and all sorts of Wood. ANd now I shall make some small digression and step a little aside out of the Orchard and Garden to give a word of encouragement and direction for the planting of several sorts of Wood and Timber especially Oak Ash Elme and other useful wood for building fire and other purposes I have planted and ordered these kinds of Trees as well as Fruit-trees Hereby men may by the blessing of God exceedingly advantage themselves their posterity and the whole Nation Besides the usefulness of the Wood and Timber store of Hogs might be kept with the Mast which makes their flesh very sweet fat and good and some say Sheep and Poultry will feed upon the Mast. Land not worth 28. an Acre made worth 4 or 5 l. in few years The charge and labour is but small but the profit in time yea in few years will be exceeding great Mr. Blith in his Improver Improved affirms that even boggy land not worth above two shillings an Acre by planting it with Willow Sallow and such like Wood and draining of it deep may be worth near five pounds an Acre and that in 7 or 8 years See pag. 160. of his Book Wood on good Land worth 60 l. an Acre But upon better land the advance and profit would be much more Upon some warm good land wood being planted may be worth threescore pounds an Acre and that in 11 or 12 years and as much in fewer years afterwards see the proof and experiment hereof heretofore made by Mr. Cartwright at Billing in Northamptonshire Improver Improved pag. 157 158 c. An 100 Ashes sold for 500 l. See the experiment of a Gentleman that planted an hundred Ashes and lived to see them grow to that bigness that he sold them for five hundred pounds at fifty years growth Improver Improved pag. 163. Fifty thousand pounds worth of Wood in an Age by one man It is Recorded that another Gentleman together with his workmen planted so much Wood in his life time that he would not take fifty thousand pounds for it See Improver Improved pag. 163. A necessity of Planting Wood. Many more particular instances of Experiments might be brought of the great profits of Planting Wood and but few men but see and hear of advantages this way so that we have encouragements enough to this work especially if we consider the great necessity there is of planting all sorts of Wood in this Nation Wood and Timber being destroyed and wasted every where and grows very scarce and dear and so will be more and more every year unless men set in good earnest to this work It is desired the higher Powers would enjoyn this work And because men generally have been and will be negligent in this great and important business through misapprehensions of it and carnal selfish Principles for that they cannot reap all the benefit themselves it is much to be desired that the Higher Powers would by a Law or Injunction set men to this work which would be of exceeding advantage to the present and future Generations Reasons for it 1. First because Timber and all sorts of Wood hath been of late times very much wasted and destroyed and unless men set to this work succeeding Ages will very much want timber for building ships houses and other necessarie uses 2. Secondly by reason of the great waste of Wood and no care to Plant more fuel is grown scarce and dear especially in many places so that the poorer sort of people make lamentable mone for want of fire in cold long Winters whereas by diligent planting there would be fuel enough for all people 3. Thirdly except there be more planting the Tanners trade so necessary in the Commonweal is like to fail very much Bark is at a very great rate already and grows yearly dearer because scarce 4. Fourthly By planting Trees in the Mounds the fields would be much warmer in Winter and cooler in Sommer and consequently Cattle and all commodities there would prosper and come on the better Other Nations look more after Planting It is Recorded That the Romans did in Ancient time and Venice at this day appoint Officers on purpose to take care of the Woods that there be Planting as there is cutting down and so a supply continually for all purposes There is a Law in Spain that he that â—uts down own Tree shall plant three for it How to have great store of young Oakes Ashes c. Now that men may have great store of young Sets and Plants to make Woods and Groves or to plant in the fields and mounds They must in Autumne when the Seed is ripe gather abundance of Mast or Acorns from the best and straightest Oake Trees And also great store of Ash keyes Cycamore and Mast of the Beach-tree and other seeds and sow these in ground Plowed or dug up for that purpose and keep them with weeding and some may be drawn the first year others as they grow fit to transplant abroad and by this means a world of goodly young Trees may be raised Most Ash-keys will lie in the ground until the second Spring and then come up abundantly Elme Plants As for young sets of the Elme many come up from the roots of Trees of themselves But that we may have abundance this must be done Bare the Roots of some Elme-trees and cut some of the roots about a foot or half a yard from the body quite asunder and the same will shoot forth multitudes of young Plants having small Roots which may be cut off with a Chisel or Knife and planted in a piece of ground as a Nursery until they be grown big enough to Transplant abroad into the Fields Cut not the Tops Cut none of the tops of any young Tree that you intend for Timber for cutting the top will make it spread too much and besides Ashes Cycamores and some other kinds have wide great piths and wet getting in rots some part of the Tree and hinders its growth Draw many and leave the rest Out of a piece of ground sowed with Mast and other Seeds abundance of young Plants may be drawn and enough left which need not at all be removed but are to be pruned up for Timber or other purposes Willow Osier Withy Sally c. As for Willowes Osiers Sallies c. and such like they will grow of cuttings long or short The Willow especially is a very profitable Wood and is of as speedy a growth as any whatsoever it is profitable for firing and divers other purposes This must be planted on moist land The worst boggy land especially if Treched will become very profitable by this means Sallies and such as bear Palms early in the year are not only profitable in the Wood but also for Bees in hony and wax from which they have their first provision in the Spring Soyle best for a Plantation Concerning the Soyle or ground for a Plantation of Oak Elm Beach Ash c. We
them prosper better p. 11 Keep Trees stedy at first setting p. 1â— Cut away suckers and side branches at need is p. 13 How to take off the boughs of some Trees with Roots p. 14 No descention of sap in Trees divers Arguments against it p 14 15 How to make barren Trees fruitful p. 15 Trees against a South-wall bear fruits ripe soonest p. 16 Pull not off leaves too soon p. 17 Fruits on low boughs ripe soonest p. 17 Graft Trees that bear not or bear not good fruits with grafts of good bearing kinds p 19 Digging about the Roots of Trees profitable to some p. 19 Opening the Roots of old Trees and putting in good mould is necessary in barren ground p. 20 Transplant Trees from bad ground to better p. 21 Cutting or scoring the bark of Trees sometimes profitable p 21 Shade good for some Trees p. 22 Pull off blossomes in some cases p 22 Grafting helpeth not Trees except the Grafts are of good kinds p. 23 Grafts do govern yet partake somewhat of the stock p. 24 Fruit-trees of some kernels bear good fruits p. 26 Remove flowers into fresh earth p. 26 Regrafting the same graft makes not fruits greater p. 27 Cut not off the tops of young fig-trees p. 28 Black Mulberry-trees great bearers p. 28 Lees of Wine Blood c. good especially to old Yrees p 29 Terebration of Trees good for some Trees p. 29 Pricking or scoring of Trees profitable p 29 Swines dung good for trees if moderately used p. 30 Simply grafting doth not meliorate fruits p. 30 Chuse the best Grafts and Stocks p. 30 Rouen dung best for Trees p. 31 Fruit growing in Pots p. 32 Set not any Trees below the soyle p. 33 Fruits upon warm walls ripen soonest p. 33 Graft upon the best stocks p. 34 The Causes of Barrenness of Trees p. 35 Of Compounding fruits making of several kinds one new kind p. 37 Sympathy and Antipathy of Plants p. 40 Several kinds drawing the same juice or sap convert it into their own Natures p. 42 Of making herbs and fruits Medicinable p. 42 Curiosities about Fruits and Plants p. 44 Fruits of several shapes p. 45 Fruits and Trees with Inscriptions or Ingravings upon them p. 45 Set Letters on Fruit trees to know the kinds p. 46 Trees apparelled with flowers p. 4â— Remove flowers into fresh mold p. 47 Lay flowers to multiply them see how p 48 Clâ—ve gilly flowers the most useful p 49 White colours more inodorate p. 50 White fruits commonly best p 51 Different colours from one kind of seed p. 52 Gather seed from the best flowers p. 54 How to have flowers fair and double p. 54 Roses multiplied by Inoculating p. 55 Fruits without core or stone p. 55 Grafts upon the sweetest stocks bear the sweetest fruits p. 57 Degenerating of Plants p. 57 Some flowers degerate change through barrenness of the soyl p. 58 Seed of some fruits degenerate see the Cause p. 59 Peaches come not better of stones then grafting p. 60 Dwarf trees bear great fruits and many p. 61 Help barren soyls and such as are too moist laâ— them dryer p. 63 Some trees bear twice a year p. 6â— Cutting fruit-trees conduceth to their lasting in some cases p. 65 How to keep fruits long p. 66 Wine of Cherries and other fruits p 68 An excellent drink made of Plâ—ms p. 70 Plant the best bearing Trees p. 70 Most fruits commonly on the lowest boughs the Cause p. 71 Good bearing kinds bear betime and last long p. 73 Get the best kinds upon any rates p. 73 Graft again old Trees if bad fruits or bad bearerâ— p. 74 Some Trees grow deeper then others the cause p. 75 Some Trees take Root of slips p. 76 Vines take not with grafting lay the branches in the earth p. 77 Heat hastneth Maturation of Fruits p. 78 How to keep Cider and other Liquors long p. 79 Bottles of Liquor in Sand Earth c. p. 80 Fruits cannot be made without cores or stones p. 81 Artificial heat may help to ripen fruits sooner p. 82 Planting of Fruit-Trees The best way of improvement of Lands THE Profits of Orchards and Gardens and also of planting Fruit-trees in the Fields and Hedges especially by Cider and Pery are very well know to many in this Nation so that the things I here speak of to men are not doubtfull and questionable whether advantages will arise or no when they have bestowed their time labours about them but Profits are as certaine by the blessing of God as a harvest of Corne in Autumne when the husbandman hath plowed and sowed in the spring or other season Worcestershire Herefordshire Glocestershire Kent and many other parts in this Nation can sufficiently evidence the Profits of Orchards and fruit-trees in the fields and hedges And those good Common-wealths-men who have written of the Improvement of lands have all agreed that this is the highest way of improvement of any other Mr. Blith in his Book intituled The Improver improved hath asserted That Planting Fruit trees at such a distance as they cannot reach when they have attained largest growth they do advantage the Land even in respect of Grasse although the common prejudice against Fruit-trees in fields is that they spoyle Grasse so that some Land not being worth above 10s s or 13s s 4d. an Acre the Grasse by planting Fruit-trees regularly upon it was afterwards worth 30s s on 40s s or 50s s an Acre And the Fruits upon the Trees may yeild some 3l l some 5l l Or some 6 or 8l l an Acre See Pag. 262 of his Book And that in Kent Essex Surrey Middlesex and those parts some Land that was not worth above 6 or 8s s the Acre was by Nurseries of young Trees planting and ordering of them in certaine years brought to be worth 20l an Acre and some 40 or more And further he affirmeth that some Orchards in those parts aâ—â— worth to grase Forty or fifty shillings 〈◊〉 an Acre and are so let to Tenants And the fruits of those Trees seldome yeild so little as Double or treble the worth of the Grasse many times five or sixfold or more see Pag. 263. of his Book It may perhaps be objected That Fruit-trees so planted make grasse under and about them sower that it is not so pleasant and good for Cattle as some other where no Trees are It is Answered Although it be not so pleasant altogether as that where ther 's no shade of trees yet other advantages doe more then make amends It 's observ'd that such Grasse is earlier in the spring then upon other grounds â—and that such grounds beare more when it is cut for hay or if pastured it keeps more Cattle then Lands of like quantity not so planted And besides in a hot and dry summer ther 's grasse under and about Trees when it s burnt up in other grounds My advice is therefore all these Profits and advantages considered that men set themselves diligently
A TREATISE OF FRUIT-TREES SHEWING The manner of Planting Grafting Pruning and ordering of them in all respects according to Rules of Experience Gathered in the space of Thirty seven Years Whereunto is Annexed Observations upon Sr. Fran. Bacons Natural History as it concerns Fruit-trees Fruits and Flowers ALSO Directions for Planting of Wood for Building Fuel and other uses whereby the Value of Lands may be much Improved in a short time with small Cost and little Labour The Third Impression Revised with Additions By R A. AVSTEN Practiser in the Art of Planting Deut. 20.10 Thou shalt not destroy the Trees being Trees for meat for the Tree of the Field is mans life Amos 4.4 They shall Plant Gardens and eat the fruits of them OXFORD Printed by William Hall for Amos Curteyne 1665. IMPRIMATUR ISTE LIBER ROBER SAY VICE-CANCEL OXON Iune the 9th 1665. TO THE HONOURABLE ROBERT BOYLE Esq The Worthy PATRON and EXAMPLE Of all VERTUE Honoured Sir AMong other of your many Learned and Profitable Labours which have much Inlightned the World You have been pleased together with the Honourable and Royal Society whereof You are a Worthy Member to take into Consideration the Work of Planting and Preserving all sorts of Trees not onely of Forrest-trees for Building Fuel and other uses but also of Fruit-trees especially in Relation to the most wholsome Drink Cider which hath together with many other of Your undeserved Favours towards me imboldned me to make this humble Address unto You intreating Your Favour and further Help in this good and profitable Work And conceiving that I have so much Interest in Your Honours Favour as to have liberty to make such Proposals unto You as concern the Profit of the Publique not doubting of Your good acceptance of them I do humbly submit these following particulars to Consideration which I judge to be material if not necessary as to many persons 1. First That there be a Law made to enjoyne the Work as we have in other Cases of far less concernment then this and according to the Example of other Nations in the same thing For although many that are Ingenious Persons will not need such an Excitement yet the Common vulgar People which are the greatest part of the Nation will do but little without it 2. Secondly That there be Overseers or Officers appointed to look after the Work from year to year without which some Laws will have but a feeble Execution and these Overseers to have due Encouragement one way or other This is no more then what is done in other Cases of far smaller advantage then this would be 3. Thirdly That there be Books Printed and Published for instruction in this business which may have these Characters 1. First That they be of small Bulk and Price Because great Volumns as many are upon this Subject are of too great a Price for mean Husbandmen to buy as also take up more time to peruse then they can spare from other Labours 2. Secondly That the Stile and Expressions be plaine and suited to the Vulgar even to the Capacities of the meanest for these Generally must be the Workmen and Labourers thereabout Now we know that many Pieces upon this Subject are in Latine French and other Tongues yea and some that are in English being the Works of some Learned and Eminent Persons whose Faculties are raised by Study and Education far above the reach of common Capacities their Expressions are answerable and therefore not so profitable to the Vulgar though Excellent in themselves and very useful unto those that understand them But when Men are spoken to and taught in any Art in their own Language in their common familiar stile things are more easily received and take the deeper Impression in their minds and are better remembred 3. Thirdly That these Books for Instruction be Experimental according to what is tried and practised from year to year Many that have Written upon this Subject especially some Antient Authours have been meerly Contemplative men and have presented us with little else but their Notions and Apprehensions And though some things may be rational and useful yet many are not so which when they come to be tryed by the Touchstone of Experience fall off and deceive men to their loss of Time Cost and Labour with discouragement and discover themselves as Sir Francis Bacon observes in his Advancement of Learning to be but meer Putative things And hereunto he adds That it were to be wished as that which would make Learning indeed solid and fruitfull that Active or Experimental men would or could become Writers And the oftner Experience in things is renewed and repeated from year to year the more it is Confirmed and so fittest to be Communicated and Practised Now how that which is here done in the ensuing work answers to these things I leave to others to Iudge not doubting but that You Honoured Sir will continue your Endeavours for the carrying on this good and profitable Work of Planting A Work wherein not onely the most Learned Philosopher and Exquisite Indagatour into the Mysteries of Nature may exercise his Judgment and please his Mind but also a work Pregnant with Profits Real and Substantial to all people all their life long from the Cradle to the Grave A Work that instead of empty and fruitless speculations will fill the Belly and cloath the Back A Work that will enrich the Poor and adorn the Rich A Work that will Encrease the Kings Revenues and the Substance of all his Subjects A Work Praised and Practised by the Greatest and most Eminent Persons in all Ages In a word It is a Royal Work and worthy the most serious Considerations and Endeavours of the Royal Society whereby those Worthies may raise to themselves perpetual Honour as being Instrumental to promote and carry on the same to a greater and more general profit Wherefore Worthy Sir You being a principal Wheel in this great and famous Engin framed on purpose for great and profitable Works are able to move it strongly and effectually to that end which that you would be pleased to do is earnestly desired whereby you may engage not onely the present Age but also many Generations to come to be acknowledged by many but especially SIR By Your already greatly obliged Servant RA AVSTEN TO THE READER THe Art of Planting fruit-trees is among Antient Authors called Husbandry being it is one part of the Husbandmans work though in many parts of this Nation Husbandmen have little skill in it their labour being chiefly Tillage of the ground for Corn. But this is a part of the Husbandmans work as well as that yea and the chiefest and worthyest part Adam in time of his Innocency was imployed in this part of Husbandry about Fruit-trees as is shewed pag. 22. But when he had sinned he was put away from this work to Till the ground a lower and inferior labour Gen. 3.23 The Lord God sent him from the Garden of
p. 490 * There is a Book call'd The Country mans Recreation or the Art of Planting which is full of these samoies Printed in the year 1640. Cent. 5. p. 119 120. Cent. 5. p. 119 120. 2 Lib. cept veget c. 1. 3 De Natura viribus Ar. Fol. 7. * Amongst many other Authours who speak of these things See the Country Farme pag. 360 361 392 363 364 c. where there are very many odd conceits about changing the nature of fruits in shape colour taste c. To mix Nuts Plums and Almonds Peaches and Qâ—inces And to have fruits without stones See pag 365. of the Country-Farme Nat. Hist. fol. 6. (c) See also the Country farm p. 365 that we may have Red fruits we must set red Rose trees under other Trees or near them Gen. 30.20 So the Countrey-farm p. 362 See Country farm p. 363 Pag. 100. (a) The Authors of the Country farm affirm that write what you will on the eylet of the Fig-tree which you mean to Graft and the Figs growing thereof wil contain the said writing p. 363. of the third Book * L. Bacon Nat. Hist. p. 128. 1 Lib. 5. c. 8. de veget Plant. De Nat. Plant. Li. 2. pag. 87. Li. de Cult Insit Nat. Hist. p. 97. Nat. Hist. p. 109. and p. 115. 2 Of this see also Mason Rustique or the Country Farme where the same is asserted pag. 362. Nat. hist. p. 111. 94. Woodmen and others are generally of this opinion as having received it from their fore fathers for an unquestionable thing (b) Sap has recourse to this part especially because it is wounded as blood and humours in the body flie to the part that is cut or hurt to succour it and so do abound there This is so by the Law of Nature as well in Trees as other Creatures * Upon Midsommer day I have taken off the earth and looked upon the place disbarked and Roots were come out well nigh an inch long Deut. 33.14 Pretious fruits brought forth by the Sun * See Mr. Grbr. Plats hidden treasure p. 78. wherâ— he asserts That all Trees Plants and Fruits are made of Vapors condensed 4 Argument against descention Ciâ—culation of Sap. Nat. Hist. p. 26.1 6. Hist. of L. d. p. 387. Nat. Hist. Hist. of L. and D. 1 Planting Trees too near together 2 Planting Trees unfit for the Country 3 Chusing the greatest Trees 4 Setting trees without disbranâ—ing 5 Planting Trees in worse mould 6 Setting Grafts and stock smoth on the out-side 7 Grafting long or forked Grafts 8 Suffering Fruit-trees to grow like Timber trees 9 Giving too much nourishment to fruit-trees 10 Pruning off too many shoots from Wal-trees 11 Grafting seed Plants before removing 12 Not Pruning the Roots of Plants 13 Breaking off Buds before Grafts grow 14 Grafting great bodies of Trees Bapt. Port. Li. 1. p. 16. * The fruit is accounted a special remedy against Poyson and Pestilence Avicen says Lib. 2. Can. C. 501. Iuglans ficubus Râ—ta Medicina omnibus venenis Walnuts with Figs and Râ—e is a medicine against all poyson L. 2. de Arb. Nat. Pag. 248. Legacy of Husbandry pag. 19. Galen de Aliment facul l. 2. pag. 20. In Com pr. Li. Dioscor The Philosophers stone (a) If Landlords Covenant with their Tenants in their Leases to plant Trees their livings will thereby be much improved in certaine years * See how pag. 79 80 c. Set in the Spring of the year Of Vineyards in England 1 Make some Wall-trees Dwarftrees 2 Keep the groâ—nd bare under and about them 3 Wet ground bad for Trees 4 Helps in Fruit-trees in bearing 5 Take heed that Pismires Efts and such like be not about the Roots 6 Fruit-trees advantage Grass some wayes 7 Fruit-trees profitable many ways 8 Helps for barren Vines 9 How to keep Grapes 10 Much profit by Planting in one Age. 11 Remedies against Conies Mice c. 12 To have Cherries fruits late Cherries in November 13 Destroy Snails in Gardens 14 To have fruit grow within doors 15 Apples that have lyen a certain time make the most pleasant Cider 16 Tun up Cider as soon as may be 17 What flags are best to bind withal 18 Fit Grafts and stocks in bigness 19 Cut Grafts in due season 20 Seed-stocks better then Wood-stocks 21 Weed the Nursery 22 Cut not off side branches too soon 23 How to get Boughs with Roots from Trees * Or otherwise it may be done thus About Midsommer take away the bark as before then put round about the bare place some Earth wherewith some Hay or Grass is mixt to hold it together then wrap it round about with a Hayband all over and in removing time cut off the bough below and set it with all the mould and bands take away nothing of it 24 Look that seeds lie not above ground 25 Lay dung upon the Roots of new set Plants 26 Leave a Bud on the outside 27 Preservâ— some 〈◊〉 ungrafted Trees for Cider 28 Sow Acorns Ash keys and other Seeds * In his Epistle to his Natural History Experiment 401. Observation Experiment 402. Observation Experiment 403. Observation Experiment 404. Observation Experiment 405. Observation Experiment 406. Observation Experiment 407. Obeservation Experiment 408. Observation Experiment 409. Observation Experiment 411. Observation Experiment 412. Observation Experiment 413. Observation Experiment 414. Observation Experiment 415. Observation Experiment 416. Observation Experiment 417. Observation Experiment 418. Observation Experiment 419. Observation Experiment 420. Observation Experiment 421. Observation Experiment 423. Observation Experiment 424. Observation Experiment 426. Observation Experiment 427. Observation Experiment 428. Observation Experiment 429. Observation Experiment 430. Observation Experiment 431. Observation Experiment 432. Observation Experiment 433. Observation Experiment 434. Observation Experiment 435. Observation Experiment â—â—6 Observation Experiment 439 Observation Experiment 44â— Observation Experiment 441. Observation Experiment 447. Observation Experiment 450. Observation Experiment 452. Observation Experiment 453. Observation Experiment 452. Observation Experiment 455. Observation Experiment 456. Observation Experiment 457. Observating Experiment 463. Observation Experiment 464. Observation Experiment 426. Observation Experiment 467. Observation See pag. 18 Treatise of Fruit-tree pag. 98. Experiment 468. Observation Experiment 470. Observation Experiment 471. Observation See hereof Treatise of Fruit-trees Experiment 472. Observation Experiment 475. Observation Experiment 476. Observation Experiment 477 478 479. Compounding of Fruits Observation * Nat. Hist. pag. 165. ‖ Advanc Lear. l. 1. pag. 32. Experiment 480 81 c. Sympathy and Antipathy of Plants Observation Experiment 499. Making Herbs and Fruits Medicinable Observation Experiment 401 c. Curiosities about fruits and plants Observation Experiment 502. Experiment 503. Observation Experiment 504. Observation Experiment 506. Observation Experiment 570. Observation Experiments 508 and 509. Observation Experiment 510. Observation See 〈◊〉 481. Experiment 513. Observation Experiment 541. Observation Some old Fruit-trees are hollow all along their bodies having no pith at all which bring forth fruits with no less Core or Stone for that Experiment 515. Experiment 516. Experiment 517. Observation Of this see Expe. 514. Experiment 518. Degenerating of Plants Observation (a) Expe. 506. Experiment 519. Observation Experiment 534. Observation Experiment 535. Observation Experiment 544. Observation Experiment 578. Observation Experiment 579. Observation Experiment 586. Observation Experiment 624. Observation Experiment 627 Observation Experiment 633. Observation See Master Hartlibs Legacy of Husbandry pag. 27. Experiment 634. Observation Experiment 637. Observation * Therefore observe the directions given in the Treatise of fruit trees p. 131 132. c. in causing the branches to spread along the wall both ways which causeth fruit-bearing Experiment 638. Observation Experiment 653. Observation Experiment 654. Observation Experiment 668. Observation See the observation upon the 477 Experiment Experiment 316. Observation Experiment 343. Observation Experiment 378. Observation Experiment 385. Observation Experiment 85â— Observation Experiment 856. Observation