MARCVS Tullius Ciceroes thre bokes of duties to Marcus his sonne turned oute of latine into english by Nicolas Grimalde ¶ Cum priuilegio ad imprimendum solum ¶ Anno domini 1556. TO THE RIGHT REuerend father in god his singular good lorde Thomas Bisshop of Elie one of the King Quenes Maiesties moste honorable priuie Counsell HAuyng recourse of late right reuerend father to y â— olde studies y t I once applied in y e vniuersitie and getting soÌ„me frute of quiet life to the perusing and recording of those things wherwith in time past I felt myself greatly both delited and furdered I gaue my minde chiefly to such kinde of lerning as wold serue best bothe to the order of my studie also to the gouernauÌ„ce of my life so that comparing my experience and reading togither I might make my priuate diligence in studieng do serâ—… to the opeÌ„ vse ofliuing In folowing of which intent what by incre ase of iudgement for yeres what by trauatliÌ„g abrode in y â— world I fouÌ„de euer more and more so new profits commodities y â— wheras methought I had seene but y â— shadow of thinges now I begin more to see as it wer the holle bodie therof And moste of all this proofe I haue in y â— greatest and moste profitable parte of philosophie which is coÌ„cerning maners and namely in the bokes that of duties be written by Marcus Tullius Cicero a mater conteining the holle trade how to liue among men discreetly and honestly and so rightly pointing oute the pathwaye to all vertue as none can be righter onely Scripture excepted Insomuch that when I had well considerd alltogither I saide with miself concerning this as did a certein lerned maÌ„ not long ago by Homer This is the fift time I haue redde ouer this author and as oft as I reade him so oft somwhat I finde that I marked not before and that hath neede to be deeply pondered so y t I fansied at the first he was easie but now methinks he requires a verie heedfull a musing reader Wherfore not without maruailous greate pleasure espyeng y â— either in priuate life to attein quietnesse and contentation or in office-bearing to winne fame honour or in euerie estate bothe to auoyde disorder and enormitie and also to keepe a right rule commeÌ„dable behauiour this boke playnly is y â— myrrour of wisdom y â— fortres of iustice the master of manlinesse the schoole of temperance the iewell of coÌ„melinesse I wisshed many mo to be parteners of such sweetnesse as I had partly felt myself to declare that I meÌ„t nolesse thaÌ„ I wisshed I laied to my helping hand endeuouring by translation to do likewise for my contriemeÌ„ne as ItaliaÌ„s FreÌ„chmeÌ„ Spaniardes DutchmeÌ„ other foreins haue liberally done for theyrs So chiefly for our vnlatined people I haue made this latine writer english haue now brought into light y â— from them so longe was hidden haue caused an auncieÌ„t wryting to beecoÌ„me in a maner newe agayne and a boke vsed but of fewe to war coÌ„mon to a great meany so that our meÌ„ vnderstaÌ„ding what atreasure is amonge them for the fashioning of their life and beeing by nature most of all other nations giueÌ„ to ciuilitie humanitie wheÌ„ thei shall be aided directed by these perfite precepts may in all pointes of good demeanour becoÌ„me people perelesse Yet iudge I all this labour litleworthe smally or nothing able to preuaile withoute your honorable lordship were patrone herof to whoÌ„ I do dedicate bothe my good hert my worke also I call it mine as Plautus and Terence called the comedies theyrs which they made oute of Greeke not as to teache your lordshipp ought that you haue not allredy but by your authoritie to gett it the more estimacion w t other For as Tullies treatise beeing so full of lerning asketh alerned mans iudgement which whoso refuse thei showe themselues to be vnwise eueÌ„ so such a noble CouÌ„seler of EnglaÌ„d seemeth most meete to receiue so noble a Senatour of Rome into a straunge region Doutlesse among so many honorable deedes of your lordships it shall not be the leste honorable if ye do Marcus Tullius this honour to welcoÌ„me him hither and to be the verie cause that so famous a Romane may becomme familiar with our English men So shall a worthy pere be worthylie entreated as very curtesie requireth so your lordshipps iudgement must needes be well lyked which is woÌ„te to alow louely knowledge goodnesse so wyll the coÌ„mon people more hyely esteeme the thing as it is expedient for them to do and the soner also will they folow these hollsome lessons which is full necessarie in a well ordered state to be short your lordship for a chosen patrone my translation for a welcome worke Tullie shall be takeÌ„ for such a Tullie as he is And like as Marcê° Cicero w t the authoritie of a father commended these bokes to his yonge Cicero so wheÌ„ our English youth shall beholde them once authorised by so reuerend a father in god nodoute they will be the rather in loue with them and will counte it pleasaunt paines taking here to enriche themselues with enformations of vertue ensaumples oute of stories morall doctrine politike prudeÌ„ce antiquitie varietie of maruailous maters so conningly oratorially treated and endited as hee was able to declare expresse who was the first and the chief that euer cladde ladie Philosophie in Romane attire Thus verie lothe to let your lordship from your weighty affaires I make an end praye god longe to preserue your honorable lordship in helth with increase of honour Your humble oratour Nicolas Grimalde N. G. to the reader ALl thinges in the world good reader be made for soÌ„me vse end which end is more worthe than all that dothe seruice therunto and where bothe the end is good whatso serues therto there y â— holle doing is likewise good In vs the best ende is to vse ourselues well and worthyly who in the order of naturall thinges ar of the best and worthyest kinde For what is ther that can vse itself onlesse it bee enfourmed with reason and vnderstanding DuÌ„me creatures and liuelesse of other bee vsed but themselues can they neuer vse Beastes endewed with life and sense maye seeme to haue soÌ„me seÌ„blauÌ„t herof in y t they vse theyr feediÌ„g lodging other necessaries yet therbi they obtein neither praise nor dispraise seeing they do it not of any free choyse but onely by the motion of kinde as theyr appetite draweth them But we who haue the greate gift of witt reason must not most of all sticke still in y â— appetite to gett nothing els but pleasure profit but ensewing the heuenly guyde of our nature must be ledde to the desire of trouth honour seemlinesse wherw t the more that we bee decked adourned beautified y t â—…rder we bee from the
be iust who dreedeth death paine banishment or pouertie nor any y t before equitie preferreth the contraries And moste of all they wonder at him who is not tempted with money â—… in what man that is well tried him think they worthie to be regarded Therfore iustice dothe worke all those three which be pointed oute for glorie and gettes good will also bicause it meanes to profit verie manie and for the same cause it worketh credit likewise and admiratioÌ„ bicause it despiseth noughâ—… regardeth those thinges wherunto moste men enkindled with greedinesse be haled And surelie after my iudgement euerie trade and order of life requireth the aydes of men â—… chieflie that ye haue somme with whom you may debate in familiar talk which is hard onlesse ye beare vpoÌ„ you the showe of an honest maÌ„ Therfore opinion of iustice is necessarie euen to the aloneliuer and one that leades his life in y t feeldes yea and so much the more bicause if they haue it not vniust they shall be counted and beeing garded with no defeÌ„ce shall be vexed with manie iniuries And to these also who do sell bye hyre lette and be entaÌ„gled in bargaining bysinesse iustice to go thorow wich their maters is necessarie Whose power is so greate y â— euen they who be fedde with euill doing and mischief caÌ„ not possible liue withoute somme percell of iustice For who stealeth or priuielie pyketh anie thing from anie of theÌ„ with whom he goeth a theeuing he leaueth not himself a place no not in robberie And onlesse he who is named the archpirate deuide the prise egallie either he shall be slaine of his mates or els forsaken Yea and it is said ther ar lawes amonge theeues wherto they obey and doo obserue them And so by reason of the euen portioning of the prise bothe Bargulus the Illyrian robber of whom mention is made in Theopompus had greate riches and much greater had Uiriatus the Lusitane to whome of trouth euen our armies â—…aptains gaue place whom Caius Lelius he that was commonlie called the wise being Pretor didde discomfite and abate so alayed his fersnesse that he left an easie warre to other Seeing then the streÌ„gth of iustice is so great y t it also stablisheth encrcaseth robbers richesse how great suppose we y t power therof to be among lawes iudgemeÌ„ts and ordinauÌ„ces of a coÌ„mon weale Certesse methink not onelie amonge y t Medes as telleth Herodotê° but also among our auÌ„ceters in old time wellcoÌ„ditioned kings haue bene ordeined for y t end of enioyeÌ„g iustice For at the beginning when y â— multitude was oppressed by them who had y â— greater power for refuge they fled to soÌ„me one excelling in vertue who when he saued the weaker froÌ„ iniurie by pâ—…inting out an equitie kept the hyest w t the lowest in indifference of lawe And the like cause ther was of making lawes as of kings for euermore an egall right hathe beene sought for otherwise it wer not a right If they obteined y tsame at the haÌ„des of one iust good man w t him they wer coÌ„tented wheÌ„ y t chaunced not lawes wer deuised which w t all men alwaies in one alike voice shoulde speake Wherfore this is doutlesse a cleare case y â— they wer wonte to be chosen to gouern of whose iustice the opinioÌ„ of the multitude was great And this therto adioined y t they also might be couÌ„ted wise ther was nothing y â— men vnder those guides shoulde wene theÌ„selues vnable to attein Iustice therfore is by all maner meanes to be regarded mainteined bothe it for itselfsake for els it wer not iustice also for y â— enlargement of honour glorie But as ther is a waie not onelie of getting money but also of bestowing it which may suffise for continuall charges not onelie such as be necessarie but also liberall so glorie must be both gotten ordered by a meane Notw tst aÌ„ding notablie Socrates did saie this to be the nerest and as it wer the gaine waie to glo rie if a man wold endeuour this to be in dede such as he wolde be counted And if anie doo deeme theÌ„selues able to attein stedfast glory by false pretence vaine outshow both w t fained spech couÌ„ tenauÌ„ce they be farre out of y â— waie The true glorie taketh deepe roote and also shootes abrode all counterfet thinges do soone shed as do the litle flowers neither can ther anie forged thing be durable Witnesses verie manie ther be on bothe sides but for shortnesse sake we will be contented with one familie For Tyberius Gracchus Publiê° sonne so longe shall be praised as remembrauÌ„ce of the Romane state shall stand But his sonnes neither tiuing wer liked of good men and dedde go in the noumber of menne rightfullie puâ—…e to death Let them then whoso the true glorie will atteine perfourme the duties of iustice What those wer it was tolde in y â— former booke But to y â— ende y â— soone we may seem such maner meÌ„ as we be although the greatest effect is euen in this pointe that wee be such as we wolde be counted yet certein preceptes ar to be giueÌ„ For if anie from his first entered age hathe cause of name and fame either receiued of his father which to you my Cicero I suppose to haue happened or by anie chaunce and fortune on him al meÌ„s yies ar cast and of him ther is serching what he dothe and how he liueth and so as though he should leade his life in moâ—…e open light nother worde nor 〈◊〉 of his can be vnknowne But whose first age is passed withoute mennes knowledge by reason of basenesse vnknowne name these as soâ—…ne as they begin to be yongemen ought to looke after greate thinges and to prease vnto thesame with direct studies Which they shall doe with so much the better corage bicause that age is not onelie not 〈◊〉 but also fauored The chief setting forth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 â—… yongman to glorie is it anâ—… 〈◊〉 may be gotten by seates of 〈◊〉 wherin manie haue showed themselues among our aunceters for warres wer almoste 〈◊〉 kept But your age chaunced vpon that warre where the one side had tomuch mischief the other litle good fortune In which warre yet wheÌ„ Pompeius had made you captein of the one wing bothe of a mâ—… most noble and of the armie you gotte great prayse with riding with throwing the darte and susteining all thinges with a souldiourlike painfulnesse And verilie that your praise and the common-weale fell togither But of me this treatise is not taken in hand touching you but touching the holle generaltie Wherfore let vs go forward to such thinges as do remaine As then in other maters the workes of â—…he minde be much more thaÌ„ of the
worke 65. b Tullies philosophie 1. b Tullies sect and libertie in writing 65. a Tullies soÌ„nes bringing vp 112. a Tullies sonnes schoolemaster III. b Tulâ—…ies sonnes stocke III. b. Two ê“fitable things whether more ê“fitable 109. a Tyrannie 18. b Tyrauntes 120. b Tyrauntes endes 71. b V. Uaine 〈◊〉 8. a Uainglorie 19. a Uanquished men 14. b Uehement speche 52. a. 81. a. Uenê° notable image c. 113. a by Uerâ—…ue must meÌ„ be â—…oÌ„ne to our vse 69. a Uertue of an othe in olde time 153. b. Uertues 76. b Uertues not vices of elders to be folowed 4. 7. b Uertue standes in 3. pointes 69. a. 〈◊〉 78. a Uâ—…sage 51. b Uâ—…ysses 147. b. 〈◊〉 for a time suffred eue rie thing 44. b Uncomly hauiour of bodie c. 40. b. Undertaking of enterprises 29. b. Unhonest profit mother of all mischief 122. b. Unhonest thing not profitable 1â—…7 b Unlawâ—…ull parting of landes 107. a Unmesurablenesse 35. b. Unshamefastnesse 50. a Unthankfulnesse 88. a Uoice 52. a Uoidance of euell affections 27. b Uoiding of affections 27. a Uoluptuousnesse contrariâ—… to honestie 157. b. Use and exercise 24. a Use of 〈◊〉 67. b. Use of riches 10. a Uâ—…urers 59. a Usurie 109. b. VV. Warre 31. b. wastefulnesse 84. a water 67. b welfauordnesse 49. b what point of philosophie he will treate vpon 2. b why he gaue himâ—…elf to philosophie 64. a why he seuerâ—…h vertues coupled by nature 76. a why he spendes his vacant tune in philosophie 110. a. Whâ—… he writâ—…s to his sonne of philosophie in latine 1. a wilinesse 136. a wine that wil not last 145. a wisdome 7. a. b. 48. b. 64. b. 69. a. 1. 6. b wisdomes properties 7. a wise 133. a if a wiâ—…eman may drowne a foole to saue himself 144. a wisemeÌ„ne shifting for their liues 144. a witte 31. b wont 116. a wordes 50. a workes of the minde 80. b worthinesse 87. b worthinesse of honour 76. b writing III. b wrong doing is against nature 118. a â—… sorts of wroÌ„gdoing whether is the worse II. a X. Xenophons booke of ordering a houshold 108. b Y. Yelded men 14. b Yongmens duties 48. â—… Youth 79. b FINIS ¶ Imprinted at London in Fletestreâ—…e within Temple barre at the signe of the hand starre by Richard â—…ottel Cum priuilegio ad imprimendum solum The preface 1. Parie why he writes to his soÌ„ne of philosophie in latine The studie of bothe touÌ„ges Two kiâ—…des of eloquence Example of hâ—…elfe His maisters helpe Tullies philosophie The latin tounge Tullies eloquence ConclusioÌ„ oâ—… this paâ—…e EnlargemeÌ„t by comparisoÌ„ D. Phalereus Plaâ—… Demosthenes Aristoteles Isocrates 2. parte What pointe of philosophie he will treate vpon CoÌ„mendatioÌ„ of his mater Duties 3. parte How he will teache Sectes of philosophers Epicurus Aristippus 〈◊〉 Stoikes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The treatise 〈◊〉 to be 〈◊〉 Dutie 〈◊〉 An other waâ—… of diuiding dutie Dutie deâ—… Outfynding of duties by choise of thinges Honest. Profitable Honestie and profit coÌ„pared More honeâ—… More profitable The suÌ„me of these 3. bokeâ—… Giftes of nature Thinges coÌ„moÌ„ to beasâ—… and men Beaste Sense Man Reason Groundes of iustice Principles of wisdome Sparkes oâ—… manlinesse Certain sedes of sobermode Honestie Dutiful demeanour wysdome Iustice. Manlâ—…sle Temperance Properties of wisdome Duties of iustice and manâ—…nesse Properties of temperaâ—…nce Wisdomâ—… Knowleâ—…ge of â—…routh faultes to 〈◊〉 auoided 〈◊〉 of rashâ—… iudgâ—…ment The remedie Maine curiositie Dutie in thiâ—… behalf Good knoâ—…ledge Practise Speculation Of iustice as it is generall Particular iustice Liberalitie Duties of iustice Priuate thinges â—…lato to Architas The Stoiks Common felowship Faithfulnesse Iniustice Occasions of wroÌ„g doing Feare Conetousnes The vse of riches Crassus the riche Ambition Ennius Caius Iulius Caesar. Of twoo sortes in wrong doing whether is the woorsse 〈◊〉 why som do 〈◊〉 dutie in not resisti wroÌ„g Idle Philosophers disalowed Briefe rehersall of things afore Care of other mens materâ—… Exceptions in duties par teining to faithfulnesse Of Theseâ—… Neptunus 〈◊〉 ought to leane to the equitie of the lawe Cleomenes a Lacedemonian Q. Fabius Labeo Ponnishing of 〈◊〉 Hitherto oâ—… ciuil iustice Of iustice in warre Speeche Force The end of warre peas Duties in the end of warres Peas allwaies to bee sought The vanquished The yeelded Example of the auncient Romanes The â—…eciall lawe of bidding 〈◊〉 Conscience in keeping their othe of warfare Their gentle naming their enemies Hostes. Hostis is now taken for an enemie Duties in warres holden for honour or life Pyrrhus answere to the Romanes Uerses of Ennius Priuate proâ—…es to the enemie Example of Regulus How the Cesors ponm sâ—…ed certein 〈◊〉 A generâ—… rule A notable eâ—… ample of the Romanes equitie Tâ—…ochares Iustice in housholding Slaues Hurtes Force Gyle False semblaunte Hitherto of the particular iustice Of liberalitie 2. parte of the gen iustice Exceptions How How much To whome Partiaâ—… â—…annie Foolelarge â—…ortion 〈◊〉 The first 〈◊〉 of the third rule touching maners â—…ction towarde vs. Of râ—…iting a good turn Choice in 〈◊〉 Measure the gift by the giuers good hert A generall 〈◊〉 The feloâ—…ship of life The firâ—… degree of felouship Reason and speeche Ciuil laweâ—… The lâ—…we of nature Thinges coÌ„mon Ennius A measure in coÌ„mon lib. Nerer degrees offeâ—…ouship Câ—…untrieme Citiezenâ—… â—…red Frendship amonge good men Good turâ—… doone from one to an other Loue of comonâ—…eale Comparing of degrees Countrey Parents Childern Familie â—…insfolke Frendes This order â—…s often altered as psones and times require Exampleâ—… Use and exercise 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the â—…ame MaÌ„hâ—…d 〈◊〉 iustice falleth into diuers extreems Brutishneâ—… 〈◊〉 hat is manlinesse Foolehardinesse The manlie must be plain ImpedimeÌ„tes of this vertue Sturdinesse Desire of souerantie The moste parte likes not the best thinges Glorie The duties of manlinesse Contempt of casual thiges Doing of great entrepâ—…ses Contempt of outward thinges â—…nlie honesty good Uoiding of affections The manlie man is neuer vanquished of his owne affections Couetise of money Loue of glorie Desire of rule Uoidaunce of euill affectious Of officebeaâ—…ing or refusing Libertie The philosophers life The magistrates life Refusing of gouernment in the coÌ„monweale I feare contrarie to maÌ„linesse Such as 〈◊〉 meete must serue the coÌ„monweale Magistrates ought to auoide passâ—…s of minâ—…e nolesâ—…e than philosophers Philosophers mindes be not â—…pted so maâ—…e waies as magistrates Undertaking of eÌ„treprises Despaire PresumptioÌ„ A lesson Citiematers aboue martiall feates Exaumples of greekes Themistocles Salamis Solon The Areopage The Athenians Pausamas Lisander The Lacedemonians Lycurgus Examples of Romanes M. Scaurus C. Marius Q. Catulus â—…n Pompeiê° Africanus P. Nasica Tullieâ—… Conâ—…ship Cn. Pompeiê° triumphed thrise ouer the A fers anâ—… the Spâ—…rdes 〈◊〉 dates The cause of manlinesse Strength oâ—… the minde Labour of the bodie 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 warre The properties of a maÌ„lie man Corage witt Rashâ—… Necessitie Razing oâ—… cities Justice toward the 〈◊〉 Fleel ing of perell Assailing of â—…tures Daungers 〈◊〉 Common Of life Of glorie Of fauour