that it was Noon and that it was the ninth Hour or three a Clock after Noon Accensus inc amabat horam esse tertiam meridiem nonam For three a Clock among the Romans was the ninth hour as nine a Clock was the third hour because they did not begin to reckon the first Hour of the day till â—â—x a clock in the Morning so that the third hour was nine a Clock according to us and their ninth hour of the day was our three a Clock in the Afternoon ACCENSI in the Roman Armies according to the opinion of Festus were the supernumerary Souldiers who serv'd to fill the places of those who died or were disabled to fight by any Wound they had received Accensi dicebantur quia in locum mortuorium militum subito subrogantur ita dicti quia ad censum adjiciebantur Asconius Pedianus assigns them a Station in the Roman Militia like that of our Serjeants Corporals or Trumpeters Accensus nomen est ordinis in militia ut nunc dicitur Princeps aut Commentariensis aut Cornicularius Titus Livius informs us that Troops were made of these Accensi that they were plac'd at the Rear of the Army because no great matter was expected either from their Experience or their Courage Tertium vexillum ducebat minimae fiduciae manum ACCENTUS an Accent signifies a certain Mark which is set over Syllables to make them be pronounced with a stronger or weaker Voice The Greeks were more curious Observers of the Accents than the Mederus Cardinal Perron says that the Hebrews call'd the Accents Gustus which is as much as to say the Sawce of Pronunciation There are three sorts of Accents the Acute ´ the Grave ` and the Circumflex The Jews have Accents of Grammar Rhetorick and Musick The Accent of Musick is an Inflexion or Modification of the Voice or Word to express the Passions or Affections either naturally or artificially Mr. Christian Hennin a Hollander wrote a Dissertation to shew that the Greek Tongue ought not to be pronounced according to the Accents wherein he says that they were invented only to make some Distinction of Words that Books were formerly written without any such Distinction as if they were only one Word that no Accents are to be seen in Manuscripts which are above 800 years old that none are found in the Pandects of Florence which were written about the time of Justinian that they were not commonly used till about the tenth Century or in the time of Barbarism and then they were taken to be the Rule of Pronunciation that there is no use of Accents in most Nations neither in Chaldaea nor Syria nor among the Solavonians Moscovites or Bulgarians nor was among the antient Danes Germans or Dutch and that they were unknown to all Antiquity He believes that they were an Invention of the Arabians which was perfected by Alchalit about the Death of Mahomet He adds that the Massoretes of Tiberias about the middle of the sixth Century adopted this Invention and introduced it into the Bible with the Vowels in the time of Justinian and that he who perfected the Accents was Rabbi Juda Ben David Ching a Native of Fez in the eleventh Century and that they were first used among the Greeks only in favour of Strangers and to facilitate the Pronunciation of Verse ACCEPTILATIO a Term of the Roman Law Acceptilation A Discharge which is given without receiving of Money a Declaration which is made in favour of the Debtor that no more shall be demanded of him that the Debt is satisfied and forgiven and he is acquitted of it The manner of doing this was by a certain Form of Words used by both Parties Quod ego promisi facisne or habesne acceptum said the Debtor Do you acknowledg that you have received that which I promis'd you Are you satisfied do you acquit me of it the Creditor answered habeo or facio I confess I have received it I discharge you of it But this was anciently used only in Obligations contracted by word of mouth ACCEPTUM a Receipt Tabula accepti expensi a Book of Receipts and Disbursements Ratio accepti an Accompt of Receipts ACCEPTO ferre in the Law to hold for received to write Received upon the Book Accepto acceptum ferre accepto acceptum facere to confess that 't is received Expensum ferre to write down what is disbursed to keep an Accompt of what is laid out and expended ACCIA or ATTIA Accia the Mother of Caius Octavius Caesar surnamed Augustus Suetonius relates in the Life of this Prince that Accia his Mother having gone one night with other Roman Dames to solemnize a Feast of Apollo in his Temple she fell asleep there and thought in her sleep that she saw a Serpent creep under her which soon after disappear'd when she awoke having a mind to wash and purifie her self she perceiv'd upon her Belly the Track of a Serpent which could never be obliterated and upon the account of this Mark she was obliged for ever after to forbear the publick Baths She became afterwards big with Child and was brought to bed at the end of ten Months of Caesar Augustus making the World believe that she had conceived by Apollo Augustus also gloried in it that he was his Son and Torrentius mentions a Silver Medal of this Emperour upon the Reverse whereof was seen the Figure of Apollo holding a Harp in his hand with these words Caesar Divi Filius Caesar the Son of the God Apollo ACCIPIO being spoken of a Law to receive approve and hold fit as Rogationem accipere to accept a Law proposed Accipio Omen I take or hold this for a good Omen ACCIPITER any Bird of Prey in general as an Hawk c. Ovid informs us that an Hawk was a Bird of ill Omen because it was very carnivorous Odimus accipitrem quia semper vivit in armis But the same Bird was a good Omen in Marriage according to Pliny because it never eats the Hearts of other Birds which gives us to understand that no Differences in a married state between Husband and Wife ought to go so far as the Heart and Care was also taken in the Sacrifices for Marriages that the Gall of the Animals which were slain should be taken out ACCIUS a Latin Poet who wrote Tragedies in a very harsh style according to Cicero He was of an illustrious Family being descended of two Consuls Macrinus and Soranus Decius Brutus held him in great esteem took great pleasure in adorning the Temples with this Poets Verses and erected a Statue to him in the Temple of the Muses Suet. c. 4. ACCIUS Navius one of the most celebrated Augurs who liv'd in the time of Tarquinius Priscus He opposed the Design which that King had of adding new Centuries of the Roman People to those which were already established by Romulus representing to him that he ought first to consult the Will of the Gods by the Flight of Birds Tarquin
of Private Men and States and 〈◊〉 binding the Armies ready to engage Lucian tells us that they were the Authors of the Doctrine of the Immortality of the Soul which made the Gauls undaunted Men having a generous contempt of Death which was in their opinion but a very short passage to an Immortal Life The Origine of the word Druides is derived from the Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. an Oak because they commonly met in the Forrests where they began their Sacrifices with the Misletoe of Oak that their youth gathered the first day of January DRYADES The Nymphs of the Woods DRYOPE A Nymph of Arcadia Homer says that Dryope kept company with Mercury who begot upon her God Pan Lucian on the contrary in the Dialogue between Pan and Mercury tells us that he is the Son of Penelope the Daughter of Icarus whom Mercury ravish'd in Arcadia having tranformed himself into a He-Goat to surprize her Wherefore Pan was born with Horns a Beard a Tail and the Feet of a She-Goat DUCENARII The Receivers of the hundredth penny a Tax that was paid to the Roman Emperors DUUM-VIRI SACRORUM The Duum-viri or the two Magistrates whom Tarquinius Superbus created at Rome a Dignity that was a kind of Priesthood This Office was set up upon this occasion Tarquinius having bought of an unknown Woman three Books of Verses which were thought to have been written by the Sybil of Cumae he named two Magistrates or Commissaries for the Books of Religion and all their Duty was to keep these Books and consult them in some cases about what was to be done for the good of the State DUUM-VIRI MUNICIPALES These two Magistrates were in the free Towns what Consuls were at Rome They were chosen out of the Body of the Decurions on the Kalends of March but did not enter upon their Office until three Months after their Election that the People might have time to inquire if they were duly elected and in case of an undue return they chose others They took the Oath that they would serve the City and Citizens well and faithfully and were allowed to wear the Robe called Praetexta edged about with Purple and a white Tunick or Jerkin as Juvenal tells us Satyr 5. They had Officers who walked before them carrying a small Switch in their Hands Nevertheless some of them assumed the priviledge of having Lictors carrying Axes and bundles of Rods before them as we learn of Tully in the Oration against Rullus Anteibant Lictores non cum bacillis sed ut hic Praetoribus ante eunt cum facibus duobus After they had taken possession of their Office it was a custom to make a distribution among the Decurions and have some Show of Gladiators represented before the People This Office was commonly for five years wherefore they were called Quinquennales Magistratus Their Jurisdiction was of a great extent as we may see in the Treatise of Pancirollus c. 8. DUUM-VIRI NAVALES Commissaries for the Fleet. These Commissaries were created in the Year 542 at the request of M. Decius Tribune of the People when the Romans were at War with the Samnites The Duty of their Office was to take care of the sitting of Ships and ordering the Seamen who were aboard DUUM-VIRI CAPITALES The Duumvirs sirnamed Capitales or Judges in Criminal Causes It was lawful to appeal from their Sentence to the People who only had power to condemn a Citizen to die Some of these Judges were established at Rome and other free Cities who were taken from the body of the Decurions and had a great Authority and Power for they took care of the Prisons and were Members of the Publick Council They had two Lictors walking before them E. E Is the fifth Letter of the Greek and Latin Alphabet The Greeks call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and the Latins E. We find this Letter in the Medals of Antoninus sirnamed Pius to mark the fifth Year of his Reign The Latins have several pronounciations for this Letter First they have a long and open E like the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the Greeks which for that same reason is often doubled as in Medals and upon Marbles Feelix Seedes c. The second E of the Latins is a short and closed E as the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of Greeks And these two different E's are distinctly observed in Ancient Authors E vocalis says Capella duarum Graecarum vim possidet Nam cùm corripiter E Graecum est ut ab hoc hoste cùm producitur Eta est ut ab kac die But there is yet a middle pronounciation between the E and the I. Wherefore Varro observes that they said veam instead of viam and Festus observes that the me instead of mi or mihi and Quintilian tells us that an E was put instead of an I in Menerva Leber Magester instead of Minerva Liber Magister Livy wrote Sebe and quase And Donatus says that because the affinity of these two Letters the Antient Authors said Heri and Here Mane and Mani Vespero and Vespere c. Wherefore we read in the ancient Inscriptions Navebus exemet ornavet cepet Deana mereto soledas and the like And from thence comes the change of these two Vowels in so many words either in the Nominative Case as Impubes and Impubis or the Accusative as pelvem and pelvim or the Ablative as nave and navi and the like names of the third Declension and in the second as Dii instead of Dei. The Latins also write E instead of A wherefore Quintilian says that Cato wrote indifferently dicam or diâ—em faciam or faciem And doubtless this is the reason why A was so often changed into E either in the praeterit as Facio feci Ago egi Jacio jeci or in the compound Verbs as Arceo coerceo Damne condemno Spargo aspergo from this also it comes that they said balare instead of belare as we see in Varro's writings and that we meet with so many words written with an E for an A in Antient Authors Books and old Glosses as Defetigari instead of defatigari Varr. Effligi instead of affligi Charis Expars instead of expers Imbarbis instead of Imberbis V. Gloss Inars instead of of iners V. Glos It must be still observed that the E has some affinity with the O for the Latins have made of tego toga of adversum advorsum of vertex vortex accipiter instead of accipitor as Festus says hemo instead of homo ambe and ambes instead of ambo and ambos in Ennius's writings exporrectus instead of experrectus This is also the reason why there are so many Adverbs in E and in O verè and verò tutè and tutò nimiè and nimio rarè and rarò in Charisius's writings and the like Likewise the E has an affinity with the U wherefore they said Diu instead of Die Lucu instead of luce Allux instead of allex the great Toe Dejero instead of dejur
chance or rather by the care of his Wife Creusa he met the young Janus Ericteus took him to be his Son and brought him up like the Son of a King But Janus touch'd with an eager desire of reigning forsook Athens and went into Italy The Historical and Poetical Dictionary on the contrary says that Ericteus had some Daughters who grew mad and precipitated themselves for having against the order of Minerva open'd the Chest wherein the Serpent born of the Seed of Vulcan was lock'd up but Tully in his Oration for Sextiâ—s says that these Princesses were very 〈◊〉 and died for the defence of their Country ERICTON The Fourth King of Athens born of the Earth like his Predecessors as the Athenians say Some Writers tell us that he was born of the Seed of Vulcan spilt on the ground He first found out the use of Coaches to hide the deformity of his feet which were like the feet of a Dragon ERIDANUS The River Po in Italy Phaeton fell into this River when Jupiter struck him with a Thunderbolt Apollonius of Rhodes in the fourth book of the Argonautes relates this Fable They entred far off into the River Eridanus where Phaeton being struck on the Stomach with a Thunderbolt fell half burnt off the Sun's Chariot into a Lake the Waters whereof cast forth a vapour so infectious that no Bird can fly over it without dying Round about it how swift soever be the Lake are the Heliades his Sisters turned into Poplars and their Tears are flowing Amber But all this is fabulous as Lucian tells us See Electrides ERINNYS The name of one of the Furies of Hell and sometimes common to them all who torture guilty Consciences on the Earth and in Hell i. e. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 discordia mentis Notwithstanding 't is more likely that this word is derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 malè facere The three Furies were Tisiphone Alecto and Megara and draw their etymology from the Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ultio coedis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quietisnescia 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 odiosa Pausanias says that the Goddesses called Severae whom Hesiod calls Erinnyes had a Temple at Athens near Areopagus or Judgment-Hall Aeschylus the Poet is the first who had described them with hanging Serpents Virgil has follow'd this Idea And Homer had mentioned the Eriunyes before Hesiod and in some place he has described them as the revengers of the wrong done to the poor ERYMANTUS A Mountain in Arcadia inhabited by a huge wild Bear that wasted the Country whom Hercules carried away alive upon his Shoulders ERYPHILA The Wife of Amphiaraus and Sister to King Adrastus who for a Bracelet of Gold given her by Polinices discovered to him the place where her Husband was hid because he was unwilling to go to the Theban Wars where he knew he should dye according to the Oracle But being acquainted with the covetousness of his Wife he commanded his Son Alcmaeon to murther his Mother as soon as he should hear of his death which he performed according to his Father's orders ERYTHREA The Name of one of the Sibyls born in the City of Erithrea in Ionia where she delivered her Oracles She lived in the time of the War of Troy Fenestella relates that the Senate of Rome sent Ambassadours to Erithrea to fetch the Verses of this Sibyl Eusebius in the life of Constantine tells us that Constantine repeated some Acrostick Verses of this Sybil mentioning the coming of the Son of God and the Day of Judgment 'T is asserted that Tully had translated these Verses into Latin and St Austin affirms that he had seen them written in Greek being in number twenty seven recorded by Sixtus Senensis ERYX A Mountain of Sicily from this word is derived ERYCINA An Epithet given to Venus because Ericus built her a Temple on the top of Mount Erix in Sicily ESCHYLUS A writer of Tragedy Dionysius the Tyrant bought his table-Table-book wherein he had writ his excellent Tragedies to the end that he might therewith mend his own ESCULAPIUS See Aesculapius ESQUILINUS The Mount Esquilinus inclosed by Servius in the City of Rome This Mount was also called Exquilinus because Romulus mistrusting the Sabines set Centries upon it for his Guard it was still called Cespius Oppius and Septimius because it contained some little Hills called by those names ETEOCLES Born of the Incest of OEdipus and Jocasta his Mother Eteocles having deprived his Brother Polynices of the Royalty of Thebes tho an agreement was made between them that they should reign yearly by course Polynices retired to Argos where he married the Daughter of King Adrastus and then returned with an Army to bring Eteocles to reasonable terms Jocasta their Mother attempted in vain to make them friends they prepared on both sides to engage Tiresias a South-sayer declared that the Victory should remain to the Thebans if they offered Monaeceus the Son of Creon in sacrifice to Mars whereupon Monaeceus sacrificed himself The Armies engaged Eteocles and Polynices killed one another and Jocasta seeing that they were both slain murdered herself ETESII mild Northerly winds arising every year after the Summer-solstice at the rising of the Dog-star which blow for six weeks together to cool the air from the heat of the Dog-days EVANDER King of Arcadia the Son of Carmenta who for his Eloquence was esteemed the Son of Mercury Having by chance slain his Father he forsook his Kindom and by the advice of his Mother who was a Prophetess retired into Italy from whence he drove out the Aborigines and possessed himself of their Country where he built a Town upon Mount Palatinus which he called Palanteum from the name of his great Grand-father EVANGELUS A rich Citizen of Tarentum who attempted to get the prize at the Pythian Games and because he was neither strong nor nimble enough to dispute the prize of the Race he endeavoured to obtain that of Musick Wherefore he came to Delphi at the perswasion of his Flatterers and presented himself at the Games dressed in a Gown of Golden Linnen and crowned with Laurel the Leaves whereof were of Massy Gold and the Fruit composed with great Emeralds His Harp was also made of Gold set off with precious Stones and adorn'd with the Figures of Orpheus Apollo and the Muses At this sumptuous apparel the whole Company was struck with admiration and they conceived great hopes to see and hear wonderful things but when he came about to sing and play upon his Harp instead of wonders that were expected from him they heard but a pitiful shrill voice which he was never able to bring in tune with his Harp and to accumulate misfortunes when he attempted to strike the strings of his Harp a little harder he broke three of them The whole company fell a laughing and the more willingly because they were well pleased with another Musician who had plaid before him Then laughing being turned into anger the
insuperabile fatum Nata movere pavas Intres licet ipsa sororum Tecta trium cernes illic molimine vasto Ex aere solido rerum tabularia ferro Quae neque concursum coeli neque fulminis iram Nec metuunt ullas tuta atque aeterna ruinas Invenies illic incisa adamante perenni Fata tui generis legi ipse animoque notavi Lib. xv Metam But this Poet and all others have plainly expressed that the will of Jupiter is Fate For we must distinguish the fable of the three old Sisters called the Parcae which was but a Poetical fancy from the universal opinion of all Poets Tully rejects the Fate of the three Sisters which is a fate of Superstition and tells us that Fate is the etetnal truth and the first predominant cause of all Beings Wherefore the Idolaters represented the Hours and the Parcae placed upon the head of Jupiter to shew that the Destinies obey God and that both hours and time are at the disposol of his will Pausanias says to this purpose In Jevis capite Horae Parcae consistunt Fata enim Jovi parere ejus nutu temporum necessitudines describi nemo est qui nesciat And he speaks thus somewhere else of Jupiter sirnamed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Parcarum Dux not only as knowing the resolutions of the Parcae but also as being their Master Plutarch tells us that these three Goddesses called Parcae are the three parts of the World viz. the firmament of the fixed Stars the firmament of the wandering Stars and that great space of the Air from the Moon to the Earth the concatenation of all the bodies and causes contained in these three parts of the world makes this Fate in a manner bodily producing natural effects according to the common course of Nature but this is not perform'd without some Divinity who is like the foul of the world and moves it by himself and the Intelligences whom he has set therein and to whom he has given his order and are the intellectual Fate Diogenes Laertius affirms that Zeno said that Jupiter God Fate and Intelligence were all the same thing 'T is also the opinion of Epictetus and many other ancient Philosophers FAVISSAE Festus by this word understands Cisterns to keep water in But the Favissae in the Capitol were Cellars under ground or dry Cisterns where they laid up old decay'd Statues and other things that were grown out of use Favissae locum sic appellabant in quo erat aqua inclusa circa templa sunt autem qui putant Favissas esse in Capitolio cellis cisternisque similes ubi reponi erant solita ea qua in templo vetustate erant facta inutilia Aulus Gel. l. 2. c. 10. tells us that Servius Sulpitius a Lawyer wrote to Marcus Varro to inquire of him what was the meaning of these words Favissae Capitolinae which he had observed in the Books of Censors but was not able to understand them Varro sent him word that he remembred that Q. Catulus to whom the care of repairing the Capitol was committed having a mind to lower the ground that was about the place could not perform it because of the Favissae which were like dry Cisterns where they laid up old Statues and broken Vessels and other things appointed for the service of the Temple Id esse cellas quasdam essternas quae in areâ sub terrâ essent ubi reponi solerent signa vetcra quae in eo Templo collapsa essent FAUNA FATUA Sister and Wife to Faunus and a Deity of the Romans Lactantius speaking of her says l. 1. c. 22. Faunus instituted infamous Sacrifices to Saturn his Grand-father in the Latin Country and rendered divine honours to his Father Picus and his Sister and Wife Fatua Fauna And C. Bassus tell us that she was called Fatua because she foretold Women their destinies as Faunus did to Men. Varro tells us that this Fatua was so chast that no Man saw her nor heard of her but her own Husband Wherefore Women Sacrifice to her in private and call her the good Goddess Faunus in Latio Saturno suo avo nefaria sacra constituit Picum patrem inter Deos honoravit sororem suam Fatuam Faunam eamque conjugem consecravit quam C. Bassus Fatuam nominatam tradit quod mulieribus fata canere consuevisset ut Faunus viris Eandem Varro tradit tantae pudicitiae suisse ut nemo eam quoad vixerit praeter virum suum mas viderit nec nomen ejus audiverit Ideirco mulieres illi in operto sacrificant bonam Deam nemenant If Fatua never saw any other Man but her Husband as Lactantius relates after Varro this certainly must be the reason why the Romans gave her the Name of the good Goddess Justin says that Fools were called Fatui because they behave themselves like Fatua when she was transported with prophetick fury The good Character that Lanctantius and Varro give of Fatua's Chastity doth not agree with what Plutarch relates in his Roman Questions when he says that she was given to drinking Arnobius relates the same of her in his sixth Book upon the report of Sextus Claudius FAUNALIA SACRA Feasts kept the 5th of December in honour of Faunus where the Country People leaving off work danced and were merry FAUNUS The Son of Picus the first King of the Latins This Faunus is sometimes confounded with Pan and it seems that Ovid himself makes no distinction of them however Dionysius Hallicarnasseus says that Faunus the Son of Mars reigned in Italy when Evander landed there and that the Romans made him afterwards one of the Tutelar Gods of the Country The same Historian says somewhere else that in progress of time the common opinion was that Faunus was that wild God whose voice was heard by night in the Forests and frighted the People Whereby it doth appear that he ascribes pannick fears to Faunus and makes but one God both of Faunus and Pan. Eusebius reckons up Faunus among the Kings of the Aborigines an ancient People in Italy for he accounts the number of them thus Janus Saturnus Faunus Latinus Notwithstanding the Latins made him a Genius and a God uttering Predictions and this agrees with his proper name For Faunus is derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 fari loqui and his Wife was named Fatua from the same origine a fatu as vates comes from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Pan and Faunus were likely but one and the same seeing that the name of Pan is the same with that of Faunus in the Hebrew Tongue for Pan in Hebrew signifies Fear and Fan foun is the same thing Aurelius Victor is of the same opinion Virgil make Faunus a God of Oracles and Predictions At Rex solicitus monstris Oracula Fauni Fatidici genitoris adit c. FAUNI Called also Satyrs Pans and Silvans were formerly taken for Genij and Demi-Gods inhabiting Woods and Mountains according to the common
Person were free to accept or quit the Inheritance which was performed by a deed in law In the text of the Roman Law there was three several ways of purchasing or accepting of an Inheritance viz. Aditio Hereditatis which was a solemn Deed performed before the Magistrate Gestio pro Herede Deeds of owners as to fell Estates receive Rents and Debts and gather Fruits This manner of accepting an Inheritance is severally express'd in the Roman Law for in the person of strange Heirs 't is called gestio pro herede but in the person of Children 't is called immixtio and the third way is a single and plain will of accepting or refusing There were also three contrary ways to quit an Inheritance viz. Repudiatio which is a Deed in Law performed in the presence of the Magistrate Abstentio which was for the Children and the last was only a single Will when a man declared that he was unwilling to be Heir Formerly they allowed an hundred days for claiming an Inheritance HERE 's Ex asse an Heir or sole Legate See As. HERMAPHRODITUS An Hermaphrodite one that is both Man and Woman called by the Greeks Androgyne Poets tell us that Hermaphroditus was the Son of Mercury and Venus and that meeting in a Fountain with the Goddess Salmacis she fell in love with him and while she was embracing him she found herself fastned to him by an indissolvable tye both Bodies making but one with both sexes This word comes from the Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Mercurius and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Venus i. e. composed of Mercury and Venus both Male and Female Monsieur Spon in his curious inquiries after Antiquity has shewn us two precious stones whereon the Fable of Hermaphroditus is engraven The first is a Cornelian where he is represented in the Bath ready to embrace his dear Nymph Salmacis and becoming but one body with her that yet keeps both Sexes On the second he is already turned in the like manner that he is represented at Rome by Marble and Brass Statues By this Figure the Ancients represented a mix'd Deity composed of Mercury and Venus called by the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to join Eloquence with Pleasure or to shew that Venus was of both Sexes for Calvus a Poet calls Venus a God Polentemque Deum venerem And Virgil in the second Book of his Aenids Discedo ac ducente Deo flammam inter hostes Expedior Levinus speaking of this Divinity ascribes her both Sexes Aristophanes calls her 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in the Neuter Gender and Hesychius 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in the Masculine And in the Isle of Cyprus near Amathus she is represented by a Statue with a Beard like a Man HERMES A Sir-name given to Mercury The Hermae were Statues of Mercury commonly made of Marble and yet sometimes of brass without either Arms or Feet set up by the Greeks and the Romans in cross ways Servius in his Commentary on the eighth Book of the Aeneids of Virgil tells us the Origine of the word Hermes and says that Shepherds found Mercury called Hermes asleep on a Mountain and cut off his hands whereupon he was afterwards called Cyllenius as well as the Mountain where this Act was perform'd because 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifies that which has no Arm or which is maiâ—ed of some Member and from hence says he some Statues which have no Arms are called Hermae But this Etymology says Mr. Spon taken from the Epithet Cyllenius given to Mercury is contrary to what ancient Writers report for they derive this word from the place were he was born called Cyllene a Town in Arcadia or a Mountain of the same name Wherefore Pausanias in the Description of Greece l. 8. says that Mount Cyllene is the most famous of Arcadia and that on the top thereof a Temple was built to Mercury Cyllenius and that the name of the Mountain and the Sirname of Cyllenius given to Mercury comes from Cyllenus the Son of Elatus a Hero of that Country And this Etymology comes nearer to the truth than that related by Servius Suidas morally explains this manner of making Statues of Mercury without Arms. The Hermae says he were Statues of Stone erected by the Athenians at the Porches of their Temples or entrance of their Houses For Mercury being esteemed the God of Speech and Truth was represented with square and cubical Statues because square Figures can't be set but upright like Truth that never changes The Hermae were first found out and used at Athens wherefore Suidas tells us that they were peculiar to that City Aeschines in his Oration against Ctesiphon mentions the porch of the Hermae which was in his Time at Athens where among others there were three very remarkable Hermae set up in honour to the Athenians who had routed the Persians near the River Stymon The Inscriptions of these Hermae were Encomiums of the Athenians valour nevertheless out of a wise policy the names of the Athenian Generals were not mention'd in these Inscriptions lest this Nation jealous of their liberty should raise the ambition of these Great Men and give them occasion to aspire to the Soveraign Power The chiefest Hermae of Athens were the Hipparchians which Hipparchus the Son of Pisistratas Tyrant of Athens had erected in the City the Suburbs and the Villages of Attica with ingraven moral Instructions and Sentences to incourage Men to vertue as 't is related by several Authors Cornelius Nepos in the life of Alcibiades tells us that one night the Hermae then at Athens were all cast to the ground only one excepted that stood at the door of the Orator Andocides who says in his speech of the Mysteries that it was dedicated by the Tribe Egeida The Hermae were also set up in cross ways and great Roads because Mercury the messenger of the Gods presided over the high ways Wherefore he was sirnamed both Trivius from the word trivium i. e. a cross way and Viacus from the word via i. e. way in an Inscription of Gruter Tully a great loâ—er of Antiquity being inform'd by the Letters of his Friend Atticus then an Athens that he had found some Hermae writes thus to him in the seventh Letter of the first Book Your Hermae of Marble of Mount Rentilicus with their head of brass rejoyce me before hand wherefore you will oblige me very much to send them to me with the Statues and other curiosities that you can find at Athens of your own liking and approbation The Women honour'd much the Hermae and adorned them with Flowers that they might obtain of them a happy fecundity as we see in a basso relievo of Boissard's Antiquities HERM-ATHENAE Were Statues set upon square feet like the Hermae but represented Mercury and Minerva this word being compounded of Hermae and Athenae which signifies these two Divinities Pomponius Atticus having found at Athens one of these rare Statues writes to his Friend
Strabo in his 10th Book will have them to have been thus named from a Mountain in Thrace called Libethrus at the Foot whereof there stood a Temple dedicated to the Muses by the Thracians LIBITINA this was a Goddess believed by the Ancients to preside over Funerals Some consound her with Proserpina others with Venus the Moon as well as the Sun preside over Nativities and Funerals as the general Cause of the Generation and Corruption of all Things and she has received all these Names and Offices for her self alone as Plutarch has it in the Life of Numa In her Temple they kept all Things that were requisite for Funeral Solemnities whence it is that Phoedra reproaches a Miser for cutting off by his Will all the Charges which should have been expended at his Funeral for fear lest the Goddess Libitina should get any Thing by his Death Qui resecas omnem impensam Funeris Ne quid de tuo Libitina lucretur Those Persons whose Business it was to furnish them with what was necessary for that Purpose were called Libitinarii according to Vlpian and at this Day they are known with us by the Name of Vndertakers LIBRA the Ballance is one of the Twelve Signs of the Zodiac when the Sun comes to the Eighth Degree of Libra it marks the Autumnal Equinox because it forms Arches equal to those it did before in Taurus it enters therein in the Month of September on our 7th or 12th LIBRA a Pound 'T is a Measure of Weight in respect to all heavy Things that are weighed the Romans allowed but Twelve Ounces to a Pound Weight and to a Pound of Length-Measure The Weights of a Pound were borrowed by the Romans from the Sicilians who named it Litra and the Romans changed the t into b. The Romans had also a sort of Money which they called Libra or Libella and was the Tenth part of a Denarius because 't was the Value of an As which at first was a Pound Weight of Copper Scaliger also adds that they made use of the Word Libra for Money told out Libra non erat nummus sed Collectio Nummorum LICHAS Hercules his Servant by whom Deianira his Wife sent him the Shirt that was infected with the Blood of the Centaur Nessus which Poison made Hercules so outragious that he threw Lichas into the Seas and he was transformed by Neptune into a Rock LICTORES Lictors or Ax-Bearers they were so called because they carried the Axes which were fastned to a long Handle and encompassed with a Bundle of Rods called Fasces or Secures Romulus was the first that made use of them with a Design to inspire the People with a greater Reverence for their Magistrates The Dictators had Twenty Four Lictors who walked before them the Consuls Twelve the Pro-Consuls and Governours of Provinces Six the Praetors and City Magistrates Two only They also punished such Offenders as were surprized in the Fact at the first Command they received from the Magistrates J. Lictor Colliga manus expedi virgas plecte securi They were ready to undo their Bundle of Rods whether it were to whip or to cut off the Head of the condemned Offender They were thus called a Ligando because they bound the Hands and Feet of the condemned Person before his Execution LIMENARCHAE or Stationarii They were Soldiers posted by the Romans in divers Places to prevent Disorders and especially High-way-men and Robbers upon the High-ways as the Grand Provosts are in France at this Day They were appointed by Augustus after the End of the Civil War to hinder the Soldiers that had been disbanded from ravaging Italy Tiberius increased their Number as Suetonius in the Life of the said Emperor informs us The Chief of these Soldiers was called Irenarcha that is The Prince of the Peace because he was instrumental to secure the Peace and Tranquility of the Publick LINGUA Tongue Speech they are certain Expressions which People have conceived to make one another to be understood The Original of Languages came from the Confusion wherewith God punished the Pride of those who built the Tower of Babel the Hebrew Tongue is the ancientest Language and is called the Holy Language and the Rabbins say 't is so because 't is so pure and chaste that there is no Word therein for the Privy Parts nor for that whereby we ease Nature there is a Difference between the Hebrew without Points and that wherein the Vowels are noted by Points Father Morin pretends in Opposition to the Modern Rabbis that Moses wrote without Points and without the Distinction of Words Vossius maintains that besides the Books of Scripture in the Time even of St. Jerome there was no other Book in Hebrew but only in the Greek Tongue and that it was not before Justinian's Reign that they began to appear The Reason which he gives for it is that the said Emperor having by an Edict forbidden the Jews to Read the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or their Traditions in their Synagogues they bethought themselves of Translating it into their own Language and this Book says he was called Misna The Points in the Hebrew Tongue were not invented to signifie the Vowels by till towards the Tenth Century by the Massaretes The Punic Tongue according to the Authority of William Postell was no other than the Phaenician which he compares with the Hebrew from whence it proceeded together with the Caldaean and Syriack The Arabick Tongue is the most Copious of all the Languages and the Arabs say they are as Ancient as the Hebrews as pretending their Descent to have been from Ismael Their Ingenuity and Language have been much commended Their ancient Writings have almost all the Letters joined together but one Elcabil was necessitated to invent and introduce the Points into their Language for the easier reading of Arabick Some of them they place above and others below the Words Kinslenius in his Epistle Dedicatory to the Emperor Rodolphus speaking of this Costom seems to be of Opinion that the Arabs did not admit of these Points into their Writings till such time as they had Commerce with the People of Europe The Ancient Arabick Character was called Cuphick The most Ancient is the thickest and largest the other being less both ways That which the Tartars make use of at this Day appears closer smaller and more bended than the others The Egyptian Language had the Forms of Animals in it being mysterious Symbols that served to conceal and involve in Obscurity all the Secrets of their Theology They called them Hieroglyphicks And many Obelisks or Tombs are still to be found inscribed with such Characters and Hieroglyphical Figures the Words of this Language express the Nature and Propriety of all Things The Coptick which was the Language of Egypt before the Greek is a singular Tongue and independent of all others according to the Opinion of Kircher Salmasius says That the Word Coptick comes from a Town called Coptos whose Inhabitants had
in Numinibus Ab-addires Thus the Gods Ab-addires of the Carthaginians were without doubt those whom the Greeks and Latins sometimes called Magnos petentes selectos Deos. ABALIENARE a Term of Roman Law to make a pure and simple Sale to a Roman Citizen of the Goods which were called Res mancupii or mancipli which were Estates situate in Rome or some place of Italy and consisted in Lands of Inheritance in Slaves and Cattel This Sale or Allenation was not valid but between Roman Citizens and for the Payment a certain Ceremony was observed with a Balance and Money in hand or else the Seller was to transfer and renounce his Right before a Judge as we learn from Cicero in his Topicks Abalienatio ejus rei quae mancipii erat aut traditio alteri nexu aut in jure cessis ABATON a Greek word which signifies a Building so very high that no Man can come at it and which is inaccessible We have a fine piece of Antiquity concerning this sort of Building in Vitruvlus l. 8. c. 2. The Rhodians being vanquish'd by Queen Artemisia the Wife of Mausolus the Story says that she erected a Trophy in the City of Rhodes with two Statues of Brass whereof one represented Rhodes and the other was her own Image which imprinted on the Front of that which represented the City the Marks of Slavery A long time after the Rhodians who scrupled the demolishing of these Statues because it was not lawful to destroy such Statues as were dedicated in any place consulted how they might hinder the View of them by raising a very high Building round about them after the manner of the Greeks who call'd it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ABAZEA or ABAZEIA ancient Ceremonies instituted by Dionysius the Son of Caprius King of Asia so called from the Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies silent because these Feasts were observ'd with a profound Silence Cicero speaks of them in his third Book Of the Nature of the Gods ABDERA a City of Thrace so called from one Abderus a Favorite of Hercules who was torn in pieces by the Horses of Diomedes Hercules reveng'd the Death of his Friend causing his own Horses to eat him up and then beating out their Brains with his Club he built also this City in his honour which he called from his Name It was afterwards called Claxomena because the Claxomenians who came from Asia into Thrace enlaarged it very much It is now called Pelistylo according to Sophian and was the place where Pretageras the Sophist and Democritus the great Laugher were born Near to this Place is a Lake called Bistonis in which nothing will swim and the Pastures round about it make the Horses mad that feed in them ABDERITAE or ABDERITANI The Inhabitants of Abdera in Thrace who were esteemed stupid and dull because of the Grossness of the Air in which they breath'd from whence comes that Expression of Martial Abderitanae pectora plebis haber i. e. You are a stupid Fool in which place he speaks to a certain Criminal who was pardoned upon condition that in a full Theatre he would represent upon himself the Action of Mutius Scavola who burn'd his Hand with a Stoical Constancy in the presence of King Porsenua to punish himself because he had not kill'd him but miss'd his Aim by striking one of his Courtiers instead of him The Natives of Abdera says Lucian were formerly tormented with a burning Fever which ceased on the seventh day either by a Sweat or by Loss of Blood and which is very strange all that were seiz'd with it repeated Tragedies and particularly the Androâ—eda of Euripidâ—â— with a grave Air and a mournful Tone and the whole City was full of these Tragedians who started up on a fudden and running to and fro in frightful and horrid Disguises cry'd out O Love the Tyrant of the Gods and Men and in this mad Frolick acted the rest of Perseus's Part in a very melancholy manner The Original of this Mischief was the Actor Archelaus who being in mighty Vogue had acted this Tragedy with much Applause in the hottest time of Summer for by this means it came to pass that many upon their return from the Theatre went to bed and the next day fell to imitating him having their Heads still full of those tragical and bombast Terms they had heard the day before ABDICARE a Term of the Roman Law to Abdicate a Son is to abandon him to turn him out of your House to refuse to own him for your Son it is also a common Phrase abdicare Magistratum or se Magistratu to renounce the Office of a Magistrate to lay it down to abandon it either before the time prescribed for some private Reason or for some Defect that happened in the Election or at last after the time is expir'd for the discharge of that Office We read also in the Law Abdidicare se statu suo to renounce his Condition to become a Slave and be degraded from the Privileges of a Roman Citizen when any one was abandon'd to his Creditors not being able to make them Satisfaction ABDICERE a Term of Roman Law which signifies to debar any one of his Demands and Pretensions or not to allow them And in this Sense 't is said Abdicere vindiciam or vindicias i. e. Not to allow one the possession of the thing which is controverted on the contrary dicere addicere vindicias is to grant and allow them the Possession of that which is contested Abdicere is also an Augural Term and signifies to disapprove to reject a Design or Enterprise not to favour it For understanding this piece of Antiquity we must know that the Romans never undertook any thing of consequence till they had first consulted the Will of the Gods by the mediation of the Augurs who for this end consider'd the flying and singing of the Birds their manner of eating and drinking and according to the Rules and Observations of this Augural Science they approv'd or disapprov'd of any Design and answer'd those who consulted them Id aves abdicunt the Gods disapprove this Design whose Will has been manifested to us by the Birds which we have observed ABIGEI and ABACTORES in the Law are the Stealers of Cattle who carry away whole Flocks or at least a great part of them The Lawyers do put a great difference between the words Fures and Abactores for the former say they are those who steal only a Sheep or two whereas the Abactores are those who carry off a whole Flock or the greatest part of it ABIRE This Word besides the Significations I have already given of it in my Latin and French Dictionary has also some other relating to the Roman Law as Abire ab emptione to fall off from a Bargain to break it to refuse to hold it so in Cicero we find Res abiit à Sempronio Sempronius fail'd in this Affair it slipt out of his hands
Iron-rings to put in the Iron-pins besides he put some strong short poles of Oak at both ends of the Engine to which the drawing Oxen were fastned and when they drew the Iron-pins that were in the Iron-rings could turn freely enough to let the body of the Pillars rowl easily upon the Ground and thus he brought all the Pillars of the Temple of Diana CUBITUS A Cubit an ancient Measure Philander observes that there were three kinds of Cubits viz. The great one which was nine ordinary Foot long the middle one was two foot long which was about a foot and ten inches of the common foot and the small one was of a Foot and a half which was about an inch and a half less than a common foot of twelve inches CUBUS A Cube a solid and regular Body with six square sides all even like its Angles Dies are little Cubes This word comes from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Tissera a Dice A Cubical number is that which is multiplied twice once by its root and another time by its product 't is the third power in Algebra 64 is a Cube number produced by the multiplication of 4 which is the root which makes 16 its Square and multiplied again by 4 it makes 64 which is the Cube A Cubical foot Cube is a measure of solid bodies which are a foot every way CULEARIA VASA Vessels of the greatest content This word is derived from Culeus an ancient measure containing about 540 pints which is near two Hogsheads it was the biggest measure for Liquors Culeus hac nulla est major mensura liquoris says Fannius It was made of Leather or baked Earth as we learn it from Varro CUNEI SPECTACULORUM The Seats and Benches in Theatres which having a large basis and growing narrower the nearer they came to the Center of the Theatre had the form of a Wedge and therefore were called Cunei CUNINA A Goddess who had the charge of Childrens Cradles called Cunae CUPIDO The God of Love according to the fable There are several opinions concerning his birth Hefiod says he was born of the Chaos and the Earth Tully after Lucian of Mars and Venus Arcesilas says that he was the Son of the Night and the Air Sapho of Calus and Venus Seneca of Vulcan and Venus Ovid and Plutarch are of opinion that there were two Cupids one celestial which is innocent Love and the other terrestial which is filthy Love the first born of Venus and Jupiter the second of Erebus and the Night He is represented like a Boy naked and winged with a vail over his eyes carrying a quiver upon his Shoulders and holding a Torch with one hand and a Bow and some darts with the other wherewith he wounded the hearts of Lovers Plutarch tells us that the Aegyptians and Greeks had two Cupids one Celestial and the other Common Lucian seems to be of that opinion in the Dialogue betwixt Venus and Cupid for there Cupid confesses that tho he had pierced with his Darts all the other Gods yet he had met with some hearts that were impenetrable viz. Minerva's the Muses and Diana's CURATORES Omnium Tribuum The Syndicks who were the Protectors of the Districts of Rome like the Aldermen of the Wards in London CURATORES Operum publicorum The Overseers or Surveyors of publick works who took care of them CURATORES alvei Tiberis cleacorum The Commissioners for cleansing the Tiber and the Common-shore of the City they were establisht by Augustus according to what Suetonius says Nova officia excogitavit curam operum publicorum viarum aquarum alvei Tiberis CURATORES Viarum extra Urbem The Commissioners for the Highways Cawseways and Bridges about the City of Rome CURATORES Denariorum Flandorum express'd in ancient inscriptions by these three Letters C. D. F. The Warden of the Mint called also Viri Monetales who had the care of coining The inscriptions of old Gold and Silver pieces were stampt with these five letters A. A. A. F. F. i. e. Aere Argento Auro flando feriundo overseers for melting and coining species of Brass Silver and Gold CURATORES Kalendarii Men who put out the publick money to interest which was paid at the Kalends or the first day of the month from whence they were called Kalendarii CURETES The Inhabitants of the Isle of Crete to whom Rhea committed the care of bringing up young Jupiter The Curetes were accounted Inhabitants of Crete because that worship pass'd from that Island to the rest of Greece and Italy as it formerly came from Phoenicia into Egypt Phrygia and Samothracia and from thence to Crete from whence it was at last communicated to the Greeks CURIA A place says Festus where those who were intrusted with the care of publick affairs met but Curia among the Romans signified rather the persons who met in Council than the meeting place for there was no certain place appointed for the Assemblies the Senate meeting sometimes in one Temple and sometimes in another Yet there was certain places called Curia as Curia Hostilia Curia Calabra Curia Saliorum Curia Pompeii Curia Augusti but Antiquity has left us no account of those Edifices There were two kinds of these places or Courts some wherein the Pontiffs met about the affairs of Religion and were called by a general word Curiae Veteres there were four of these viz. Foriensis Ravia Vellensis and Velitia which were in the tenth Ward of the City of Rome and the other wherein the Senate assembled about State Affairs We have this division from Varro in the fourth Book de Lingua Latina Curiae duorum genera ubi Sacerdotes res divinas curarent ut Curiae veteres ubi Senatus humanas ut Curia Hostilia CURIA CALABRA The Court of Calabra was built by Romulus upon Mount Palatinus as Varro says or in the Capitol in the same place where now the Storehouse for Salt is kept at the Conservators Lodging as 't is some other Authors opinion It was called Calabra from the verb Calare i. e. to call because it was the place appointed by Romulus where the King of the Sacrifices called the Senate and the people to tell them of the new Moons the days for Sacrifices and publick Games CURIA HOSTILIA The Court Hostilia built by Tullus Hostilius in the place where the Senate often assembled CURIA POMPEII or POMPEIA The Court of Pompey adjoyning to the Theatre which he caused to be built in the place now called Campo di Fiore It was a very magnificent Palace the Senate was assembled there when Julius Caesar was murthered and the Statue of Pompey was sprinkled with Caesar's Blood At the Entry of this Palace was a magnificent Porch supported with an hundred fine Pillars It remained intire near three hundred years and was burnt down in the time of the Emperor Philip who succeeded Gordianus III. CURIA SALIORUM The Court of the Salii on Mount Palatine where the Augurial staff of
Book of the City of God c. 18. How can Goddess Fortune be sometimes good and sometimes bad May be when she is bad she is not then a Goddess but is changed on a sudden into a pernicious Devil Then there must be as many several Fortunes good and bad as there are men happy and unhappy May be the Goddess is always good and if it be so she is the same thing as Felicity Why have then Men consecrated them several Temples Altars and Ceremonies Because say they Felicity is that which Men enjoy according to their deserts but good Fortune befals by chance both good and bad Men without any respect to personal Merit wherefore she is called Fortune But how can she be good if she befals without distinction both good and bad Men And why Men should serve her seeing she is blind and offers herself indifferently all Men and leaves often those Men 〈◊〉 serve her to stick to those who despise her or if they say that she sees and loves Men who worship her she has then regard to the deserts of Men and does not happen out of a meer chance what will become then of the definition of Fortune and how can they say that she derives her name from Fo rs because she is casual The Romans gave several Names to Fortune and built her Temples and Aedicula by these several Names They called her FORTUNA LIBERA REDUX PUBLICA PRIMIGENIA EQUESTRIS PARVA FORTUNA FO RS or FORTIS FORTUNA FORTUNA VIRILIS FEMINEA FORUM This word signifies several things viz. Market-places and common places where the People met upon Business and where they pleaded for of all the places that were at Rome there were but three where Courts were kept Forum signified also a Town where Fairs are kept as Forum Julij the Fair of Frioul Forum Livij the Fair of Forly and Forum Flaminium the place where was kept the Fair of Fuligny for because of the great concourse of Merchants who came to these Fairs they built Houses for their conveniences and in process of time these places became Towns The publick places in Greece are of square figure with double and large Piazza's round about the Pillars whereof are close and hold up the Architraves made of Stone or Marble with Galleries above but this was not practiced in Italy because the old custom was to represent the Fights of Gladiators to the People in these places wherefore they set up their Pillars at a larger distance one from another that the People might see those Shews the better and that the Shops of the Bankers that were under the Piazza's and the Balconies that were above might have room enough for their Trade and the Receipt of publick Revenues There were seventeen common places or Market-places at Rome fourteen whereof were appointed for the sale of Goods and Merchandizes called Fora Venalia There was Forum Olitorium the Herb-Market where Pulses were sold Forum Pistarium the Market for Bread Forum Piscarium the Fish-Market Forum Equarium the Market for Horses Forum Boarium the Market where Oxen were sold Forum Soarium or Suarium the Hog-Market Forum Cupedinarium or Cupedinis the Market for Dainties where the Cooks the Pastry-Cooks and the Confectioners kept their Shops Writers don't agree about the Etymology of the Name given to this place Festus says that this word is derived from capes or cupedia which signifies in Antient Books rare and dainty meat Varro in his 4th Book of the Latin Tongue tells us that this place took its Name from a Roman of the Equestrian Order named Cupes who had a Palace in this place which was pull'd down in punishment of his Thefts and the place where it stood appointed for the use of a Market All these Market-palces were surrounded with Piazza's and Houses with Stalls and Tables to expose Goods and Merchandizes to sale which were called Abaci Plutei Venalitij Operariae Mensae The Romans called the places where matters of Judgment were pleaded and decided Fora Civilia or Judiciaria the three chiefest whereof were Forum Romanum which was the most ancient and most famous of all called Latinum Vetus where the Rostra was kept Forum Julij Casaris Forum Augusti were two places only added to the Forum Romanum because it was not large enough to hold the number of Lawyers and Clients says Suetonius These three places were appointed for the Assemblies of the People publick Spechees and Administration of Justice There were still two places more added to these three above mentioned one was began by Domitian and finished by the Emperor Nerva and was called by his Name Forum Divi Nervae and the other was built by Trajan called Forum Trajani The Forum Romanum was scituated betwixt Mount Palatinus and the Capitol and contained all that spot of ground that extended from the Arch of Septimius Severus to the Temple of Jupiter Stator In Romulus's time it was only a great open place without Buildings or any other Ornament Tullus Hostilius was the first who inclosed it with Galleries and Shops and afterwards this work was carried on by other Kings Consuls and Magistrates And in the time of the prosperity of the Common-wealth it was one of the finest places in the World The chiefest parts thereof were the place called Comitium where the people assembled for deliberations concerning publick Affairs The Magistrates called Aediles and Praetors ordered often Games to be represented there to divert the people Marcellus Junior the Son of Octavia Augustus's Sister caused it to be covered with Linnen the year that he was Aedile for the conveniency of those that were at Law ut Salubrius litigantes consisterent says Pliny Cato the Censor said that this place ought to be paved with sharp Stones that litigious men growing weary of standing there might be discouraged to go to Law In this place of Assembly there were four stately Buildings viz. the Palace of Paulus the House of Opimia where the Senate men the House of Julia built by Vitruvius and the House of Porcia erected by Portius Cato At one corner of this place at the foot of the Tarpeian Rock was a great and dreadful Prison built by Ancas Martius and since enlarged by Servius Tullius with many Dungeons from whence it was called Tullianum Over against that Prison stood a great Coloss of Marble vulgarly called Marforie in the shape of a man lying all along representing as some men say the Figure of the River Nar the first letter N having been changed by corruption of Language into an M Nardiforum and Marforio Some other men tell us that this Figure represented the River Rhine and was a piece of Architecture supporting the Statue of Domitian on Horseback and was laid there after he had triumphed over Germany And some are of opinion that it was the Statue of Jupiter Panarius the God of the Bakers whose Statue was set up there in remembrance of the Loaves that the Soldiers threw down from the Capitol into
July his Effigies should be carried in State at the muster of the Equestrian Order GERMANIA Germany Some Writers say that the word of Germany is but of late and comes from those Men who went first into the Gauls and were called Tungri or Germani says Tacitus or from the German word Gaar-Mannen which signifies Germany V. Alemannia GERMANI The Germans See Alemanni GERYON King of Spain represented by Poets with three Bodies because he reigned over three Kingdoms and had fed some Oxen he loved very much having a Dog with three Heads and a Dragon with seven to look after them Hercules by the Command of Earisteus slew him and delivered his Body to be devoured by his own Oxen as Diomedes was before eaten by his own Horses GIGANTES The Giants the Sons of the Earth begot according to the Fable of the Blood that came out of the Genital parts of Goelus that Saturn cut off for the Earth to be revenged of Jupiter who had struck down the Titans brought forth Monsters of a prodigious shape to attack him and drive him out of Heaven To this purpose they met in Thessalia in the Fields called Phlegraei and there heaping up Mountains upon Mountains they scaled and battered Heaven with great pieces of Rocks Among others there was Enceladus Briareus and Egcon with a hundred Hands flinging Rocks which they took out of the Sea against Jupiter yet a certain Typhaeus was very famous exceeding all these Monsters in bigness and strength for he reached with his Head to the top of Heaven and could extend his Hands from one end of the World to the other he was half Man and half Serpent and blew Fire and Flame out of his Mouth in a dreadful manner and frighted so much the Gods who were come to the relief of Jupiter that they fled away into Egypt and transform'd themselves into several kinds of Trees or disguised themselves under the form of several Beasts But Jupiter pursued them so vigorously with his Thunderbolts that he came off with Honour and crushed them under the weight of Mountains shutting them up therein and punishing them in Hell with several Torments This is the Fable here is the true Story The Fable of the Giants who heaped up Mountains one upon another to raise themselves to Heaven there to fight the Gods is most commonly applied to those Men who after the Flood built the Tower of Babel But holy Scripture speaks of the Giants a long time before the Deluge Gen. c. 6. There were Giants on the Earth in those days And in another place 't is spoken of the prodigious stature of the Giants or rather of those Men whom the Scripture calls Giants even after the Flood For the Israelites having seen some of them described them thus All the People whom we saw in the land are Men of great Stature and there we saw Giants the Sons of Anak which are of the Race of the Giants and we appeared to them like Grashoppers and so we were in comparison of them And to shew us the extraordinary height and shape of the Giants Moses tells us in Deuteronomy that an Iron Bed of these Giants was nine Cubits long and four Cubits broad according to the natural length of a Man's Cubit which is a Foot and a half Only Og King of Bashan remained of the Race of the Giants his Bedsted was of Iron it is in Rabbah of the Children of Ammon being nine Cubits long and four Cubits broad according to a Mans Cubit According to this description that the Scripture gives us of these Giants they might be about fourteen foot high Solinus relates that tho the common opinion is that the Stature of a Man can't be above seven foot high and that Hercules did not exceed it yet in the Reign of Augustus Pusio and Secundilla were more than ten foot high and in the Emperor Claudius's time the Corps of Gabbara was brought from Arabia and was near ten foot high and that the Corps of Orestes being found after his death was seven Cubits long The Giants before the Deluge were begotten by the Children of God and Daughters of Men and the Hebrew Text makes use of the word Nephilim to express the Giants which comes from Nephal i. e. to fall The Giants after the Deluge are also called by the same name because of their likeness to the former however they are called by a particular name which may be observed in the Books of Numbers and Deuteronomy where they are called the Sons of Enacim Palastine was their Country The learned Bochart observes that from the Hebrew word Enacim or Anacim the Greeks have formed their words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which originally signified Men of Gigantick Stature Pausanias relates that the Body of the Hero Asterius the Son of Anax who was the Son of the Earth was found in the Isle Asteria near Miletum and that his Corps was ten Cubits in length This Stature of ten Cubits agrees with that mentioned in the Scripture The word Anax is the same with Enac or Anac for it is well known that the change of Vowels is frequent even in the same Tongue In fine if Anac or Enac was the Son of the Earth it was common to call the Giants the Children of the Earth And Ovid tells us that they were so called because they came out of the Earth moistened with the blood of their Fathers whom a just revenge had destroyed The Septuagints Translation has given the name of Giant to Nimrod who first reigned at Babylon The Hebrew Text signifies only Potens venator Gibbor Tsaid but the same word Gibbarim is used to signifie the Giants called also Nephilim Wherefore the Scripture says that Nimrod was the first Giant because he was at the head of the rebellion of the Giants after the Deluge who were combined together for the building of the Tower of Babel The Greeks have sometimes called the Giants by the name of Titans which shews that they had this History and the Fables contained in it from the Scripture and out of Palestine for the word Tit signifies dirt in Hebrew and they tell us that the Giants were formed out of the Dirt or Earth Wherefore these three words Titanes Gigantes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 have the same signification and signifie the Children of the Earth Diodorns Siculus unfolding the Theology of those who Inhabit the Coasts of the Atlantick Sea says that according to their opinion the Titans were the Children of Uranus and Titaea who gave them her Name and called herself the Earth Gommune Titanum nomen à Titaeâ matre usurpabant Titaea autem post mortem in Deos relata Telluris nomen accipit These Giants were Children of Heaven and Earth and their name of Titans came either from the Earth or Dirt called by the Hebrews Tit. And these Giants being born before the Deluge the Pagans who had but an imperfect knowledge of their History did not know their true Geneology wherefore
the words that are meerly French as Hardiesse Hauteur c. As for the H after the Consonants Tully in his Book de Oratore affirms that the ancient Writers made no use of it but only before the Vowels which inclin'd him to pronounce Pulcros Triumpos Cartaginem But concealing his opinion he conferm'd himself to the custom of the people in his pronunciation and that yet they pronounced always Sepulcra Lacrimae without H because it did not offend the Ears Quintillian tells us that often ancient Writers put no H before the Vowels writing ircus but that in his time they were come to another excess pronouncing Chorona Praechones However the Language must be considered as it was in its purity Wherefore as this H after the Consonants was only introduced in the Latin Language but to supply the aspirated Letters of the Greeks it ought to be used but after four Consonants viz. C P T R. The Latins have taken their H from the Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as the Greeks had it of the Phaenicians and the Phaenicians of the Syrians who pronounced formerly Hetha instead of Heth which plainly shews that we ought to pronounce Eta in Greek and not Ita. But in the beginning this H was only us'd for an aspiration wherefore they wrote 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 instead of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 instead of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 HEKATON instead of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 centum From whence it comes that the H formerly denoted one hundred in number H was also joined with weak Consonants instead of an aspiration for the aspirated Consonants were found out since by Palamedes they using to write 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 instead of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and the like The F is often written instead of the H as Faedum instead of Haedum Fircum instead of Hircum Fariolum instead of Hariolum Fostem instead of Hostem Heminas instead of Feminas Hebris instead of Febris HAMADRYADES Certain Divinities of Trees and Forests who lived and died with them as the fabulous Antiquity tells us Notwithstanding the respect the Pagans had for these Hamadryades was but a kind of worship render'd to some Intelligent Divinity or some Genius whom they fancied to be present or residing in these Trees HARMONIA Harmony the Daughter of Mars and Venus and Wife to Cadmus both turn'd into Serpents HARMONIA Harmony A consort of Voices or Musical Instruments The Platonists fancied that celestial Bodies made a real Harmony Vitruvius speaks of the harmonical Musick of Aristoxenes the Scholar of Aristotle opposite to that of the Pythagoreans because these Philosophers judged of the tones only by reasons of Proportions and the others were of opinion that the ears should also have their share in that judgment because it belonged especially to them to regulate what concerns Musick The same Writers give us also an account of three kinds of Songs which the Greeks call Enarmonick Chromatick and Diatonick the Enarmonick singing is a way of turning the voice and disposing the Intervals with such an art that the melody becomes more moving The Chromatick singing consists in keeping the Intervals close by a subtle artifice which makes the voice sweeter and softer and the Diatonick as the most natural makes easie Intervals which renders it more easie than the others HARPOCRATES The Son of Osiris and Isis the God of Silence who was commonly represented holding his finger upon his mouth to make a sign to hold the tongue and keep silence Varro protests that he will tell nothing else of this God lest he should break silence commanded by him The finger which he holds upon his mouth is the second finger called by the Latius Salutaris commonly used to command silence And Apuleius says Lay the Finger that is next the Thumb upon the Mouth and hold your Tongue Ausonius recommended Silence thus Aut tua Sigalion Aegyptius oscula signet The Statues of Harpacrates were placed in Temples and publick places and the Egyptian Sculpto represented him upon several precious Stones which they ingrav'd under certain Constellations and upon Metals proper to receive and keep the impression of each Star that they might use them to cure Distempers and preserve Men from dangers The Romans adorn'd their fingers with them as Pliny has observ'd ' The Romans says he begin already to wear in their Rings Harpocrates and other Aegyptian Gods M. Spon in the seventh dissertation of the Inquiries after Antiquities has given us several Sculptures of Harpocrates p. 124. On one of these he is represented setting upon an Ostrich and on the reverse thereof the Sun and Moon are ingrav'd for Harpocrates was accounted their Son since Osiris and Isis the Father and Mother of Harpocrates were esteem'd by the Egyptians what the Son and the Moon were by other Nations And yet we may say that the Pagans rank'd Harpocrates the God of silence among the other Gods to silence those who should affirm that all their Gods were but mortal Men or else to shew us that all the Gods whom they ador'd were comprehended in an only one who commanded silence The Letters of the reverse of the Medal are fantastical Characters of Hereticks both Basilidians and Gnosticks who did mix the Mysteries of the Christian Religion with Pagan superstitions In another figure Serapis and Harpocrates are represented with these Letters Conservate me which shews that it was a kind of a Talisman which they wore about them to beg of these Divinities the conservation of their Health and their preservation from all Evils On another stone Harpocrates is represented setting upon the Flower called Lotus an Herb dedicated to the Sun because its flower opens of it self at the rising of the Sun and shuts again at his going down The Letters Ingraven on the reverse thereof are some Basilidian Mysteries Harpocrates is still drawn with the head of a Lion some Birds about him and the head of the Moon Alexander Hales tells us that these Birds were Angels whom the Basilidians ascribed to celestial Globes of the Planets and that they called Saturn Cassiel Jupiter Sachiel Mars Samuel the Sun and the Moon Michael Venus Anahel Mercury Raphael Likewise Harpocrates is figured setting on the head of an Ass the mouth whereof is turned upwards with these Letters on the reverse of the Medal 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. strong and invincible which Epithet the Basilidians gave to their Jao or Jehova to preserve them from dangers and protect them against their Enemies The same God is yet engraven with seven Greek Vowels signifying the word Jehova These are the representations of Harpocrates drawn from Sculptures and Medals But we shall describe the copies which were taken after the old small Statues of Brass kept in the Virtuoso's Closers The old Statues of Harpocrates were holding their Finger upon their Mouth but some are represented with a Horn of Plenty and a Basket on the head which was the common ornament of Serapis who according to the
twisted about with a Serpent because this Animal is in a singular manner dedicated to the Sun At his right foot is the figure of a Hare which was also consecrated to the Sun because of his fecundity and swiftness 'T is reported that Hares never shut their eyes night nor day which is an emblem of the Sun which never ceases to afford light to some part of the World The Ancients were used to ascribe a Raven and a Swan to the Sun to represent his light by the whiteness of the Swan and his darkness by the black feathers of the Raven And this Harpocrates was covered on one side and naked on the other because when the Sun gives light to our Hemisphere the other is covered with darkness HOSTIA A Victim sacrificed to a Deity The Aruspicina of the Antients was performed by looking into the Intrails of the Victims The word Hostia comes ab hostibus because they sacrificed Victims either before they engag'd the Enemy to beg the favour of the Gods or after they had obtain'd the Victory to give them thanks Writers give two different significations of these words Hostia and Victima Isidorus l. 6. c. 18. says that the Animal that the Emperor or the General of the Army sacrificed before he engag'd the Enemy to render the Gods favourable to him was properly called Hostia deriving that word from Hostis Enemy and from Hostire to strike the Enemy Hostiae apud veteres dicebantur sacrificia quae fiebant antequam ad hostem pergerent victimae vero sacrificia quae post victoriam devictis hostibus immolabantur And to confirm this opinion he brings in the Authority of Festus who says that Hostia dicta est ab hostire to strike as if by that Hostia they had begg'd the favour of the Gods to beat and overcome the Enemy The word Victim comes from the Sacrifice offered by the Emperor to the Gods after a Victory obtained over the Enemy à victis profligatis hostibus Ovid gives us this Etymology in the first Book of his Fasti v. 335. Victima quae cecidit dextra victrice vocatur Hostibus à victis Hostia nomen habet Aulus Gellius tells us that Hostiae might be indifferently sacrificed by every Priest but that the Victim was only sacrificed by the vanquisher of the Enemy Isidorus reports also l. 5. c. 13. that the Victim was offered for great Sacrifices and taken out of the great Cattle but Hostia was sacrificed for the least and taken out of a Herd of Sheep To this custom Horace alludes Ode 17. l. 2. where he exhorts Maecenas to perform his vow for the recovery of his health and offer Victims while on his part he will sacrifice a Lamb. Reddere victimas Aedemque votivam memento Nos humilem feriemus agnam What difference soever might be between these two words they were often confounded and promiscuously taken one for another by ancient Writers Two kinds of Hostiae were offered to the Gods some to know their will by looking into the Intrails and Inwards of the Sacrifices in other Sacrifices they contented themselves to offer the life of the Victim wherefore these Sacrifices were called animales Hostiae As we learn of Trebatius l. 1. de Relig. apud Macrob. l. 3. c. 25. Hostiarum duo genera fuisse docet alterum in quo voluntas Dei per exta disquirebatur alterum quo sola anima Deo sacrabatur unde animales Hostias vocabant Aruspices Virgil speaks of these Sacrifices in his Aeneid Pecudumque reclusis Pectoribus inhians spirantia consulit exta l. 4. v. 64 And the same Virgil l. 5. v. 483. Hanc tibi Eryx meliorem animam pro morte Daretis Persolvo The Ancients had many kinds of Hostia called Hostiae â—urae Praecidaneae Bidentes Injuges Eximiae Succidaneae Ambarvales Amburbiales Caneares Prodigae Piaculares Ambegnae Harvigae Harugae Optata Maxima Medialis HOSTIAE PURAE Were Lambs and Pigs ten days old as Festus reports l. 1. Agnus dicitur à graeco 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quod significat Castum eo quod sit hostia pura immolationi apta And Varro l. 11. De Re Rust Porci à partu decimâ— die habentur puri ab eo appellantur in Antiquis sacris tum quod ad sacrificium idonti dicuntur HOSTIAE PRAECIDANEAE Thus called from prae and caedo i. e. to sacrifice or kill before because they were sacrificed the eve of the solemn Feast as Aulus Gellius relates Praecidanea quae ante sacrificis solemnia pridie mactabatur And Praecidanes Porca a Sow offered in sacrifice to Ceres by way of expiation before the Harvest by those who had not exactly perform'd the Funerals of a deceased person of their Family or purified the House where some body was dead according to the usual custom As Festus assures Porca etiam praecidanea quam immolare soliti antequam novam frugem inciderunt This is confirm'd by Aulus Gellius Porca etiam praecidanea appellata quam piaculi gratiâ ante fruges novas fieri ceptas immolari Cereri mos fuit si qui familiam funestam aut non purgaverant act alitur eam rem quam oportuerat procuraverant Varro tells us in the Book of the Life of the Roman People that no Family was purified but by offering of that sacrifice which the Heir was oblig'd to offer to Tellus and Ceres Quod humatus non fit heredi porca praecidanea suscipienda Telluri Cereri aliter familia pura non est HOSTIA BIDENS A Sacrifice of two Years old at which age they were commonly sacrificed having then two teeth higher than the six others Wherefore Bidentes is the same thing as Biennes and is used not only for Sheep but also for Hogs and Oxen with this restriction that Bidentes alone is to be understood only of Sheep and when 't is applied to signifie other Animals the Substantive is added to it as we may observe by what Pomponius says Mars tibi voveo facturum si unquam redierit bidenti verre HOSTIAE INJUGES Were those that were never under the yoke nor tamed Virgil calls them Et intactâ totidem cervice juvencae HOSTIAE EXIMIAE The finest Victims of a Herd separated from the rest and appointed for the Sacrifice as Donatus says Eximia pecora dicuntur quae à grege excepta sunt ut uberiijs pascantur sed propriè eximii sunt porci majores qui ad sacrificandum excepti liberiijs pascantur Etenim boves qui ad hoc electi sunt egregii vel eximii dicuntur oves lectae As Virgil observes Mactant lectas de more bidentes Virg. 4. Aeneid v. 57. And in another place Quatuor eximiot praestanti corpore tauros 4. Georg. v. 537. HOSTIAE SUCCIDANEAE thus called from the Verb Succedo or rather of sub caedo i. e. to kill afterwards Victims successively sacrificed after others i. e. a reiteration of Sacrifice when the first was not of good
a numeral Letter signifying one hundred This Letter was the only Vowel that was not mark'd over with the stroke of a Pen to shew that it was long as Scaurus himself testifies Notwithstanding to denote its quantity it was drawn in length a Letter bigger than the rest PIso VIvus AedIlis Wherefore of all the Letters the I was called long by Senecdoche And from thence comes that Stamphilus in Plautus's Aularium being resolv'd to hang himself says that he should make a long Letter of his Body Lipsius explains it thus and this explanation seems more likely than that of Lambinus who understands of it all kind of great Letters Lipsius says expresly that the I was double to make it long as the other Vowels and 't is the opinion of the most Learned tho' many Instances to the contrary might be found perhaps out of corruption as Divl Augusti in an Inscription in the time of Augustus Wherefore as the I by its length only was equivolent to a real ii i. e. that they should be mark'd in the Discourse as Manubjs instead of Manubiis Djs Manibus instead of Diis Manibus And from thence come the contractions that are common and allowed to Poets Dî instead of Dij urbem Patavî instead of Patavij But the Ancients noted also the quantity of this Letter by the Dipthong e◠as Victorinus says and it was the same thing to write Divl or Divei the I long and the ei having the same pronunciation or very like the same And this is testified by Priscian when he says that this was the only way to express the I long This pronunciation of ei was become so common amongst them that they us'd it even in short words which shews that it was not so much perhaps to note its quantity as a certain pronunciation more full and more pleasing Wherefore in old Books we find still Omneis not only instead of Omnes in the plural number but also instead of Omnis in the singular Wherefore Victorinus tells us that no way of Writing was controvers'd by the Ancients but this Lucilus and Varro made their endeavours to distinguish it setting a Rule to write the i alone in the singular and the ti in the plural number However Quintilian finds fault with this way of writing because says he 't is superfluous and too troublesome to those who begin to write From whence we may conclude that the pronunciation was alter'd and that there was no difference then between the ei and the i. This Letter I is also a Consonant and then its Character is lengthned downwards thus J. JACCHUS One of Bacchus's names from the Syriack word Janko or Jacco i. e. puer lactens and thus Bacchus was often represented And these words of Virgil Mystica Vannus Jacchi may be understood of Bacchus's Cradle Some Writers derive this word from the Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. to make a noise by crying to howl as the Bacchantes did at the Orgia or Feasts of Bacchus JANICULUM A Mountain beyond the Tiber where Janus settl'd himself and built a Fortress There Numa plac'd his Tomb and since Statius the Poet. The Country of Latium where Janus was honoured and where Janiculum was built which afterwards made a part of Rome was called by the Ancients OEnotria tellua i. e. the Wine 's Country JANUARIUS January This Month was not set down in the old Calendar of Romulus but was brought in by Numa who plac'd it at the Winter-Solstice in the room where Mars was before whom Romulus plac'd at the Vernal Equinox This Month was named Januarius in honour of Janus because the Romans had establish'd this God to preside at all beginnings and that the new Year began at this Month or because Janus being represented with two Faces to shew by that his singular prudence which considered both the time past and the time to come they thought fit to dedicate a Month to him which was at the end of the Year that was past and at the beginning of the Year to come And though the Calends or the first day of this Month was under the protection of Juno like other first days of the Months yet this was in a peculiar manner consecrated to Janus to whom they offered that day a Cake made of new Meal called Janualis and of new Salt The Frankincence and Wine presented to him were also new This day all Workmen began their works every one according to his Art and Trade and the Scholars did the like being perswaded that having thus begun the Year by working they should be diligent and laborious all the rest of that Year As we learn of Ovid in the first Book of his Fasti v. 165. Postea mirabar cur non sine litibus esset Prima dies Causam percipe Janus ait Tempora commissi nascentia rebus agendis Totus ab auspicio ne foret annus iners Quisque suas artes ob idem delibat agendo Nec plus quà m solitum testificatur opus The Consuls appointed for that Year took possession on that day of their Office and began the functions thereof especially since the Emperors and some time before during the Consulship of Quintus Fulvius Nobilior and Titus Annius Luscus in the Year of the foundation of Rome DCI Wherefore they went up to the Capitol attended by a great crowd of People all dressed with new Cloaths and there sacrificed to Jupiter Capitolinus two white Bulls that never were under the Yoke and spread perfumes and sweet smells in his Temple The Priests called Flamines together with the Consuls made vows while the Sacrifice was performing for the prosperity of the Empire and the safety of the Emperors having first taken the Oath of Allegiance and ratified all that they had done during the foregoing Year Likewise the other Magistrates and the People made the same Vows and took the Oath And Tacitus tells us in the sixteenth Book of his Annals that Trafea was impeached of having purposely absented himself from the Assemblies where the Magistrates took the solemn Oath and Vows were made for the safety of the Emperor Ovid in the first Book of his Fasti observes more distinctly all these Ceremonies Cernis odoratis ut luceat ignibus aether Et sonet accensis spica Cilissa focis Flamma nitore suo templorum verberat aurum Et tremulum summa spargit in aede jubar Vestibus intactis Tarpeias itur ad arces Et populus festo concolor ipse suo est Jamque novi praecunt fasces nova purpura fulget Et nova conspicuum pondera sentit ebur Colla rudes operum praebent ferienda juvenes Quos aluit campis herba Falisca suis This day the Romans laid down all animosity and were very careful to speak no word of ill Omen as we learn of Pliny Cautum erat apud Romanos ne quod mali ominis verbum Calendis Januariis efferretur Friends sent Presents that day one to another which were called
the word Asylum IV. NE QUID IN ADMINISTRATIONE REIPUBLICAE NISI AUGURATE FIERET That nothing should be done in the Government of the Republick before the Augur was consulted to know the Will of the Gods This is confirm'd by Tully in his first Book de divinatione and by Dionysius Halicarnasseus in the 2d Book of the Roman Antiquities where he tells us that Romulus being established King by the Will of the Gods which he had consulted by taking the Auspices he ordered that this custom should be religiously observed for the time to come either in the Creation of Kings or election of Magistrates or in Affairs of great consequence wherein the Commonwealth was concerned V. UT PENES REGES SACRORUM OM NIUM ET GRAVIORUM JUDICIORUM ESSET ARBITRIUM ET POTESTAS PATRICII EADEM SACRA CUSTODIRENT ET CURARFNT MAGISTRATUS SOLI REGERENT JUSQUE DE LEVIORIBUS CAUSIS REDDERENT PLEBEII DENIQUE COLERENT AGROS PECORA ALERENT QUAESTUOSA EXERCERENT OFFICIA ET ARTES NON TAMEN SELLULARIAS ET SORDIDAS SERVIS LIBERTINIS ET ADVENIS RELINQUENDAS That Kings should have Soveraign Authority over Religious Matters as also in the administration of Affairs of the greatest consequence belonging to the Law that the Patricians should attend and take care of the Sacrifices that they only should perform the office of the Magistrates and administer Justice in cases of lesser moment that the Plebeians should cultivate the Fields feed the Cattle exercise Arts and Trades except the vilest which were preserved for Slaves Freedmen's Sons and Foreigners Kings were the Overseers of Sacrifices and joyned the power of Priesthood to the Royal Authority wherefore the Romans having expelled the Kings established a King whom they called Rex Sacrificulus as we learn of Livy Regibus exactis parta libertate rerum deinde divinarum habita cura quia quaedam publica Sacra per ipsos factitata erant nec ubi Reguns desiderium esset Regem sacrificulum creant and the Wife of the King of the Sacrifices was called Regina as Macrobius reports l. 4. c. 15. The King administred Justice in causes concerning Witchcraft publick Offences Crimes of High Treason under-hand Dealings sheltering of wicked Men and unlawful Meetings The Patricians performed the office of Inferiour Judges in cases of Murthers Fires Robberies publick Extortions removals of Land-marks and other Offences between private men At first they were the only men who performed the office of Priesthood but afterwards in the time of the Common-wealth the offices of Religion were bestowed upon Plebeians for in the year ccccli after the foundation of Rome during the Consulat of Q. Apuleius Pansa and Marcus Valerius Co vinus five Augures were created out of the body of the people And in series of time they raised themselves to the High Priesthood The Patricians only had a right to the Magistracy but sixteen years after the Kings were banished Rome it was conferred on the people for in the year cccxli after the foundation of Rome Quaestors were chosen out of the people as also Tribunes out of the Soldiers in the year cccliii Some years after Consuls in the year ccclxxxviii and other Magistrates called Aediles Curules in the year ccclxxxix Dictators in the year ccciic Censors in the year ccciv and in fine Praetors in the ccccxvii but the interregnum only was left to the Patricians VI. UT POPULUS ACCEDENTE SENATUS AUCTORITATE MAGISTRATUS CREARET LEGES JUBERET BELLA DECERNERET That the People with the Authority of the Senate should choose Magistrates make Laws and make the War And this was done in the Assemblies of the people either by Parishes Tribes or Hundreds VII UT REGI MAGISTRATUIQUE AUGUSTIOR SEMPER IN PUBLICO ESSET HABITUS SUAQUE INSIGNIA That the King and Magistrates should wear Habits of Distinction and Badges of Honour The Kings Emperors and Consuls were cloathed with a Robe of State called Trabea the painted Gown and the Robe called Praetexta mentioned in this Book in their order VIII UT SENATUS PUBLICUM ESSET ET COMMUNE CIVITATIS CONSILIUM ET IN EUM PATRICIIS TANTUM PATERET ADITUS That the Senate should be the common Council of the City of Rome and the Empire and that the Patricians only should be admitted into it Romulus at first instituted one hundred Senators to whom he added the like number eight years after because of the Peace concluded with the Sabins Tarquinius Priscus increased that number to an hundred more Since during the Triumvirat their number was augmented to nine hundred and afterwards to a thousand but Caesar Augustus reduced that number IX UT COLONI ROMANI MITTERENTUR IN OPPIDA BELLO CAPTA VEL SALTEM HOSTES VICTI FRANGENDIS ILLORUM VIRIBUS AGRI MULTARENTUR PARTE That the Romans should send Roman Colonies into the Conquered Cities or at least that the Enemies should forfeit one part of their Lands Tacitus speaks thus of this custom in the 11th Book of his Annals c. 12. Do we repent to have been seeking for the Family of the Balbi in Spain or others no less illustrious in Gallia Narbonensis Their Posterity flourishes still amongst us and bear an equal love with us for their Country What is the cause of the ruin of Sparta and Athens tho very flourishing Cities but using the vanquished like Slaves and refusing them entrance into their Common-wealths Romulus was much wiser in making Citizens of his Enemies in one day X. ANNUS ROMANUS DECEM ESSET MENSIUM That the Roman year should contain ten months This year began with March Numa added two Months to it viz. January and February and ordered that the year should begin with January See what is said under the word Annus XI UT MULIER QUE VIRO JUXTA SACRATAS LEGES NUPSIT ILLI SACRORUM FORTUNARUM QUE ESSET SOCIA NEVE EAM DESERERET ET QUEMADMODOM ILLE FAMILIAE DOMINUS ITA HAEC FORET DOMINA NEQUE DEFUNCTO VIRO NON SECUS AC FILLIA PATRI HERES ESSET IN PORTIONEM QUIDEM AEQUAM SI LIBERI EXTARENT EX ASSE VERO SI MINUS That a Woman who had married a Man according to the Sacred Laws should participate of the Sacrifices and Wealth with her Husband that she should be Mistress of the Family as he was himself the Master thereof that she should inherit his Estate in an equal portion like one of his Children if there was any born during their Marriage otherwise she should inherit all By the Sacred Laws in Marriages it must be understood either the Marriages solemnized with a Ceremony called Confarreatio which was performed with a Cake of Wheat in presence of ten Witnesses and with Sacrifices and Forms of Prayers And the Children born of this Marriage were called confarreatis Parentibus geniti or the Marriages made ex coemptione by a mutual bargain from whence the Wives were called Matres Familias Mothers of Families These two kinds of Marriages are called by ancient Lawyers Justae nuptiae to
The Daughters having performed his Command I went in eat and drank with him and then with all Submission entreated him to give me his Daughter Sephora to Wife which he promised to do provided I could bring to him a Rod which was in his Garden to which I agreed went to see for the Rod and when I found it I plucked it out of the Ground and carried it to him Jethro was surprized hereat and reflecting upon what I had done he cried out and said This is certainly that Prophet of whom the Seers of Israel have spoken who is to lay Egypt waste and to destroy its People and being thus possest he all in a Rage took me and threw me into a deep Pit that was in his Garden Sephora was not a little concerned at this Adventure no more than my self and she studied at the same time how she might save a Man's Life who had obliged her Hereupon she prayed her Father that he would let her tarry at home to look after the House and send her Sisters to the Fields to keep his Cattle Her Father in answer told her Daughter It shall be so that thy Sisters shall go and look after the Cattle but thou shalt tarry here and take Care of Matters at home Thus Sephora finding her self alone she fed me every Day with the daintiest Victuals and the same whereof her Father Jethro eat and that for Seven Years which was the time I tarried in the said Pit But at the End of that time Sephora spoke to her Father in this manner Father 'T is a long time since you have thrown into this Ditch that Egyptian who brought the Rod to you from the Place in the Garden wherein you had put it suffer now the Pit to be opened and let us see what will come of it for if he be dead let his Carcase be taken away that your House may not be polluted and if he be still alive he must be a holy Man Jethro made answer Daughter You have spoke well Can you still remember what his Name was Yes Father said she his Name was Moses the Son of Amram Jethro at the same time commanded the Pit to be opened and called me twice Moses Moses I answered him and presently he took me out kissed and told me Blessed be God who hath preserved thee for Seven Years in this Pit I bear him witness this Day that he has Power to kill and Power to make alive I will testifie aloud and every-where that thou art a right good Man that thou shalt one Day lay Egypt waste that thou art the Person who shall drown the Egyptians in the Sea and by thy means Pharaoh and his Army shall run the same Fate And at the same time he gave me Money and Sephora his Daughter to Wife Abarbinel a Jewish Doctor whose Works are highly esteemed by that People commenting upon the 2d Chapter of Exodus explains that History in this manner After Moses had been entertained by Jethro and that he came to know him to be a Man of much Understanding and deep Knowledge he was desirous to enter into a nearer and more particular Alliance with him because of the great Wisdom he had observed in his Conversation and gave his Consent he should live with him And this is that which Moses says in Exodus And Moses consented to live with Jethro not for the Love he bore to Sephora whom he married but because of Jetbro's Wisdom It is says he the Opinion of our Doctors since they say in the Commentary that the Rod of God was planted in the Garden and that no Man could pull it from thence but Moses and that for the said Reason he took Sephora to Wife for by it they meant the Tree of Life which was in the midst of the Garden that is the Wisdom of Moses upon the Account of which he was honoured with the Gift of Prophecy Jetbro gave also to Moses his Daughter Sephora to Wife by reason of his wondrous Wisdom Moses lead the People of God into the Wilderness and talked divers times with God He died upon Mount Nebo from whence God had shewed him the Land of Promise he being then 120 Years old The Pagans made him to be their Bacchus as you may see under that Word Numerinus says Plato and Pythagoras had drawn their Doctrine out of his Books and that the first of them was the Moses of Athens He is ancienter than all the Greek Writers and even than their Mercurius Trismegistus Tatian who was one of those Ancients that Apologized for the Christian Religion against the Persecutions of the first Centuries tell us That Moses was before the Heroes and even the Gods themselves of the Greeks and that the Grecians wrote nothing good but what they took from our Scriptures and that their Defign by partly corrupting them was no other than that themselves might be entituled Authors Theodoretus says Moses was ancienter by a Thousand Years than Orpheus and that he was like the Ocean or Head-spring of Theology from whence they took their Origin as so many Streams and whereunto the most ancient Philosophers had Recourse The Learned are agreed that the Two ancientest Writers of the World whose Writings are transmitted unto us are Moses and Homer and that Moses lived several Ages before the other Moses wrote much in Verse and in the Book of Numbers he has set down a Canaanitish Poet's Song of Victory MULCIBER one of the Names given to Vulcan being derived from Mulceo because the Fire softens and qualifies all Things MUNDUS PATENS The open World a Solemnity performed in a little Temple or Chappel that was of a round Form like the World and dedicated to Dis and the Infernal Gods it was opened but thrice a Year viz. on the Day after the Vulcanalia the 4th of October and the 7th of the Ides of November during which Days the Romans believed Hell was open wherefore they never offered Battle on those Days lifted no Soldiers never put out to Sea nor married according to Varro as Macrobius witnesses L. Saturn C. 16. Mundus cùm patet Deorum tristium atque Inferûm quasi janua patet proptereà non modò pralium committ◠verum etiam delectum rei militaris cansâ habere ac militem proficisci navem solvere uxorem ducere religiosum est MURTIA a Surname of Venus taken from the Myrtle-Tree which was consecrated to her She was formerly called Myrtea and corruptly Murtia Festus says there was a Temple built for the Goddess Murtia upon Mount Aventine as to a Goddess of Idleness who made People idle and lazy MUS a Rat Mouse the Phrygians held Rats in great Veneration according to Clemens Alexandrinus Polemo relates says he that the Trojans gave Religious Adoration to Rats which they called Smintheus because they once gnawed to pieces the Bow-strings of their Enemies and this was the Reason why they gave to Apollo the Epithet of Smyntheus And Straho speaking of the
some to the Girls to drink but reserves the best Part for her self wherewith she makes her self drunk and so sends them Home saying She has stopt the Mouths of Slanderers Fast 2. V. 571. Ecce anus in mediis residens annosa puellis Sacra facit Tacitae vix tamen ipsa tacet Et digitis tria tura tribus sub limine ponit Quà brevis occultum mus sibi fecititer Tum cantata tenet cum rhombo liciafusco Et septem nigras versat in ore fabas Quodque pice astringit quod acu trajecit abenâ Obsutum menthâ torret in igne caput Vina quoque instillat vini quodcunque relictum est Aut ipsa aut comites plus temen ipsa bibit Hostiles linguas inimicaque vinximus ora Dicit discedens ebriaque exit anus MYAGROS otherwise called Achor and Beelzebuth by the Hebrews the God of Flies to whom the Elaans offered Sacrifice that he might drive away the Flies See Achor MYODES see Achor MYRINUS an Epithet given to Apollo and taken from the City of Myrina in Eolia where he was worshipped MYRMIDONES the Myrmidons a People of Thessaly who followed Achilles to the Trojan War The Poets feigned that they were Ants which at the Request of King Eacus were changed by Jupiter into Men because the Greek Word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifies an Ant. MYRON an excellent Statuary who amongst others of his Pieces made a Cow of Copper so like unto the Life that the Bulls took her to be so and this has rendered him famous among the Poets and all the Ancients MYRRHA the Daughter of Cinirus King of Cyprus who falling in Love with her Father deceived him by the Artifice of her Nurse to gratifie her Lust Cinirus coming to know it endeavoured to kill her but she fled into Arabia where she was transformed into that Tree which bears Myrrh She was the Mother of Adonis MYSTRUM a kind of Measure among the Greeks that held about a Spoonful N. N Is the Thirteenth Letter of the Alphabet and a Liquid Consonant which is called Iinniens because of its having a clearer and plainer Sound than others the same sounding against the Roof of the Mouth And this appears in that it has the same Pronunciation in Manlius as in the Word An a Year in Menses as in en Tho' sometimes it loses much of its Strength in particular Words and forms a midling Sound between it self and the G which gave the Greeks Occasion to change the N into P before these Greek Letters 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 tho' many are of Opinion that this was the Transcriber's Faults in lengthning out the v too much and making a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of it The Latins had also somewhat of the like Nature in their Language for they put Two gg together as the Greeks did writing Aggulus for Angulus c. The Greeks often changed this Letter into an L in the Midst of Words as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 was put for Manlius or else they left it out altother as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for Hortensius which made Lambinus falsly believe that the true Name of that Roman Orator was Hortesius contrary to the Authority of Ancient Books and Inscriptions besides which we find by a great many Examples that it was usual with the Greeks to leave out the N. when it came not in the End of Words This Letter was also sometimes lost in the Latin as when from Abscindo they made the Preterperfect Tense abscidi The N moreover had an Affinity with the R from whence we find Aeneus put for Aereus Cancer for Carcer Carmen from Cano Germen for Genimen according to Joseph Scaliger upon Varro And N was put for S whence it is that Cessores was found for Censores in Varro and Sanguis for Sanguen N among the Ancients was a Numeral Letter signifying 900 and when a Line was drawn above it it implied 90000. N and L being put together with the Lawyers signified as much as non liquet the Cause did not yet appear clear enough for Sentence to pass NAIADES they were false Goddesses which the Heathens believed did preside over Fountains and Rivers The Poets often make mention of them It 's a Word that comes from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to flow NAPAEAE were false Goddesses which the Pagans believed did preside over Forests and Hills In the mean while Servius in explaining this Verse in Virgil Faciles venerare Napaeas says That the Napaeae or the Naiades were the Nymphs of Fountains It s plain that the Word is derived from the Hebrew Nouph or Noup And the said Servius upon another Line in Virgil says That the Napaeae were the Nymphs of Fountains and the Nereides of the Seas In the mean time if the Greek Etymology 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 be given this Word we must say that the Napaeae are the Nymphs of Forests NARCISSUS the Son of Cephisus a River in Boeotia and of Lyriope the Daughter of Oceanus who was exceeding beautiful His Parents having one Day consulted the Prophet Tiresias concerning the Fate of their Son he answered That if he lived he ought not to see his own Face which they did not at first understand He was courted by all the Nymphs of the Country because of his handsome and good Mein but he slighted them all and even made the Nymph Eccho languish and die for Love of him insomuch that she had nothing left her but a weak Voice her Body being transformed into a Rock The Gods were not willing to let such disdainful Arrogance go unpunished and therefore one Day as he returned weary and faint from Hunting he stopt upon the Brink of a Well to quench his Thirst and seeing his own Face in the Water he grew so desparately in Love therewith that he wasted away upon the Place with Love and Languishment but the Gods in Compassion to him changed him into a Flower of his Name Pausanias in his Boeotica contradicts this Fable and says That Narcissus was in Love with his Sister that was born after him and that when she died he also pined away and perish'd NAVIS a Ship it s a Vessel built with high Sides in order to sail upon the Sea Many are of Opinion that Janus was the first Inventer of Shipping because the Figure of one was impressed upon the Reverse of the most ancient Coins of the Greeks of Sicily and Italy according to Atheneus And Phaedrus L. 4. F. 6. speaks of the first Ship in this manner I wish to God the Thessalian Ax had never hewn down the lofty Pines growing on the Sides of the Forest of Peleon and that subtil Argus who was desirous to trace out a bold Course and such as was exposed to the Dangers of apparent Death upon the Waters had not built a Ship by the Art and Direction of Pallas This Ship I say first opened the Passage
the first Year after the Expulsion of the Tarquins the City of Rome being afflicted with the Plague Publius Valertus Publicola who was then Consul freed the People from this Evil by offering in the same Place a black Ox to Pluto and a black Cow to Proserpina and he caused this Inscription to be graven on the same Altar Publius Valerius Publicola hath consecrated a Fire to Pluto and Proserpina in Campus Martius and celebrated Games in Honour of the said Gods for the Deliverance of the People of Rome Rome being after that afflicted with Wars and Pestilence in the Fourth Consulship of Marcus Potitus 352 Years after the Foundation thereof the Senate ordered the Sibyll's Books to be consulted by those whose Business it was They answered that those Evils would be at an end if they did but offer Sacrifices to Pluto and Proserpina They presently sought out the Place where the Altar of these Gods was buried found it and consecrated it anew and they had no sooner finish'd their Sacrifices thereon but the Romans found themselves freed from the Evils they laboured under after which they buried the said Altar again and the same is in a certain Place at the End of Campus Martius but these Sacrifices having been neglected from the Consulship of Lucius Cénsorinus and Manlius Puelius and new Misfortunes befalling them in Augustus his Reign the said Prince renew'd those Plays under the Consulship of Lucius Censormus and Caius Sabinus after Ateius Capito had informed them of the Ceremonies they were to observe thereat and that the Quindecim-viri in whose Custody the Sibyll's Books were had found out the Place where the Sacrifices and Shews ought to be performed The Emperor Claudius after Augustus caused the same Games to be celebrated without any regard had to the Law that required they should not be performed but once every Age. Afterwards Domitian not minding what Claudius had done celebrated them at the full Revolution of an Age from the time of Augustus his solemnizings of them Lastly Severus assisted by his Sons Caracalla and Geta renewed the same Games under the Consulship of Chilo and Libo Here follows the Manner how these Plays are set down in the publick Registers the Heralds went about to invite the People to a Shew which they had never seen and should never see again but this once Harvest-time being come a few Days before this Feast the Quindecim-viri whose Business it was to look after the Ceremonies of Religion sate upon a Tribunal before the Capitol and Apollo's Temple from whence they distributed Torches of Sulphur and Bitumen to the People which every one used to purifie himself with They gave none to the Slaves but only to such as were free Afterwards all the People went to the Temples we have mentioned and to that of Diana upon Mount Aventine every one of which carried some Wheat Barley and Beans thither and kept the sacred Eve there all Night in Honour of the Destinies with a great deal of Company Lastly They solemnized this â—east for Three Days and Three Nights beginning with offering Sacrifices in Campus Martius upon the Banks of the Tiber in a Place named Terentum The Gods to whom they offered were Jupiter Juno Apollo Latona and Diana as also the Destinies Lucina Ceres Pluto and Proserpina The first Night Two Hours after Sun-set the Emperor being assisted by the Quidecim-viri of whom before sacrificed Three Lambs upon Three Altars raised upon the Banks of the Tiber and when he had sprinkled the Altars with the Victims Blood he burnt them all whole during which Time the Musicians who were set upon an advanced Place sung an Hymn made for that Purpose They lighted Fires and Lamps every where and gave Shews that agreed with those Sacrifices Those who were to provide for Ceremonies by way of Recompence receiv'd the first Fruits of the Earth after some of them had been distributed to all the People In the Morning they met in the Capitol from whence after they had sacrificed the usual Victims they went to the Theater to celebrate Games there in Honour of Apollo and Diana On the second Day the Women of Quality went to the Capitol at the Hour assigned them in the Sibyll's Books and there sacrificed to Jupiter and sung Hymns in his Praise Lastly On the third Day a Company of Youths of good Birth to the Number of 27 and as many young Girls all whose Parents were alive in fix Chorus's sung Hymns in Greek and Latin and Sacred Songs for the obtaining all manner of Prosperity to the Cities of Rome There were moreover many other Things done according to the Prescription of the Gods and as long as these Ceremonies were observed the Roman Empire remained entire but to the end you may know the Truth of what has been said I 'll here recite the Oracle of the Sibylle her self as others have already done Roman remember every 110th Year which is the longest Time of the Duration of a Man's Life I say remember to offer Sacrifice to the immortal Gods in the Field that is watered by the Tiber. When the Night is come and that the Sun is set then offer Goats and Sheep to the Destinies afterwards offer proper Sacrifices to Lucina who presides over Child-bearing next sacrifice a Hog and a black Sow to the Earth and this done offer white Oxen on Jupiter's Altar and this must be performed in the Day-time and not by Night for those Sacrifices that are made in the Day-time please the Coelestial Gods by the same Reason thou shall offer to Juno a young Cow that has a good Hide the like Sacrifices thou shall make to Phoebus-Apolio the Son of Latona who is also called the Sun and let the Roman Boys accompanied with Girls sing Hymns with a loud Voice in the Sacred Temples but so that the Girls sing on one side and the Boys on the other and the Parents both of the one and the other must be then alive let married Women fall upon their Knees before Juno's Altar and pray that Goddess to give Ear to the publick Vows and theirs in particular let every one according to his Ability offer first Fruits to the Gods to render them propitious and these first Fruits ought to be kept with Care and they must not forget to distribute some of them to every one that assists at the Sacrifices let there be a great Number of People Night and Day at the Resting-places of the Gods and there let serious and diverting Things be agreeably intermix'd See therefore O Roman that these Injunctions be always kept in mind by thee and thus the Country of Italy and that of the Latins will always be subject to thy Power SELLA SOLIDA a Chair or Seat made of a piece of Wood wherein the Augurs sate when they were taking their Augury SELLA CURULIS the Curule-Chair which was adorned with ivory and on which the great Magistrates of Rome had a Right to sit and to be carried SEMELE
of Arts and Sciences that her Inhabitants had learnt of the Assyrians and Chaldaeans She was conquered by Cyrus and afterwards by the other Kings of Parsia After the death of Perseus the last King of Greece the Romans subdued that Country GRAECI The Greeks the Inhabitants of Greece who are differently named by Writers Achaij Argivi Danai Dolopes Helleni Ionij Mermidones Pelasgi according to the Cities they inhabited and their several Factions Eusebius affirms that Hellen the Son of Deucalion repopulated this Country after the Deluge that happened in the time of Moses about the year 3680. à mundo condito They very much improved Arts and Sciences that they learned of Eumolpus and Orphaeus the Assyrians and Phaenicians The Greeks increased the number of Gods and shared the Empire and Administration of the World appointing several Gods for Corn and Vines to Plants and Flowers which gave occasion for all the chimerical divisions of Gods relating imaginary particulars of them and giving them names without any other ground but their own vanity and presumption The Phaenicians having disguised the true Histories of the Bible and composed their Fables of it the Greeks also appropriated the Phaenicians Fables to Greece Pliny affirms that Cadmus about the year 2520 à mundo condito brought from Phaenicia sixteen Letters into Greece viz. A B C D E F G H I L M N O P Q R S T V to which Palamedes added four during the Trojan War O Z φ X. GRAECOSTASIS A Palace at Rome adjoining to Mount Palatine where the foreign Prince's Ambassadors were lodged This Palace took its name from Greece because the Greeks were the most considerable of all the Strangers the House of the Ambassadours GRATIAE See above before Graecia GUTTUS A little Vessel used in Sacrifices to pour Wine by drops GYGES A Lydian who killed his Master by a Ring that made him invisible by turning the stone within towards himself for then he could see all and was seen of none Ovid mentions another Gyges a Giant who had a hundred hands Son to Heaven and Earth and Brother to Briareus Centimanumque Gygen semibovemque virum 4. Trist GYNAECONITIS An Apartment for the Women in Greece GYMNICI LUDI Exercises of the Greeks In these Games there was in the first place the Race which has been of old and the chief of all Exercises secondly leaping thirdly Discus or Quoits made of Stone Iron or Brass cut in a round figure and of a great weight the Gamesters who threw it highest or furthest carried the Prize the fourth kind of Game was wrestling wherein two Wrestlers having their Bodies stark naked and anointed all over with Oyl took hold one on another each of them making all his efforts to throw his Adversary on the ground the fifth sort of Game was boxing these Gamesters had their Fists covered with Leather Straps with pieces of Lead or Iron fastned to it called Cestus Lucian speaks of these Games in the Dialogue of the bodily Exercises where he introduces Anacharsis discoursing thus with Solen Anacharsis What mean these young fellows thus to collar and foyl themselves and wallow in the mire like Swine and strive to throttle and hinder one anothers breathing they oyled and shaved one another pretty peaceably at first but on a sudden stooping with their Heads they butted each other like Rams Then the one hoisting his Adversary aloft into the air hurls him again upon the ground with a violent squelsh and falling upon him he hindered him from rising pressing his neck with his elbow and punching him with his legs so as I was afraid he had stifled him though the other struck him on the shoulder to desire him to let him go as owning himself overcome Methinks they should be shie of fouling themselves thus in the dirt after they had been steek'd and they make me laugh to see them like so many Eels slip out of the hands of their Antagonists Look yonder 's some doing the same in the face of the Sun with this difference only that it 's in the Sun they rowl like Cocks before they come to the skirmish that their Adversary may have the better hold and his hands not slip upon the Oyl or the Sweat O see you others also fighting in the Dirt and kicking and fisting without endeavouring like the former to throw one another The one spits out of his Teeth with sand and blood from a blow he receiv'd in his Chaps and yet that Officer attir'd in purple who sets President as I suppose at these Exercises doth not trouble himself about parting them These others make the Dust fly by kicking up their Heels in the air like those who dispute for the prize of running Solon This here is the place of Exercises and the Temple of Apollo Lycius whose Statue you see upon that Column in the posture of a weary Man leaning upon his Elbow having his Head supported upon his right hand and holding his Bow in the left Those whom you see wallowing in the mire or crawling in the dirt are skirmishing at a match of Wrestling or at Fisticuffs in the Ring or Lists There are still other Exercises as Leaping Quoits and Fencing and in all such Games the conqueror is crowned These Games were play'd four times every year viz. at Olympia in the Province of Elis wherefore they were called Olympick Games in honour of Jupiter Olympius in the Isthmus of Corinth called Isthmian Games in honour of Neptune in the Nemean Forest called Nemean Games in honour of Hercules and the Pythean Games in honour of Apollo because he had kill'd the Serpent Pytho The Masters of these Games were call'd Gymnastae I shall speak severally of these Games according to their Alphabetick Order GYMNO SOPHISTAE Gymnosophists a Sect of Indian Philosophers who ador'd the Sun and were called by this name because they went naked H. H is the eighth Letter of the Alphabet Grammarians dispute whether the H should be in the number of Letters or not because say they 't is but an aspiration Tho' H be but an aspiration yet 't is a true Letter because all Characters invented by Men to distinguish our Pronunciation ought to be accounted a true Letter especially when 't is set down in the Alphabet among the other Letters as H is And there is no reason to fancy that H is not a true Letter because 't is but an aspiration since in the Oriential Languages there are three or four Letters which they call Guttural Letters which are of no other use but only to express the several aspirations H supplies in Latin all that which is denoted by the Greeks with sharp tones and aspirated Consonants And it serves for two general uses the first is before the Vowels beginning the Syllables as in the word honor and the second is after the Consonant as in the word Thronus Doubtless the H appear'd plainly in the Roman pronunciation as 't is perceiv'd in the French tongue in