Explanation of a Journal Parcel 217 Explanation of the Ledger 219 Explanation of Arbitration 237 F. Factory or Invoice how to make one 43 Factory the Copy of one 44 Folio what it is in a Book 47 Fraight what it is 81 Factor what he is and how qualified 112 Factorage what it is instances of it 113 Feathers sold at Time 211 Fair Journal the use of it 217 G. Goods how to know what sold what rests 58 Goods according to the Appraisement 167 Goods at first cost ibid. Goods bought for my own Accompt how to book them 210 Goods bought of 2 or 3 men in one day 210 Goods bought for ready Mony 210 Goods bought part Mony part Time 211 Goods bought with Goods ibid. Goods sold for Mony ibid. Goods sent out for my own Accompt 213 Goods sold beyond Sea by my Factor how to make him Debtor 213 Goods sent me for my accompt in returns 213 Goods sold to a Man that breaks 214 215 Goods sold for a Friends Accompt to a Man that breaks 215 General Rule to enter any Parcel by 216 H. Houses how to Book them 204 I. Invoice Tare what it is 15 Interest in its several kinds 117 Interest how to cast it up exact 119 120 Interest at 7 8 10 c. per Cent. 122 123 Increase of Mony by Interest 123 124 Insurance what it is 142 143 Insuring Goods outward bound 148 Insurance on Goods bound home 148 Insurance on Lives of Persons 149 Insurance-mony how cast up 153 154 Importation the meaning of it 197 Inventory the nature of it 204 Indenture the meaning of it 235 K. Knowledg of Goods required in a Merchant 236 L. Letters for marking how to make them 13 Letters how to lay them up 36 Letters how to write them 40 Letters the form of one 41 Letter of Credit what it is 105 107 Loss by Insurance what must be done 155 Letter of Licence what it is 173 174 175 Legacy received by me how to book it 207 Linens sent me by a Man to sell 214 Linens sold by me for another Man in barter for Goods Mony c. ibid. Ledger the use and meaning of it 217 Ledger the manner of ruling it 218 M. Multiplication the use of it 4 Mark and Number what it is 11 Merchants Duty as to Marks 12 Measuring Goods 16 Marks how to make them 13 Maxims about getting in Debts 180 181 Manufactory what it is 189 Monopolie what it is ibid. Mony I take up at Interest to book it 205 Mony received for Insurance to book it 206 Mony I lend out at Interest ibid. Mony receiv'd for Insurance for my Accompt 206 Mony paid for Insurance for another ibid. Mony received on a Bill of Exchange at time 208 Mony reducing one Nations Coin into that of another 242 243 244 245 246 N. Numbers what they are 14 Number upon pieces of Goods what they be 57 Non acceptance of a Bill of Exchange 93 O. Orders given a Factor nature of them 112 113 Ordre Libre what it is 113 114 Outlawry what it is 185 P. Pocket-Book 11 Pages what they are in a Book 47 Profit and Loss which is which 59 Petty Expence-Book what it is 74 75 76 Publick Notary what he is 93 94 95 Protest of a Bill of Exchange what it is 96 97 Persons named in a Bill of Exchange 98 Price allowed Broker for buying or selling 111 Price allowed Factors for buying or selling 113 Power of a Factor to compound a Debt 116 Pawn-Broker what he is 126 127 Procuration what it is 128 Policy of Insurance what it is 144 145 Proposals of Men failed in Business 158 159 Payments to be made with security 161 Personal Security what it is 162 Procuration what it is 187 Price-Current what it is 196 Prohibited Goods what it means 198 Paying a Man Mony how to book it 205 Posting in the Ledger 221 Pricking of Books what it is 224 Pricking Books twice over 225 R. Rules necessary in Arithmetick 1 Receipt from the Master or Pursex of a Ship 30 Receipt-Book what it is 79 80 Redrawing a Bill of Exchange what it is 105 Release a general Release what it is 159 160 Real Security what it is 164 Rates of Merchandize or Book of Rates 197 Receiving Mony how to book it 205 S. Substraction the use of it 3 Sending Goods home when sold 26 Shipping off of Goods 28 Signing what it is 159 Sealing what it is 159 Single Security upon Bond what it is 165 Selling Goods by Lots 191 Seizures what they mean 199 201 Smuglers who they are 201 202 Smugling what it is 202 T. Tare what it is 14 Tares how to set them down 16 Tret what it is 23 Tret how to cast it up ibid. Time given in Bills of Exchange 101 Tally-men what they are 125 Thoughts fit for a Merchant 236 V. Unlading of Goods 32 Usance what it is 99 100 Usurers what they are 124 Umpire what he is and his Work 241 W. Work the first a Boy is put unto 6 Work in weighing Goods 9 Weigher the meaning of that Name 10 Weights of Goods to set them down 15 Weight to reduce Gross into Small 22 Weight Gross the meaning of it ibid. Ways to attain to be an exact Factor 114 115 Writing Letters when necessary 115 Witnesses what they are 159 160 Writ from the Kings Bench what it is 185 Way of selling Goods by the Candle 195 Waste-Book what it is and how made 202 Wines sold part Mony part a Bill part in Logwood part at Time 212 Advertisement THat rare Invention of Cake Ink so convenient for carriage as well by Land as Sea already experienced by many thousands in England and Forreign Parts to be the blackest fluentest and strongest Ink yet invented and the more desirable because he that hath the least bit of it in his Pocket is possest of the best Ink. Is to be had at Mrs Vernons Coffee-House against Vintners Hall in Thames-street in London or at Benj. Billingsley at the Printing-Press in Cornhil with directions how to use it These Books of Accompt are sold by Benjamin Billingsley at the Printing-press in Cornhil 1. Speculum Mercativum Or the young Merchant's Glass Wherein are exact Rules of all Weights Coins Measures Exchanges and other Matters necessary used in Commerce As also variety of Merchants Accompts after the Italian way of Debitor and Creditor in Factorage Parnership and Barter likewise the method of keeping Pursers Books By John Every at Barnstaple in Devon In Folio 2. Creditor and Debitor made easie Or A short Instruction for the attaining the right use of Accompts after the best method used by Merchants fitted to the Trades and Ways of dealing in these several capacities Viz. The Youth or Young Scholar  The Husband-man or Farmer  The Country-Gentleman  The Retailing Shopkeeper  The Handicrafts Man  The Merchant By Stephen Mounteage In Quarto 3. Advice to the Women and Maidens of London Shewing that instead of
their usual Pastime and Education in Needle-Work Lace and Point-making it were far more necessary and profitable to apply themselves to the right understanding and practice of the Method of keeping Books of Accompts whereby either single or married they may know their Estates carry on their Trades and avoid the danger of a helpless and forlorn condition incident to Widows With some Essays or Rudiments for young beginners in twelve Articles By one of that Sex In Quarte The Compleat Compting-house YOUTH I Am a young Lad that have been at School some time and have gone through most part of Arithmetick and would willingly be now made fit for a Merchant either to serve my Time at home or to go abroad which my Friends shall think most convenient for me But I know not what use to make of what I have learnt Master What Rules have you learnt at School Yo. I have learnt Addition Substraction Multiplication Division The Rule of Three And Practice Mr. What use are these Rules put unto let me know and begin with the first of them Yo. The first is Addition and that teacheth me to see what many several draughts of Weight lengths of Stuffs or Sums of Money put together do amount unto in the whole Mr. Can you shew me any Example of it Yo. Yes Sir I believe I can My Father sent me the other day to take some Stufs with our Man from several Places I had of our Packer 6  Dyer 19  Presser 17  Drawer 4   46 And in all I brought home 46 Stuffs from those several Places and when I had them he ordered me to measure them And the 6 held 227 yards  19 1172  17 964  4 142  46 2505 yards So that I esteem the 46 pieces held 2505 yds Mr. You are right and by the same Rule you may give an answer if you do receive any quantity of Money of several Men what is received in all Or if you sell any Goods by Weight what several Draughts come unto being added up together But what can you tell me concerning the next Rule which you call Substraction Yo. I believe Sir I can answer that likewise for I have been already sent abroad to receive some Moneys and have been ordered to pay some out again and I believe what remains is the answer to your question Mr. You are in the right But cannot you give me an Instance how you did it Yo. Yes Sir I remember I received of Mr. Web l. 42 16 4  Mr. Long 64 9 3  Mr. Shaw 92 3 4  l. 199 8 11 And my Father ordered me to pay out again to three Men some of the Money To Mr. Dixe l. 40 00 00  Mr. Jenny 90 00 00  Mr. Cook 10 00 00  l. 140 00 00 And having received l. 199 8 11 d. and paid out l. 140 00 00 d. there remains by me the sum of l. 59 8 11 d. Mr. You are in the right and so it is done if he had ordered you to receive Stuffs Sugars c. and to sell out again or deliver any part of them to any body to see what remains But what say you to the next Rule you call Multiplication Yo. This Rule I imagin saves much time in putting down several Sums and then adding of them up for by Multiplication I can see immediately what they come all unto without Addition if it be but a single Multiplication for if my Father give me 3 d. for 9 days together I need not set down 9 times 3 d. but set down 9 and multiply by 3 for 3 times 9 is 27 d. And by this Rule of Multiplication I can tell you many things As suppose I am sent to School 9 miles from home and I have been at School 224 times then I have gone 2016 miles whereas if I should set down 9 224 times it would be very tedious and troublesom Mr. What say you of Division and what use do you put that unto Yo. That answers me many Questions For if I would know how many shillings there is in 100 d. I need only divide 100 by 12 and there comes out 8 s. and 4 d in the Quotient and is exceeding useful in the working of many Questions as if there be 21469 Inches if I divide it by 12 then I know that there are 1789 Foot and 1 Inch and if I would know how many Yards there are I do but divide it by 3 and there are 596 Yards and 2 Foot Mr. This is very true as I shall explain to you in many things hereafter And indeed all manner of Questions are answered and wrought by Addition Substraction Multiplication and Division let them be never so hard and difficult Yo. Sir I have often heard of many short Rules that are used by Merchants which cut off that tedious way of the Rule of Three but never could do any of them nor have I ever seen them done Mr. If you resolve upon learning the Mystery of a Merchant and that you will seriously bend your Mind unto it I will endeavour to instruct you in any thing that is necessary thereunto Yo. Sir I return you my hearty thanks for it and do assure you I shall not only be very careful in observing your directions but also very thankful for the same and hope you will pardon my troubling you with many mean and insignificant Questions which through my ignorance I shall be forced to ask you Mr. I shall be very willing to hearken to all your Questions and to answer them to the best of my skill Yo. I pray Sir let me know then the Work I shall be put upon when I come to be an Apprentice from the lowest unto the highest Mr. The first Work you will be put unto and which indeed is the lowest you can be put unto is the fetching Letters from the Posthouse and carrying Letters to the Post-house in the discharge of which there requires not much skill but a great deal of Care Honesty and Diligence Yo. Sir I cannot conceive what great matter this may be to me for a Porter may carry a Letter or a Maid or Foot-Boy Wherein can my Care Honesty or Diligence be discern'd in this Matter Mr. In several respects a Master may be damaged very considerably If the Servant be not careful and honest his Letters may be lost or may miscarry or may come too late for him to answer his Ends. Yo. I desire you then Sir to shew me how I shall avoid doing my Master harm in this particular and how I may discharge my self as I should and I will endeavour so to do Mr. You must be sure when you are sent to carry Letters to the Posthouse to tell the Letters as you receive them from your Master and tell them in again to the Post-Office for if you receive twenty Letters and lose one of them by the way that very Letter may undoe your Master and it is
Errors and bad Debts excepted carried to the Credit of his Accompt Currant   63 13 11    l. 76 10 9 1676       May 3. Sold James Web at 1 M.       N o. 126 24 ½      129 27 ¼      121 22 ½      123 22 ¼      127 25 ¼       121 ¾ at 7 s.  42 12 3 June 13. Sold James Long 1 M.       N o. 122 22 ½      124 23 ¾      125 24 0      128 26 ¾       97 at 8 s.  23 16 00  N o. 130 22 ½ at 9 s.  10 2 6    l. 76 10 9  Sent this Acc ballanc'd to A. P. Lond. 17 July 1676.         J. Johnson    Mr. Thus you see the Examples of two Accompts in this Book the one is where Goods are for your Accompt and the other is for your Friends Accompt and here you may observe much variety and pleasure for you can immediately see by this Book what is wanting in any Parcel of Goods that is to be sold c. Yo. Pray Sir explain to me a little more at large the meaning of these two Accompts I do understand some things of them and something I do not Mr. What is it you do understand of them Yo. I understand most of the left side c. 1. The Title 2. The Place they came from 3. The Particulars 4. The Marks and Numbers of the Cask 5. The Charges upon them and then the Additions of each side and the Provision at 2 per Cent. more or less that is to be taken The things I do not understand are the Figures before each Contents of Yards and Ells what they mean and then the Strokes against those Figures and the thing you call Brokerage with the Explication of all the right-hand side for I know it not Mr. For the first thing which you say you do not understand which are the Figures N o. 124 just before 24 Ells ¼ that N o. 124 and the Figures following in the same place are the Numbers of each Piece Mr. What do you mean by Numbers and of what use are they and what is their Intent Mr. Every Man that makes Goods hath his Number to begin As suppose a Fabriquer of Silks Stuffs c. do begin to make Silks or Stuffs he doth put upon the first Piece N o. 1. and the length the next Piece N o. 2. and the length and so to the last Piece that he makes of any Goods I have known some Fabriquants at Lions make Goods until they come to the Number of 35000 and odd The use of the said Numbers are When any Man hath occasion to find out any defect in the making any Piece or any manner of want in any Piece of the true Measure then you have reference to the Number and that gives you light into it or it shews you the Weaver that made it or the Man that Callendred it Or if a Piece be lost or stolen it tells you which it is and many other things very necessary Yo. What did you mean then by that which you call'd Marks and Numbers in the Margent Mr. The Marks and Numbers in the Margent are only in reference to the particular Pack or Barrel and not to the several Pieces or smaller Boxes or Parcels that are contain'd in it Yo. Well What mean you by the Stroke that is before each Piece or Number Mr. This it is a sign to me when I open my Books that there are some of my Goods sold and some are unsold For Example If this be the Number 124 24 ¼ and it be unsold it remains as it is but if it be sold then is the Number 124 24 ¼ thus set down 124 24 ¼ Some do thus 124 24 ¼ which way of these you please but they that are so marked are those that are sold and the other not sold so that you satisfie your curiosity in a moment and see what is and what is not sold. For Brokerage I shall explain it unto you in its due and proper place But for the Right side of either of these Accompts there you set down the Month you sold the Goods the Day you sold them the Man you sold them to and the Time that you sold them for as you see in the first of the Accompts May 2. Sold to George Crab at 1 M. Then do you set down the Numbers and length of each Piece with the Price you sold them for and at the end of each Price cast up the Sum of Money it comes unto and put it in the Margent as the Piece in the second Accompt N o. 130 22 ½ at 9 s. l. 10 2 6 And having so put down all the Right side see what it comes unto and take your Provision out at 2 per Cent. and add that as in the second Accompt to the Left side and add up both sides and add up the same sides and what is wanting on either side is Profit or Loss Yo. But how shall I know which is Profit and which is Loss Mr. When the Right-hand side where the Sale of the Goods are amounts to more than the Left-hand side by so much as it is more so much the Profit is as in the first Account the Profit is l. 30 8 10 d. but where the Left-hand side is more than the Right-hand side there it is so much Loss This is when it is for your own Accompt Yo. But what must I do when the Goods are for another Mans Accompt As for Example The second Accompt How must I do that Mr. In the second Accompt you see that the Right-hand side comes unto l. 76 10 9d so much the Goods were sold for and the Left-hand side was but l. 12 16 10 d. So the Ballance is l. 63 13 11. which must be carried to the Credit of your Friend Mr. Anthony Pelelyer that sent you the Goods and if there had proved loss as that the Goods should not have yeelded their Charges as sometimes it doth happen then you must carry the Ballance to his Debit Yo. What mean you by that word Ballance I do not understand it Mr. By the word Ballance I do understand That if the Credit side be l. 76 10 9d and the Debit side l. 12 16 10d then the Ballance is just so much Money as will make this l. 12 16 10d l. 76 10 9d because then both sides like a just Ballance are even l. 79 10 9d and this is the meaning of the word Ballance Yo. Now Sir pray let me know what you mean by those words Errors and bad Debts excepted