was much more illustrated for the first breath it afforded to the Saints Oliva Nimfa both Martyred for the Faith of Christ Antonio called the Palermitan of the Knightly Family of Beccatelli of Bologna an Orator a noble Poet much ēdeared to all the Princes of his time When also flourished Pietro Ranzano of the Preaching order a Divine an Oratour and a famous Poet and at last Bishop of Lucera It bred also Monsignior Jacomo Lomellini its ArchBishop a learned Prelate and of great integrity of Life Sicily nourished also many other famous persons as well antient as modern as Sthenio Thermitano the defender of the Cities of Sicilia Stesicoro one of the new Lyricks of Greece Diodoro surnamed Siculo a famous and renowned Historian whose life the Author hereof hath wrote at large in another Treatise Thomaso Caula a Laureat Poet and many others Sharp and long wars were waged for the possession of this Island between the Romans and Carthaginians but the Romans at length remained Conquerours and reduced her into a province at the overthrow of Hie rone by Claudius Marcellus the Consul who was the last of those Tyrants under whom she had then tofore been subjected Then t was governed by Praetors till it fell into the power of the Emperors and Charles the great in which time the Empire and world being divided Sicilia Calabria and Puglia remained in obedience to the Emperors of Constantinople under whom it continued till Niceforus bcame Emperor in whose Reign the Saracens possessed it and Puglia the Mount Saint Angelo Nocero with other places in the yeer DCCCCXIIII hence they made frequent incursions into Calabria and to the very walls of Naples and Garigliano against whom Pope John the tenth with Alberico Masalpina his Kinsman great Duke of Tuscany armed themselves and with much difficulty and great slaughter drove them into the Monte Santo Angelo Which Alberico was Son of Alberto brother of Guido grand Marquesse of Tuscany some of whose medals I have seen with their Teste or Motto and on the reverse the flourishing Thorn tree the Arms of that Family in the hands of the Marquesse Lodovico Masalpina a Gentleman no lesse facetious then curious in collections The Saracini one hundred yeers after their in road into Italy were drove out by the Normandi who were Counts of Sicilia who for forty three yeers increased their Empire with much felicity till Ruberto Guis cardo seized Puglia in his own name and Sicilia in right of his Brother Ruggieri whereupon Pope Nicholas the second conceded to him the Title of Duke and created him Feudatory of the Church which was afterwards confirmed by Gregory the seventh who by him was freed from the injuries of Harry the third After whom Guglielmo the second was by Innocent the 4th created the first King to whom succeeded Gulielmo the third who deceasing without issue the Kingdome was usurped by one Taucredi a bastard of the Family of Guiscardi against whom Pope Clement and Celestine the third opposed themselves in the end Celestine gave Costanza the daughter of Ruggier the second a Nun in Palermo for wife to Henry the Son of Frederick the Emperor with the Title and right claim of the Kingdome whereupon Henry made war against Tancredi besieged and flew him in Naples and so succeeded in this Kingdome and Empire of his Father After whom followed Frederick the second his Son then Manfredo the bastard Son of Frederick got the Kingdom but was thence drove out by Charls of Anjou Brother of Saint Lewis King of France being called in and invested therein by the Pope under which Charls the Sicilians being complotted with by Pietro d' Arragona who married Costanza daughter of Manfredo at the sound of the Vespers Bell cut in peices all the French which were in Sicilia by which means Pietro became Lord of the Island which happened in the yeer 1283. By which occasion arose many contests and wars betwixt the Arragonians and the Anjouans for the