is a sharpe swllynge wyth inflammation chancing in the fingers with dolour torneth to matter spedelye and theis often haue a feuer ioyned with them Iohn Yates What is Anthrax Io. Feild That same which we cal Carbunculus and is an vlcerous tumor springyng of grosse melancholycke bloude putrifyed This tumor foloweth greate inflammations and ther are two kindes of carbuncles the one more Ientle and benigne the other pestilential and mortall and the carbuncle is both wyth pustles and also without Iohn Yates Guido maketh difference betwixte anthrax and carbunculus Tho. Gale Ther is no difference at all but that anthrax is a greke worde Carbunculus a Latyne For Guiddes difference wher he maketh anthrax a malignant tumor is no other thing then the pestilential carbuncle but his diriuation of the name is more ridiculous where he saith that Anthrax is said of Antra whyche he saith signifieth the harte but in what tungne Antra is vsed for the hart that he left vnwrittē sure I am that it is neyther latyne Greke nor arabicke worde Io. Yates Wel then I am herein satisfied touchynge the Carbuncle what defyne you Gargareon to be Iohn Feild Gargareon called in latyne Columella is an inflammation of vuvla like as Paristhmia or tonsille are inflamations of the kernelles situated in the beginning of the iawes Guido other of his sect call them Amygdalas Iohn Yates Anecurisma is nexte Tho. Gale This tumoure is no other thynge then a dilatation or rather relaxation of the arteries whereby the bloode and spirites are dispersed makyng a softe tumour whych beynge pressed with the fyngers semeth to vanish awaye but the fyngers taken agayne away The tumour cometh to his wonted bygnes againe Iohn Yates If you doe in like sort set out what Gangraena sphacelus are then you haue finyshed all suche tumoures as are referred to flegmone Iohn Feilde Galen in hys second booke whych he wrotte to his frende Glauco defyneth gangraenam to be a mortifycation of the member vnconfyrmed sprynging of greate inflammations And Sphacelus called of diuers wryters Aschachilos and of the latinestes syderatio is the exacte and confyrmed mortification of the member Iohn Yates Then by your wordes I gather that bothe Gangrena and Sphacelus folowe after greate inflammations and that they two differ in this that Gangrena is as it were in growing and increasing euer more and more towarde mortification of the member and sphacelus is whan as Gangraena ceasith to corrupte further the member and that is nowe perfectlye mortifyed and deade voyde of all naturall heate blode spirites and feeling Tho. Gale You haue rightly sayde Iohn Yates Then seyng we haue thus ended suche sanguyne tumoures as are referred to Phlegmone I praye you in lyke maner procede in the coloricke tumours whyche are of like affinite with Erysipelas Tho. Gale Wee wyll so doe Vnto Erysipelas are referryd Herpes Phlyctaenae Epinyctides and Hydroa But fyrste wee wyl define what Erysipelas is and then procede to the reste Iohn Yates I thanke you that you will accomplishe my request and desire Iohn Feilde Erysipelas beynge of much affinitie with Phlegmone called also of the Latinestes ignis sacer of vs wylde fyre or Saincte Anthonies fyre is a fluxe of coller staying aboute the skynne nothyng molesting the fleshe And it differeth from Phlegmone fyrste that there is no pulsatiue dolour in it then that in the inflammation of bloode the colour is alwaye redde in Erysipelas the colour is yelowyshe pale laste that Phlegmone ys an affecte of the muscules and Erysipelas is onely of the skynne and thys is to be vnderstande of Verum Erysipelas Iohn Yates Is there any more then one kynde of Erysipelas Tho. Gale Haue you forgottē that which was before rehearsed of compounde tumours And that there was Erysipelas Phlegmonosum Oedematosum and scirrhosum These be comprehended in dede vnder the name of compounde colloricke tumours or Erysipelas illegittimum Iohn Yates So then you make two kinds of Erysipelas verum and also illegittimum Iohn Feiid It is ryghte so And that whyche is illegittimat or not ryghte Erysipelas is also diuided into two kyndes The one commyng of the groser and thicker sencere coller and is named Erysipelas wyth vlceration and the other is coller hauynge other humoures mixed with it as I saide before Iohn Yates Seynge then that I vnderstande what Erysipelas is and howe manye kyndes also there are of them I praye you let me vndestand what herpes is for that foloweth nexte in order Iohn Feilde Herpes is that tumour and affection of the skynne whyche Hippocrates so dothe name of corrodyng and deuourynge the skynne for herpo is that whiche is called in latyne Serpo whereof commeth hérpys quasi serpens And there is two kyndes of herpes one called herpes Estiomenos so called because it eateth and deuoureth the other is named Cenchros in latyne miliaris for that the tumour is like Millit seade Iohn Yates Guido dothe speake of Estiomenus in this wyse Estiomenus est mors et dissipatio membri et propter hoc dicitur Estiomenus quasi hominis hostis cum putrifactione mollificatione membri Tho. Gale where Guido sayth that Estiomenus is the death and dissipation of the membred and for that is called Estiomenus as who shoulde saye the enemye of man comynge with putrefaction and mollification I do litle in my Iudgement alowe hym first that he leaueth the princes of Phisicke Hippocrates Galene and Paulus and foloweth those of smale lernynge and authoritie and then that he will seame to interprete that tungue in whiche he had small knowledge for wher ded he euer red amonge the Grecians that the tumour Estiomenus was confoundyd with Sphacelus which in dede is the mortification of the membre and agayn wher lerned he the deriuatiō of Estiomenus to be hominis hostis But this maye yet seame tolorable in Guido whan that Auicenne gyuynge occasion of errour to other comprehendynge both kyndes of herpes vnder the name of formica doeth also mooste absurdlye comprehende myrmecias that is to saye formicas and is a kynde of wartes vnder the name of herpes and so confoundeth bothe to gether but this shall suffice touchynge herpes Iohn Yates Then let me lerne what Phlyctenae are Iohn Feilde Actius in his .xiiij. booke and .63 chapter sayth that they are pustules comynge of sharpe coller lyke to the blestres whiche cometh of scaldynge water and bryng no vehement dolour or payne whiche beinge broken ther floweth oute a yeloushe humour continuynge vnto the third or sometyme forth daye Iohn Yates And what doth theis kinde of pustules differ from those whiche are called Epinictides Tho. Gale Very much for epinyctides be the mooste yll and malignant kynde of pustules be swarte and leady in coloure wyth greate and vehement inflammation abought them and theis beinge opened ther is founde a flymye exulceration in them this tumor is neuer greater then a beane and is called Epinyctis because comonlye they
whiche is eyther hotte colde moyst or drye or els hotte and moyst hotte and drye cold and moyst cold and drye and yf it be in the instrumental partes the sycknes is namyd yll constitution or conformation but yf sycknes happen bothe to similer and instrumentall partes then it hath to name solution or diuision of cōtinuitie Also the accident is one effect against nature in lyke sorte as the cause of sicknes and sycknes it selfe is but it differet from them in this that like as the cause goe the before sycknes and prouoketh it so doth the accident folowe sycknes lyke as the shadowe doth the man nowe this worde accident is taken generally of whiche we wyll nothyng speake and it is vnderstande more straytlye or properlye so is accidente three wayes diuided for eyther the action is hurte and quite abolished as blyndelnes in the eye or els diminished as dimnisse of syght or els the actions is corrupted as the syght depraued and for the indication whiche is taken of theis three thynges agaynste nature note theis twoo greate and of all men alowed conclusions Contraria sunt contrariorum remedia also similia conseruantur similibus lyke as thynges whyche are accordynge to nature are conserued and kepte by ther lyke so also thynges contarye are remedies for ther contraryes and therfore theis iij. thynges agaynste nature showeth you that they are to be expelled and put away by there contraryes as for example solution of continuitye beinge sycknes bothe of similer and instrumentall partes showeth that he muste be put awaye by his contrarye that is vnition and Ioyninge agayne also heat is put awaye by couldnes couldnes by heate drynes by moystnes and moystnes by drines and so in like sorte in other sycknesses the indication is taken of the contrarietie doe you nowe vnderstand this Iohn Yates Right well so that nowe I doe perceyue that the right vse of my instrumentes medicinall and metallyne is takyng of thynges accordynge to nature whyche showeth the conseruation by lyke and agreable medicynes and of thynges agaynste nature whyche teacheth me to applye thynges contrarye wher by I may take awaye all that which is againste nature but yf you wil be so good as to set oute though it be in breafe wordes compendiouslye those thynges agaynste nature whyche falleth vnder the handes of the Chirurgian as you haue made playne to me those thynges whyche are accordynge to nature I shoulde thynke my selfe so muche bounde as hardly I shal be able to recōpence for althoughe I knowe that thynges contrary to nature are to be remoued by there contraryes yet if I haue not the exacte knowledge what those thinges are I shall very hardly be able to aplie and vse there contraries Tho. Gale It is suerlye so for howe muche wyde you are in knowledge of the sycknes so farre wyde shall you also be in fyndyng out apte and conuenient remedies and those perticuler grefes or affectes againste nature whyche are subiecte to Chirurgirie as Galen witnesseth in the .14 booke 13. chapter of his therapeutike methode are for the mooste part reduced to .v. Titles or chapters that is to wete tumours againste nature woundes vlcers fractures and luxations there be other thinges besides theis which require the vse of the hand but theis rehearsyd perfectly knowen thother wil be easye to attayne vnto Iohn Yates Then I praye you begynne fyrst wyth tumours and those beyng fynished procede to the rest Iohn Feilde Fyrst it behoueth you to know that thys woorde tumour called in Greeke onchos is not that whych Auicenne and the Arrabians name Apostema and the Latinistes call Abscessus For tumour is a generall name to all apostems and tumours where as thys worde aposteme strecheth no further but onely where as phlegmone is torned into matter three other tumours called Atheroma steatoma meliceris so that this word aposteme is not so large and generall a name as tumour is and therfore abused of Guido and other where they call all tumours agaynste nature by the name of apostemes Iohn Yates Why syr be not all tumours agaynst nature Tho. Gale No for sothe for then it had bene for hym superfluous to haue added these wordes against nature And Galen in his boke De tumoribus praeter naturam maketh three kyndes of tumoures One that is secundum naturam accordyng to nature as the branes muscules and other emynencies of mans bodye The seconde is called aboue nature when as these forenamed partes are increased more then their naturall forme and fygure but yet in suche sorte that the partes can doe theyr officies The laste kynde of tumour is called tumour agaynst nature Because thy hurte the action of the parte where it infesteth Iohn Yates I doe nowe cal to rememberance Master doctour Cunyngham who made also the same diuision of tumours .1563 when he red the booke of Galen of tumours agaynst ture to the Chirurgians of London in the hall but I pray you let me learne what a tumour against nature is Tho. Gale Out of the same booke of Galen you may gather thys defynition A tumour agaynst nature is an augmentation or swellynge excedyng the natural fygure of the same and hurteth the action of the same But Auicenne saith that an aposteme for so calleth he a tumor is a sicknes cōpound of thre kind of infirmities that is to say of intemperatures of yl cōstitutiō solutiōs of cōtinuity these words you shall finde in the first booke of his Canon Iohn Yates How many kind of tumours are there Io. Feild Guido other writers of his time make iii. kindes of tumors Apostema Pustula Exitura Apostema he calleth a great tumor in whych the matter whereof it springeth doth offende rather in quantitie then qualitie pustula he doth make a lesser tumour in whych the matter dothe hurte by qualitye rather then quantitie And thys tumour tharabians call Bothor the threid whiche Guido nameth Exitura is that whiche the Grecians doe properly cal Apostema the latinistes Abscessus Thomas Gale But the Grecians doe make differences of tumors accordynge to the substaunce wherof they doe spryng so shal ther be but two kyndes of tumors generally that is to say humoralis spryngyng of humors and flatuosus commynge of wyndye spirites this Guido termeth Apostema ventosum Iohn Yates And howe many differences is ther of tumors whych do spryng of humors Tho. Gale Twoo simple and compounde Iohn Yates Howe many simple be ther Iohn Feild There be also .ij. hote colde Iohn Yates Why are theis tumours called simple and compounde Thomas Gale They are called simple whan as they sprynge of one sincere humour with out the mixture of other and they are called compounde whan the tumor cometh of two or more humors Iohn Yates Wherfore are the tumors called hotte or colde Tho. Gale They are called hotte because they sprynge of hoote humours and named coulde by the lyke reason because thy are ingendryd of could humours Iohn
in deed are licensed to exercise Chirurgerie finde no smale portiō of this art compendiously and faythfully gathered together VVherefore leauing other their authours in vvhich many errours are hidden I doe exhort them that bothe for the fame of Chirurgerie vvhich they ought to their vttermoste to maintaine and also for their ovvne gaine and profite they vvill not only read this Enchiridion but read and read it againe not leauing vntill they be made vvell acquaynted vvith the same And if any places do remaine obscure and darke they yet haue you the authour to resort vnto vvho vvill as gladly I am sure open the meaning of them as he hath vvillingly for their gaine and profite compiled the same As for the other enemie I meane the sick pacients it doeth not muche force for they are enemies chiefly to them selues vvhen as they fall into the handes of suche rude and bussardly clouters And although the pacients being maimed and brought in perill of death by such do exclame against Chirurgerie and Chirurgians yet if the Chirurgians themselfes study to be learned excel such rude Emperikes the slaunder shal returne to the authours therof again The second cause of my vvriting vvas for my natiue countries sake that lyke as you haue labored frō the tyme that you vvere in my gouernaunce teaching to profite the same and haue novv shevved an euident signe and token thereof in this your Enchiridion so you vvill not cease to continue in these your good enterprises and your country shall revvard you vvith honest report and perpetuall fame Thus I cease to trouble you further looking shortlye for the publishing of this and other your vvorkes At my house in Paddinton the seconde of Iuly 1563. CHirurgerie vvhose perfect lyght all other realmes do knovve VVhose learned men vvith diligence doth make it shyne and shovve In our cost hath not yet apperd saue in most obscure vvyse Thorovv duskye clouds of ignoraunce that science doeth dispyse But maugre novve the malice great of Momus and his sect A most cleare Gale doth blovv avvaye those cloudes and them detect As after rude and cloudy ayre the vvelkyne hiecinthe blevve Is sometyme seene vvhen vvynds most drie haue chaunged so the hevve Therefore to this excellent Gale see that ye thankefully Geue condinge prayse and pray that he may moe suche blasts apply That the armade of learned shipps belonging to this arte May vvaye the ancres spred the sayles and from rough seas depart VVhyle this gale blovves that some of them ariue maye at our porte That to the fleet of knovvledge on s yonge learners maye resorte Purchasing ther vvith diligence science that vvyll remayne Leuyng aparte vyle ingnoraunce the mother of disdayne Ihon Hall Chirurgian Thomas Gale Chirurgian vnto the yonge men of his company students in the noble art of Chirurgerie wisheth the grace of God perfect knowledge in their art and most happy and prosperous successe in the same WHen as I had for your sakes dere brethren finished my booke intituled the Institution of a Chirurgian and thought to haue proceded no further touching the practike part but minding to send you to Guido de Cauliaco Brunus Lanfranke Vigo or some other of our Authours in Chirurgerie whiche doe thereof intreate I could fynde no one that might answere my desire For either they wryte in the tonge whiche the most of you vnderstand not either vse they corrupt and barbarous names of sicknes and medicines or they be to tedious longe or ells to concise and brief Furthermore they welney al are so ful of errours that they are only for the learned to read who can discerne betwixte trueth and falsnesse Wherefore knowinge your desyre to learne and seing the want of such Authours as you should profite by I lamenting the case and tendering your wealth haue taken the paynes to compile you this briefe Treatise called hereof an Enchiridion in whiche you shal fynde the methode and way how to cure all wounds both in the similer and instrumentall parts Also how to vnite and heale fractured members and to reduce and repose againe into their wonted and naturall place suche bones as be dislocated Diuers secret and perfect experiments I haue made open vnto you Wherefore be bolde to worke after the doctrine set oute in this booke and take these my labours as a pledge of my good wyll towards you all and loue me styll as you haue begonne At my house in London the .ii. of August 1563. The first booke of the Enchiridion of Chirurgerie conteyning the exacte and perfect cure of wounds made in the similer partes by Thomas Gale ¶ The first booke FOr as muche as in this present treatise which I do compile for the instruction of those that professe Chirurgerie I do purpose to entreat orderly of wounds fractures and dislocations I thinke good first of all to set out what a wound is and howe manye differences there be of woundes Howe be it my principall scope tendeth rather to teache the practise then the theorike at this present Therefore a wounde is named a solution of continuitie newely made in the softer partes of the bodye without putrifaction corruption or matter For if anye matter putrifaction or corruption foloweth then is it no more called a woūde but an vlcer Of wounds I doe make two differences for either it happeneth in the similer partes as in fleshe arterie vayne nerue bone c or els in the organicke or instrumentall partes Of these two sortes of woundes we wyll nowe seuerally intreate And for because the least and smalest wounds require least labour diligence and connyng and that the studient muste in most easiest things be first exercised and trained vp I wyll shewe you briefely the cure of a simple and small wounde where the skynne onely is diuided or cut You shall aptly ioyne the lippes or sides of the wounde together so euen as possible you can then make a stufe wyth towe and the whyte of an egge-mixed with a litle salte and apply it to the wounde then rolle and bynde it accordyng to arte and this is sufficient in such kynde of woundes You must also commaunde the Pacient that he exercise not the wounded member least that he causeth accidentes to fall to the wounde as inflamation fluxe of humours dolour and payne c. The cure of great and depe woundes and of diuers kyndes of stiching Cap. ii IF the wounde be great in the fleshe and yet without accidents you shall beginne your cure as in the chapter before that is by comprisyng and ioyning the sydes of the wounde together and than rollynge and byndyng it But if the wounde be bigge wyde or els ouerthwarte the member so that rollinge and binding are not sufficient than you are compelled to vse stiching of whiche there be diuers sortes and I wyll set oute those whiche are moste in vse But or you goe aboute the stitching of the wounde geue diligent heede that it be mundified and
I wyll gyue him place or els holde thy tounge as I haue sayde before for yf thou or anye of vs all had had thys pouder we had showed our selues euil members in a common wealth that would suffer so many poore people to perishe in the Hospitals and in many other places for lacke of helpe And thus brethren to sertifie your request I haue finished thys Chapter and ended my Booke called the Enchiridion or a shorte briefe maner of curynge as we call it of woundes fractures and dislocations c. But for as much as the medicines therin conteyned are put in the latin toung peraduenture you wyl meruayll thereat Seing that the rest is in the English tonge But to you my brethren that exerciseth the noble art of Chirurgerye I aunswere I trust I haue done it both for your commodity also for your profit There are two speciall causes why they are put in the latin tonge the fyrst cause is for that we cannot aptly giue all those simples Englyshe names and therefore for as muche as herbes and other symples are called by dyuers names accordynge to the vse of the countrye in oure Englyshe tounge that they growe in therefore yf I shoulde haue putte them in anye of these Englshyes aforesayde an other parte of our countrye should not haue vnderstande it And furthermore yf I shoulde haue put parte in Englyshe and parte in Latyne it shoulde haue bene a defasynge of all the whole composition of medicynes The seconde cause is that I haue done it for your commoditye for it shall cause you to vnderstande your recytes or medicynes in the Latyne tounge not onlye by vse of compositions but the symples also for there is no medicyne sette forth in this Booke but yf ye goe to anye Pottecarye he wyll make it you presentlye and declare vnto you euerye Symple thereof whyche shall cause thee in short tyme yf thou be dilygent to vnderstande the whole scope in makynge of medicynes oute of anye Authour in the Latin tounge And for you my brethren in London thys shall be to you a more commoditye for it maye moue you euerye lecture daye to put a question for one medycyne So that wythin shorte tyme you shall gather the whole knowledge bothe of symples and compoundes and also apte tearmes pertaynynge to the arte of Surgerye in the Latin tounge in whyche the moste parte of the arte is wryttynge And hereafter yf god spare me lyfe and thys my simple workes taken in good part I shall not seace but set forthe vnto you one herball wyth the trew pyctures of herbes and trees wyth manye other simples appertaynynge to the arte of Chirurgerie with so manye names as well in Englyshe as in all other tounges that I can learne or vnderstande wyth their vertues properties and places where they growe in c. Whyche booke maye be suche a doctrine that you shall in shorte tyme vnderstand all these simples conteyned in thys boke and many moe not onely theyr qualities but all theyr hydden properties whyche hath bene founde out by long experience And al though thys lyttle Booke named the Enchiridion is verye briefe and short yet shall you fynd therin contayned a true and ryght methode of curyng accordyng to both olde and newe writers wyth the whole scope and intentions curytiue howe to apply your medicines when to applye them to what place they oughte to be applyed and at what tyme. And although manye Surgians haue good medycines that may serue for the lyke purposes of these that I haue made mencion of before yet notwythstandynge for an example I haue sette forthe these that ye maye the better vnderstande the true methode and waye of curynge by the nature and operation of them Thus I take my leaue of you deare brethren in Iesus Christ wishing vnto you the perfit knowledge of thys noble arte whych is onelye the gyfte of the holy ghost and you well to vse it that almyghtye God maye worke wyth you to the comforte of the diseased or hurt person let vs all pray lord increase our knowledge in all vertuous artes and science that we may vse them to the glory of God to whom be all honour and prayse world without end Thus endeth the fourthe and laste booke of the Enchiridion of Surgery compelled by Thomas Gale Master in Chirurgery FINIS An excellent Treatise of vvounds made vvith Gonneshot in which is confuted bothe the grose errour of Ierome Brunswicke Iohn Vigo Alfonse Ferrius and others in that they make the wounde venemous whiche commeth through the common pouder and shotte And also there is set out a perfect and trew methode of curyng these woundes Newly compiled and published by Thomas Gale Maister in Chirurgerie PRINTED AT LONdon by Rouland Hall for Thomas Gale 1563. MIcrocosmos whome Man we call of two right noble partes is made The soule whose lyfe is eternall and body eke which hence must vade This last part doth the fyrst contayne so long as it in health indure Vntyll Sicknes and all her trayne doth proclame warre and death procure Nowe Sicknes quite for to expell Apollo haue the arte out set What arte lo maister Gale doth tell Wherby Sicknes forse we maye let The Canon shotte dreadfull and fell lyke thonder boltes and fyry flame Howe to remoue the wayes he tell in this treatise of worthy fame His name of right Gale we maye call for Gala mylke doth signifie And as mylke noryshe aboue all so doth this Gale right perfectly His sugred mylke of learnyng sweete doth the mynde foster and eke feede Showyng the way that is most meete Microsmos to helpe at neede Nowe what rewarde for him is dewe that for mans cause doth such thyngs showe The wounded man shal be iudge trewe and learned heades which it doth knowe Iohn Feild Chirurgian THOMAS CALVS CHIRVRGVS ANGLVS AETATIS SVE 56 Thomas Gale Maister in Chirurgerie vnto the frendly Readers I Am not ignoraunt frendly reader but many yea the greater sorte wyll not a lytle merueyle that I shoulde go about to ouerthrowe that whiche for a manifest trueth of no smale tyme hath bene receyued and embraced yea and not onely receyued but also with the pennes of diuers otherwise well learned confirmed and established Me thinke I heare them saye what kynde of felowe is this What a Paradoxe hath he published Is his knowledge and experience passing those famous writers that haue left so noble workes behynde them To all which I answere that the matter must be tryed iudged and determined not by antiquitie only not by authoritie but by reason and trueth And yet I wyll attribute as muche to their authorities as some other will knowyng my selfe farre vnable to matche with any of them And although they be suche as I haue profited by yet the trueth is to be preferred before their authorities Wherfore I beseche thee louing Reader not to condemne me before thou hast read my worke and wayed the forse of my