with his eyes or comprehend with his minde that eternall Father I say cannot be knowne but by his effects and all the knowledge of God that can be had must be deriued not à priori but à posteriori not from any cause or matter preceding but from the effects and thinges subsequent So we reade in the sacred Scriptures that Moses could not endure the bright shyning face of God his eyes were so dazled therewith The inuisible things of God saith the Apostle Moyses Paul ad Rom. are knowne by those things that are visible Who is it therefore that will not honor reuerence and admire the author and workeman of so great a worke if he do attentiuely aduise with himselfe how wonderfull the fabricke and structure of mans body is I will praise thee O Lord saith that Kingly Prophet because I am wonderfully made Phidias his Minerua Apelles his Venus Polycletus his Rule are admired by antiquity and therefore great and high honours haue beene decreed vnto them Ctesicles is commended for making a marble Image with such excellent art and cunning that the Samian young men in desire to obtaine the same were contented to lodge night by night in the Temple And wilt not thou admire the arch-type and patterne of all these I meane the body of Man They did imitate in the workes of Nature that which is of least respect and regard namely the outward face and feature for their workes are but dumbe without motion or life But by the view of Anatomicall dissection we see and are able to distinguish the variable and diuers motions of mans body and those also very strange and sometime vncouth Some of the ancient Writers haue dignified the frame of mans body with the name The frame of man is Gods Booke Heraclitus title of The Booke of God For indeede in all men there appeareth certaine sparkes of a Naturall diuinity or diuine nature as Heraclitus witnesseth who sitting in a Bakers shop and perceiuing some of his Auditors which desired to speake with him would not come vnto him into so homely a place Come in saith he for euen heere there be Gods also Iouis omnia plena All things saith the Poet are full of Iupiter For euen in the smallest and most contemptible creature there is matter enough of admiration but yet in the frame of Gods admirable power shineth in the frame of man mans body there is I know not what something more diuine as wherein appeareth not onely the admirable power of God but his wisedome euen past all beleefe and his infinite and particular goodnesse and bounty to Man For his power it is not onely visible but palpable also in that of so small a quantitie of seede the parts whereof seeme to be all homogenie or of one kinde and of a few droppes of blood he hath framed so many and so diuers particles aboue two hundred Bones Cartilages yet more many more Ligaments a number of Membranes numberlesse the Pipes or trunkes of the Arteries millions of veines sinnewes more then thirty paire Muscles almost foure hundred and to conclude all the bowels and inward parts His incredible wisedome appeareth in the admirable contabulation or composition of the whole The wisedom of God in the workmanship of the parts made of so many parts so vnlike one to another Enter thou whosoeuer thou art though thou be an Atheist and acknowledgest no God at all enter I beseech thee into the Sacred Tower of Pallas I meane the braine of Man and behold and admire the pillars and arched Cloysters of that princely pallace the huge greatnesse of that stately building the The elegant workmanship of the whole frame Pedistals or Bases the Porches goodly frontispice the 4. arched Chambers the bright and cleare Mirrour the Labyrinthaean Mazes and web of the small arteries the admirable trainings of the Veines the draining furrowes and watercourses the liuing ebullitions and springings vp of the sinnewes and the wonderfull foecundity of that white marrow of the back which the wiseman in the Book of the Preacher or Ecclesiastes calleth the Siluer cord From the braine turne the eye of thy minde to the gates of the Sun and Windowes of the soule I meane the eyes and there behold the brightnesse of the glittering Cristall the purity and neate cleannesse of the watery and glassy humors the delicate and fine texture of the Tunicles and the wonderfull and admirable volubility of the Muscles in turning and rowling of the eyes Marke and obserue also the art and curious workmanship appearing in the inward part of the eare how exquisitely it is made and trimmed with Labyrinths windings little windowes a sounding Timpane or timbrill three small bones a stirrop an anuile and a hammer the small Muscles the Nerue or sinnew of hearing and the Carteleginious or gristle passage prepared for conueying all sounds vnto the sense Looke vpon the vnweariable and agile motions the conquering power the frame and composition the Muscles the proper and peculiar kinde of flesh the Membranes the Veynes and sinnewes and the bridle as it were all easily distinguished within the compasse of that little body or rather little member of the bodie the Tongue wherewith we blesse God and wherewith we curse men Consider and obserue the Heart his two ventricles eares as many foure notable Vessels which as Hippocrates sayth are as it were 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the fountaines Hippocrates in his Booke of the Heart and well-springes of the humane Nature and the riuers and sourses whereby the whole body is watered and refreshed besides eleauen gates or entrances the admyrable and intricate Textures of the vessels of the Liuer the separation and diuision of the currents of the Arteries and the Veynes and in a word consider the admirable structure of all the parts Animall Vitall and Naturall wilt thou not cry out though it bee against thy will O admirable Architect O vnimitable workeman And wilt thou not with the inspired Prophet sing vnto the Creator this Hymne I praise thee O Lord because thou hast shewed the greatnesse of thy wisedome in fashioning of my body Lastly the infinite goodnesse and bounty of God shineth in this excellent workemanship inasmuch as he hath so well prouided for all the parts that euery one hath her proper Gods infinite goodnesse in the structure of the body and peculiar vse and yet all are so fitted and knit together in such an harmonie and agreement that euery one is ready to helpe another and any one of them being ill affected the rest are immediatly drawne to a simpathy and participation with it Which society and fellowship of the parts Hippocrates in his Booke de Alimento hath thus breefelie but excellently expressed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 One agreement one confluence all consenting To conclude then these wonderfull and ever-euer-worthy to bee admired workes of God in the composition and frame of mans bodie are as it were dumbe Schoolemaisters
to set foorth the structure and composition of Man alone In his first booke de Anatomicis administrationibus It is meete to obserue and looke into euery particle especially in men In the second Booke Now saith hee the foote of an Ape differeth from the foote of a Man in that the structure of the fingers is not alike in them both In his fourth book de Anat. administ and in the third de vsu partium he sheweth the difference of the tendons which go to the legs and feete and in his first booke de Anat. Administ he saith that The head of the Thigh is more crooked in men then in Apes and the Muscles also vnlike which are inserted into the legge He sheweth also the dissimilitude between the Loynes of a Man and an ape In his second booke de ratione victus hee saith that A Man differeth from some creatures in the Originall of the Veyne called Azugos that is the solitary veine or without a peere In the 13. booke de vsu partium he saith That the wombe of a woman differeth much from that of other Creatures So then if Galen did so well vnderstand wherein the bodies of Men and Apes did agree wherin they did disagree it is very likely that he had made dissection of mens bodies for in things which are so like it is the part onely of an artist and expert practitioner to know and discerne what is differing and vnlike And so much for satisfaction to the first imputation which is iniuriously cast vpon Galen by his slanderous detractors They say farther that Galen was ignorant of many things which appertaine to the structure and composition The confutation of the second slander of mans body as if it were not proper to Man to be ignorant Was not Vesalius ignorant of a number of things which were afterward obserued and seene into by Fallopius do not we daily finde out many things whereof the former ages were vtterly ignorant I appeale to that of the ancient Poet 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 One man seeth not all things And whereas they obiect that Galen doth not agree with himselfe but writeth manie A Custome of the Ancients things repugnant and quite contrary let them learne and bee aduertised that it was the manner of the ancients to deliuer many things diuers times according to the opinion of other men and the interpreters beare record that Hippocrates Aristotle and Plato did many times speake after the manner of the common people So Galen speaking according to the opinion of others may haply write some things that doe not so well agree together Galen himself euer agreeth with himselfe but when he disputeth precisely of the point of Anatomy then he alwayes agreeeth and accordeth with himselfe Lastly they clamor that his Books De vsu partium are written confusedly and vvithout Method but their heate and furie of gainsaying transports them I know not whither for the Method of these Bookes is admirable which being to many heeretofore vnknowne I will now make plaine and bring to light I am determined saith Galen to declare the structure and composition of Man and the vse of all his particular parts and therefore what he hath proper and peculiar therein wherein The wonderfull Method of the Books of Galen de vsu partium he differeth from other Creatures must first be opened First therefore for the nakednesse of his soule he hath Reason which is an art before all arts and in recompence of the nakednesse of his body hee hath the Hand an organe before all organes Of the Hand therefore which Man alone hath and no other Creature beside he disputeth in his first and second Bookes so accurately and elegantly that he hath preuented all men for getting any honour by treating of that subiect And because the legges haue a great affinity with the hands and that there is something proper and peculiar in the frame and structure of the same for onely Man by the benefit of his Legges goes directly vpright therefore in his third Booke he intreateth of the Legges for so the order of teaching seemeth to require that those things which are alike should be deliuered together Hauing declared what things they are which are proper to Man onely hee commeth then to such as are common vnto Man with other creatures And whereas of those parts whereof the bodies as well of men as of other perfect creatures are composed some doe preserue and maintaine either a particular and indiuiduall creature or the generall species or kind others do seruice administer vnto the former as the veyns arteries and nerues in the first place he disputeth of those that conserue the indiuidium or partciular creature and these are either naturall or vitall or animall by reason whereof the body is diuided into three Regions Of the Naturall parts hee disputeth in the fourth and fift Bookes of the Vitall in the sixt and seauenth of the Animall to wit the Brain in the eight ninth of those things which depend vpon the braine that is of the Instruments or organs of the sences in the tenth eleuenth twelfth and thirteenth bookes which may bee called the order of Nature The organes ordained for generation or propagation of the species or kindes aswel in men as women are described in the fourteenth and fifteenth books Those parts that are seruiceable to all these as the veines arteries and the nerues are delineated in the sixteenth The seauenteenth which is the last serueth as an Epilogue or conclusion to all the rest and therefore these slanderous accusers of so worthy a Writer are no better worth then to be sent packing from all society of ingenuous learned men How farre Aristotles skill stretched in Anatomy CHAP. XII ARistotle is intituled by all Philosophers the true interpreter of Nature the light the Genius the only spirit of truth who is able not The praise of Aristotle only to stir vp awaken mens minds but to fulfil satisfie them In a word he is another nature furnished with eloquence For he hath very curiously determined of all natural things and their causes but that so darkely and obscurely that he is vnderstood but by few for he was vnwilling to blab abroad and prophane the Mysteries of Philosophie amongst the rude multitude and therefore he hid them not vnder a veyle of Fables as the ancient Poets nor vnder a superstitious proportion of numbers as the Pythagoreans but wrapped them vp in obscure breuitie so sending them abroad as if he had kept them at home So the Cuttle-fish to deceyue the Fishermen powreth forth a blacke humor and in that clowd she escapeth And whereas there are two parts of naturall Philosophy the first concerning the generall and vniuersall nature of things the latter which searcheth out the particular nature of man and all liuing creatures In the first Aristotle was so absolutely excellent as no man no nor anie Aristotle was ignorant
Quest 2. The principality of the parts against the Peripateticks 39 Qu. 3. How many principall parts there are 43 Qu. 4. Of the noblest principall part 45 Qu. 5. Of Similar and Disimilar parts 47 Qu. 6. Whether a Similar part may be called Organicall 48 Qu. 7. Whether the Spermaticall parts be generated of Seede 50 Quest 8. Whether the Spermaticall parts can reioyne againe after they be violated souered 54 Qu. 9. Whether the spermaticall parts be hotter then the flesh 57 Quest. 10. Whether the solid parts become dryed can be made moyst againe 59 The second Booke CHAP. 1 THE diuision of the body of man Folio 62 Chap. 2. The diuision of the lower belly 64 Chap. 3. Of the composition or frame of the lower belly 65 Chap. 4. Of the haires of the whole body 66 Chap. 5. Of the cuticle or scarfe-skin 70 Chap. 6. Of the Skinne 71 Chap. 7. Of the Fat 73 Chap. 8. Of the fleshy membrane 74 Chap. 9. Of the inuesting or containing parts proper to the lower belly 76 Chap. 10. Of the Peritoneum or rim of the belly 77 Chap. 11. Of the vmbilicall or Nauell vessels 78 The Controuersies of the second Booke QVEST. 1. HOw the hayres are nourished Folio 82 Quest 2. Whether the skinne bee the organ of touching 84 3. Of the temper of the Skin 85 4. Whether the skin performe any common and officiall action Ib. 5. Whether it be heat or cold wherby fat is congealed 87 6. Whether fat be a liuing and animated part of the body 90 7. Of the membranes vse and production of the Peritoneum 91 8. A new kinde of compunction of dropsie bodies through the Nauell Ibid The third Booke CHAP. I. Of the Naturall partes contayned in the lower belly 95 2. Of the Omentum or kall 96 3. A bilefe description of the gate veine and his branches 99 4. The arteries of the stomacke and the mesentery which accompany the braunches of the Gate-veine 101 5. Of the Guts 103 6. Of the mesentery 111 7. Of the Pancreas or sweet-bread 113 8. The branches of the hollow veine and great artery 114 9. Of the stomacke 116 10. Of the oesophagus or guilet 122 11. Of the spleene or milt 124 12. Of the Liuer 129 13. Of the bladder of gall 135 14. Of the Kidneyes 139 15. Of the vreters or passages of vrine 149 16. Of the bladder 150 17. Of the Fundament 154 18. The muscles and nerues situated in the lower belly Ib. 19. The bones of the lower belly 155 20. Of the breast or paps 156 The Controuersies of the third Booke QVEST. I. VVHether the Guts haue any common attractiue faculty 161 2. Whether the guttes haue any common intractiue faculty 163 3. Whether the guts haue any concocting faculty 164 4. Of the expulsiue vertue of the guts 165 5. Whether Clisters can passe vpward vnto the Stomack Folio 166 6. Of the euill sauour of the excrements 167 7. Of the substance and scite of the Guts 168 8. Whether the vpper mouth of the stomacke be the seate of appetite 169 9. The situation of the vppermost mouth of the stomack Fol. 170 10. Whether the Chilus be made by heat or by the form of the stomacke Ibid 11. Whether the stomacke bee nourished by the Chylus or by bloud 171 12. What is the nature of a spirit c. 173 13. Whether the bladder doe drawe the Choller vnto it for nourishment 176 14. The passages by which the Choller is purged against Falopius 170 15. The vse of the Spleene against the slaunderous calumniations of Galens aduersaries 181 16. How the melancholy inyce passeth from the spleene to the bottom of the stomacke 185 17. How those that are spleenitick are purged by vrine c. 186 18. Vse of the Kidneyes and matter of the vrine 187 19. That the reasons of diuers Symptones which followe such as are afflicted with the stone are to bee required for Anatomy 189 20. Whether the bladder do draw the vrine 191 21. Of the Retention and Excretion of the vrine c. Fol. 192 22. Of the action and vse of the Paps Ibid. 23. Whether milke can bee generated before conception Fol. 193 24. Certaine Problemes vnfolded concerning the generation of milke 194 The fourth Booke CHAP. I OF the necessity of the parts of Generation Folio 199 2. Of the preparing spermaticke or seed vessels 200 3. Of the Parastatae 202 4. Of the Testicles 204 5. Of the vesselles called vasa deferentia or leading vessels 207 6. Of the bladders of seed 208 7. Of the Prostatae 209 8. Of the virise member 210 9. Of the proportion of these parts both in men women 216 10. Of the preparing spermaticall vessels 217 11. Of the Testicles 218 12. Of the vasa deferentia or leading vessels 220 13. Of the wombe or matrix 221 14. Of the simple or similar parts of the wombe particularly of the bottom and orifice 230 15. Of the necke of the wombe and of the Hymen Fol. 234 16. Of the Priuities 237 17. Of the wombe of a sheepe and a dog 239 The Controuersies of the fourth Booke QVEST. I. VVHether the Testicles be principall partes or no. 241 2. Of the vse of the Testicles 243 3. The opinion of Physitians concerning the true vse of the Testicles 245 4. Of the substance and coates of the Testicles 246 5. The consent betweene the chest and the Testicles Ib. 6. The situation of the Prostatae 247 8. How the parts of generation in men and women doe differ 249 9. The motions of the wombe 250 10. How the wombe is affected with smels and with sauours 251 11. The wonderfull consent between the wombe and almost all the parts of womens bodies 252 12. Concerning the Acetabula the hornes and coates of the wombe 255 13. The membrane called Hymen and the markes of virginity Ib. The fifth Booke CHAP. I VVHat thinges are necessary toward a perfect generation 259 2. The principles of generation seede the mothers bloud Ibid. 3. The mothers bloud the other principle of generation 261 4. Of Conception 262 5. The conformation of the parts 263 6. The nourishment of the Infant and how it exerciseth the naturall faculties 266 7. How the Infant exerciseth his vitall faculties folio 267 8. The motion and scituation of the Infant in the wombe which are animall faculties 268 9. The exclusion or birth of the child ibid The Controuersies of the fifth Booke QVEST. I. OF the differences of the sexes 270 2 Of the temperament of women whether they are colder or hotter then men 272 3. What Seed is 277 4. Whether Seed fall from all the parts of the body 279 6. The excretion of the seed by what power or faculty it is accomplished 286 8. Whether the Menstruall bloud haue any noxius or hurtfull quality therein 288 9. Whether the menstruall bloud because of the meazels and small pox which are wont once in a mans life to trouble him 290 10.
also their tribute vnto this treasury Volcherus Coeiter and Pelix Platerus haue beautified it with their Tables Volcherus is more easie and facile Platerus is acurate but not fit Lettuce for euery mans lips hee must picke nicely that will gather a Sallet out of him hee is so intricate and full of his Dicotomies Manie Frenchmen haue written well in their owne Language Iacobus Guillimaeus the Kings Chirurgion hath adorned the whole art with Tables and Figures by which he hath made an easie entrance Paraeus Columbus Pinaeus for all men to vnderstand the grauest authors The like may be saide of that industrious Paraeus and Cabrolius the kings Anatomist in Mompelier Seuerinus Pineus hath taken great paines he wrote a Booke of the notes of virginity wherein he hath very curiously described the parts belonging to generation Andreas Laurentius hath taken worthy paines and sweate much in this sande to his great Laurentius his cōmendation honour and the generall good of the whole Schoole of Anatomists for beside his descriptions he hath handled learnedly the controuersies of euery part with great euidence of argument wherein I beleeue he hath satisfied himselfe and all the world beside These his Controuersies we haue taken into our worke yet not alwayes tying our selues to sweare what he sayes but for the most part we finde him in the right His descriptions wee take vnder correction not to be so perfect and his Figures most imperfect In those two Bauhine Bauhines diligence hath farre exceeded him and all men else to whom therefore we sticke the closer although we could haue wished that Bauhine had had the care of his owne worke himselfe had not betrusted others with his credit who haue in no few things fayled his expectation and ours Pauius of Leiden is a great Anatomist but writes for his inscription Posse nolle Pauius nobile Surely he can do much and I would to God he could be ouercome to communicate himselfe some things we haue gathered from his owne mouth whereof it shal neuer repent vs. Finally within these three or foure years Iulius Casserius the Anatomist Iulius Casserius of Padua in Italy set forth an elegant Booke of the fiue sences wherein he hath laboured sufficiently if not too much for there is a kinde of sobriety to be vsed also in humane studies beyond which to be wise is not farre from folly Casserius hath done manie thinges excellently well and of good vse but his extraordinary diligence about the organs of the senses in so many creatures I see no cause to imitate for sure I am by that litle experience I haue that many of these nice and fine points though they make a faire shewe and tickle the eares of a man when he reades them and delight his eye when hee sees the resemblances of them printed before him yet when he shall come to search for them in the bodye of man they will not be so obuious if they be at all or if they be found yet serue rather for a speculatiue pleasure admiration then be of any vse in the art of physick or Chirurgery Among our selues Gemini was the first in his descriptions too breefe in his Tables too confused rather contenting himselfe with Vesalius then giuing contentment vnto others yet for those times he is worthily to be commended That good and ingenuous old man Banister was a true patriot he loued his Country Learning and spent himselfe in dooing good and his memory is worthy to bee registred euen for his Anatomy among the rest of his Labours At this day we haue also some worthy to be named who if they listed could turne the gaze of the worlde Westwarde and time I hope will bring their monuments to light In the meane time we haue aduentured to hold vp this taper at which if they please they may light their Torches Of the definition of Anatomy and what Instruments are thereto necessary CHAP. XV. TOMH is a Greeke word and signifieth Section or cutting Hence comes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a diligent and curious Section vndertaken to get knowledge or skil The notation of Anatomy by For 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is to cut with great diligence Now there is amongest Physitians a double acceptation of Anatomy either it signifieth the action which is done with the hande or the habite of the minde that is the most perfect action of the intellect The first is called practicall Anatomy the latter Theorical or contemplatiue the first is gained by experience the second by reason and discourse the first wee attaine onely by Section and Inspection the second by the liuing voice of a Teacher or by their learned writings the first wee call Historicall Anatomy the second Scientificall the first is altogether necessary for the practise of anatomy the second is only Anatomy two fold Historicall Scientificall profitable but yet this profit is oftentimes more beneficiall then the vse itselfe of Anatomy the first looketh into the structure of the partes the second into the causes of the structure and the actions and vses therefrom proceeding According to the first signification we may define anatomy thus An Artificiall Section of the outward and inward partes I call it Artificiall to distinguish it from that which is rash and at aduenture which Galen A definition of Anatomy Galen calleth Vulnerary Dissection For oftentimes in great wounds we obserue the figure scituation magnitude and structure of the outward and inward parts but that obseruation is but confused for we cannot distinctly perceiue the branchings of the Nerues the Serpentine and writhen Meanders of the Veynes nor the infinite diuarications of the Arteries Now that a Dissection may be made artificially it is first requisite that the parts bee so separated What thinges are required in artificiall Dissection one from another that they may all be preserued whole not rent and torne asunder Next that those which grow not togither bee gently diuided Thirdly that those which do grow together be carefully separated Fourthly that we mistake not many parts ioyned together for one nor yet make many parts of one Now this Section cannot artificially bee accomplished vnlesse the Ministers haue conuenient Instruments as are these Razors of all sortes great small meane sharpe The Instrument of the Anatomy blunt straight crooked and edged on both sides Sheares or Sizers round and large long Probes of Brasse Siluer Lead a Knife of Box or of Iuory Pincers of all sorts hooks Needels bent rather then straite Reeds Quils Glasse-trunkes or hollow Bugles to blowe vp the parts Threds and strings Sawes Bodkins Augers Mallets Wimbles or Trepans Basons and Sponges the Figures of all which wee haue heereunder delineated together with a Table whereon to lay the dead or binde the liuing Anatomy with the rings chains cords perforations fit for that purpose If Anatomy be taken in the latter signification it is defined a Science or Art
vvith the vmbilical vessels The 8. the bladder of a woman with the vmbilical vessels and a part of the Vreters The 9. sheweth the backe parts of the body of the yard TABVLA IIII. FIG I II III. IV V VI VII IIX IX But because these officies are perfourmed by voluntary motion it was requisite that it The Muscles of the yarde should also haue Muscles It hath therefore diuers Muscles of which no doubt Galen wrote precisely in his Books de Anat. administrationibus but we haue lost fiue Books and a halfe of Some of Galens workes lost Vesalius Laurentius Bauhine Two collaterall that worthy labour beside other peeces of excellent vse as wee may gather by those that remaine In the fifteenth Booke de vsu partium he reckoneth but two Muscles of the yard which saith Vesalius I could neuer finde Laurentius describeth foure so will we also according to Bauhine Two Collaterall on each side one which do arise neruous from the appendix of the hips Tab. 4. fig. 1 2 KL in the first figure they cleaue to their originall in the second they hang downe to their insertion below the originall of the bodies whereof the yarde is made afterward they become fleshy short and thicker then those that follow and being obliquely carried vpward they are inserted into the bodies of the yarde not far from their originall table 4. figure 2. C C and being together contracted in the act of generation doe bend the yarde and sustayne it whilest the worke be performed as for the erection it selfe we haue sayed before it is made by a voluntary constriction of the sphincter muscle of the fundament driuing the blood and spirits vnto it Columbus also saith that these muscles Columbus haue some vse in our making water The other two muscles of the yarde are called inferiores because they are scituate vnder the pipe table 4. figure 1. 2. H I in the first figure they appeare yet cleauing vnto it but in 2 2. Inferior the second they hang downe from their originals on each side one arising fleshy from the sphincter of the fundament table 4. figure 1. H They are somewhat long and are on their insides vnited and so carried along directly vnder the Canale and implanted at the sides table 4. figure 1 G of the same and being diuided one from another doe a little embrace the bodies of the yarde that they may dilate the lower part of the Canale on both sides drawne downeward the yarde remayning erected and so make it shorter least in the repletion of the neruous bodies especially in the oblique reflexion of the yarde that passage should be stifled and so the issue of the Seede hindered which comes indeed leaping forth Comparison and yet is continued one part of it with another as a company of Antickes holding hand in hand do vault vpon a stage Moreouer these muscles do compresse the Prostate glandules table 4. figure 3. and 7. â—â— The vses of the muscles and straine the Seed that filleth them in the time of eiaculation through their membranes by graines as wee sayed before into the Canale where they are all mingled and issue together In miction also or making of water these muscles haue their vse for some say they distend the passage as Vesalus others as Falopius and Archangelus that in the end of miction they expresse or driue out the reliques of the vrine which remained in the end of the necke of the bladder But if they worke all foure together they draw the root of the yarde which as well as the body thereof hath a power or faculty of erection Betweene these muscles in the Perinaeum table 4. figure 1. between H and H or distance Where they cut for the stone betweene the Cod and the Fundament are the stones of the Bladder taken foorth They call the place also inter-faeminium and in it Fistules and other vlcers are very ordinary I saw a Knight of Lincolnshire of good place suddenly perish within few dayes of a gangreene new risen in this place and it was credibly told me that his Father a Knight likewise about A story the same age of his life was in the same place taken sodainely after the same manner and so A caueat for Chirurgions perished Wherfore this place is diligently to be considered of before a Chyrurgion work vpon it The vessels that come to this virile Member are of 2. sorts some outward others inward The vessels of the yarde Veines The outward veines and arteries table 8. lib. 3. t t arise from the veine and arterie called Pudendae and are distributed through the skin They are many and sometimes blackish like vnto bodden bursten or variccus vessels The internall veines are double and spring from the veine called Hypogastrica Table 8. lib. 3. u u. These when they come vnto the middle bifurcation at the Crotch doe almost alwayes vnite into one which is carried along the body of the member in the middest among the arteries From this veine a notable braunch atteyneth into the capacity or cauitie of the Abdomen and is disseminated through a Ligament which tyeth the bladder to the share-bones In like manner two internall Arteries and those very notable are inserted into the bodies of the yarde from the Artery called Hypogastrica Table 8. lib. â— u u at the byfurcated Arteries originall of the same The invention of these arteries Vesalius attributeth vnto himselfe as also the demonstration of their vse whome Columbus taxeth but Archangelus auoucheth Vesalius Columbus Archangelus that all the three sortes of vesselles in the yarde are so conspicuous that hee that is halfe blinde may see them for being nourished sayeth hee why should it not haue veines as wel as other parts liuing why should it not haue Arteries and mouing why should it not haue Nerues Bauhine is of another minde to wit that the arteries are the vehicles of his nourishment which is thicke bloud and that the same arteries doe also deriue vnto it the mouing Bauhines conceite faculty but of that more hereafter We will return Between the forenamed arteries in the middest passeth a veine through the backe of the yarde euen to the Nutte or glans where it is implicated or foulded together with a nerue which haply make the substance of the Nut fungous all which conuey bloud and spirites into the spongy substance of the yarde when it is prouoked or chafed It hath also Nerues so notable sayth Falopius that he that hath but halfe an eye may see them Galen also in his 14. Booke de vsu partium and the 13. Chapter taketh knowledge of His nerues Falopius Galen them They proceede from the marrow of the great or holy bone of which some that are cutaneous doe passe into the skinne of the yarde and the Testicles to make them sensible of outward iniuries others are inward on each side one and that
before in the capacity of the Abdomen drawing it thence into the guttes and yet we knowe no direct passages from the one part to the other and this hath made men to say that as open as the body of Dropsy water how purged glasse is to the light although it be very solide so open is the whole body as to external aire of which we finde our body oftentimes very sensible so to humours much more to spirits and thinne and subtile vapours Experience hereof we haue in the vse of Tobacco for a man The working of Tobacco in the fingers ends shall often finde it sensibly in his toes and fingers ends presently vpon the raking But of this we shall take leaue in the next discourse to speake a little more largely seeing it not onely concerneth almost all women but may serue somewhat to stay their minds vppon many accidents which euery day befall them QVEST. XI Of the wonderfull consent betweene the wombe and almost all the parts of womens bodis COncerning the wonderfull sympathy that is betweene the wombe and almost all the parts of womens bodies that place of Hippocrates in his An enumeration of the parts with which the wombe doth sympathize Booke de locis in homine is most remarkable where he sayeth That the wombs of women are the causes of all diseases that is to say The wombe being affected there follow manifest signes of distemper in all the parts of the body as the Brayne the Heart the Liuer the Kidneyes the Bladder the Guts the Share-bones and in all the faculties Animall Vitall and Natural but aboue all the sympathy betweene the wombe and the breastes is most notable yet will we not sticke a little to insist vpon the former particulars Betweene the Brayne and the wombe there is very great consent as well by the nerues The consent between the wombe and the braine as by the membranes of the marrow of the backe hence in affects of the mother come the paynes which some women often feele in the backe-parts of their heade their frenzies or franticke fittes their dumbe silence and indeede inabilitie to speake their strange fearefulnesse sometimes loathing their liues yet fearing beyond measure to die their convulsions the calligation or dimnesse of their sight the hissing of their eares and a world of such like and of vnlike accidents Betweene the heart and the wombe the consent is made by the mediation of manie Betweene the heart and the wombe notable Arteries called Spermaticall and Hypogastricall that is the Arteries of seede of the inferiour part of the lower belly Hence come light faintings desperate swoondings the cessation of breathing and intermission of the pulse the vse of them both being taken away by a venemous breath which dissolueth the naturall heate of the heart and such women liue onely by transpiration that is by such aer as is drawne through the pores of the What it is to liue by transpiration skin into the Arteries and so reacheth vnto the heart so that it is impossible almost to perceiue whether such women do yet liue or no and doubtlesse many are buried in such fits for they will last sometimes 24. houres or more and the bodies grow colde and rigid like Many womeÌ„ buried quick dead carkasses who would recouer if space were giuen In my time there went a woman begging about this Cittie who had a Coffin carried with her and oftentimes she fell into those Hystericall fits and would lye so long in them nothing differing from a dead carkasse till the wonted time of her reuiuing Hence it may A Historie be came the Prouerbe Thou shalt not beleeue a woman that she will die no not vvhen shee is deade This is a sore accident and therefore it shall not bee amisse to tell you how you may know whether such haue any life left in them or no. A downy feather applyed vnto their How to know whether a woman be aliue or dead mouth will not sometimes serue the turne for you shall not perceiue it to shake and yet the woman liues the onely infallible token of life or death is if you apply a cleare looking glasse close vpon their mouths for then if they liue the glasse will haue a little dew vpon it if they be dead none at all But the safest way is not to be ouer-hasty to burie women especially such as dye suddenly and not vppon euident cause til 2. or 3 dayes bee ouer for some A miserable case haue beene knowne so long after their supposed deaths to reuiue and some taken agayne out of their Coffins haue beene found to haue beaten themselues vpon their reuiuing before their stiâ—ling into the graue if we will beleeue the reports of such as we haue no great reason to mistrust But to returne to our simpathy Betweene the Liuer and the wombe the simpathy is a little aboue expressed to which Betweene the Liuer and the wombe see aboue Iandises Greensicknes Dropsies we may adde that as from other parts affected so from the ill affection of the womb somtimes come Iaundises Cacexies that is ill habits of the bodie green sicknesses and then which nothing is more ordinary the Dropsie it selfe Betweene the Kidneyes and the wombe the consent is euident in the torments and pains of the Loines which women and Maids haue in or about the time of their courses Inso much as some haue told me they had as leefe beare a childe as endure that paine and my Betweene the kidnies the wombe selfe haue seene some to my thinking by their deportment in as great extremity in the one as in the other This consent commeth by the mediation of the spermaticke veines for the left of these vessels ariseth out of the emulgent or kidny vein on the same side The like may be said of the simpathie between the womb the bladder and the right gut for vpon inflamation of the wombe as Hippoc. writeth in his first Booke de Morb. mulier commeth the disease Betweene the bladder the right gut and the wombe of the right gut called Tenesmus that is a vaine desire to empty the belly and also the Strangurie because the inflamation presseth both partes so that neither the excrements nor the vrine can be long kept This consent is by reason of the vicinity or neighbour-hood of the parts as also by communion The communion is by the membranes of the Peritonaeum which tye the wombe How this consent cemmeth to these partes and by their common vessels for from the same braunch of the Hypogastricall Veine come small riuerets to the bladder the wombe and the right gut Neyther is the Connexion of the wombe with the share-bone and the Lesk to be ouer passed without The Connexion of the womb remembrance which is made by two exceeding strong Ligaments for which cause in the suffocations of the matrix we apply Cupping-glasses to the sides of
accomplish onely one Concoction COncerning the Nature and kinde of Aliment wherewith the tender Embryo is nourished so long as hee is contayned within the mothers wombe there is no light Controuersie Hippocrates thought that he was nourished with the purest That the Infant is nourished with pure bloud part of his mothers blood To this purpose there is an elegant place in his first Booke de morbis mulierum A woman with child saith he is all ouer of a greenish pallid colour because her pure bloud is dayly drawne from her and descendeth to the nourishment of the Infant Galen in his first Booke de causis symptomatum and the 7. Chapter saith that the small and tender Infant drawes in the first moneths the purest of the blood but when he is growne greater he draweth the pure and impure together Hippocrates in his Booke de Natura puert wrote many things but very obscurely concerning the Aliment of the Infant for he acknowledgeth a double Aliment Bloud Milke Whether the infant in the wombe be nourished with milke In the first moneths he thinkes the Infant is nourished with pure bloud but when he beginneth to moue that then a part of the bloud returneth to the Pappes and is there turned into Milk and from thence commeth againe to the wombe by the communion of the veines for the nourishment of the Infant as if the bloud were circularly conuayed from and to the wombe againe as Chymists vse to do in their destillations But I see not either why or how the Infāt should be nourished with Milke seeing al his Aliment is carried first by the veines vnto the Liuer Vnlesse we shall say that the Infant growne great is nourished with Milk that is with bloud Hippocrates expounded contayned in the veines of the Pappes which commeth neare to the Nature of Milk For when the bloud is exhausted or drawn out of the first veines he draweth bloud from other veines especially from such as are more common and ample or large Now the socrety of the veines of the wombe and the Paps is admirable Here some man may aske how the Obiection Infant can draw pure bloud seeing it hath much whey mingled therewith which is prooued by the collection of the vrine I answere that the naturall whey doeth not take away Solution the puritie of the blood yea if it wanted his whey it were not pure but altogether faulty and Hippocrates alwayes disalloweth of that bloud which is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is sincere and vnmixt The third thing to be enquired off remaineth that is how the Aliment of the Infant is How many concoctions are in the Infant changed and altered whether it passe through the three concoctions or but two or onely one Some Imagine that the blood is conueyed by the vmbilicall veine to the branches of the gate veine from these vnto the stomacke where it is conuerted into a substance like vnto Creame and thence by the branches of the mesentery transported to the Liuer and by it turned into blood and so is made by Chylification and Sanguification in the Infant For blood if it be taken at the mouth and swallowed into the stomacke putteth of his forme of blood and acquireth a new forme of Creame For my selfe if I may speake as I thinke I conceiue that there is but one concoction in the Infant for what neede is there of Chylification or of a new Sanguification seeing he draweth the purest of his mothers blood I confesse that it is perfected and further boyled as well in the greater as in the lesser vessels that so there may be the greater similitude betweene the Infant and his nourishment but that it should acquire a new forme that will not sinke into my minde for the bloud remaineth bloud and hath the same power of nourishing it had before onely it differeth in perfection and in some accidents As for Chylification that was not necessary in the Infant because the excrement of Chylification which is thicke and foeculent or euill sauoured would with the waight and burthen be troublesome to him seeing hee hath no membranes allotted for the receiuing or contayning them Heereto you may also adde the noysome smell of the excrements That there is onely the third concostion which doubtlesse would be offensiue both to the Infant and to his mother VVe conclude therfore that in the Infant there is no other but onely the third concoction QVEST. XXV Of the Communion of the foure Vessels of the Heart in the Infant The first Exercise wherein the trueth of Galens demonstration is illustrated THat wonderfull Communion of the vesselles of the Heart which is found in the Infant to wit of the hollow Vein with the venall Artery and of the great Artery with the arteriall Veine Galen first of all men hath so excellently described in his sixt and fifteenth Bookes of the vse of Partes that there is nothing Galen first described this communion in that whole worke more playnly more clearely nor more diuinely handled but in the vse of these Anastamoses hee hath not so sufficiently explayned himselfe For in the 15. Booke hee thinketh that both those inoculations were framed onely for the Lungs sake but in the 6. Book he writeth that they are some helpe vnto the Heart for the performance of the offices of the vitall faculty VVherefore because in diuers places But varieth in the vses therof he speaketh of diuers vses of thē although both places may well stand togither yet thence haue all those taken occasion to carp at him who either from a spirit of contradiction or from an ambitious desire to gayne-say great men or from a kinde of wantonnesse of witte doe forsake the authenticke learning of the Antients and seeke for a new kinde of Philosophy in the greene raw and vnripe fruits of the later writers It is not good indeed to pin a mans knowledge vpon any particular mans sleeue neyther doe I thinke it the part of a true Philosopher to sweare that another man hath sayed were it Hippocrates himselfe but yet wherein the Antients haue gone before vs in strength How far we are to sticke to the antients of demonstration and euidence of trueth there to start aside after the nouel and vndigested inuentions of greene wits I hould it may be a signe of a ripe wit but not of sound and established wisedome or iudgement VVherefore I will endeuour in this place to shew you Galens curious elegant and acurate demonstration of the Communion of these vesselles afterward we will enquire also what other men haue said of it Galen therefore in his fifteenth Booke de vsu partium and the sixt Chapter asketh the Galens elegāt demonstration of this communion question why the Lungs in the Infant are redde and not whitish as they are after a man is borne He answereth because they are nourished with thicke and red bloud brought vnto them by vessels hauing
at the arteriall veine Table 10. figure 3. D is much lesse because the orifice of this vessell is much lesse then that of the hollow vein The left and beside ayre followeth more freely at a narrow passage then bloud It is also shape Why the ears haue correspondency with the ventricles and runs more on the side of the heart and is more rugged and vneuen on the outside then the right harder also and more fleshy and thicker for the eares haue a correspondency with the ventricles as seeming to bee by Nature framed to bee assistant in some preparation of the matters which belong to the heart They are hollow as making way vnto the heart Their substance is peculiar and such as is found in no other parte much like the scarffe-skinne and membranous that they might endure the force of attraction with out breaking and also that they might better follow the motion of the hart for they are like values streched and contracted when they are full and extended then are they gibbous and smooth but when they are contracted then they appeare outwardly rugous and wrinkled and with Their figure in they resemble the vnequall superficies Tab. 10. figure 5. the right inuerted 1 rugous fig. 7. the left inuerted 1. fig. 8. N of the ventricles They are thin that they might more easily be contracted soft and neruous for strength Substance for that is strongest which is most sinewy The vse of these eares is that whereas the bloud and ayre rush violently toward the heart Their vse these should take them vp by the way and keepe them as in a safe and let them into the heart by degrees otherwise the creature should bee in danger of suffocation and the heart of violence in their sudden affluence Moreouer they defend the vesselles to which they are set in the motions of the heart which haue a soft and thinne coate and therefore other wise when they are streatched in sudden repletion might be subiect to cracke or burst Hippocrates sayd they serued the heart as fannes to coole it or as bellowes to smithes forges to gather in the spirits as they gather in wind CHAP. XIII Of the vessels of the Heart and their values THere are seene about the Basis of the heart in the outward sides of the ventricles 4. vessâ—ls foure vesselles and so many orificies whose originall some woulde deriue from the heart as Vesalius and Varolius and they are in each ventricle two Hippocrates in his Booke de Corde calleth them the fountayns of humane Nature In the right the hollow veine Table 9. figure 2. F Table 10. figure 1. C figure 2. NN Their postioÌ„ and the arteriall veine table 9. fig. 2. G In the left the venall artery table 10. fig. 2 â— and the great artery Table 9. figure 2. H Table 10. figure 1. H figure 2. OP Within these vesselles are certaine values or leafe-gates placed which Hippocrates called the secret filmes The values of the heart and Galen membranes and the Epiphysis of membranes eleuen in number all arising from the orificies of the vesselles Some of these are three-forcked some like halfe 11. in number Moones some againe are carried from without inward into the ventricles of the heart to Their sorme which they are tyed with strong membranes especially to the partition toward the cone or poynt that in the dilatation of the heart the ligaments might draw the values vnto Foras intus Intus â—â—ras themselues and as it were turne them vp to the body of the heart others are carried from an inward position outward as soone as the two vesselles do peepe out of the heart In those Where stronger and why vesselles which receiue matter into the heart they are strong because they are not onely to hinder the regresse but also are to drawe but in those that send out matter out of the heart they are weaker In the dilatation of the heart they are all extended the forked values making certain gaping The work 〈…〉 the values in dilatation fissures betweene their forkes by which the matters are let in those like the halfe-Moone or the semicircular values doe shut close the endes of their vesselles and so hinder those matters that are gone out for returning in againe In the contraction of the heart they are all likewise contracted then the forked ones do close vp those yawning fissures which they made in their dilatation and so hinder those In contractioÌ„ matters that are gone out for returning in againe These circular values flagging to the sides of the vessels doe leaue open way for the bloud and spirits to issue out Of these values Hip. first mentioned them Hippocrates made first mention and extolleth their structure as a wonderfull secret of Nature and they are sayeth Galen in the 11. Chapter of his sixt Booke de vsupartium framed with such exquisite Art that if they bee all at once streatched and stand vpright then they stop the whole orifice of the vessell They haue all one common vse which is to hinder that which is gotten into the heart Their vsecommon Proper for passing out againe They haue also proper vses the vse of those that are set within and goe outward is to leade out matters out of the heart and not suffer them to come back the vse of those that are set without and goe inward is to keepe the matters gotten in that they get not out againe and both these that the labour of the heart should not be in vaine But because the constitution of these vessels is one in the heart of an Infant whilest it is in the wombe and another in the heart after the birth wee will intreat of them seuerally And first as they are in a man after he is borne into the world The hollow veine hauing perforated Table 10. figure 1. D figure 2. NN sheweth the passage Of the hollow veine in the heart of the veine the midriffe and being come vnto the hearte first sending out a short braunch from his lefte side is receiued by the right deafe-eare with his ample and patent orifice Table 10. figure 1. from C to B thrice as large as the orifice of the great artery and is presently inserted into the right Table 10. figure 5. CC sheweth his orifice ventricle to which it adhereth so firmely that vnneth it can be separated from it Whence came the occasion of Aristotles error and his followers who thinke that there the hollow veine tab 10. figure 1. C as also all the rest haue their originall And for the strengthening of the heart this great braunch becomes like a ligament and his vse is to bring the bloud which is sent vpward from the Liuer vnto the right ventricle and there to powre it into the heart whilest it is dilated to bee farther attenuated therein as well for the nourishment of the Lungs which require a thinner bloud
large and ample Tab. 12 fig. 11 E fig. 12 B but after is straightned into a pipe till it end in a long Fistule or quill wouen with small but many veines which through a proper hole Tab. 12. fig. 11 F made for it in the Dura mater descendeth and determineth into the Pine-Glandule This passage by Galen in his ninth Books of the Vse of parts and of Anatomicall Administrations and the third Chapters as also by many that haue followed him is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 peluis the Bason He calleth it also in the place before named 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Infundibulum the Tunnell because in the top it serueth as a Tunnels top to admit the Humor His Names and in the bottome like the pipe to let it out for by this the thicker excrements of the Braine stored vp in the ventricles are receiued and transmitted to the Flegmaticke Glandule of which we shall speake by and by Vesalius maketh the vpper part to be called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and compareth it to a Bathing tub such as they vse in Hot houses The neather part 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which cannot be better compared then to the pipe of a Tunnell such as they Vesalius run Beere with Concerning the vse all Anatomists do agree but Laurentius me-thinkes for the fashion and the vse compareth it best to such a bagge as wee call Manica Hippocratis in English commonly an Hippoccas bagge because through it they run Hippoccas which is called Hip. wine Next to the bason followeth the flegmatick Glandule Galen in his 9. book de vsu partium and the third Chapter calleth it simply 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is a Glandule The seate of it Glandula pituitaria is vnder and without the Meninges at the end of the Tunnell in the saddle of the wedge-bone For this saddle or bosome of the bone was purposely made to receiue this Glandule and therefore the forme of them both differeth little for it is flat hollow aboue gibbous below and almost foure square The substance is Glandulous but yet more compact His substance and harder then other glandules Thicke it is and compassed about with the Pia mater haply with that part thereof which maketh the Tunnell and by this Membrane it is tyed to the bone and leaneth to two branches of the soporary Arteries called Carotides which creepe vp by the sides thereof Table 12 fig. 12. CDEF This Glandule receiueth the excrements in Vse manner of a sponge as they fall from the braine which excrement it not onely emptieth into the palate but also some fals downe by his sides through those holes which are bored in the Basis of the Scul Neyther was Hippoc. ignorant hereof who in his books de Glandulis de locis in omine saith that Humors fal out of the head through the eares the eies the nose others Hippocrates by the Pallat into the throat the gullet some also through the veins into the spinal marrow and into the bloud that is 7. wayes For at the sides of this Glandule there are bored two holes in the bōe which descēd one forward ending in that hole where through the 2. payre of sinewes is led the other descendeth more backward and passeth by the sharp Cleft at the sides of that hole through which that notable branch of the soporary Artery ascendeth into the Scull of which outlets we shall speake more at large in the History of the bones And these are the wayes by which the phelgme is euacuated out of the braine For the braine being great and large stood in need of much aliment and because it is very moist not very hot out of that much aliment many excrements do arise are gathered therein which excrements being of two kindes thinne and thicke the thin do vapour out through the Sutures the thicke are euacuated partly by the Nostrils as we haue saide already partly by the Palate For those that arise aboue the Ventricles and are stabled in the diuision of the braine are purged by the foreward hole and the Nose and is called Mucus we giue it a homely name but proper to it and call it Snot But those that are gathered in the ventricles do most what descend to the Tunnell and are auoided by the Palate eyther by simple spitting which we call Rheume or else by ercreation or hawking which we cal phelgme And thus much of the Glandule vse therof The Rete mirabile or wonderfull Net which Galen in the 9. booke of the Vse of parts Wonderful Net the third chapter calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Tab. 13 fig. 14 that is the Net like complication hath his name from the artificiall figure for it is made of the soporary arteries tab 13 fig. 14. A B which arising vpward from the heart through the Chest climbe vnto the head Wherof made and at the Basis of the Brayne neere the originall of the opticke Nerues do make this web or Net This net compasseth the glandule Tab. 13 fig. 14 ◠at the sides of the saddle of the wedge-bone and is not like a simple Net but as if you should lay many fishers Nets The vse of it one aboue another wherein this is admirable that the replications of one are tyed to the replications of another so that you cannot separate the Nets asunder but they are all of them so wrought into one another as if it were a bodye of Net meshed together not into breadth onely but euen into thicknesse also In these according to Galen the Animall spirits make long stay which haue for this proper and immediate matter the vitall spirits raised vp in the arteries and heere wrought into Animall from whence they are conueyed into the ventricles of the braine For saith Galen in his 9. booke of the Vse of parts and the fourth chapter where Nature intendeth exactly to forme any thing she prouideth that it shall remaine some good space in the instruments of concoction Some are of opinion that the vitall spirits are prepared in these small arteries and some Archangelus for instāce that the Animall spirits are inchoated heere and perfected in the Plexus Choroides that hauing receiued their power and efficacy from the Braine the marrow thereof they might yssue into the ventricles and there be stored vp for vse Vesalius affirmeth that this wonderfull Net is onely found in the heads of beasts but we saith Bauhine haue beene able to make demonstration of it in all the mens heads we Bauhine Vesalius haue hitherto cut vp although we confesse that in Calues and Oxen it is much greater more conspicuous Now these three particles the Tunnell the Glandule and the Net cannot be demonstrated before the substance of the After-braine be taken away and the 2. The way how to demostrate these parts latter not before the Dura meninx be dissected Finally before you make demonstration of these
three you must shew the spectators the Mamillary processes and the payres or coniugations of the sinewes which otherwise in the search for these will be defaced Table 13. Figure 13. exhibiteth the vesselles of the Braine and their distribution especially through the right side whither they proceede from the internall Iugular veine or from the sleepie Arterie or from the sinus of the Dura Meninx Figure 14. sheweth the wonderful Net as Galen describeth it Figure 15. sheweth the pituitary Glandule with the Bason and the sleepy Arteries Figure 16. sheweth the Rete-mirabile or wonderfull Net together with the glandule as it is found in the heads of Calues and Oxen. TABVLA XIII FIG XIII XIV XV XVI A A brāch attaining to the right ventricle ♌ The complication of vessels called Plexus Choroides formed on either side of the branch marked with A. Fig. 14 A B Arteries climbing the scull and making this wonderful net CD Branches into which the surcles of that net are ioynedin to E the pituitaryglandule or kernel of flegm Fig 15. A the Glandule receiuing the bason B the bason it selfe or if you wil the Tunnel called Peluis or infundibulum CC the sleepy Arteries D A branch of the artery going to the side of the Dura Meninx E Another branch of the same artery going to the nostrils FF An artery in one side diuided into 2 branches but in the other side meeting togither againe G A partition of the artery creeping through the durameninx H Another branch which getteth out of the scull and reacheth to the eies Figure 16 A The petuitary Glandule B C. The sleepye arteries going into the scull D D. The wonderfull Net The vse of the Braine For the vse of the Braine Aristotle in his second booke de partibus Animalium and the 7. chapter writeth that the braine was made as a commō good for the behoofe of the whole Creature to temper the feruour and heate of the heart which opinion because it is sufficiently refuted by Galen in his 3. booke of the Vse of parts and the second chapter wee wil not insist long vpon it only these two things we open First that the heart is sufficiently refrigerated by our perpetuall inspiration and expiration Secondly that if Nature had intended the brayne to coole the heart she would not haue set them so farre distant but placed it eyther about the heart or at least in the Chest as well therefore might he haue saide that the Heele was made for the vse of the heart as the Braine Wherefore we determine the vse of the braine to be first for a habitation for the soule whereby she performeth her Animall functions as well those that are principall as also Diuerse those of sense and motion Secondly that in the substance thereof the Animall spirits might bee laboured therein conueyed and from thence deriued into the body For so saith Galen in his 8. booke of the Vse of parts and the 13. chapter and the 9. booke and the Galen 4. chapter In the whole substance of the body of the Braine is the Animal spirit wrought and reserued not onely in the ventricles and in his 12. booke of Method the 5. chapter the third de locis affect is and the 7. speaking of the falling sicknesse he saith It is caused in the braine the humor hindering the Animall spirits which are contained in the ventricles that they cannot yssue out Thirdly that the Nerues and spinall marrow might proceede from the marrow thereof which is so manifest as we neede not cite the places of Galen to proue it For the Nerues receiue from the braine as from a principle as we say á quo and of dispensation the Animal vertue and sensatiue soule which do reside in his substance and do distribute the faculties of sense and motion into the Organs or Instruments of sense motion as it were through Channels hauing in thē the Animall spirits to conuey the same faculties This Animall spirit although it performe many seruices is one and the same leading The Animall spirit all the faculties of the sensatiue soule through the Nerues into all the parts of the body but the Instruments into which out of the braine it is powred into the Nerues are manifolde Wherefore if they runne into the eyes which are the Organs of the sight they make Vision if into the eares Hearing c. This Aristotle in his second booke de generatione Animalium Aristotles Comparisons and the last text elegantely declareth by the example of a Smiths hammer for as the hammer is but one instrument yet doth many seruices according to the variety of the subiect vpon which it worketh so is the spirit in the worke of Natures administrations as the beames of the Sunne are one and the same yet appeare diuers if they light vpon diuers coulers so is it with the Animall spirits The substance of the Braine although it be deuoide of Animall motion and sense for The seate of the sensatiue soule it is not deuoide of Naturall yet is it the originall of sense and voluntary motion which we may better perceiue if we consider that disease which we cal the Apoplexie For those that are Apoplecticall although all their Instruments of the senses are perfect yet because the Animal spirits are intercepted they haue no sense at all For the originall of the spinall marrow being totally stopped all the parts vnder it doe loose doth sense and motion so also if the Nerue which is conueyed to any part be obstructed that part is depriued of sense Animall motion sense motion Hence it followeth that the braine is the seate and residence of the sensatiue soule and the fountaine of sense and motion Of sense because it receiueth the impressions of all sensible things Of motion because it dispenseth the knowledge of auoiding that which is hurtfull and desire to follow after that which is profitable and behoouefull As for Natural sense and motion there is a great question whether the braine haue them Natural sense or no and first for sense Hippocrates in his booke de vulneribus capitis saith that the braine hath present and exquisite sense about the Sinciput or sides of the head because in this place the bone is the thinnest and most of the braine is there contained beside the skin of the head is there thinnest also Moreouer saith he the diseases of the braine are the most acute and dangerous yea for the most part mortall and hard to be iudged of by those that are not very well experienced Galen in his first booke of the cause of Symptoms and the 8. chapter saith that the braine was not made by Nature an instrument with sense but so that it is able to comprehend or Galen perceiue all those things by which it suffereth as if he should haue saide The braine is not made to be a particular instrument of sence so as it can perceiue
The Soule creepeth into a man being mingled of fire and water Whereby the Soule I vnderstand the heat throughly dewed or moystned with the in-bred and primigenie moysture and the spirits And that in his Booke de Corde by the Soule hee vnderstandeth the heate those words do declare where he sayth That the Soule is nourished by the most pure and defaecated bloud Now in his first booke de Diaeta hee writeth that the Soule cannot be altered neither by meats nor drinks VVhich place because it is as bright is the Sun in his strength and worthy to be written in golden Letters wee will here transcribe An elegant place of Hip. concerning the immortality of the soule The causes of all those things whereby the Soule is altered are to be referred to the nature of the passages through which it penetrateth For as the vesselles are affected whereinto it retyreth and to which it falleth and with which it is mixed such is their condition and therefore wee cannot alter them by dyet for it is impossible to alter or change the inuisible Nature In his Booke de morbo sacro he affirmeth that in the heart there is no wisedome or intelligence all sayth he is in the power of the Braine From the braine we vnderstand doote and grow mad as it is hotter or dryer or colder Galen in his third Booke de Placitis conuinceth by many arguments that the braine is the seate of all the Animall faculties And in the fourth Chapter of his third booke de locis Galen affectis according to the opinion of the vulgar hee accounteth that man foolish that wanteth braines For the further confirmation of this opinion we wil adde an elegant argument out of Philo. VVheresoeuer the Kings Guard is there is the person of the King whome they doe Philo his argument guarde but the guarde of the Soule that is all the organs and instruments of the Sences are placed in the head as it were in a Citadell or Sconce there therefore doth the soule keepe her Court there is her residence of Estate If therefore the sensatiue faculty be placed in the braine the intellectuall must be there also because as saith the Philosopher the office of the Intellectuall faculty is to behold and contemplate the Phantasmes or Images which by the senses are represented vnto it We resolue and conclude therefore that the braine is the seate of all the Animall faculties as well Sensatiue as Principall QVEST. II. Whether the Principall faculties haue distinct places in the Braine SEeing therefore the Principall faculties are there Imagination Reason What a principall faculty is and Memory and that their seate or habitation is resolued to be the brain let vs now enquire whether they haue distinct particular mansions prouided for euery one of them Galen in his booke de Arteparua defineth principall functions to be such as yssue onely from a principle and in the second de locis affectis he addeth Which are accomplished by no other part as by an Orgā and Instrument And yet more plainely in the 7. book de placitis Hip. Plat. Which are only in the braine and thence doe proceed not receiuing their operation from any other Organs of sense or motion The whole Schoole of the Arabians hath imagined certaine mansions in the braine The opinion of the Arabians that they haue distinct seates and assigneth to euery particular faculty a particular seate and this is Auicen his opinion Fen. 1 primi doctrina 6 Cap 5. As also Auerrhoes in his Canticles his book de memoria et reminiscentia and in Colliget They place therefore the Phantasie in the forward ventricles Reason in the middle and Memory in the hinder ventricle and this opinion may be established by many arguments on this manner Almost all the sences are placed in the forepart of the head wherefore The first argument because the Imagination is to receiue and apprehend the species and representations of sensible things it must be placed in the fore-part By the Imagination the Intellectuall power is stirred vp and abstracteth the Images of things from those Imaginations and therefore it must be scituated next vnto the Phansie and because that is the most immediate Instrument of the reasonable Soule it was fitte it should reside in the safest and most honourable place which is the middest that is the third ventricle This Intellectuall faculty commendeth those abstracted formes of things vnto the Memory which it layeth vp as it were in a Treasury and therefore the seate of the Memory must be in the hindmost and dryest part of the Braine which is the fourth ventricle Againe the Imagination being a conception of Images and accomplished only by The second argument reception and simple apprehension requireth the softer substance of the braine wherein such sensation might be made The Memory desireth the harder substance of the braine that it might be able the longer to retaine those Notions which it storeth vp Ratiotination is best pleased with a substance of a middle nature betwixt the softer and the harder Now the forepart of the braine is the softer the hindpart the harder and the middest of a middle constitution and therefore the Imagination is in the forward ventricles Ratiotination in the middle and Memory in the hindmost The third argument Thirdly that these principall faculties are discluded or separated by their mansions these things doe demonstrate because if one of them be offended yea or perish vtterly yet the other may remaine vntainted or vnaffected For it oftentimes happens that the Imagination is vitiated and yet the Intellectuall faculty not at all depraued For the confirmation of this we haue many elegant Histories in Galen as in the third chapter of his booke de Symtomatum Histories differentijs and the second chapter of his fourth booke de locis affectis Theophylus being otherwise able to discourse very well hadde yet an Imagination that there were Fidlers in the corner of his Chamber and continually cryed to haue them thrust out Another being Phreniticall lockt the doores of his Chamber to him and carried all the vessels to the Windowes where giuing euery vessell his proper name he asked those that passed by whether they would command him to cast them out Thucydides reporteth that when the plague was so hot throughout all Graecia and Peloponnesus that many did so vtterly forget what they had knowne before that they did not remember their Parents or familiar friends In these men therefore onely the Memory was offended in Theophilus onely the Imagination and in him that was Phreniticall onely the Intellectuall faculty or vnderstanding Moreouer vnlesse the principall faculties had seuerall seats why were there diuers ventricles The 4. argument or cauities made in the braine And why is one of them more noble then another vnlesse it be because it is the seat of a more noble faculty VVe will also adde an argument taken from the secrets
are most excellent COncerning the excellency or superiority of the ventricles of the brain some different places in Galen are to be reconciled It is commonly receiued that among Of the preheminence of the ventricles of the braine all the partes of the braine the ventricles are most excellent not because they are particular seates of the Principall faculties but because in them the Animall spirits are generated That teacheth Galen in the third Chapter of his 7. Booke de Placitis Hip Platon If sayth he you cut the braine any way the creature will not loose sence and motion before the wound pierce vnto some of the ventricle But whereas there are foure ventricles it may be demanded which of them is most noble Galen teacheth that the vpper ventricles are the basest In his 8. Booke de vsu partium the 10. Chapter In his 7. de placitis and in his Commentary vppon the 18. Aphorisme of The vpper ventricles are the basest the seuenth Section by the example of a young man of Smyrna a Citty of Ionia who being wounded into one of the vpper ventricles yet escaped with life Concerning the third and fourth ventricles Galen seemeth to differ from himselfe for in the fift Chapter of his third Booke de locis affectis he yeeldeth the prerogatiue to the fourth ventricle The Animall The 4. the noblest spirit sayth he is contayned in the ventricles of the braine especially in the hindermost although the middlemost is not to be contemned which is as much as if hee had sayed the middlemost is not the noblest For wee are perswaded by many reasons to esteeme this aboue the two vpper In the third Chapter of his 7. Book de placitis A wound in the hindmost According to Galen ventricle doth most of all offend the creature In the second place the wound of the middle ventricle but least of all if it be in the two vpper the same thing may bee sayed of sections or bruises of the head And these authorities of Galen are seconded by reason for it is a perpetuall truth in the body of a man that by how much the cauity is greater by so much it is the baser The fourth ventricle is of all the rest the least and the narrowest and containeth the Animall spirit sincere defoecated and exquisitely purged the other do onely prepare the spirit and therefore the hindmost ventricle is the most noble Yet Galen in many places seemeth to say the contrary as for instance in the 7 chapter of his third booke de locis affectis and in the second chapter of his fourth booke he preferreth Galen seemeth to say the contrary the third ventricle If saith he at any time the whole fore-part of the braine bee affected those things which concerne the vpper ventricle are drawne into consent and the action of discourse is vitiated where by the vpper ventricle he vnderstandeth the third or the middle but why I am not able to giue a reason But if discourse bee seated in the middle ventricle then is it the most noble In the last chapter of his third booke de placitis expounding the fable which faineth Minerua to be borne out of the toppe of Iupiters head Therfore sayth he they faigne her to be borne out of the top because there vnder is seated the middle ventricle whichis the principall of the braine and the originall of wisedome Moreouer the wonderfull structure of the third ventricle is an euident argument of the excellency thereof as also because the wounds of the Occipitium are lesse dangerous The reason then those of the Sinciput or fore-part of the head So saith Hippocrates in his booke de vulneribus capitis More escape death that are wounded in the hinder parts of their heads then in the fore-part You shall reconcile Galen if you say that when he auoucheth the fourth ventricle to be the most noble then he speaketh according to his owne iudgement but when he preferreth Galen reconciled the third he speaketh according to the opinion of other men especially of Herophylus For Galen did not attribute or assigne to the principall faculties particular mansions or habitations in the braine as we haue heeretofore prooued Againe vpon a wound in the Occipitium or nowle of the head the fourth ventricle is sildome offended because there is much flesh and the thicknesse and hardnesse of the bone to resist the violence of the blow whereas the bones of the Sinciput or fore-part are much more slender and weake In the whole history of the head I do not finde that Galen seemeth so much to wander out of the way as in the description of the Rete mirabile or wonderfull Net for this in a man is so small that a good eye can hardly discerne it I like rather saith my Author to The error of Galen in the wonddrfull Net call the Plexus Choroides which is manifest and obuious to euery eye in the vpper ventricles of the braine Rete mirabile or the Wonderfull Net as also some of the new Writers haue done for in it the vitall spirit is attenuated and the Animall getteth a certaine rudiment And thus are we come to an end of the Controuersies concerning the Braine especially the substance thereof Now let vs proceed to the second part of the head which is called the Face and so to the Senses The End of the seauenth Booke vvith the Controuersies thereto belonging THE EIGHTH BOOKE Of the Senses and their Instruments as also of the Uoyce The Praeface ALthough in the former Booke wee have made mention of the Instruments of the Senses when we described the Coniugations of the Sinnewes of the Brain yet because there are many other parts in the Head set apart for their vse wherein the glorious wisedome of our Creator dooth most manifestly shine and in the preseruation whereof wee are deepely interessed I haue thought good to appropriate this Eight Booke vnto the History of the Senses Now in euery Sense there is a Matter and a Forme The Forme is the Faculty which is a thing yssuing from the Soule and differing in Name not in Nature as it informeth this or that Matter which is the Instrument The first of the Senses is the Eye the most precious part of the body and they are two that if The eyes one should miscarry the other might supply the necessity of Nature They are set like Centinels or Scout-watches in the top of the Towre whence they may discerne the farther off if any thing approach either hurtfull or behoouefull that we may apply ourselues to it or auoyde it Galen is of opinion that the Head was placed vppermost in the bodie for the Eyes sake because the Opticke Nerues stood in neede to bee very short For their security they are scituated in Caues and fenced about with diuers Muniments Aboue them hang a round arched brow to beare off and cast ouer what might fall from the Head
distance betwixt them least otherwise the ingresse of visible images through the horne might be interrupted wherefore when the grapy membrane commeth to the translucent part of the horny membrane it is no more round but reflected backeward and inclineth toward the christaline humour leauing a hole in the middest which is called Pupilla as Varolius hath elegantly deliuered This Pupilla or Apple of the eye is in man and some other creatures as Dogges very round in many bruite beastes as Oxen Sheepe and Goates it is longer then round of an The figure of it Ouall figure or like a circle compressed in the middest which compression is dilated or contracted according to the motion either proceeding from the Animall spirite or from the light so that the figure thereof is sometimes round sometimes long sometimes wide sometimes very narrow as in a Cat whose Pupilla is like a narrow and long cleft Aquapendens sayeth that in a Pike it is of the figure of a cone The dilatation and contraction of this Pupilla or Apple of the eye Galen ascribeth to the Animall spirits but Aquapendens thinks that the hole of the vuea or grapy membrane How the Pupilla is contracted dilated Galen Aquapendens which is al one with the Pupilla is dilated or constringed acording to the strēgth or weaknesse of the light that beateth vpon it For in a stronger light it is contracted the better to defend the chrystaline humour which is oftentimes offended by a strong light In a lesser or weaker light it is dilated to helpe the sight to discerne of many visible thinges which otherwise would not appeare And therefore those that complaine of the weaknes of the eyes and sight must haue them viewed rather in an obscure and darke then in a Lucide or bright place and so it commeth to passe that a strong light doth not offend the eyes because it is admitted to the chrystaline humour in a lesse quantity nor a weake proue insufficient because it is receyued in a greater quantitie That the motion of the Pupilla is not from the Animall spirite as from the efficient cause he prooueth because a strong light attenuateth the spirits diffuseth them and so should consequently enlarge the Pupilla On the contrary a weake light doth dull diminish Obiections against Aquapendens the spirits and so the pupilla should be straitened whereas common experience teacheth vs the quite contrary wherefore saith Aquapendens I conceiue that the dilatation and contraction of the Apple of the eye proceedeth from a proper faculty of the the Grapy coat which Faculty notwithstanding is stirred vp by the external light which entreth into the eye and yet we see that in Suffusions and Catarracts the pupilla is dilated and constringed when a strong light cannot offend such eyes because it hath no free passage the Catarract or clowd being interposed betwixt the light and the sight howbeit euen in such Suffusions if one eye bee shut the pupilla of the other is dilated which can be from no other cause but onely from the spirits The vse of this perforation or pupilla is to transmit the visible images to the Cristaline The vse of the Pupilla humour for saith Galen in the fourth chapter of his tenth booke De vsupartium vnlesse the Grapy coate had heere bene perforated all the parts of the eye had bin created in vaine because the Cristalline humor hath no communion with his objects but onely by this perforation of the grapy Membrane and therefore according as this apple of the eye is dilated or contracted so do we see better or worse And hence it was that Galen in the second Chapter of his first booke de symptomatum Causis hath well obserued that the dilatation of this Apple of the eye whether it be an original fault in Nature or happen after by accident is alwayes a great weakner of the sight On the contrarie the A narrow apple is the best sight And why coarctation or straightning of the pupills if it be naturall is the cause of the quickenesse and vigour of this sense for when it is notably dilated the animall spirit which floweth into the eye cannot fill the whole space which is before the Cristalline humor whereas on the contrary when the pupilla is contracted or gathered together the space is sooner fulfilled Add heereto that for the perfection of sight it is very necessary that the visible species or Formes should flow vnto the eye by a right line and so passe vnto the Center of the Cristaline with a pointed angle for so they make the better impression and therefore the perforation or the pupilla is very narrow that the lines produced from the Circumference thereof as from a basis might touch the center of the Cristalline in an acute angle for if the pupilla be so dilated that the lines produced from the circumference thereof do make a right or obtuse angle in the center of the Cristalline then is the sight not onely offended but abolished Hence it appeareth that the naturall latitude or straightnesse of the pupilla maketh much for the strength or weakenesse of the sight especially if the distance betwixte the visible obiect and the organ of the sense be proportionable But to return vnto the grapie Membrane of which this apple of the eye is but a perforation This Membrance according to the difference of the parts thereof hath diuerse colours for on the outside where it toucheth the horny Coate it is blacke on the inside where it respecteth the watery and Cristalline humours it is black or duskisn But where Diuers colors of the Grapie Membrane it maketh the greater circle which we call the Rain-bow according to the diuers temper of the Braine and the eyes saith Laurentius it is sometimes greenish sometimes sky coloured sometimes blacke Finally the backward part of this Membrane where it first ariseth from the Pia mater is whitish presently it groweth greenish then nearer vnto a blewe all which colours may be best discerned in the eye of an oxe This black colour What profite the eie hath by his blacke colour as Galen in the third chapter of his tenth booke de vsu partium where hee speaketh of a sky colour because he described the eie of an Oxe is very worthy of admiration because there is no such colour found else-where in the whole body And although in some eies it is lesse or more blacke then in others yet in all it is eyther blacke or browne that the cristalline humour being therewith couered might better collect and gather his brightnesse together For as a small light in an obscure and darke place is better perceiued shines brighter then in an open and light place and maketh those thinges which are about it better to be perceyued so the brightnes that is encluded within the eye becoms more bright and the visible species do better appeare in the cristalline humour
horny membrane standeth vnequally aboue the grapy and so an vnequall quantity of spirits and humour fall between them The seauenth opinion is that of Archangelus who writeth that the diuers colours in the Archangelus Raine-bow are caused by the inequality of the veines which are in the grapy coate which veines are also communicated to the coate called Aranea or the cob-web contayning in them blood diuersly prepared according to the variety of the partes that are to bee nourished which are much vnlike other parts of the body Hee imagineth also that the grapye membrane is not of one colour in men that their eies being wearied might bee recreated especially by greene of which there is most in the world and hence it is that we doe often shutte our eyes that so the spirites that are spent or wearied may bee restored and refreshed The eight opinion is that of Laurentius who referreth the cause to the watery and chrystaline Laurentius which is also the truth 〈…〉 humours to the variegation or diuers colours of the grapy coate and to the spirits which opinion also we will follow as seeming most reasonable For the cause of the sky-coloured eye in respect of the chrystaline humour is the plenty thereof the splendor and the The causes of the skie-coloured eie prominent scituation in respect of the watery humour the splendour and the paucity for when the watery humour is but little it doth lesse hinder the fulgent brightnes of the christaline The blacke eye hath quite contrary causes to wit the paucity of the Cristalline humor his impurity and deepe scituation as also the impurity and plentie of the watery humour The causes of the black eie The colours betwixt these depend vpon intermediate causes In respect of the grapy Membrane the colours of the eye do differ as when it is simply variegated or diuersly streyked then is the eye also of diuers colours because in that place the Grapy membrane is diuersly discoulered In respect of the spirits the colours of the Rainebow differ for thinne pure bright and plentifull spirits make it skie-coloured on the contrary crasse impure cloudy and few spirits may be the cause of this blacknesse The vse of this variety of colour in the Rainebow some referre vnto beauty or happely The vse of the colours of the Raine-bow by reason of this diuersity of colours the diuers colours of externall things are there better expressed and offered to the Cristalline humour But in those creatures whicht see in the night the Iris is only a bright place which if it happen in a man as Suetonius reporteth of Tiberius Caesar he also wil see in the night Finally this grapy membrane some of the new writers as Fucshius and Aquapendens imitating the Arabians haue deuided into two partes the forepart they call vuea and the backpart Choroides From the circumference of the grapy coate Table 3. fig. 17. doe directly proceed certaine small filaments or strings like black lines which resemble the haires of the eye-lids These strings reach vnto the margent or brimme of the chrystaline humour and although they be placed in the cob-web yet they compasse the chrystaline humour round about By the mediation of these hairy threds the grapy Membrane is ioyned to the circumference of the Membrane which immediately inuesteth the Cristalline humor Tab. 3. fig. 7. OO and so the cristalline humor it selfe is tyed to the neighbour partes wherefore because it doth the office not of a Membrane but of a Ligament or Tie Follopius for the forme calleth Fallopius it Ligamentum Ciliare or the hairy Ligament others call it Interstitium Ciliare beecause it disseuereth the watry humour from the glassy CHAP. VIII Of the Cobweb or Membrane of the Cristalline humor Of the Membrane which compasseth the glassy humor and that coat called Retina or The Net THE Membrane which immediately compasseth the Cristalline humour is called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Aranei-formis that is the Cobweb most properly is it called Cristalloides from the humour whose proper coate it is yea The Cobweb or coat of the cristalline humor the verie superficies of the same Some call it the Looking-glasse beecause it is bright and translucid Some thinke it hath his originall from the Pia Mater and of that opinion is Columbus Others from the coate called Retina or the net as Aquapendens but Archangelus conceiueth that it is made of the Opticke-Nerue dilated and drawne out into a wonderfull thinnesse But wee are of opinion saith Bauhine that it is engendred in the first conformation together with the Cristaline humor which Diuers opinions of his Originall is framed of the purest and brightest portion of the seed It is a Membrane most thinne so saith Hippocrates in his Booke de Locis in homine very fast most light white bright and shining beyond measure the better to admit the light and to be changed thereby for onely this Membrane dooth indeede receiue and apprehend the affections of the light and least if it had bene thicke it should haue hindred the sight The substance of it is much like the inward skinne of an Onion or rather like a spiders Cobweb for the finenesse I meane and not for the density or fastnesse thereof This Membrane couereth the cristalline humor both on the foreside and the backside immediately The substance of it compassing and establishing the same Although I know that Galen in the sixte chapter of his tenth booke De vsu partium writeth that it inuesteth this humour onelie there where it toucheth the grapie Membrane with whom Archangelus also agreeth But that the whole cristalline humor might be more fit for sensation it was necessary that it should be compassed round with this Membrane which notwithstanding we acknowledge to bee thicker faster and stronger on the fore-side For because wee see before vs therefore the faculty and power of this sense ought there to bee more vigorous Why â—â—â—cker before because in that place the light is more stronglye vnited by the roundnesse of the Cristalline and the refraction of the watery humors And therefore Ruffus calleth it Visio Pupilla the sight or Apple of the eye And because in this as it were in a glasse the Essigies or Image of the Pupilla doth consist therfore Galen in the place next before quoated calleth it the Idoll or Image of the sight On the contrary the backpart of it is looser thinner and more rare If this Membrane be taken away the figure of the Cristalline humor is destroyed for The vse of it whereas before it was smooth equall and polished nowe it falleth assunder and becommeth vnequall not being able to stand togither when the bande which conteyned it is remooued In a word the cristalline humor receyueth from this Membrane not onelie his sensatiue power nor the forme and figure of his substance but also his efficacy and virtue Veynes it hath none but seemeth
beginning to the end and this yssue is narrow and direct For if this cauity had beene blinde without an out-let the ayre being beaten could not haue attained to the nerue of Hearing This is farre lesse then the former two scituate in the forepart of the processe vnder the knub of the first cauity that it might meet with the Soūd which proceedeth from behinde Where situated forward and is distinguished from the canale which wee sayd was like a watercourse placed in the middest of the stony processe by a thinne bone like a bridge Table 10. fig. 2. betwixt n and f. It is long and crooked and hath three gyrations sometimes sometimes foure one of them receiuing another after the manner of the Coehlea or Snaile-shell by which it is intorted The figure some what inward and downeward But the broader scrue standing highest receiueth the nerue the narrower standing lowest determineth in the cauity of the bone and worketh it selfe also a passage Into this endeth the hole of the first cauity called Fenestella cualis which platerus calleth the lower hole and Placentinus the vpper Table 10. fig. 2. l I meane into the greater gyre of this bone This bone of the Cochlea or the Snaile shell consisteth of two kinds of circles whereof one is made of a bony substance very thin and dry which may easily be crumbled and on euery side like a Snake rowled vp into boughts The other was first propounded by Eustachius which is made of a soft mucous matter yet firme and hath I know not what kind of sandy matter mingled therewith It ariseth out of the middle space of the first conuolutions Eustachius as it were out of a large basis and being by degrees extenuated endeth in a sharpe point but it ascendeth not so high as that it toucheth the circumference of the bone wherinto the first gyrations doe determine This wonderfull prouidence of our Creator Empedocles as Galen witnesseth in his Empedocles booke de historia Philosophica did first intimate when hee saith that the sense of hearing is made by the impulsion of the ayre or of a spirit which striketh beateth the part like a Snailes shell suspended within the eare like a bell And with him agreeth Aristotle in the Aristetle eleuenth chapter of his first booke de historia Animalium where he saith that the inward eare which is like the contortions of a Snayles shell endeth in a bone which is like the outward eare This third cauity as also the second and the burroughs thereof are inuested with a The mēbrane inuesting this cauitie Vesalius soft and thin membrane after the same manner that the sockets of the teeth are Vesalius saith it is a part of the nerue of the fifth coniugation and that it doth inuest but some parts onely of the cauity not all throughout Into this cauity as well as into the former do run three or foure holes so small that a haire will scarse passe through them issuing out of that canale through which we sayd the auditory nerue doth passe through which holes certain nerues of the fist coniugation or at least their faculty is communicated to the forēsayde membrane So differeth Bauhine from Vesalius And although it is generally beleeued that the sense of hearing is especially made in Bauhine The vse of these cauities the first cauity yet it cannot be denyed but that it is also made in the others seeing into them as is sayd there are surcles of nerues deriued and in them also Animall spirits and Inbred ayre is contained Notwithstanding the two hindmost cauities were rather made to hinder an Eccho or reflexion of the sound to the first cauity And whereas these cauities haue holes of diuers magnitude length and figure it is reasonable to thinke that they Why perforations are of diuers kinds were so framed for the difference of sounds For a base sound and a great quantity of ayre iequire a large hole The length prohibiteth the Eccho and the reflection of the sound wherefore the greater sound required longer canales and the lesser shorter that the sound in them might as it were be appeased and an Eccho prohibited The varietie of the figure maketh much either for the naturall delation or transmition of the sound and the ayre which runneth for the most part through circled meanders or that the sound in them might rest now we may easily imagine that a sound will sooner ceasse or bee appeased when it runs through many turnings or gyrations then it would doe if it were conueyed by a streight line But the vse of this third cauitie Coiter elegantly sheweth and confirmeth by an instance in a circled instrument put case it bee a Sackebut For if a man lay his eares to the The vse of the 3. cauitie after Coiter holes of such an instrument hee shall here a wonderfull whistling and hissing noyse and murmure where if a man blow into it with his mouth it will sound like a Trumpet And thus much concerning the stony bone and the cauities thereof now we proceed CHAP. XXIII Of the Nerue which ariueth at the Eares AT length we are come to the Auditory Nerue which maketh that coniugation which is commonly called the fift Tab. 21. lib. 7. fig. 1. 2. a. Tab. 15. lib. 7 fig. 20. M. It issueth out of the tranuerse processe of the Cerebellum and is Where it ariseth a thicke and large nerue therefore neerest of all to the After-braine because it was to conuey a great quantity of Animall spirits It insinuateth it selfe into the first hole of the stony bone which a large perforation and made of purpose within the scull for the transmission of this nerue which it hideth all the way it runneth forward till in the middle almost of the stony processe it is diuided into two vnequall parts the one large ample the other small but harder harder I say then the other not through out the length of it but onely in that part which is longer then the former For that wee How many waies a nerue becomes hard and soft may say so much by the way the softnes or hardnes of a nerue dependeth vpon 3. things First vpon the originall so those nerues that arise out of the Braine it selfe are the softer those that arise out of the After-braine or out of the spinal marrow are the harder Secondly vpon their distance as they are farther from their originall or neerer vnto it So the Opticke nerues are the softest of the whole body because they are neerest to their originall the nerues of the hands and feete the hardest because they are farthest off Or thirdly it hangeth vpon their contaction for frō their contactions with hard bodies as bones gristles or with soft as fat and vessels they become harder and softer as Platentinus hath obserued but this by the way This slender production of the nerue through the vpper hole of the fore mentioned
neither is necessary seeing the Taste which is a kinde of Touch is immediately absolued or perfected as the Touch is That which we Taste we immediately touch with our Tongues neither is there Sensation made till the obiect light vpon the Organe If anie man shall imagine that there must be a Medium I aske the question what he will assigne One of the foure Elements Or some body compounded of them Surely neyther these nor that For if it be an Element it must be Fire or Aire or Water or Earth But not No Element can bee the Medium Not Fire Fire for that is hot and dry which would not conserue but consume the moisture where in especially the obiect of Taste is seated Now the office of a medium is to conserue the Obiect not to destroy it Add heereto that the efficient cause of Sapours is heate but one and the same cannot be the efficient cause and Medium of the same thing Againe if Fire were the Mediâ—â— we might like a Salamander liue in the Fire or champe burning coales and not bee hurt The Aire is not fit for this function for the Sapor recideth in the mixt bodie out oâ— which it neuer yssueth wherefore the Medium that must leade the Sapor vnto the Organ Not Ayre must also transport vnto the organ the mixt body wherein the Sapor is but the Aire being a simple and liquid Element is not fit to carry a solid matter The VVater cannot be the Medium because we do not liue in it and therefore it not contiguous with the Obiect and the Organ Not Water Much lesse the Earth for that is cold and dry both which qualities are contrarie vnto Not Earth Sapors and therefore will rather vtterly destroy them then conserue and maintain theâ— One word might haue serued all There are no pure or simple Elements that which is not cannot be a Medium Is it any compound body No for a compound body woâ—â— There are no pure elements disturbe and hinder the Taste Beside euery mixt body if it haue neuer so little humidâ— in it is of it selfe gustable that is the obiect not the medium of Tast We conclude therefore that tast is made without any outward medium Yet we doe not say that Tast is made without any intermediate Body adioyning or growing to the organ of Tast For as in touching we haue already said in the second Booke that the scarf skin was made by nature to come betweene the obiect and the skin it selfe which was the organ not to be a medium What kind of medium is necessary for that office it doth not performe but a little to dull the quality of the obiect so likewise in Tast which we haue often said is a kind of Touching we holde that the membrance which inuesteth the tongue doth performe the same office to the organ which therefore we may say is as it were a medium though indeed and in truth it be not so QVEST. LXII Of the organ of Tasting HAuing thus said what we could for this present concerning the medium of Tasting we now come vnto the organ Concerning which there is no doubt made all men herein beleeuing their sense that the tongue is it which discerneth the differences of Sapors For not onely reasonable but all vnreasonable creatures when they would taste any thing doe lay it to their tongues or if they cannot doe so they lay their tongues vnto it to distinguish the tast therof Some haue thought that the pallet is the instrument of this sense which wee find false because those men whose pallets are eaten out with the French disease doe yet taste their That the palate is not the organ of Tasting Nor the teeth meate well enough It must therefore be the tongue though I am not ignorant that some haue attributed this faculty to the teeth whose arguments happily we may answer in another place if in the meane time we shall not thinke them vnworthy our resolution But there are some who haue conceiued with better reason that the membrane which inuesteth the tongue is the true organ of Tasting Among whom is Valesius in the foure Nor the membrane of the Tongue Valesius refuted and twentith Chapter of the second booke of his controuersies But he affirmes it onely confirmes it not yet because so worthy a schollar hath affirmed it we will endeauour to make the contrary appeare First therefore the temperament which is common to it which other membrances doth The first argument denie it this priuiledge for it is cold and drie both which qualities are contrary vnto Sapors Now the qualities of the organ must not be at daggers drawing with the qualities of the obiect but rather friends and liue neighbourly together so as the organ may be potentially that which the obiect is indeed and act Againe the same membrane which incompasseth the tongue doth also inuest the nostrills The second argument the pallet and 〈…〉 llet If therefore the membrane were the organ this sense should be made in all these parts which we find by experience not to be so Valesius very vnaduisedly resolueth that this very membrane incompassing the nostrills is the organ of smelling and saith that it 〈◊〉 â—he diuersity of the temperament which maketh it in the tongue the organ of the tasting and in the nose the organ of smelling But he is fowlly deceiued for suppose it had in these places a different temperature we must not thinke that onely the temper is sufficient to distinguish the organs of senses But beside to diuers actions there is required a diuers substance diuerse I say and such as is not else where to be found Now this membrane although the temper doe somewhat differ in seuerall places yet in qualities and substance it is like it selfe appearing so both to the sight and to the touch Finally that is the principall part of the instrument into which a soft nerue doth determine but into this coate no man will say the nerue doth determine who hath but touched The third argument Anotomy with his vpper lip yet Galen in the second Chap of his 16. booke de vsu partium seemeth to affirme the same in these words As the hard nerues are inserted into the muskles Obiection out of Galen so are the soft into their proper Organ as into the membrane of the tongue So that hence it might seem to follow that his membran is the proper instrument of Tasting But this place of Galen is no whit against our opinion For we thinke and confesse that that into which the Galen expounded nerue determines is the true organ But Galen doth not say the nerue determines in the membrane or coate of the tongue he saith it is inserted into it whence we may rather gather yea therefrom it is conuinced that the substance of the tongue is the organ we treat of because into it the nerues do determine
the venall or short vessell to belch out melancholy iuyce into the cauity of the stomacke for the prouoking of appetite of the veynes of the wombe to exclude the surplusage of blood at certaine and determinate periods of the veynes of the splene to purge faeculent or drossy blood and so of the rest for particulars we shall better handle in the following discourse Hippocrates the Oracle of Physicke from the habite and structure of the veynes drewe many and those notable signs of the state of the whole body Those that haue broade veines sayth hee haue also broade bellyes and broade bones for because the blood through the veines is diuided into the whole body we may well make estimation of the plenty and temper of the bloode by the amplitude or straytnesse of the veynes They that haue much blood are esteemed hot for their veynes are large If the veynes be narrow and slender Aristotle accounteth them cold They that haue much flesh haue small veynes red blood and little bellyes and bowels on the contrary they that haue litle flesh haue large veynes blacke blood great bowels and side wambes or bellyes Finally by the veynes the whole body hath a kind of connexion or coherence whence it is that they are called common ligaments CHAP. III. The differences of veynes THere are of the veynes innumerable almost infinite surcles yet al of them are saide to flow from fiue trunkes or bowes For Anatomists doe account fiue especiall veynes The hollow veyne the Gate veyne the vmbilicall veine the arteriall veine and the venall artery The Caua or hollow veyne is the largest of all the rest It issueth out of the gibbous part of the Liuer and is Fiue vessels called veines diuaricated or diuided into the stomacke the spleene the guts and the Omentum or Kell The vmbilical veine which is the Nursse of the infant runneth from the fissure or partition of the liuer vnto the Nauill and whilest the infant is in the wombe it leadeth nourishment vnto it but after the birth it looseth that vse altogether and degenerateth into a ligament The arteriall veine hath both the name and office of a veyne but is indeed an artery and is all spent into the Lungs The venall artery hath the coate and structure of a veyne and might better be called a veine then an artery The branches of this vessell are diuersly diuided and dispersed through the flesh of the whole Lungs There are therfore fiue vessels commonly called veynes which we because we endeuour to deliuer nothing but truth will referre to two the Hollow and the Gate veynes For the vmbilicall Two veines onely veyne is a propagation of the Gate veyne and is so continuated thereto that I cannot perswade my selfe but it is a branch thereof The venall artery is a shoote of the hollow veine as may bee prooued by that wonderfull inoculation in the heart of the infant before the birth of which we spake in the 25 question of the fift booke and the 15 chapter of the 6. The arterial veyne hath his continuity with the great artery by the Arterial vessel in those places mentioned and may rather be saide to be an artery then a veine because it hath a double and thick coate There remain therfore but two notable veynes the Hollow and the Gate veynes The rootes of both these veynes are confusedly sprinkled through the flesh of the Liuer yet so that there are many moe rootes of the Gate veyne in the hollow side of the liuer and fewer in the gibbous or conuex on the contrary there are many moe rootes of the hollow veyne which runne through the gibbous part of the liuer and fewer through the hollow part so that it seemeth sanguification is made rather in the hollow of the liuer distribution and perfection in the gibbous or embowed part The rootes of these two vessels which hath beene obserued but of late yeares are wonderfully inoculated one with another for the extremities or ends of the rootes of the Gate veyne are Their inoculations fastened into the middle of the rootes of the hollow veynes and the ends of the hollow veyne into the middle of the rootes of the Gate veyne that so the bloud might flow and reflow out of one into another of them Aristotle therefore in his second booke de partibus Animalium saide true truer it may bee then hee wist for haply hee had a Genius at his elbow that all the veynes were continuall yet Hippocrates before him hath the same thing in his booke de locis in homine All the veynes saith he doe communicate and flow mutually Hippocrates one with and into another And this saith Lauren. I haue somtimes proued to be true in childrē new born for if you put a hollow bugle into the vmbilicall veine and blow it you shal perceiue that the guts Laurentius his obseruation the branches of the hollow veyne the heart and the very flesh of the Lungs will be distended because the vmbilicall veine endeth into the Gate veine Now in the parenchyma or flesh of the liuer there are many inoculations of the gate and hollow veines The hollow veine also hath a continuity with the venall artery which is the proper vessell of the Lungs by a large hole This therefore shall be the first and most generall diuision of the veines The peculiar differences of veynes are taken from their magnitude number site office and the name of the parts to which they are deriued In regard of the magnitude The peculiar difference of veynes from the magnitude some are great some middle some small Great and large veines Hippocrates calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hollow and sanguifluent because they yeelde aboundance of bloud if they be eyther wounded or broken or opened The lesser veynes are called Capillares hairy or threddy veines because when they be diuided they yeeld but slender and small streames of blood and are easily stanched Those parts that neede aboundance of nourishment or which are moued continually haue greater veynes So the Lungs haue notable vessels so the flesh and all hot and moyst parts haue great veynes but bones gristles ligaments very small veines Table 1. Sheweth the hollow veine whole and freed from the whole Body TABVLA I. L L the descending mammary veine this descendeth vnder the brest-bone vnto the right muscles of the Abdomen and affoordeth surcles to the distances of the gristles of the true ribs to the Mediastinum the muscles that lye vppon the breast and the skinne of the Abdomen M the coniunction of the mammary with the Epigastricke veine ascending about the Nauill vnder the right muscles N the veine of the necke called Ceruicalis ascending toward the Scull which alloweth surcles to those muscles that lye vppon the necke O the veine called Muscula which is propagated with many surcles into the muscles that occupy the lower parts of the necke and the vpper parts of the chest P
on the outside figu 1 aboue M into which swelling the third muscle of the wrest is inserted Note also that the palme of the hand is especially made hollow by the first bone of the thumb which some make the first of the Afterwrest and by the fourth of the After-wrest for the other three doe helpe that cauity but little Finally the bones of the Afterwrest are sistulated or hollow to contayne marrow Their vse is to establish and strengthen the Palme that it might comprehend or containe Vse whatsoeuer it is applyed vnto with more stedfastnes And thus much of the VVrest and Afterwrest CHAP. XXXI Of the Bones of the Fingers THE Fingers which make the third part of the Hand are construed or compounded of fifteene bones for we say sayth Bauhine that the thumbe also hath three bones And because they stand as it were in rank therefore the Grecians haue called their order 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as it were the Files of a battell disposed in order The row of the fingers The particular bones doe want proper names and therefore are expressed by the names of the fingers to which they appertaine as the first bone of the thumbe or the fore finger the second and the third and so in the rest Their number was with wonderfull wisedome ordayned as was fittest for the facility and variety of motion for if they had beene more they could not haue beene perfectly and strongly extended againe if they had beene sewer the fingers could not haue beene moued into so many formes Galen in his first and second bookes de vsu partium hath so elegantly discoursed of the counsell and wisedome of Nature in this poynt that it will not onely delight any man that shall reade it but also transport him as he himselfe seemeth to haue beene transported into an admiration of the wonderfull wisedome of the Creator The forme of these bones on the outside excepting the last is gibbous and crooked on the inside it is plaine and somewhat hollowed or sadled partly because we apprehend with the inside of the hand partly because more tendons run into the inside then into the Their forme outside Furthermore on their inside ther are certain lines runing on both sides the bones throughout their length from which lines certaine Ligaments are produced which like rings doe encompasse the Tendons and hold them stedfastly in their places These bones although they be hard and fast or dense that the hand might vse them in manifould imployments without danger or annoyance yet they haue a cauity or hollownesse within them which contayneth marrow Their magnitude is diuers for the first bone of each finger is larger in all the dimensions Magnitude that is thicker longer and broader then the second ta 22 fig 1 a 2 in like manner the second is greater thē the third for Nature prouided that the thicker finger shold haue the thicker bones and the longer finger the longer bones .. Notwithstanding albeit their magnitude is not the same yet they appeare all equall all the fingers are broght together into one right line when we would comprehend any round body Moreouer they are in the beginning broader and so grow narrower by degrees At the ioynts all the bones are somewhat thicke that the basis being the larger the construction might bee more substantiall in their length they are not all of a thicknesse least their quantity or waight should haue beene offensiue The swelling protuberations of the bones are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Knots but in English Knuckles The bones of the first and second ioynt haue Appendices aboue and below made for the originall and insertion of muscles the bones of the third ioynt haue Appendices onely aboue for the very end or head of the finger being not articulated againe but onely ioyned with flesh or a nayle needed no Appendix at all they are also crusted ouer with gristles that the ioynt might be at all times glib and easie to moue The first bone of the thumb tab 22. fig. 1 2 A aboue hath a long sinus but before The first bone of the thumb behinde it buncheth out that it might ioyne with the furrow or guttur of the fift bone of the wrest It is manifestly mooued directly outward and inward toward the palm sideward toward the forefinger from which also it is remoued by reason of the length of the guttur and beside it is turned circularly But if the head of the bone of the wrest bee produced more backward then is the bone of the thumbe easily and directly bent backward so haue I seene a man able to lay the Naile of his thumbe vpon his wrest Some also will in like manner turne all their fingers vppon the backe of their hands Aboue this first bone of the thumbe hath a head but not perfectly round which entreth into the sinus of the second bone The second Bone of the Thumbe where it regardeth the third is diuided by the Mediation The second of a long sinus fig. 8. L into two long heads fig. 8 GH protuberating before on either side The third bone hath two Sinus fig. 8 IK distinguished by a long knor M whereinto the heads of the second bone are receyned againe the knub of the third bone entreth into The third the Sinus of the second so the second is receiued of the third and the second receyueth the third making thereby a Ginglymos wherein the two Bones are so straightned that onely the third bone can be bended or extended After the same manner are the articulations made of the rest of the fingers for they The Bones of the Fingers haue two heads and two bosomes But the first ioynts of the foure fingers haue but one head and one bosome because the bones of the After-wrest haue each but one Heade which looketh especially into the inside of the Hande and hath more aboundance of gristly substance about it The Sinus in the first bone of the foure fingers is orbicular and aboue that head the first bone is bent extended and moued to the sides The third bone also it selfe swelleth into a gristly top and rough head fig. 9 O whereinto is inserted the Tendon that bendeth it Moreouer all the inside is rough and vnequall and at the end it is not knotted as the first and second bones are but lyeth plaine to giue waie vnto the Nayles CHAP. XXXIII Of the Seede-bones THE last thing to bee considered in the Hande are the Seede-bones called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 tab 22. fig. 9 because they are like Sesamum seede These Bones How to finde the seedbones are placed in the ioynces or knuckles of the fingers and of the toes for the most part they grow vnto the Tendons and lurke vnder them and therfore he that would make demonstration of them must seeke for them in the dissection of the Tendons of the Muscles which are seated about these bones
the Bookes of vulgar Diuinity and the Doctors and teachers of Diuine wisedome How profitable Anatomy is to Philosophers and in a manner to all Artificers and Handy-crafts men CHAP. VII THese two fruites of Anatomy as they are abundantly beneficiall and profitable so they seeme to be common to all in general first the knowledge of our owne Nature and then of the inuisible God There are also other benefites and commodities of Anatomy proper and peculiar to Poets Painters yea and to the most part of handy-crafts men and Artificers to teach them the better to bring their Arts to perfection And first Galen dooth account Anatomy verie Anatomy verie profitable for a naturall Philosopher proper to a naturall Philosopher though it were but onely for speculation sake or otherwise to teach him the singular workemanship of Nature in euery particular part For inasmuch as the proper and proportionable subiect of his art is a body Naturall and the body of Man is as it were the square and rule of all other bodies he ought not nor cannot be truly accounted a Naturall Philosopher who is ignorant of the historie of Mans body and for this cause that most excellent Genius and interpreter of Nature Aristotle wrote those elegant and eloquent Books of the History of the parts and of the generation of liuing Aristotle creatures Anatomy is also very profitable for a morall Philosopher for hee shall Anatomie is profitable for a morall Philosopher easily learne by the mutuall offices and duties of euery part and by the constitution of the Naturall houshold gouernment appearing in our bodies how to temper and order the manners and conditions of the minde how to rule and gouern a Commonwealth or Citie and how to direct a priuate house or family I spare to speake how profitable it is for Poets and Painters for the perfection of their Art and Science for euen Homer himselfe hath written many things and those verie excellent Profitable for Poets painters Homer concerning Anatomy But my purpose is onely to shew that for a Physition a naturall Philosopher a Chirurgion and an Apothecary it is not onely profitable but euen also absolutely necessary Wherein is demonstrated that Anatomy is not onely profitable but of absolute necessitie for Physitions and Chirurgions CHAP. VIII AS Geographie is worthily accounted a great euidence for the credite of an History so to them that any way appertaine to the art of Physicke the knowledge of mans body seemeth to be very necessary 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 For the Nature of the body is the first thing to be spoken of in the Art of Physicke Againe Hippocrates in his Booke de Flatibus maketh but one Idea of all diseases It is onely the variety Hip. de locis in homine Hip. de flatibus difference of places that maketh the difference of diseases Hee therefore that will be ignorant of the Historie of the parts of Mans bodie he shall ill distinguish and discerne the affections of the same worse cure them and worst of all foretell who are likely to recouer and escape and who not The discerning and iudging of a disease consisteth in two things namely the knowledge How necessary the knowledge of the parts is to the discerning of diseases of the euil affect the knowledge of the part so affected The signs of the part affected are drawne and deriued from many Fountaines as it were but especially from the scituation and from the action empaired For hee that knoweth the action of the stomacke to be concoction if the concoction be empaired he may easily discerne that the stomacke is ill affected He that knoweth the Liuer to bee placed on the right side of the paunch if the right hypochondrium or side before or do swell hee will presentlie affirme that the Liuer and not the spleene is ill affected Now this scituation as also the actions of all the parts are taught and demonstrated vnto vs by anatomy onely For Prognosis or prediction of the euent of diseases Hippocrates maketh three chiefe and maine heads of it Those things that are auoyded the action impaired and the habite of the body Anatomy necessarie for Prognosis or praediction Galen in the colour figure and magnitude or quantity all which are discerned onely by Anatomy Now how much the knowledge of the seuerall parts of the bodie auayleth towardes the curing of diseases Galen hath verie well expressed in the beginning of his Booke de Ossibus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 saith hee 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is All things that concerne the action of healing haue that for their scope or direction which is naturally disposed or in a Necessary for curation Hippocrates good and lawdable constitution Hippocrates in his Booke de officina Medici giueth this rule That the Physition should first looke into those thinges that are alike one to another and then to those things that are vnlike insinuating thereby that he that knowes the perfect Sanitie or health of euery part shall easily discerne if it fall from that perfection by the perfection which remaineth in other like parts not tainted Aristotle in his first Booke de Anima vsurpeth a rule of Geometry That which is straite and right saith he doth not onely measure it selfe but bewrayeth that which is oblique or crooked In like manner how shal a Physition restore or set right bones that are broken or out of ioynt if hee be ignorant of their naturall place figure and articulation The exquisite method of healing cannot bee performed but by indications and indications are not onely deriued from the disease but also from the part affected and the remedies must bee changed and altered according to the diuers and seuerall nature temperature scituation connexion and sence of the part Neither is Anatomy needefull onely for the Physition but euen also for the Chirurgion and Apothecary The knowledge of the outward parts as the Muscles the nerues the Anatomy necessarie for a Chirurgion veines and arteries is most necessary for a Chirurgion for feare least in his dissections launcings he should mistake a broad Ligament for a Membrane and around Ligament for a Nerue or sinnew least he should diuide an arterie in stead of a veine for he that is ignorant of these things shall euermore be in doubt in things safe and secure still fearefull and in things that are to be feared he will be most secure and audacious Anatomy profitable for an Apothecarie An Apothecarie also shall finde it very needful for him to vnderstand the scite and figure of the parts for the better applying of such remedies as shall bee requisite For hee must apply his Topicall and locall medicines fomentations oyntments or Liniments and Emplaisters in their apt and proper places as if the Liuer be ill affected on the right side if the Spleene be ill on the left side if the wombe or bladder be diseased then vpon the hypograstium or