A booke called the Treasure for traueilers deuided into fiue Bookes or partes contaynyng very necessary matters for all sortes of Trauailers eyther by Sea or by Lande written by William Bourne ¶ Imprinted at London for Thomas Woodcocke dwelling in Paules Churchyarde at the sygne of the blacke Beare 1578. VIRTVS IN ACTA ¶ To the Right worshipfull syr William Winter Knight Maister of the Queenes Maiesties Ordinaunce by Sea Suruaior of her highnesse marine causes c. William Bourne wisheth increase of woorship vnto the state of honour and true felicitie WHat great commoditie and profit Right worthy worshipfull Knight hath alwaies redownded vnto the common weale and gouern ours of the same which in martial affaires and warlike discipline haue chiefely delighted and taken great paines and care in the same and vnto what excellent fame and renowme it hath alwayes brought and exalted vnto high dignitie those that haue taken vpon them for their Prince and Countries prosperitie great exploytes rather putting them selues in daunger of their liues then their Prince and Country shoulde bee dishonoured Then I may say without any obiection or doubt that your woorship is one For I my selfe can witnesse and of my owne knowledge know that no person in this Land hath such great iudgement and knowledge in martial affaires by Sea both touching the shipping for that purpose and also the prouision for the same as your woorship hath and as for your courage valiantnesse and wisdome which is not vnknowne vnto the worlde whereas I being most symple haue written this base and rude volume whiche I doo call a Treasure for Trauaylers am so bolde to dedicate it vnto your worship not for that the Booke is worthy to be preferred vnto so worthy a person but for my bounden duetyes sake to acknowledge my good wyll towardes your worship for that I haue most largelye tasted of your beneuolence towards mee being as a poore Gunner seruing vnder your worthinesse hoping that your woorship will take this simple woorke in good part the which woorke is deuided into fiue Bookes the fyrst is Geometrie perspectiue the second Booke is appertainyng vnto Cosmographie the thirde Booke is Geometrie general the fourth Booke is Statick and the fyfth and last Booke is appertayning vnto natural Philosophie as the contentes of the matter doo appeare in the Tables of the Bookes hoping that your worship wil take this simple thing as a true token of my good will towardes you although the thing it selfe be but rude simple And thus I ceasse to trouble your worship any longer at this time beseeching the liuing God to prosper you in al your affayres in perfect health with all your children and familie Amen By your worships at commaundement William Bourne The Preface to the Reader COnsideryng with my selfe gentle Reader with howe infinite paynes and labour dyuers heretofore men of most excellent wittes and of passing knowledge haue compiled their Bookes and with what heede and circumspectnesse they haue examined and perused theyr trauayles and with what feare and warynesse they haue published the same and not without good cause why for thereby they haue opened them selues theyr name and fame to no small daungers and harzardes namely to the veiwe iudgement and report of all menne For which cause nowe seeyng I haue taken vpon me at this time a harde enterprise a burthen too heauy for mee to beare or sustaine who haue at length shewed my selfe so hardly as to publish this litle Treatise I being altogether vnlearned and hauing no helpe of any other learned persons being of my selfe altogether destitute both of knowledge and learning Wherefore I desyre thee gentle Reader to beare with my rudenesse and consider that it is the good wyll which I beare vnto my natyue Countrey for to profyte the common wealth as much as lyeth in me although that it be not learned lyke yet I pray thee holde me excused beyng altogeather ignorant lacking the capacâ—â—e both of knowledge and eperience who hauyng taken vppon me to publyshe this to the scannyng and trying of so many touchestones and daungerous crimes that I beyng so simple should enterpryse so farre to take vpon me to open any Science But notwithstanding I doo see that it is so needful a matter to be knowen vnto a number of persons that doo desyre for to haue instructions in those causes that are conteyned in this symple volume the which booke I doo call A Treasure vnto Trauaylers and is diuided intoo fyue Bookes And the fyrst booke conteyneth the particuler conclusions of the Skall Quardrant or Astrolobe and in the like maner the particuler conclusion of the Crosse staffe c. Also the vse of the Horizontall or flatte Sphere whereby to drawe or take the platte of any countrey c. The Seconde booke dooth shewe vnto you if that you doo knowe the Longitude and the Latitude of any place truly then howe to knowe the distance in myles from you or any place assygned and by what poynt of the Compasse that it is from you And because that London is the most famous and the most principall place here in Englande I haue haue named certayne principal places here in Europe and also in Africa and in Asia and also in America with some of the principallest Ilandes in the worlde both their Longitude and Latitude and their distance from the citye of London and by what poynt of the Compasse that it is from London and also how much that the Moone doth chaunge rather or later then it doth at the citie of London and what length their longest day is of c. The third booke is as touching the measuring of Superficials and sollid bodies and howe to augment them or diminish them vnto what proportion or bignes you list whether that it be the tonnage of any shyppe or the bignesse of any kaske c. The fourth boke is as touching the Art Statical as to know the waight of any shyp swimmyng on the water and such other like c. The fifth or the last boke is as touching the natural causes of sand and rockes in the Sea and diuers such other like causes as it doth appeare in the table of the contentes of the Bookes c. The which things in my opinion are very necessarie for al maner of persons and especially vnto such as be Trauaylers which causeth me to geue the booke vnto name A Treasure vnto Trauaylers For what thing can there bee more better vnto a Trauayler either by Sea or by Lande Golde Siluer onely excepted then to know the distances from place to place and to haue capacity to know the height and the lownes of any thing how to make a Plat or Carde for any countrey c. which is declared in the first booke And also how necessary a thing it is for a Trauailer to know vnto what quarter of the worlde any place dooth beare from him what the distauÌ„ce is
thither what length the day is of wheÌ„ he is theâ—e as I haue knowne a great number of persons that haue trauayled vnto sundry places wheÌ„ they haue come home they haue had no iudgement at all as touching that place that they haue trauayled vnto for that they haue not knowne vnto what quarter of the worlde the place is that they haue beene at neither in respect what the distance is thither And these matters are shewed in the second booke And also it is not hurtfull but necessary for a Trauayler to know how to measure al manner of Superficalles as land pauementes bourd and Glasse and solid bodies as Tymber and Stone and the burthen or tonnage of shyps and the bignesse of any thing And furthermore it is necessary for a Trauailer in like maner to haue a way to get the true waight of any thing that swimmerh on the water in like maner to know the waight of any thing that synketh into the water what it waigheth in the water to be lifted froÌ„ the bottome vnto the superficiall part of the water as it is declared in the fourth boke And furthermore it is very necessary conuenient for Trauaylers either by Sea or by land to haue knowledge in the natural causes of sundry things that are to be seene in trauayling as the cause of sands bankes as well in riuers as in the sea and the cause of Marish ground and meddowes the cause of cliffes on the sides of riuers on the sea coast with such other like matters as is declared in the fifth and last Booke And now it is possible that some persons wyll marueyle that I being so simple and not learned shoulde take vppon me to be a medler in these causes for that they be matters that doo appertayne vnto learned men And it is possible that it wil be dislyked of a nuÌ„ber of people as enuie dwelleth generally in the hartes of most men for that is the propertie of many people to dislyke all things that are not doone by them selues vsing to reade Bookes to no other ende but to fynde faultes in them And yet it is possible that they will do nothing theÌ„ selues which were a cause of discouragyng vnto any person that dooth write yet notwithstanding it shal not discourage me for that I am vtterly vnlearned and therefore it shall not dislyke me if any learned man dooth fynde any faulte therein for I beyng simple and vnlearned it is no discredite for me eyther to be taught or to haue the faultes shewed vnto me For by that meanes I may refourme the faultes either by them or my selfe And furthermore I doo not intende to make any booke to teach them that are cunning learned But the only cause of my writing of this booke is to instruct or teach them that are simple and vnlearned And therefore notwithstandyng I shal the better lyke of it if any learned man should write or set out any booke as touching these causes to refourme this And my opinion is this if that any Booke be set foorth vnto the common people in the world that then it is to the ende to teach the symplest sort of people that are not instructed in learned causes But if that it be any high poynt in learned causes then it is not for the common sort of people but to be in learned mens Libraries and therfore as it is not written by a learned man so in lyke manner you must not looke for fyne or eloquent schole termes but euen to take the substance of the matter rudely as it is and more to regarde the necessarinesse of the matter whether it may doe any good in the common wealth c. And yet notwithstanding my opinion is this that no person is to be disliked of that doth his good wil and endeuour to doo good in the common wealth howesoeuer that it prooueth But those persons are vtterly to be dyslyked of that doo hurt willyngly in the common wealth as extortioners and vsurers and conuayers of Corne and Vitayles and other necessaries and commodityes that his countrey dooth lacke or hath neede of And al those persons are not to be thought well of that doo desyre to lyue easily abusing the good benefytes that God dooth blesse the earth with as al licentious lyuers as drunkardes banketters whoores and whooremaysters and such as doo vse an excesse in apparell much aboue their degree And also those people are to be abhorred of al men who doo annoy the earth that vse quarrellyng and fyghtyng robbyng and stealyng caryng not howe they come by it so that they may haue it with which this our countrey of England floweth at this day the more is the pytie for what wickednesse is there that can be deuysed but that it is vsed here in England amongst al degrees which must needes procure the wrath of God to lyght vppon vs. And there is as great abuse amongest the Clergie which should be as Lanternes to geue vs lyght to leade vs vnto vertue But now in these dayes they be as Lanternes to leade vs vnto vice So that al degrees of people are geuen vnto wickednesse although that we haue the Gospel of Iesus Christ preached dayly vnto vs yet wickednes doth abound for what synne or wickednesse is there but that it is suffered and vsed as wichcraft and sorcery and magical Inchantment and coungering which is the greatest and most abominable dishonouring of God that may be For in theyr magicall Inchantment and coungeryng doo they not obserue houres in the making of Carecters set vp pickturs of the Roode and Agnus Dei and the Doome and a number of such other pickturs paynted and gilded vppon Virgin Parchment as they cal it And then in like maner their cirkles must be perfumed inbalmed with sweete odours and they must haue a knaue priest made by the Popes lawe to hallowe a certayne portion with a number of such vayne Ceremonies And when that they haue the diuel whom they doe serue doo geue him in some cases some thing for a sacrifice and when that they doo geue the diuel a charge to tel them any question that they would knowe then are vsed a number of superstitious wordes as in the name of the virginitie of the Virgin Mary and the head of Iohn Baptist and a number of vaine Saintes more besides a number of such detestable Ceremonies to the great dishonouring of God c. And who is the cause and the procurement of these most odious and detestable matters but a number of vaine wicked people yea some of theÌ„ be of no smal wealth nor calling that do procure these matters For if that they haue lost any thing theÌ„ they must repaire vnto a Coniurer to know where that is againe And furthermore there are some vaine foolish Gentlemen which seeke to liue pleasantly and idlely that must
profitable for al sortes of people And although that M. Thomas Dygges in his booke called Pantometria hath written thereof generally yet I doo thinke it very necessarie to write of it particularly c And nowe for the marking of the Quadrant doo this first take a peece of wel seasoned wood that is bard and fine grayned as Boxe or such other like or els you may make it in metal as in Brasse or Latten c. and then being wel playned or polished and the larger the better For in a small Instrument you may committe an erroure soner then in a large then be sure that one of the corners haue a square or ryght angle and then there set the one of the feete of your compases and with the other foote of the compases make a quarter of a circle for that it is called a Quadrant it is the .4 parte of a Circle and no .4 cornered thing And that beeing done then deuide the edge thereof into .9 equal parts and euery one of those partes deuide into .10 equal partes so that then there wyl be in al .90 equal partes and euery one of those diuisions or parts are called a degre a degree is no other thing but a whole circle diuided into .360 equall partes and then at euery .10 or .5 degrees you may make them as thus .5 and .10 and .15 and .20 or els as this .10 and .20.30 and so forth vnto .90 for that the quadrants is diuided into ·90 equall partes and the vse of these diuisions or parts called degrees is to know the heyght of the sunne or any starre aboue the horizon whereby they may know the altitude or height of the pole of the world aboue the horizon as I doe more at large declare in my booke that is extant in prynt called The Regiment for the sea c. and also the degrees are very necessary for gunners to know what ground that any peece of exdenāce doth cast or cōuey the shot at the mont of euery degre as I do more at large declare in my booke called the Art of shooting in great ordenance c. And now furthermore for the making of the Scal vpon the Quadrant do thys at the ryght angle or corner make a square in such sort that the other corner ryght against it doth stand iust vpon .45 degrees loke that it be a ryght or square angule in lyke maner and so from that to the two sides there wyl be .4 square or ryght angule and then deuide two of those sydes that is to say the two sides that is from the corner where that the Plummet shal hang towards the partes of the degrees diuide eche of them into .12 equal partes and then marke .12 at .45 degrees and then make two sightes vpon one of the sides of the Quadrant and those diuisions or partes of that or next vnto the two sightes are the partes of right shadowe and then the other diuisions are the partes of contrary shadowe And here dooth folowe the demonstration of the Quadrant with the Seal c. Nowe foloweth the forme of the backeside of the Astrolobe c. ¶ The second Chapter is of vpryght shadowe that is to say to know the heyghte of al thyngs taken within the length of the thyng NOwe followe the conclusions of the Scall both of the Quadrant and also of the Astrolobe but the Astrolobe is the better And first for line of leuel called of Gonners the poynt blanke turne the other side C. right with the lyne of leuel G. and H. then put your thombe thorow the ridge D. then hold vp your hande that you may looke thorow both the sight A. and B. thē al things that you se thorow is leuel with the sight of your eye neyther higher nor lower Now if that you wyl know the height of any Towne or vpright wal doe thus turne the Athelida C. to the corner of the Scall and set it vpon the parte 12. then goe forwards or backwards tyll that you doe see the toppe of the wall thorow the two sightes A. and B. then measure how many foote it is from the middle of your foote to the hard wall so many foote the wall is high and as much as it is from your eye downe to your feete and that you must adde to in all your heightes looke that the grounde be leuell and be sure that you stand vpright and winke with the one eye Now furthermore beinge an vpright wall set the Athelida C. vpon the part one of vpright shadow then doing as before is rehearsed than mete the grounde to the wal .12 times the measure shal be the height of the wal then the Athelida vpon the part 2. then sixe times the measure to the wall shall bee the height of the wall the Athelida vpon the part 3. then 4. tymes the measure shall be the height of the wall then vpon the parte 4. then 3. times the height shall be the measure of the height of the wal the Athelida vpō the part 6. thē mete to the wal double the mesure shal be the height of the wall Alwayes prouided that you ad to the measure the length of your body from your eye to your feet now shall you haue a way to get the height of a steeple or wall that hath a ditch but then you must haue two standings and still for vpright shadow set your Athelida vpon the part 12. then looking thorow the sights holding it vpon your thombe as afore is rehearsed then with the midle of your foote set a mark then turne the Athelida to the part 6. of vpright shadow and there make an other marke then mete how many feete it is betwixte the 2. standings then double that measure shal be the height of the steeple or wall the first standing vpō the part 12. then turne the Athelida to the part 8. of right shadow then measure the grounde 3. times that distaunce shall be the height of the steeple or wal the first vpon the part 12. and the second vpon the part 9. then 4. times the measure shall bee the height of the steeple the first standing vpon the parte 12. the next on the part 10. then the measure betweene the two stādings shall be the 6. part of the height the first standing on the part 12. the next on the part 11. the mesure betweene the standings shall be the 12. part of the height yet furthermore for vpright shadow first set the Athelida vpon the parte 9. of right shadowe then doing as afore is sayde set a marke with the midle of your feete then turne the Athelida to the parte 3. of right shadow and there set a mark then measure those two standings and then double that mesure that shall be the height of the Steeple or wall or the first standing vpō the part 8. the next vpō the part 4. thē doyng as before is said 3. times the mesure
of the Astrolobe to knowe the true wydenesse of any Water or howe farre that anye Shyppe is of from you or to take anye great distaunce by layinge the Astrolobe flatte beefore you with the Skall vpwardes The Eight Chapter sheweth vnto you if that you doe knowe the distaunce then you maye knowe whether it bee higher grounde or lower then the place that you are vpon how much both by the partes of the Skall and by the degrees and also you may know whether that one Ship be hygher then another The ninth Chapter sheweth the makinge of a Crosse-staffe that in some cases is better then the Skall of the Astrolobe or Quadrant The tenth Chapter sheweth how for to vse the crossestaffe for to knowe the length of any wall or the distaunce betweene any 2. markes and also the distance from you vnto any wall or marke The eleuenth Chapter sheweth you how for to take the length of a wall when that you haue not grounde large yenough for your .2 stations or standings The twelfe Chapter sheweth you howe for to know the distaunce vnto any 2. markes or to the 2. endes of any wall by the extracting of the square roote The thirteenth Chapter sheweth howe for to knowe the distaunce vnto any marke with the Crossestaffe without the extracting of the roote and also howe for to take the height of any thing with the Crossestaffe The fourteenth Chapter sheweth vnto you howe that you shall know the distaunce of any shippe from you and you being in another shippe and both the shippes vnder sayle and goyng by the crosse staffe The fifteenth Chapter sheweth vnto you how that you shall make an instrument whereby that you you maye describe a region or countrey whiche you may call a Horizontall and also howe for to take the plat of any ground The sixteenth Chapter sheweth you howe to make a Trounke or Skall of measure in a Mappe or Carde whereby you maye knowe the distaunce in myles that it is from one towne to another The seuenteenth Chapter sheweth vnto you howe you may make a Carde or mappe for any countrey placing in it the true longitude and the true latitude and also howe for to knowe the true longitude and the true latitude The eyghteenth Chapter sheweth vnto you howe you may place all the principall riuers or waters truely in anye Carde or Mappe Finis The Argument of the seconde Booke of the Treasure for Trauailers The second booke of the Treasure for Trauaylers shewing howe by the longitude and latitude of any Cytye Towne or place for to knowe the distance in myles vnto them and also by what poynt or winde of the compasse they be from you And also there is shewed in this booke how dyuers notable Cyties Townes or places doe beare from the Citie of London both in Europe Africa Asia and America with sundry principall Ilands in the sea both by what distance they be in myles from London and what winde or poynt of the compas they are frō Londō also theyr longest day the diuersitie aspect that is to say howe much the Moone shal chaūge rather or later then it doth at the Cytie of London being very necessary for all sortes of traualers eyther by Sea or by Lande Written by william Bourne ¶ To the courteous Reader FRiendely Reader there is conteyned in this seconde Booke how by the longitude and the Latitude to knowe the distance vnto what quarter of the worlde that anye place assigned is from you that is to saye how many miles according vnto our english accoumpt and by what poynt of the Compasse anye Citie or Towne or any other notable Place is from you wheresoeuer you bee vppon the face of the whole Earth And for that the Citie of LONDON is the most notable the famousest place heere in ENGLANDE therfore I haue thought it good to assigne the Citie of London to be the place appoynted how farre sundrye notable Cities and Townes and other places worthy of memorye are from the citie of Londō both their distance in miles vnto what quarter of the world they doe beare from the Citie of London according to their longitude and latirude accordingly as sundrye authors haue set downe their longitude and latitude and also there is contayned in this second Booke the diuersitie aspecte that is to saye how much that the Moone shall change rather or later then it doth at London according vnto the Longitude of the places that are mentioned in this second Booke and also the length of the longest Sommer day at the places named in this secōd Booke according vnto the latitudes of the places sette downe in this seconde Booke And for that there is no person that hath trauailed generally through the face of the whole earth therefore they must needes of force folowe such authours as haue written therof whether they be true or not and therefore you must needs take thē as they be for otherwise I know not how it is possible for to doe it but onely to folowe the best and most Learned authors that haue written in those causes And yet the learned men that haue bene afore time must of force folow those that haue giuen vnto them the notes of the longitude and the Latitudes of any places that they haue not bene at them selues whether they be true or not And there bee a number of persons who if they doe fynde but a small fault in any Booke then by that meanes they will goe about to discredit the whole matter often repeatinge the matter yf they doe fynde any errour in it as who shoulde saye what a cunning man he is although in all the rest of the whole booke hee is not able to say any thing thereunto And it may bee possible that hee may haue no iudgement in the rest of the causes how necessarie so euer the rest of the substance of the matter is Wherefore gentle Readers if you doe finde any fault in this Booke then gently geue me warning thereof and if you doe amende the faultes therin contayned then I shall bee the more beholding vnto you c. For as touching the longitude and the latitude of places men must credit those that haue beene there for the trueth of the matter and yet euery man that hath bene at any place cannot do it for the .100 person that hath trauailed vnto places is not able to take the true latitude but much lesse the longitude of any place And furthermore as touching the true distaunce vnto any place assigned that cannot bee by any one poynt of the Compasse as is declared in this Booke c. And thus gentle Readers I betake you vnto the almightye God for euermore ¶ The second booke of the treasure for Trauaylers The first Chapter of the Second booke shewing you how for to know the distance vnto any Towne vpon the face of the earth and what is to be considered in the doing thereof c. NOwe
betweene the two feete of the Compasses and that beyng knowne then multiply the number of degrees by 60. and that shall shewe vnto you the true number of myles betweene any two places assigned and this beyng doone precisely taking the true number of degrees the partes therof you shal not fayle of the truth so that the Longitude and Latitude of the places be truely set vppon the Globe and then 60. myles dooth aunswere vnto one degree both vnder the Equinoctiall and the Meridians And in euery great Circle on the Globe of the Earth whose whole circumference or compasse is 21600. myles so that no two places assigned cannot be further distaunce asunder then 10800. myles and then the one must be opposit or ryght against the other being Antipodes goyng feete vnto the feete of the other and then as before is declared it is neyther East nor West nor no poynt of the Compasse else for which waye soeuer that you doo goe by anye ryght lyne the distaunce is all one but if that any two places bee not directlye Antipodes the one vnto the other then that is nearer one waye then that it is another way and yet it shall not bee by any one poynt of the Compasse but by diuers poyntes of the Compasse as before is rehearsed except that the two places bee both vnder one Meridian or else vnder the Equinoctiall c. ⧠A Table of the Contentes of the chapters of the second part of this Booke called a treasure for Trauailers FIrst to the Reader of thys seconde part The firste Chapter of the seconde parte sheweth you how for to know the distance vnto any towne vpon the face of the earth and what is to be considered in the dooynge therof The Seconde Chapter sheweth vnto you howe you may know the distaunce vnto any Towne situate vpon the face of the whole erth so that you doe know the true longitude and the true latitude of them The Thirde Chapter sheweth howe too knowe vnto what quarter of the worlde that anye place doth stande from you that is to saye by what poynt of the Compasse you knowing the true longitude and the true latitude The Fourth Chapter sheweth the longitude and the latitude and by what poynt of the compasse that sundry places within England and Scotland and Irelande and also of certayne Ilandes neare vnto them doth beare from the Citie of London and what distaunce of myles they are from London by the poynt of the Compasse ouer the water and the land and also there is shewed how much the moone shall chaunge rather or later then it doth at London and also it dooth shewe the length of the longest Summer daye for as manye places as are named The fyfth Chapter sheweth the longitude and the latitude and the other thinges before rehearsed of certayne of the principallest places in Europe as in Spayne and Portugall and Fraunce and Italy and Germany The Sixte Chapter sheweth the longitude and the latitude and the other thinges before rehearsed of certayne of the principallest places in Africa and of certaine Ilands neare therunto The Seuenthe Chapter sheweth the longitude and the latitude and the other things before rehersed of certayne of the principallest places of Asia and in the East India The Eight Chapter sheweth the longitude and the latitude and the other thinges before specifyed of certayne of the princpallest places of America or the West Indies that hath bene founde within these hundred yeares and not knowne vnto the olde Writers The ninth Chapter sheweth the longitude and the latitude and the other thinges be fore rehearsed of certayne of of the moste principall Ilandes of Europe within the midle earth Sea and also the most principall Ilandes of Asia and America The tenthe Chapter is as touching certaine thinges in the knowyng of the distaunce vnto any place assigned by longitude and by latitude Finis The Argument of the thyrde Booke of the treasure for Trauailers ¶ The thirde Booke of the Treasure for Trauailers conteyning some matters for the measuring of superfycialles as Lande Borde Pauement or Glasse and also some matters as touching Solled bodyes as Tymber Stone or such otherlyke and also howe to alter the Tonnage burthen or bygnesse of shippes and to keepe that moulde and proportion with other necessary thinges belonging thereunto c. Being very necessary for all sortes of people that trauaile eyther by Sea or Land written by William Bourne To the Reader of this third Booke GEntle Reader although Maister Leonard Dygges in hys Booke called Tictonicon and also Maister Thomas Dygges his Sonne in another Booke called Pantometry hath shewed how for to measure al Superfycialles as Land Borde Glasse Pauement or any such other lyke also how to measure al maner of Solled bodies as Timber Stone such other lyke yet notwithstandyng I haue written in this third Booke a lyttle briefe note as touching those causes and also how to buylde shippes for to make them of what tonnage or burthen that you lyst and to keepe any forme in the mould or proportion that you lyste whereby that any Mechanicall workemen by following the order in the Booke prescribed may make any shippe the one lyke the other and to make them of what bygnesse or smalnesse he lyst and to keepe that forme and fashion in an poyntes both in the moulde that is vnder the water and also in the fashion aloft aboue the water And also there is conteyned in this third part howe for to know the bygnesse of Ropes whether that it be as byg agayne or three tymes so bygge more or lesse at your discretion which in my opinion is very necessary to be knowne both vnto Naupegers or shippe Carpenters and also vnto all sortes of Sea men and also there is other necessarie matters conteyned in this third Booke ¶ The thyrde Booke of the treasure for Trauaylers The first Chapter of the thyrde Booke sheweth you howe for to caste the contentes of lande by Arithmeticke and also by the husbands rule which is by the account of money c. NOwe begynneth the thirde Booke for that it is necessarye for to knowe how to measure all manner of plat formes and bodyes both their superficiall contentes and also there masey contentes Therefore as briefly as I may I wyll shewe vnto you yet there hath famous and wyse men written thereof in our Englishe tongue as M. Leonard Dygges and M. Thomas Dygges his sonne other notable men seene in the Mathematicall Sciences Therefore I doo intend to treate the lesse thereof and especially of those thinges that those haue written of I wyll not meddle withall at this tyme for that they haue sufficiently declared it as this for to know the contentes of Lande to be measured in Triangles beyng sure for to make a square angle and so forth as M. Dygges dooth declare in hys Tictonicon and for to cast the contentes therof you shall doo this When you haue
of that moulde and proportion in al poyntes The eight Chapter sheweth howe much that one rope is bigger then another and if that you haue a rope of anye syse that you may know how for to haue another of what syse that you liste and also if that you doo knowe the waight of one rope you may know the waight of any rope by proportion c. The nynth Chapter is as touching the moulde of Shippes to haue good qualities FINIS ⧠The fourth Booke of the treasure for trauaylers Wherein is touched the arte of Staticke or waight shewing vnto you howe you may knowe the waight of any Shyppe that swymmeth vppon the water with al her ladyng and al the rest of her furniture And also howe you may know the waight of any mettal that is sunke in the water to knowe what it wayeth in the water and also how you may measure any strange forme suche as Geometrie cannot geue you any order for the measuring thereof and also howe for too lyfte or way any thing sinâ—â—e into the water with other necessarie matters belonging therunto very necessary for al land men and seamâ—n c. Written by William Bourne To the Reader of this fourth Booke GEntle Readers it is possible that you wyll maruayle that I shoulde take vppon mee too deale in these causes that is to say to teache any newe Art and Science that hath not been as hytheretoo written in any language or tongue the which Art or Science called Staticke dooth shewe the heauinesse or lightnesse of any thing Wherefore there is conteyned in this fourth Booke howe too knowe the waight of any thing swymmyng in the water as the waight of any shyppe with all her lodyng and all her furniture as Ordinaunce Ankers Cabels Mastes Sailes with al other Implementes in them and also it doth shew the waight of any thing sunke into the water what it wayeth to be lifted from the bottome tyl the appearing of it aboue the superficies of the water with dyuers other necessarye matters that are conteyned in this fourth Booke and not before this tyme mentioned by any other but onely by that famous and learned man Mayster Iohn Dee who hath made mention thereof in his Mathematicall preface wherein I haue hadde my principall instructions as touching that Arte or Science Wherefore Gentle Reader beare with my rudenesse that I being vtterly vnlearned shoulde enterpryse too take vppon mee too bee so bolde too geue the fyrst attempt to imploye that Art or Science vnto any purpose for I do knowe the nature of most people is to dislyke al thinges that are not done by them selues whether it be good or euyll and as I haue knowen many tymes by experience that those persons that haue learned anye thing at any mans hande when he dooth vnderstande it then he wyll not be knowen where he learned it but that he knew that before or euer he shewed it vnto him which is a manifest robbery of any man to learn any thing at any mans hande then afterwards to deny it to say that he knewe it before he tolde it hym as I do knowe a number of persons that when they are ignorant in matters then they wyl vse diligence tyl they haue atteyned it and then when they haue a little instructions to serue their turnes then they wil seeme too bee verye cunnyng and that they neuer learned anye thyng at any mannes hande which is a great poynt of ingratitude too offer that person that he hath learned of such a greate iniury but yet notwithstanding the earth is greatly infected with such maner of persons The fourth booke of the treasure for trauailers The fyrst Chapter of the fourth Booke sheweth you by the proportion of a Shyp swimming in the water for to knowe the true waight of any Shippe with all hir tackle ordinance and lading c. FOR that I haue sayde somewhat heretofore as touchinge the makyng of Ships by proportion and otherwise Therefore I doe thinke it necessary and conuenient to treate partly of this as touching the nature and qualytie of water for the sinkinge or swimming of thinges in it and accordyng vnto the simple opinion of the common people who thinke that things in the water do swimme or syncke for that it is Woode Iron or Stone but the onely cause of thinges that doo swimme is this that it is lyghter then the proportion in quantitie then the water is For this is generall for euer Looke how much of any Tymber or any other thinge that is hydde or in lownes euen with the water as iust of waight as of so much water as the true quantity of that parte that is from the edge of the water downewardes into the water neyther heauier nor lighter and then that parte that is aboue the water doth shew iustly what diuersytie of waight is betweene the water and the woode or any other stuffe that is putte into the water For any thing swimming in the water the halfe being aboue the water and the other halfe vnderneath the water that thing that swimmeth in that forme is iust halfe the waight of so much water and if in the swimming .3 quarters be buryed in the water that thinge is iuste 3. quarters of the waight of so much water and so foorth to any other proportion and then adding so much in wait to make it of the iust waight of the water then that thinge being in the water shall swimme euen with the edge of the water neither hygher nor lower But if it bee any thing heauier then the proportion of so muche water then it sinketh vnto the bottome and then looke how much in waight it is heuier theÌ„ the proportioÌ„ of so much water so much it waieth in the water the lighter as the waight of the water coÌ„meth vnto For if ani thing in the water be double the waight of the water proportioÌ„ for proportioÌ„ then shal that thing waigh iust half the quantytie of that waight til it be lyfted from the bottome vnto the very edge of the water and then if that the thinge doe waigh but halfe the waight more then the quantitie of so much water then shall that thing in the water to be waighed waigh but one thyrde part of his waight that it would waigh if that it were out of the water and so foorth to any other waight or waightes hauing proportion in bignesse according to the quantitie of the water whether it bee Brasse Stone or Iron or any other stuffe what soeuer it be And also things that do swimme as wood or any other stuffe Wherfore this is to be noted by the way the perfect waight of any ship with all her ladyng Ordinaunce Mastes Sayles and Tackle with all other implementes in her may be easyly knowen by her onely swimming as thus Looke what quantitie of the Ship is buryed in the water that is to say from the edge of the water downwards then if there
are to be seene on the Sea and the Sea Coastes and the cause of Rockes and sandes in the Sea and the cause of the ebbyng and flowyng of the water and the cause of currantes in the Sea with such other like matters c. Being very necessary for al sortes of Trauaylers either by Sea or by lande to knowe c. Wrytten by William Bourne To the Reader GEntle Reader it is possible that some wyll thinke that I haue taken vpon mee to meddle with those causes that are past my capacity for that this fyfth and last boke is as concerning the naturall causes of Sands in the Sea and riuers and the cause of marish ground and Cliffes by the sea Coasts and rockes in the Sea and also the cause that the sea dooth ebbe and flow and the cause that the water in the Sea is salt and the cause of Earth quakes with other matters And for that my opinion dooth differ from some of the auncient writers in naturall Phylosophy it is possible that it may be vtterly dislyked of and condemned to be no trueth But yet notwithstanding they may geue such credit vnto it as the sequell of the reasons shall support vnto them for that they bee but my simple opinions wherfore they may beleeue them as they lift Therfore gentle Readers I desyre you to beare with me for that I am so bolde to shew my simple opinion vnto the world for it is possible that some people may mallice me for that I am so bolde to deale in these causes consydering what a great number of so excellent learned menne there are in Englande bothe in the Vniuersyties and in diuers other places in this Lande The fifth Booke of the treasure for trauailers The fyrst Chapter of the fyfth Booke sheweth the naturall causes how Sandes and Bankes are ingendered or made both in the Sea and Riuers NOw beginneth the fifth Booke which is concerning the naturall causes of sundry things that are to bee seene in traueilyng vppon the face of the earth And although there bee nothing that happeneth but the prouidence of almightye God dooth bring it to passe yet notwithstanding it hath a naturall cause why it is so although it seemeth supernaturall or vnpossible for that God dooth woorke all thinges by a meanes and yet doth come to passe by some naturall cause And fyrst of the naturall cause of Sandes and Bankes in the Sea and ryuers my opinion is this that whereas a great number of Sandes and Banks are many times seene at the mouthes and entraunce of many great riuers both into the Sea and also vp into the riuer that it happneth by this meanes by the shalownesse of those seas and the great indraft of the Ryuer And then by the meanes of the soyle of the Countrye in the riuers beyng a good distaunce from the sea and especially after any great raine dooth bring downe the soyle for all the lande water dooth alwaies runne downe towardes the sea where as it dooth ebbe and flow and sometime the water ouerfloweth the banks and then the swiftnes of the running of the water dooth fret away the bankes and sometime it happeneth in the winter after a great frost And such other lyke causes sometyme from sandye grounde sometime from clay grounde sometime stony grounde other good moulde dooth fall into the Ryuer and so is myxed and tumbled too and fro with the water and is alwayes caried towardes the sea by the violence of the streame for that alwaies where it doth not ebbe flow the streame runneth towards the sea wheras it doth ebbe flow there the ebbe doth runne both swifter longer then the floods doo so by that meanes it is alwayes caried towardes the sea also any thyng is apter to rolle or runne down the hyll rather then agaynst the hyll And thus the soyle of the countrey beyng tumbled too fro in the water is washed and soked in such sorte that the water is made thycke therewith and the fat or clammye substance become owes but the greety or sandy or grauelly substāce doth alwaies keepe towards the bottome for that it is more pōderous or heauier then the fatty or clammy substance and then this grauelly or sandye substance beyng dryuen downe towardes the sea by the violence of the streame goyng by the bottome then where it dooth find any place to staye at by the way there it resteth and so groweth more and more and so becommeth a sande and then the Tyde by the meanes of ebbing and flowyng dooth make or scoure out a chanel or pasadge betweene one sande or bancke and another And alwayes thys happeneth whereas the Sea is but shalowe and the Ryuer or hauen hath a great indraught that is to say to run a great distāce into the lande whereby there is much soyle brought downe by the meanes afore rehearsed And then the Sea beyng but shallowe it hath no great descent to runne downe the hyll And then by the meanes of the floods the bellowes of the Sea dooth cause it to be stayed although that sometyme it happeneth that one sande or bancke doth decrease and weare away and another dooth increase and waxe bigger and many tymes the chanels doo alter sometymes deeper and sometymes shallower and sometymes whereas a chanel was becommeth a sande sometyme whereas a sande was is become a chanel as experience hath many tymes shewed which happeneth manye tymes by some stormes or great wyndes sometymes from one quarter of the world and sometyme from another quarter And by that meanes the greatnesse of the bellowes of the Sea dooth beat or washe awaye the sande from one place and so dooth rest vppon another place and then the Tyde or streame doth scoure or frette a newe Chanell betweene one sande and another c. As we maye see by experience in dyuers places as the mould of the Ryuer of Thames and Humber and the Ryuer of Roane and suche other lyke places whiche I doo omitte at this tyme. The seconde Chapter sheweth the natural cause of Marish ground and other plaine meadowes or ground by the sydes of Ryuers c. AND furthermore as touching the naturall cause of Maryshes or Marish grounde and other playne and leuell grounde that is by the sydes of great Ryuers c. and in such other lyke places mine opinion is this as in the Chapter before is expressed by the bringing downe of the soyle of the countrey which is ground or earth of al kinde of sorts whiche is fallen into the water and brought downe by the streame And as before is rehearsed the grauelly or sandye substance dooth dryue with the streame by the bottome but the fatty or clammy substance is mingled with the water for although you shoulde take any earth or substance and washe it and tumble it in water neuer so much yet notwithstanding it cannot be consumed all away but if you doo let it stande styll then it
occupied for Salt after they haue made it cleane and beate it smal And as it hath been credybly reported vnto me there is a hyll or Mountayne in Barbary in Africa that Salt is digged out thereof and is a great distance from the sea And the like is reported to be in the kingdoÌ„e of Hungary here in Europ that there is salt digged out thereof and is solde and bought into dyuers places as into Polonia and into some places of Germanye Then it is a playne case that there be such wynes or mineralles in the grounde which maketh the thyng to be most manifest that the Sea is made Salt by the mineralles or substance of salt in the grounde And yet for further proofe therof here in England at the Wyches in Chesseshyre there is in sundrye places a water or Bryne that they doo make Salt of and is a good distance from any Sea And some haue made argument that it may come from the Sea thorowe the Vaynes or Coues in the grounde which is moste contrarye by thys meanes for if that it come from the Sea thorowe the grounde then it coulde not be salter then the water of the Sea for that at the Wyches is much salter then the Sea water For if that it come from the Sea then it must be somewhat fresher then the Sea water by the meanes of the scouring it selfe thorowe the earth and by meeting of some fresh waters as the earth is not without fresh water c. And furthermore as concernyng the saying of the Philosopher Plato in his Dialogues of Tymeus and Crecia and also is written by Marcellius Ficius that in the olde time there was an Ilande in the Sea ouer agaynst Africa bygger then Africa and Asia which Ilande was called Atlantyda and that the Kynges of this Ilande did gouerne a great parte of Africa and Europa and as Marcellius Ficius and Plato say by the meanes of a great earthqake and a great rayne thys Ilande sunke and the people thereof were drowned and after the sinkyng of thys great Ilande the Sea Atlanticus was so full of mudde by the meanes of the sinckng therof that the sea Atlanticus could not be sayled with shippes in a great time after Now if this be true that there was any such Ilande that dyd so sincke that the Sea was so full of mudde then after that the mudde is setled vnto the bottome as it wyll doo in processe of time then the sea must needs be a very shallow sea for such a great masse of earthy substance being sunck with water must needes make a very shallow Sea and yet it is seene and knowen almost generallye vnto all meÌ„ that it is a depe sea yea no man can tel of what depth for that they cannot finde any grounde for that sea is greatlye occupied with Shippes and that Ilande lay â—ast from Spayne and Barbary which is most occupyed with Ships of any sea for all the great trade of shipping is now in these daies vsed out of Europe And then what place can be greater occupied then into our west Occian sea called in olde time the sea Atlanticus as it is the whole trade from Englande Fraunce and the lowe Countrey and Denmarke and such lyke places of Europe into Spayne and Portugall and Barbary and into the myddle earth Sea and into Ginny and into the Carnarie Ilandes the Madera Ilandes and the Ilandes called the Syrtes and to the West Indyes so that it is the greatest occupyed sea with shipping in the whole world so that the same sea is not vnknowne but that it is a great deepe sea therefore it is to bee supposed that the fundamentall nature or stubstaunce or ground therof was of Salt and so soked or moyllfied with the water that the superficies thereof might be sunck vnder the water and so in processe of time to soke the minerall of the Salt that the stony and earthye substaunce is nowe setled downe so low that it seemeth vnto the simple people that it hath no bottome for otherwise such a huge masse of earthy substaunce coulde not be so lost as it dooth appeare by that great Iland called Atlantida that Maccellius Ficius Plato and Proclus with other Authors doth make mention of c. The nienth Chapter is as touching the cause of Earthquakes AND furthermore as touchyng Earthquakes and the synking both of the mayne Lande and also of Ilandes in the Sea and also of the drying vp of Waters as great Pooles Riuers and also of the casting vp of Grounde both in the sea as well as vppon the mayne Lande although it bee the prouidence of almyghtye God to bryng it so to passe for the punishment of the people that are vppon the face of the Earthe and as well the godlye doo perishe as the wicked when these thinges happen whiche are the scourge of the wrathe of God for that hee wyll haue his diuine glory knowne yet hee dooth nothing but that it is done by a meane hath a naturall cause of the commyng of it so to passe although the thing it selfe bee supernaturall And furthermore although I am symple and vtterly vnlearned neyther to the iudgement of the people to haue any great experyence in these causes yet notwithstandyng being as one more bolde then wyse to shewe myne opynion vnto the Worlde and also it is possible that in some poyntes my opynion dooth not agree with some of the ancient Writers that haue written of sundry thinges in their Bookes of naturall Philosophye Yet notwithstandyng I am so bolde to shewe my opinion although it be possible that it may dyffer from the trueth Wherefore they may vse such credit vnto the matter as the reasons in these matters shall support vnto them for yf that by reason my opinyon be not to bee lyked then they may the lesse regarde it c. And this first as concerning the sincking of grounde as experience hath shewed that it hath happened in sundry places and in sundrye ages of the worlde my opinion is this as in the Chapter before is shewed that in those places that it hath happened that the substaunce of the grounde in that place is Salte vnderneath and so beyng soked or mollyfyed with water in processe of tyme it is turned vnto water and then the earthy substance that is a loofe vppon it beyng ponderous and heauie and not supported or borne vp wyth any harde thing then it must needes settell it selfe downe and sincke into the water and so by that meanes the water standeth aboue the superfycies thereof as it is shewed in the Chapter goyng before by the sincking of the great Iland called Atlantyda c. And furthermore as concerning some kinde of earthquakes that happeneth in such sort that it renteth and lyfteth and shaketh the grounde and possible lyfteth the grounde hygher then that it was before and so remayneth and standeth styll afterwardes wyth out any setling afterwardes c. My
sheweth the natural cause of the ebbing and flowing of the sea and the ebbyng and flowing of hauens and riuers c. The seuenth chapter sheweth the cause of currantes and streames that runne in the sea in such places where it dooth not ebbe and flowe of currantes or streames in the sea there are three seueral sortes in the chapter it doth appeare c. The eight chapter sheweth the natural cause that the water in the Sea is salt c. The ninth chapter is as touching the cause of earthquakes The tenth chapter sheweth the reason howe America and all the Ilandes and newe founde landes and countries became peopled and of what posteriritie that they be come of c. FINIS Faultes escaped in printing The fyrst Booke fol. pa lyâ—e faultes Correction 3 1 20 set the situate 3 2 8 marking making 3 2 24 make marke 4 1 9 of that or that are 5 1 11 for lyne for the line 5 1 12 other side â—thelida 5 1 13 ridge ring 5 1 last the heigth 0 5 1 last measure of the that measure 7 1 12 and the and at the 8 2 13 standinges places 9 1 20 as is 10 2 8 lye by 12 1 11 there then 12 1 20 the line should the line y e shoulde 13 1 1 there though 14 2 3 thence there 14 2 23 12 into 12. 15 2 12 28 24 15 2 19 5 15 16 1 23 lacke looke 17 1 1 doo mays 17 2 4 staffe transuastorie 18 2 many transytorie transuastorie 18 2 many ringes wynges 19 1 many transytorie transuastorie 20 1 32 that their 22 2 16 part put 27 2 22 by too 28 1 7 52 32 29 2 10 and halfe of 29 2 22 the chapter the .8 Chapter The second Booke fo pa. line faultes Correction 1 1 22 vnto and vnto 3 1 8 90 60 7 1 13 Southwest South Southwest 9 1 10 32. put put 10 1 11 30. degr 49. 50. degrees .12 9 2 20 â—ondon land 11 1 2 54 16 12 1 13 36 360 13 1 30 Eison More â—â—on Nore 15 1 7 Cappe hyll Ape hyll 15 1 13 18 25 15 1 15 London London .10 mi. 15 1  the longest day the day .14 hours .35 mi.   15  15 1  minuts southeast minuts â—nd is Southeast   24 vnder the tropick of Cancer 16 1 25 0 19 1 11 East and South East by south 19 1 30 7 98 19 2 30 Maria in Aria 21 2 11 25 52 22 1 33 20 4 22 2 2 12 4 The thirde Booke fo pa line faultes Correction 3 1 28.29 that that that 3 2 12 of a boord of boord 5 1 2 be corner be from corner 5 1 3 22 32 7 1 4 leuel beuel 7 1 11 leuel beuel 14 2 9 with the within the 15 1 12 30 3. quarters 15 1 19 racking raking 15 1 32 whole holde 16 2 15 would haue haue 19 1 22 13. ynches 10. ynches The fourth Booke fol. pa. lin faultes Correction 3  24 as is 4 1 last targed karged 5 1 27 maâ— may 7 1 30 with which 7 1 53 multiply by multiply that by 8 2 23 in the mould of mettall in the mould of wood  2 31 8 2 5 led raysed or highed 11 1 1 neare as needes 12 2 18 30. 36. 12 2 32 waight the waight that the 12 1 23 one kind of one kynde 14 2 6 by the proportioÌ„ oâ— the by proportioÌ„ the 17 1 19 hang chaunge 18 1 22 hâ—eâ— heeâ—d 18 1 3 to hold to heeld 19 1 18 collect calke 19 1 â— in yenough 19 1 24 carying carenyng 19 2 30 cartienes Capâ—tynes The fyfth Booke fol. pa. lin faultes Correction 5 2 6 mould mouth 6 1 2 so assynges suffâ—ngâ—s 8 1 8 suites sortes 8 2 5 suâ—fâ—â—nges suffâ—nges 8 2 22 sea it sea as it 9 1 3 Ireland England 9 2 4 souâ—â—inges suffinges 9 2 19 rounded couered 11 1 15 in at 13 1 6 beaten leâ—ten 15 1 12 wast West 6 2 3 meayne mayne 11 1 30 traâ—t attract 11  26 hygher hygh or ¶ Imprinted at London for Thomas Woodcocke dwelling in Paules Churchyarde at the sygne of the blacke Beare 1578. The fyrst booke The seconde booke The thirde booke The fourth booke The fyfth booke Geometric perspectiue Cosmographia Geometric general Staticke Naturall Philosophie Discouragement Bookes are written to the intent to teach the vnlearned No person is to be disliked that doth his good wyll to doe good Persons that are to be dislyked Abuses of Englande Magical Inchauntment is a great dishonoring of God What maner of christian is he that desyreth to be familiar with the diuell The vertuousnesse of the Queenes maiestie is our preseruation The abuses of al degrees Couetousnes is called good husbandrie Pride is clenlinesse swearing lustinesse drunkennesse good fellowshyppe Whoredome friendship 〈◊〉 a tricke of youth The first cause that man is borne for is to serue God The seconde cause that man is borne is to serue his countrey Thirdly man is borne to labour to lyue The causes of al degrees The fyrst cause The second cause Good members in a coÌ„mon weale What maner of persons are the meetest to be Trauailers What a Trauailer should consider of What persons are of valure in the common weale A Circle A Centre A Circumference A Diametre A Foote A Yarde A pase Geometrical A simple stop of yarde A rase is two steppâ—s 12. pases is a score that is 20. yardes A myle is a 1000. pases that is .5000 foote or 1666. yardes and 3. A Rod is .16 foote .2 of land measure and 18. foote is a Rod of woode measure .6 foote is a fadome and .833 fadome is a myle The maâ—â—ng of the Quadrant with the Skal The vse of the degrees What to obserue in taking of height with the Skall Vpright shadow at on station Ensample Ensamples of two fashions or standinges Ensample oâ— contrary shadow Ensâ—mple in the taking of the poynt of a height How to know distance by the shadowe An ensample To know how much the one Towre is higher or lower than another Ensamples To know how much any Tower is lower then that you be on Ensamplâ— â–ª To knowe the height of a hill To know the length of the Hipothenusall Lyne by the extracting of the roote To knowe the widenesse of waters An ensample To knowe the length of the slope lyne by the extract of the Roote To know howe much any place is higher or lower then the placeth it you are on whether that it be on Towre Steeple â—l Clyffe of valley c. An ensample To know howe much any place is hygher or lower by degrees An ensample of shyps on the water An ensample An ensample of shyps on the water To know whether my shyp be higher or lower of boord then another and whether the one dooth ouertop the other and howe To know howe much one house ship towre or hyl is higher then the other The