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and_o commend_n if_o he_o mean_v war_n be_v not_o a_o art_n he_o speak_v palpable_o against_o sense_n reason_n and_o experience_n for_o the_o management_n of_o war_n be_v a_o art_n and_o as_o a_o most_o noble_a so_o a_o most_o necessary_a art_n machiavelli_n recorder_n of_o florence_n write_v seven_o book_n of_o the_o art_n of_o war_n and_o yet_o in_o one_o of_o they_o deny_v war_n to_o be_v a_o art_n all_o tactic_n write_v of_o the_o art_n of_o war_n the_o way_n to_o handle_v arm_n sword_n dagger_n cannon_n musket_n pistol_n pike_n partisan_n or_o halberd_n or_o in_o more_o ancient_a time_n before_o the_o monk_n find_v out_o gunpowder_n the_o way_n to_o handle_v the_o roman_a pila_fw-la javelines_n dart_n arrow_n bow_n sling_n stone_n and_o other_o missiles_n do_v all_o prove_v there_o be_v art_n in_o war._n the_o order_v soldier_n in_o file_n rank_n troop_n company_n squadron_n batallion_n regiment_n and_o brigade_n the_o marshal_n and_o conduct_n of_o army_n fight_v of_o battle_n besiege_v and_o attacking_z town_n castle_n and_o defend_v they_o do_v all_o bear_v witness_n that_o war_n be_v a_o art_n and_o more_o than_o a_o ordinary_a one_o it_o can_v therefore_o be_v that_o so_o wise_a a_o man_n as_o grotius_n can_v think_v that_o war_n be_v not_o a_o art_n but_o positive_o to_o tell_v what_o he_o mean_v by_o those_o word_n be_v not_o in_o my_o power_n and_o if_o other_o can_v tell_v no_o better_o than_o i_o we_o must_v be_v content_a to_o want_v the_o true_a sense_n of_o they_o till_o grotius_n rise_v from_o the_o dead_a in_o the_o day_n of_o judgement_n and_o then_o i_o suppose_v it_o will_v not_o be_v time_n to_o inquire_v after_o such_o folly_n nicholas_n machiavelli_n in_o the_o four_o book_n of_o his_o art_n of_o war_n if_o i_o remember_v answer_v machiavelli_n answer_v right_a be_v yet_o more_o severe_a to_o profess_a soldier_n than_o hugo_n grotius_n for_o he_o say_v that_o no_o prince_n or_o state_n shall_v suffer_v those_o who_o profess_v to_o live_v 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chap._n vi_o of_o the_o roman_a infantry_n and_o all_o its_o several_a body_n and_o their_o officer_n how_o the_o ancient_n and_o illustrious_a roman_n divide_v their_o foot_n into_o heavy_a and_o light_a and_o how_o both_o be_v arm_v i_o have_v sufficient_o inform_v you_o but_o there_o be_v some_o who_o say_v they_o have_v no_o light_n arm_v foot_n till_o hannibal_n time_n i_o know_v no_o authority_n for_o this_o it_o be_v true_a livius_n say_v in_o his_o twenty_o six_o book_n that_o at_o the_o siege_n of_o capua_n when_o it_o stand_v for_o hannibal_n be_v the_o first_o time_n that_o the_o roman_a light_n arm_v foot_n be_v mingle_v with_o the_o horse_n but_o this_o will_v not_o infer_v that_o the_o roman_n have_v no_o light_n arm_v foot_n before_o that_o siege_n of_o capua_n the_o truth_n of_o that_o affair_n be_v this_o the_o capuan_n at_o their_o sally_n ordinary_o worsted_n horse_n velite_n mix_v with_o horse_n the_o roman_a horse_n till_o one_o navius_n a_o centurion_n make_v a_o 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and_o practise_v it_o who_o learn_v it_o not_o from_o navius_n or_o any_o other_o roman_n in_o the_o world_n lipsius_n think_v that_o in_o caesar_n time_n there_o be_v no_o velite_n and_o i_o be_o content_a to_o be_v of_o his_o opinion_n for_o though_o it_o be_v certain_a enough_o that_o when_o caesar_n live_v there_o be_v in_o the_o roman_a army_n slinger_n darter_n and_o archer_n all_o which_o be_v velites_n yet_o it_o may_v be_v say_v these_o be_v but_o auxiliary_n for_o after_o the_o socii_fw-la or_o ally_n be_v make_v burgess_n of_o rome_n and_o that_o rome_n itself_o be_v mistress_n not_o only_o of_o all_o italy_n but_o many_o other_o place_n of_o the_o world_n and_o so_o can_v for_o her_o money_n get_v mercenary_n when_o she_o please_v it_o be_v probable_a the_o roman_n make_v no_o election_n but_o of_o heavy_a arm_v or_o legionary_n but_o the_o reason_n lipsius_n give_v for_o his_o opinion_n will_v not_o prove_v the_o thing_n it_o be_v this_o caesar_n sometime_o interline_v 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sell_v by_o the_o treasurer_n and_o then_o proportionable_o divide_v among_o all_o according_a to_o every_o order_n a_o good_a order_n man_n quality_n a_o centurion_n receive_v double_a that_o which_o a_o soldier_n get_v a_o horseman_n triple_a and_o a_o tribune_n quadruple_a so_o that_o they_o who_o fight_v in_o the_o field_n and_o they_o who_o stay_v for_o the_o defence_n of_o the_o camp_n they_o who_o storm_v a_o town_n and_o they_o who_o stand_v in_o reserve_n share_v all_o alike_o in_o the_o booty_n the_o roman_n give_v all_o their_o proviant_a to_o their_o army_n in_o corn_n and_o do_v not_o trouble_v themselves_o to_o make_v it_o either_o into_o meal_n or_o bread_n and_o in_o their_o strict_a discipline_n baker_n be_v all_o banish_v from_o their_o camp_n and_o the_o soldier_n order_v to_o grind_v their_o corn_n themselves_o hand_o mill_n or_o quern_n be_v allow_v they_o for_o that_o use_n and_o thereafter_o to_o bake_v their_o own_o bread_n many_o time_n they_o take_v not_o 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treasury_n and_o their_o vanity_n to_o give_v their_o army_n donative_n at_o their_o triumph_n set_v they_o on_o to_o the_o commit_v many_o insolence_n perfidious_a unjust_a and_o disavowable_a plunder_n and_o cruelty_n which_o make_v the_o name_n of_o some_o of_o the_o brave_a of_o they_o infamous_a to_o posterity_n take_v one_o instance_n instar_fw-la omnium_fw-la of_o that_o same_o aemilius_z i_o just_a now_o speak_v of_o the_o desire_n he_o have_v to_o bring_v the_o vast_a treasure_n of_o king_n perseus_n and_o all_o he_o have_v scrape_v together_o in_o macedon_n into_o the_o roman_a treasury_n and_o withal_o to_o give_v a_o donative_n to_o his_o army_n at_o action_n a_o detestable_a action_n his_o triumph_n tempt_v he_o and_o the_o temptation_n prevail_v with_o he_o to_o plunder_v the_o whole_a town_n of_o epirus_n the_o people_n whereof_o be_v no_o enemy_n nor_o ever_o have_v wrong_v the_o roman_a state_n and_o this_o execrable_a act_n he_o do_v under_o trust_n the_o inhabitant_n 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moiety_n of_o the_o donative_n that_o be_v a_o bag_n for_o every_o cohort_n and_o a_o eleven_o bag_n there_o be_v in_o which_o every_o soldier_n cast_v something_o once_o a_o month_n and_o that_o be_v reserve_v for_o the_o burial_n of_o those_o soldier_n who_o be_v able_a to_o leave_v nothing_o for_o their_o interment_n a_o very_a laudable_a custom_n for_o the_o burial_n of_o the_o dead_a be_v ever_o in_o all_o nation_n in_o high_a request_n dead_a burial_n of_o the_o dead_a truce_n for_o some_o day_n or_o hour_n to_o inter_v the_o slay_v be_v seldom_o or_o never_o refuse_v by_o the_o most_o imbitter_v enemy_n hannibal_n bestow_v burial_n on_o his_o enemy_n marcellus_n and_o his_o brother_n asdrubal_n at_o the_o desire_n of_o scipio_n bury_v those_o roman_a tribune_n who_o he_o have_v kill_v in_o battle_n and_o justin_n in_o his_o six_o book_n tell_v we_o that_o when_o
legion_n 300_o horse_n yet_o must_v not_o that_o be_v so_o understand_v as_o that_o these_o 300_o horse_n be_v to_o be_v reckon_v to_o be_v a_o member_n or_o part_n of_o that_o legion_n nay_o most_o author_n disjoin_v they_o and_o say_v so_o many_o legion_n and_o so_o many_o horse_n be_v raise_v let_v caesar_n a_o author_n beyond_o all_o exception_n be_v judg._n in_o the_o seven_o book_n of_o the_o french_a war_n he_o say_v he_o give_v to_o his_o legate_n labienus_n the_o same_o who_o afterward_o desert_v he_o four_o legion_n and_o keep_v six_o with_o himself_o and_o that_o you_o may_v be_v sure_a he_o mean_v only_a foot_n he_o subjoin_v that_o he_o order_v he_o to_o take_v a_o part_n of_o the_o cavalry_n with_o he_o how_o many_o he_o tell_v not_o but_o if_o every_o legion_n be_v to_o have_v a_o set_a number_n of_o horse_n that_o great_a captain_n who_o lose_v no_o word_n in_o his_o commentary_n need_v not_o have_v mention_v horse_n for_o caesar_n prove_v from_o caesar_n when_o he_o 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he_o distinguish_v they_o who_o know_v â—he_n military_a art_n and_o the_o word_n of_o the_o art_n best_o of_o any_o but_o vegetius_n shall_v be_v invincible_a for_o i_o unless_o he_o beat_v himself_o which_o he_o will_v present_o do_v for_o notwithstanding_o all_o he_o have_v say_v in_o the_o six_o chapter_n of_o his_o second_o book_n yet_o in_o the_o 15_o chapter_n of_o that_o same_o book_n he_o confess_v that_o equites_fw-la locantur_fw-la in_o cornibus_fw-la horseman_n be_v place_v in_o the_o wing_n and_o in_o the_o 17_o chapter_n he_o say_v equites_fw-la ponuniur_fw-fr in_fw-la cornibus_fw-la it_o a_o vi_o loricaâ—â—_n amnes_fw-la juncti_fw-la sint_fw-la peditibus_fw-la the_o horseman_n be_v place_v in_o the_o wing_n so_o that_o all_o the_o heavy_a arm_a horse_n join_v with_o the_o foot_n what_o mean_v that_o join_v with_o the_o foot_n it_o be_v that_o one_o part_n of_o they_o join_v with_o the_o foot_n on_o the_o right_a hand_n and_o the_o other_o on_o the_o left_a and_o so_o 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along_o in_o his_o whole_a treatise_n our_o author_n marshal_n the_o principes_fw-la before_o the_o hastati_fw-la against_o the_o universal_a consent_n of_o all_o history_n livy_n in_o his_o seven_o book_n tell_v how_o lenus_fw-la the_o consul_n draw_v up_o his_o hastati_fw-la in_o the_o van_n the_o principes_fw-la in_o the_o middle_n and_o the_o triarii_n in_o the_o rear_n against_o the_o gaul_n and_o then_o be_v the_o roman_a discipline_n strict_o observe_v so_o be_v the_o hastati_fw-la in_o the_o van_n when_o marcellus_n fight_v at_o canusium_n with_o hannibal_n liv._o lib._n 27._o and_o in_o his_o 37_o book_n he_o inform_v we_o that_o scipio_n asiaâ—icus_n in_o the_o battle_n he_o fight_v with_o antiochus_n order_v his_o hastati_fw-la in_o the_o van_n the_o principes_fw-la in_o the_o middle_n and_o the_o triarii_n in_o the_o rear_n and_o that_o i_o may_v not_o weary_a my_o reader_n with_o instance_n i_o believe_v and_o upon_o good_a ground_n that_o in_o all_o livy_n decade_n that_o 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commission_n when_o this_o book_n be_v write_v for_o the_o author_n give_v he_o not_o that_o title_n in_o his_o epistle_n dedicatory_a this_o author_n do_v not_o seem_v to_o condemn_v the_o use_n of_o the_o pike_n before_o the_o invention_n of_o fire_n gun_n but_o only_o since_o and_o magisterial_o take_v upon_o he_o to_o pass_v sentence_n against_o all_o prince_n or_o state_n who_o in_o late_a time_n have_v compose_v the_o body_n of_o their_o infantry_n of_o pikeman_n i_o shall_v relate_v to_o you_o the_o strong_a of_o his_o argugument_n as_o they_o lie_v in_o order_n whereby_o he_o endeavour_v to_o get_v proselyte_n to_o this_o new_a fancy_n and_o shall_v give_v such_o answer_n to_o they_o as_o i_o conceive_v to_o be_v pertinent_a but_o shall_v not_o flatter_v myself_o with_o a_o opinion_n that_o they_o will_v be_v satisfactory_a to_o all_o in_o the_o first_o place_n he_o say_v officer_n choose_v the_o tall_a and_o able_a man_n to_o carry_v argument_n his_o first_o argument_n pike_n 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master_n too_o for_o i_o find_v by_o his_o book_n he_o have_v have_v his_o breed_n in_o holland_n and_o denmark_n where_o in_o his_o time_n the_o foot_n be_v marshal_v ten_o deep_a as_o to_o what_o he_o speak_v of_o the_o terror_n of_o a_o alarm_n i_o ask_v if_o that_o must_v frighten_v a_o pikeman_n more_o than_o either_o a_o horseman_n or_o a_o musqueteer_n i_o think_v less_o because_o he_o be_v better_a arm_v but_o he_o speak_v still_o of_o pikeman_n as_o of_o coward_n for_o what_o reason_n i_o can_v imagine_v for_o his_o confusion_n of_o rank_n occasion_v by_o those_o who_o fall_v dead_a he_o know_v those_o behind_o they_o shall_v fill_v up_o their_o place_n and_o this_o musqueteer_n be_v bind_v to_o
you_o daily_o see_v for_o it_o be_v a_o sign_n of_o a_o very_a mean_a officer_n when_o he_o tell_v you_o he_o like_v not_o such_o a_o thing_n because_o he_o never_o see_v it_o before_o i_o wish_v with_o all_o my_o heart_n that_o this_o follow_a treatise_n may_v afford_v you_o some_o help_n to_o so_o noble_a a_o study_n in_o it_o i_o give_v you_o few_o or_o rather_o no_o rule_n of_o my_o own_o i_o be_o not_o so_o vain_a but_o i_o go_v very_o far_o back_o to_o search_v for_o they_o in_o all_o the_o remain_v of_o antiquity_n and_o let_v it_o not_o offend_v you_o that_o i_o illustrate_v rule_n and_o custom_n of_o war_n by_o several_a instance_n i_o do_v it_o purposely_o because_o the_o nature_n of_o man_n be_v rather_o lead_v by_o example_n than_o drive_v by_o precept_n this_o seem_v to_o impose_v that_o only_o to_o invite_v to_o a_o noble_a emulation_n beside_o the_o right_a or_o wrong_n do_v of_o a_o action_n with_o all_o its_o circumstance_n be_v better_a clear_v by_o the_o first_o than_o by_o the_o last_o and_o if_o i_o seem_v to_o clash_v with_o the_o old_a master_n or_o new_a tactic_n of_o the_o ancient_n or_o modern_a art_n of_o war_n i_o give_v my_o reason_n for_o it_o which_o you_o may_v either_o approve_v or_o disapprove_v as_o you_o please_v without_o do_v i_o the_o least_o injury_n when_o i_o tell_v my_o own_o opinion_n of_o military_a custom_n look_v back_o as_o far_o as_o i_o can_v find_v any_o glimmer_a light_n of_o history_n to_o direct_v i_o i_o give_v also_o my_o reason_n which_o you_o may_v likewise_o reject_v if_o you_o please_v for_o by_o so_o do_v i_o shall_v neither_o be_v condemn_v for_o heresy_n nor_o schism_n if_o any_o gentleman_n curiosity_n lead_v he_o to_o inquire_v why_o i_o print_v this_o book_n i_o shall_v answer_v he_o first_o i_o can_v sincere_o assure_v he_o vanity_n to_o make_v myself_o know_v in_o the_o world_n push_v i_o not_o to_o it_o else_o i_o have_v not_o let_v it_o lie_v unprint_v by_o i_o ten_o whole_a year_n after_o first_o i_o write_v it_o next_o very_o few_o can_v importune_v i_o to_o publish_v it_o since_o very_o few_o do_v know_v i_o have_v write_v it_o nor_o do_v i_o indeed_o make_v it_o public_a to_o disabuse_v some_o gay_a man_n by_o let_v they_o see_v they_o know_v no_o more_o than_o their_o neighbour_n and_o yet_o the_o do_v so_o have_v be_v charity_n if_o my_o offer_n have_v be_v receive_v as_o kind_o as_o i_o intend_v it_o the_o consideration_n that_o induce_v i_o to_o it_o be_v in_o short_a this_o when_o i_o have_v end_v all_o i_o have_v resolve_v to_o say_v of_o the_o grecian_a and_o roman_a art_n of_o war_n and_o dare_v not_o hazard_v on_o the_o vast_a ocean_n of_o the_o modern_a art_n i_o be_v encourage_v to_o proceed_v to_o that_o and_o to_o bring_v all_o i_o intend_v to_o as_o great_a perfection_n as_o i_o can_v by_o a_o great_a master_n and_o good_a judge_n in_o those_o affair_n and_o when_o i_o have_v do_v so_o that_o noble_a person_n after_o my_o concealment_n of_o it_o some_o year_n desire_v to_o peruse_v it_o and_o as_o he_o have_v persuade_v i_o to_o finish_v so_o he_o prevail_v with_o i_o to_o publish_v these_o essay_n but_o be_v please_v to_o know_v he_o be_v such_o a_o one_o as_o his_o majesty_n have_v make_v choice_n of_o in_o the_o year_n 1666._o to_o command_v his_o scottish_a army_n towards_o the_o end_n whereof_o he_o rout_v the_o rebel_n at_o pentland_n the_o very_a same_o person_n be_v again_o entrust_v by_o his_o majesty_n with_o the_o conduct_n of_o his_o force_n in_o the_o year_n 1679._o and_o continue_v still_o in_o that_o command_n and_o be_v well_o enough_o know_v by_o the_o name_n of_o general_n dalyell_n but_o i_o be_o afraid_a you_o may_v ask_v i_o what_o move_v i_o to_o begin_v to_o write_v these_o discourse_n but_o for_o that_o if_o i_o be_v put_v to_o the_o rack_n till_o i_o give_v you_o my_o reason_n i_o can_v give_v no_o other_o than_o this_o that_o be_v out_o of_o employment_n and_o not_o accustom_a to_o a_o idle_a life_n i_o know_v not_o how_o to_o pass_v away_o my_o solitary_a and_o retire_a hour_n with_o a_o more_o harmless_a divertisement_n the_o content_n of_o the_o book_n book_n i._n military_a essay_n of_o the_o ancient_n and_o grecian_a art_n of_o war_n chap._n i._o of_o the_o ancient_a militia_n in_o general_n page_n 1_o chap._n ii_o of_o the_o army_n and_o order_n of_o war_n of_o the_o ancient_n 4_o chap._n iii_o of_o the_o election_n levy_n and_o arm_n offensive_a and_o defensive_a of_o the_o grecian_n 7_o chap._n iv_o of_o the_o great_a englines_n and_o machine_n of_o the_o train_n and_o exercise_v of_o the_o grecian_n 9_o chap._n v._o of_o the_o grecian_a infantry_n 12_o chap._n vi_o aelian_n marshal_n the_o grecian_a infantry_n examine_v 14_o chap._n vii_o of_o the_o grecian_a cavalry_n and_o some_o observation_n of_o it_o 19_o chap._n viii_o of_o the_o great_a macedonian_a phalanx_n of_o its_o number_n and_o how_o marshal_v with_o some_o observation_n of_o both_o 23_o chap._n ix_o of_o the_o grecian_a march_n baggage_n encamp_v guard_n and_o of_o their_o paean_n 26_o chap._n x._o one_o of_o our_o modern_a army_n compare_v with_o the_o great_a macedonian_a phalanx_n 28_o book_n ii_o military_a essay_n of_o the_o ancient_a roman_a art_n of_o war_n chap._n i._o of_o the_o ancient_a roman_a government_n and_o militia_n in_o general_n p._n 33_o chap._n ii_o of_o the_o military_a election_n and_o levy_n of_o the_o roman_a soldier_n 40_o chap._n iii_o of_o their_o arm_n offensive_a and_o defensive_a and_o of_o their_o military_a oath_n 42_o chap._n iv_o of_o sieges_n and_o defence_n of_o town_n and_o fort_n of_o the_o great_a engine_n and_o machine_n use_v in_o they_o by_o the_o roman_n and_o other_o ancient_n 49_o chap._n v._o of_o the_o military_a exercise_n duty_n burden_n march_n and_o work_v of_o the_o roman_a soldier_n 57_o chap._n vi_o of_o the_o roman_a infantry_n of_o all_o its_o several_a body_n and_o their-officer_n 61_o chap._n vii_o of_o the_o roman_a cavalry_n and_o all_o its_o officer_n 74_o chap._n viii_o of_o their_o trumpeter_n hornwinder_n and_o of_o the_o classicum_fw-la 79_o chap._n ix_o of_o the_o roman_a pay_n proviant_a and_o of_o their_o donative_n 81_o chap._n x._o of_o a_o roman_a legion_n marshal_v according_a to_o titus_n livius_n with_o lipsius_n his_o amendment_n 84_o chap._n xi_o of_o a_o roman_a legion_n marshal_v according_a to_o flavius_n vegetius_n 87_o chap._n xii_o vegetius_n his_o legion_n review_v and_o examine_v 89_o chap._n xiii_o of_o a_o roman_a legion_n marshal_v according_a to_o polybius_n 95_o chap._n fourteen_o of_o the_o distance_n and_o interval_n between_o the_o several_a body_n and_o batallion_n of_o the_o roman_a horse_n and_o foot_n 96_o chap._n xv._o of_o the_o roman_a ally_n and_o auxiliary_n and_o of_o the_o mistake_v of_o some_o author_n concern_v they_o 102_o chap._n xvi_o of_o a_o roman_a consular_a army_n and_o of_o some_o mistake_n concern_v it_o 105_o chap._n xvii_o of_o a_o consular_a army_n marshal_v in_o the_o field_n and_o of_o some_o general_a officer_n belong_v to_o it_o 108_o chap._n xviii_o of_o several_a figure_n of_o army_n use_v by_o the_o ancient_n in_o their_o battle_n 112_o chap._n xix_o of_o some_o custom_n use_v by_o the_o roman_n and_o other_o ancient_a nation_n before_o in_o the_o time_n of_o and_o after_o their_o battle_n 115_o chap._n xx._n of_o the_o march_n of_o a_o consular_a army_n 118_o chap._n xxi_o of_o the_o quarter_a encamp_a and_o castrametation_n of_o a_o consular_a army_n 121_o chap._n xxii_o of_o the_o roman_a guard_n watch_n watchword_n and_o round_n 133_o chap._n xxiii_o of_o prisoner_n of_o war_n treaty_n parley_n and_o article_n among_o the_o ancient_n 136_o chap._n xxiv_o of_o the_o military_a punishment_n and_o reward_n of_o the_o roman_n and_o other_o ancient_a nation_n 145_o chap._n xxv_o polybius_n his_o comparison_n of_o the_o macedonian_a phalanx_n and_o the_o roman_a legion_n review_v 150_o book_n iii_o military_a essay_n of_o the_o modern_a art_n of_o war_n chap._n i._o of_o the_o modern_a militia_n in_o general_n p._n 157_o chap._n ii_o of_o levy_n the_o manner_n of_o several_a nation_n in_o make_v they_o of_o the_o duty_n of_o soldier_n when_o they_o be_v levy_v of_o their_o age_n and_o how_o long_o they_o be_v bind_v to_o serve_v 163_o chap._n iii_o of_o armour_n or_o defensive_a arm_n use_v by_o several_a nation_n both_o for_o their_o cavalry_n and_o infantry_n 168_o chap._n iv_o of_o offensive_a arm_n or_o weapon_n use_v by_o the_o infantry_n of_o several_a nation_n 171_o chap._n v._o of_o offenffve_n arm_n or_o weapon_n use_v by_o the_o cavalry_n of_o several_a nation_n 173_o chap._n vi_o master_n lupton_n book_n
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ever_o have_v extirpate_v the_o city_n and_o name_n of_o the_o roman_n here_o rome_n be_v fave_v not_o at_o all_o by_o the_o senate_n prudence_n but_o by_o her_o enemy_n negligence_n seven_o their_o custom_n to_o recall_v their_o consul_n and_o proconsul_n at_o seven_o seven_o the_o end_n of_o every_o year_n unless_o by_o mighty_a favour_n or_o invincible_a necessity_n they_o be_v continue_v which_o make_v their_o general_n either_o desperate_o hazard_v battle_n or_o grant_v a_o advantageous_a and_o honourable_a peace_n to_o their_o almost_o conquer_a enemy_n lest_o their_o successor_n shall_v have_v the_o honour_n to_o finish_v the_o war._n take_v these_o instance_n sempronius_n against_o all_o reason_n will_v needs_o fight_v hannibal_n at_o trebia_n before_o his_o colleague_n publ._n scipiâ—_n be_v recover_v of_o his_o wound_n for_o fear_v new_a consul_n shall_v come_v and_o rob_v he_o of_o the_o glory_n of_o the_o victory_n the_o like_a fear_n make_v titus_n flaminius_n grant_v a_o 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that_o speak_v particular_o of_o one_o that_o say_v cave_fw-la tibi_fw-la roma_fw-la but_o i_o wonder_v why_o many_o more_o poor_a man_n ox_n do_v not_o learn_v to_o speak_v since_o this_o ox_n for_o his_o seasonable_a warning_n in_o bid_v rome_n beware_v of_o herself_o be_v order_v to_o be_v feed_v on_o the_o public_a charge_n suetonius_n tell_v we_o of_o a_o crow_n which_o towards_o the_o end_n of_o dâ—mitians_n reign_n tell_v the_o roman_n from_o the_o capitol_n that_o all_o shall_v be_v well_o if_o she_o have_v not_o love_v her_o liberty_n better_o than_o her_o meat_n she_o have_v not_o fly_v away_o but_o stay_v still_o and_o be_v feed_v at_o the_o public_a expense_n of_o the_o city_n and_o perhaps_o be_v worship_v as_o fatidick_n for_o thing_n do_v indeed_o grow_v well_o after_o that_o monster_n death_n yet_o methinks_v she_o be_v a_o very_a ill_n nature_a bird_n that_o will_v not_o tell_v so_o good_a news_n in_o the_o vulgar_a language_n which_o be_v latin_n for_o you_o be_v to_o 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he_o call_v religion_n to_o be_v one_o of_o the_o cause_n of_o their_o aggrandize_v their_o empire_n and_o commend_v they_o much_o for_o â—uffering_v no_o innovation_n to_o be_v introduce_v in_o their_o holy_a rite_n yet_o all_o he_o do_v upon_o the_o matter_n be_v to_o show_v that_o the_o ancient_a roman_n make_v a_o prudent_a use_n of_o their_o pretend_a religion_n and_o under_o the_o notion_n of_o it_o govern_v their_o commonwealth_n politic_o but_o i_o say_v first_o that_o be_v but_o one_o of_o his_o own_o conjecture_n and_o notwithstanding_o any_o thing_n he_o say_v to_o the_o contrary_a i_o suppose_v those_o roman_n be_v as_o eal_o superstitious_a as_o they_o pretend_v to_o be_v even_o the_o senator_n themselves_o and_o himself_o in_o the_o eleven_o chapter_n of_o that_o book_n aver_v that_o there_o be_v never_o great_a fear_n of_o god_n for_o many_o age_n than_o in_o that_o ancient_a republic_n then_o by_o his_o own_o account_n it_o be_v not_o pretend_v but_o a_o real_a religion_n and_o be_v not_o this_o â—ound_a christian_a doctrine_n to_o aver_v that_o the_o fear_n of_o god_n be_v where_o devil_n under_o the_o notion_n of_o deity_n be_v public_o adore_v and_o worship_v second_o i_o say_v if_o the_o roman_a senate_n be_v to_o be_v commend_v for_o not_o suffer_v any_o alteration_n to_o be_v make_v in_o that_o religion_n which_o their_o second_o king_n numa_n pompilius_n have_v establish_v among_o they_o then_o by_o machiavell_n rule_n we_o must_v approve_v of_o all_o the_o persecution_n of_o the_o heathen_a emperor_n against_o the_o christian_n for_o thereby_o they_o do_v but_o endeavour_v to_o banish_v all_o new_a religion_n out_o of_o their_o dominion_n true_o i_o think_v that_o not_o any_o one_o part_n of_o that_o florentine_n write_n smell_v rank_a of_o atheism_n than_o this_o do_v but_o polybius_n a_o universal_o approve_v author_n speak_v very_o near_o polybius_n polybius_n the_o same_o language_n in_o the_o six_o book_n of_o his_o history_n 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so_o wander_v and_o so_o little_a constant_a to_o himself_o that_o i_o go_v away_o from_o he_o and_o those_o who_o comment_n on_o he_o as_o ignorant_a of_o some_o point_n of_o the_o roman_a militia_n as_o when_o i_o meet_v with_o either_o he_o or_o they_o i_o be_o not_o guilty_a nor_o shall_v be_v of_o so_o great_a presumption_n as_o to_o fix_v any_o blemish_n on_o a_o person_n who_o name_n have_v be_v hold_v for_o so_o many_o age_n in_o so_o much_o reputation_n and_o therefore_o i_o shall_v think_v first_o we_o have_v not_o all_o he_o write_v on_o that_o subject_n though_o excuse_v excuse_v his_o treatise_n seem_v to_o be_v full_a and_o next_o that_o when_o print_v first_o appear_v in_o the_o world_n some_o paper_n of_o his_o have_v be_v too_o careless_o piece_v together_o and_o that_o perhaps_o put_v in_o several_a chapter_n which_o shall_v have_v be_v in_o one_o hence_o may_v come_v his_o frequent_a tautology_n and_o a_o close_o make_v to_o a_o paragraph_n to_o which_o the_o author_n perhaps_o intend_v a_o addition_n or_o interpretation_n and_o thereby_o in_o some_o place_n he_o be_v make_v to_o speak_v that_o sense_n which_o perhaps_o he_o never_o intend_v nor_o dare_v i_o qualify_v vegetius_n as_o lipsius_n in_o the_o six_o book_n of_o his_o poliorketikon_n vegetius_n lipsius_n severe_a to_o vegetius_n very_o magisterial_o do_v in_o these_o word_n bone_fw-la vegetius_n hic_fw-la &_o alibisolutâ—s_fw-la &_o negligens_fw-la &_o parum_fw-la ad_fw-la genium_fw-la antiquum_fw-la nec_fw-la peccarem_fw-la sitalem_fw-la testem_fw-la rejicerem_fw-la &_o contemnerem_fw-la good_a vegetius_n say_v he_o here_o and_o elsewhere_o loose_a and_o negligent_a who_o have_v little_a of_o the_o genius_n of_o the_o ancient_n neither_o shall_v i_o commit_v any_o sin_n if_o i_o shall_v reject_v or_o contemn_v such_o a_o witness_n though_o in_o the_o follow_a discourse_n i_o intend_v to_o speak_v of_o the_o roman_a military_a art_n in_o all_o its_o dimension_n yet_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v expect_v that_o i_o either_o will_v or_o can_v explain_v all_o their_o ordinance_n of_o war_n which_o have_v be_v do_v by_o none_o who_o write_n be_v extant_a i_o shall_v follow_v vegetius_n in_o those_o point_n he_o speak_v of_o and_o wherein_o he_o be_v want_v and_o he_o be_v that_o in_o many_o thing_n i_o shall_v take_v what_o help_n i_o can_v get_v from_o other_o when_o i_o leave_v he_o it_o shall_v be_v when_o i_o think_v he_o out_o of_o the_o way_n nor_o shall_v i_o take_v upon_o i_o to_o tell_v my_o own_o opinion_n in_o any_o point_n but_o where_o reason_n history_n or_o other_o man_n authority_n seem_v to_o empower_v i_o chap._n ii_o of_o the_o military_a election_n or_o levy_n of_o the_o roman_a soldier_n the_o great_a bulk_n or_o body_n of_o the_o roman_a state_n be_v divide_v into_o three_o state_n three_o order_n in_o the_o roman_a state_n principal_a member_n these_o be_v the_o patrician_n the_o equestral_a and_o the_o plebeian_n out_o of_o the_o first_o be_v choose_v the_o senator_n dictator_n consul_n proconsul_n praetor_n and_o propraetor_n till_o the_o commons_o after_o long_a strife_n wrong_v from_o the_o patritian_n the_o privilege_n to_o have_v a_o plebeian_n consul_n and_o other_o magistrate_n out_o of_o the_o equestral_a order_n be_v all_o their_o horseman_n levy_v so_o that_o all_o of_o the_o roman_a cavalry_n be_v gentleman_n which_o custom_n be_v follow_v gentleman_n roman_n horseman_n all_o gentleman_n by_o many_o nation_n for_o many_o age_n but_o be_v now_o well_o near_o wear_v out_o the_o roman_a horseman_n be_v choose_v by_o the_o censor_n of_o the_o plebeian_n or_o commons_o be_v the_o foot_n soldier_n elect_v vegetius_n say_v that_o the_o countrey-fellow_n be_v rather_o choose_v than_o those_o breed_v in_o city_n and_o in_o the_o person_n who_o be_v to_o be_v elect_v he_o do_v not_o so_o much_o require_v bigness_n or_o talness_n of_o body_n as_o marius_n do_v as_o the_o largeness_n of_o their_o breast_n the_o vivacity_n of_o their_o eye_n the_o brawniness_n of_o their_o arm_n and_o leg_n he_o make_v choice_n rather_o of_o artificer_n and_o tradesman_n plebeian_n foot_n soldier_n plebeian_n than_o merchant_n but_o of_o these_o he_o reject_v fisher_n fowler_n clothier_n confectioner_n and_o all_o such_o who_o trade_n be_v sedentary_a and_o hereby_o he_o exclude_v tailor_n and_o shoemaker_n but_o i_o have_v know_v good_a soldier_n of_o both_o for_o all_o these_o he_o esteem_v womanly_a but_o he_o admit_v hunter_n hawkers_o smith_n carpenter_n and_o such_o as_o they_o this_o upon_o the_o matter_n be_v all_o vegtius_n tell_v we_o of_o the_o roman_a levy_n other_o author_n show_v we_o the_o manner_n of_o their_o levy_n which_o be_v this_o every_o levy_n manner_n of_o the_o roman_a levy_n year_n when_o the_o consul_n be_v elect_v four_o legion_n be_v levy_v unless_o some_o extraordinary_a occasion_n require_v more_o that_o be_v two_o for_o every_o consul_n which_o with_o as_o many_o from_o the_o ally_n make_v up_o two_o consular_a army_n at_o that_o time_n do_v all_o the_o tribe_n appear_v which_o in_o the_o flourish_a condition_n of_o the_o roman_n come_v to_o be_v thirty_o five_o in_o the_o first_o place_n twenty_o four_o tribune_n or_o colonel_n be_v choose_v whereof_o fourteen_o be_v of_o the_o equestral_a and_o ten_o of_o the_o popular_a order_n suppose_v still_o that_o four_o legion_n be_v to_o be_v raise_v for_o if_o either_o more_o or_o less_o the_o number_n of_o the_o tribune_n be_v augment_v or_o diminish_v vegetius_n say_v that_o six_o tribune_n be_v constant_o ordain_v for_o every_o legion_n whatever_o strength_n it_o be_v of_o but_o by_o his_o favour_n livy_n tell_v we_o in_o his_o nine_o book_n that_o there_o be_v but_o four_o tribune_n in_o every_o legion_n in_o the_o war_n against_o the_o samnite_n and_o at_o that_o time_n the_o tribune_n be_v choose_v by_o the_o tribe_n and_o from_o thence_o they_o have_v their_o denomination_n and_o i_o find_v likewise_o they_o be_v choose_v by_o the_o tribe_n in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o second_o punic_a war_n but_o in_o the_o macedonian_a the_o consul_n have_v the_o election_n of_o they_o two_o year_n after_o that_o war_n be_v end_v livy_n inform_v we_o the_o tribe_n resume_v their_o former_a liberty_n and_o elect_v their_o tribune_n the_o manner_n in_o which_o the_o tribune_n or_o colonel_n elect_v their_o soldier_n be_v elect_v how_o the_o legion_n be_v elect_v this_o every_o tribe_n divide_v its_o man_n that_o be_v fit_a for_o service_n by_o four_o of_o the_o first_o four_o the_o elder_a tribune_n of_o the_o first_o legion_n choose_v one_o the_o elder_a tribune_n of_o the_o second_o legion_n choose_v the_o second_o the_o elder_a tribune_n of_o the_o three_o legion_n choose_v the_o three_o and_o the_o four_o man_n fall_v to_o the_o lot_n of_o the_o elder_a tribune_n of_o the_o four_o legion_n of_o the_o second_o four_o the_o first_o tribune_n of_o the_o second_o legion_n choose_v the_o first_o of_o the_o three_o four_o the_o first_o tribune_n of_o the_o three_o legion_n choose_v the_o first_o and_o of_o the_o four_o four_o the_o first_o tribune_n of_o the_o four_o legion_n choose_v the_o first_o and_o so_o again_o alternative_o till_o the_o legion_n be_v all_o complete_a and_o the_o election_n for_o all_o the_o four_o legion_n as_o equal_o make_v as_o possible_o it_o can_v be_v those_o who_o be_v elect_v be_v not_o always_o tirones_fw-la or_o novitiate_v for_o many_o of_o they_o have_v serve_v in_o the_o war_n before_o but_o be_v still_o oblige_v to_o be_v enroll_v at_o new_a levy_n if_o elect_v till_o they_o have_v serve_v out_o that_o time_n that_o be_v appoint_v and_o what_o that_o be_v shall_v be_v immediate_o tell_v you_o those_o who_o be_v levy_v for_o the_o foot_n service_n be_v ordinary_o divide_v into_o four_o class_n in_o the_o first_o be_v the_o most_o experiment_a and_o be_v call_v triarii_n in_o the_o second_o those_o of_o the_o strong_a body_n and_o have_v the_o name_n of_o principes_fw-la in_o the_o three_o be_v those_o who_o be_v in_o their_o youthful_a year_n and_o have_v least_o experience_n and_o be_v call_v hastati_fw-la in_o the_o four_o class_n be_v those_o who_o be_v ordain_v to_o be_v light_o arm_v and_o have_v the_o name_n of_o velite_n of_o all_o these_o and_o every_o one_o of_o they_o i_o shall_v speak_v particular_o in_o the_o six_o chapter_n the_o tribune_n have_v the_o power_n also_o to_o choose_v the_o centurion_n the_o standard_n elect_v how_o the_o officer_n be_v elect_v ensign_n and_o eagle-bearer_n but_o not_o according_a to_o their_o own_o pleasure_n but_o according_a to_o the_o time_n they_o have_v serve_v the_o degree_n they_o have_v attain_v to_o the_o donative_n they_o have_v get_v and_o the_o service_n they_o have_v do_v and_o if_o any_o of_o they_o conceive_v he_o get_v wrong_v he_o have_v
forward_o the_o great_a move_a tower_n to_o cleanse_v and_o clear_v its_o way_n and_o give_v it_o the_o name_n from_o that_o fish_n which_o naturalist_n say_v go_v before_o the_o whale_n to_o be_v its_o guide_n and_o to_o discover_v rock_n and_o shelf_n and_o so_o vegetius_n seem_v to_o describe_v it_o but_o other_o particular_o caesar_n who_o deserve_v trust_v make_v it_o a_o lesser_a testudo_fw-la or_o tortoise_n and_o describe_v it_o at_o length_n in_o his_o second_o book_n of_o the_o civil_a war._n other_o write_v it_o have_v a_o snout_n like_o a_o mouse_n wherewith_o it_o pick_v stone_n out_o of_o a_o wall_n and_o be_v therefore_o call_v mâ—ruscâ—lus_n and_o corrupt_o musculus_fw-la and_o there_o be_v some_o who_o say_v it_o batter_v a_o wall_n as_o the_o ram_n do_v so_o far_o do_v ancient_a author_n differ_v beside_o the_o tortoise_n compose_v of_o man_n shield_n speak_v of_o in_o the_o forego_n tortoise_n testudo_fw-la or_o tortoise_n chapter_n there_o be_v a_o artificial_a engine_n which_o the_o ancient_n call_v a_o testudo_fw-la or_o tortoise_n this_o be_v make_v of_o such_o a_o bigness_n as_o it_o please_v the_o general_n of_o the_o army_n or_o general_n of_o the_o artillery_n to_o appoint_v within_o it_o be_v a_o great_a beam_n which_o sometime_o have_v on_o the_o end_n of_o it_o a_o iron_n hook_n or_o grapple_v which_o they_o shut_v forth_o when_o they_o think_v fit_a to_o draw_v stone_n out_o of_o a_o wall_n or_o for_o other_o use_n and_o pull_v the_o beam_n in_o again_o when_o they_o please_v and_o therefore_o they_o give_v it_o the_o name_n of_o that_o creature_n which_o can_v put_v itself_o out_o of_o its_o shell_n and_o in_o again_o when_o it_o please_v and_o sometime_o on_o the_o end_n of_o this_o beam_n say_v vegetius_n be_v fasten_v a_o great_a iron_n head_n for_o battery_n and_o be_v call_v a_o ram_n either_o because_o the_o bulk_n of_o iron_n be_v fashion_v in_o the_o form_n of_o a_o ram_n head_n or_o because_o after_o every_o stroke_n it_o be_v forcible_o draw_v back_o that_o at_o its_o return_n it_o may_v batter_v more_o violent_o as_o the_o custom_n of_o ram_n be_v when_o they_o fight_v this_o be_v all_o vegetius_n speak_v of_o the_o testudo_fw-la or_o aries_n except_o that_o he_o make_v the_o last_o to_o be_v put_v in_o the_o low_a stage_n of_o the_o ambulatory_a tower_n but_o other_o author_n tell_v we_o that_o the_o aries_n or_o ram_n be_v of_o itself_o a_o formidable_a machine_n and_o as_o the_o manner_n of_o our_o war_n be_v now_o to_o give_v the_o worse_a condition_n to_o the_o besiege_a when_o they_o hold_v out_o the_o battery_n of_o ordnance_n so_o of_o old_a those_o who_o do_v not_o yield_v before_o the_o ram_n have_v touch_v the_o wall_n get_v the_o worse_a quarter_n caesar_n in_o his_o seven_o book_n of_o the_o french_a war_n say_v he_o give_v some_o of_o the_o gaul_n their_o life_n because_o they_o render_v themselves_o before_o the_o ram_n begin_v to_o batter_v the_o description_n of_o this_o engine_n be_v thus_o give_v we_o by_o achilles_n terduzzi_n a_o great_a beam_n and_o of_o a_o great_a length_n 200_o foot_n and_o more_o make_v like_o the_o mast_n of_o a_o ship_n ram._n aries_n or_o ram._n have_v a_o exceed_a ponderous_a and_o great_a head_n of_o iron_n which_o sometime_o resemble_v that_o of_o a_o ram_n sometime_o it_o have_v another_o shape_n this_o beam_n be_v support_v by_o two_o other_o great_a one_o which_o make_v the_o base_a of_o the_o engine_n they_o meet_v above_o in_o a_o sharp_a angle_n keep_v the_o ram_n suspend_v in_o a_o aequilibrie_n it_o be_v manage_v by_o soldier_n behind_o and_o as_o many_o on_o both_o side_n as_o can_v be_v convenient_o lodge_v in_o tortoise_n moscle_n or_o other_o penthouse_n that_o be_v ordain_v to_o convey_v it_o no_o solidity_n or_o strength_n of_o wall_n be_v able_a to_o resist_v the_o continuate_v and_o reiterated_a verberation_n of_o this_o engine_n as_o josephus_n in_o his_o jewish_a war_n and_o many_o other_o author_n witness_n and_o yet_o we_o have_v see_v stone_n wall_n of_o town_n build_v by_o the_o ancient_n make_v a_o notable_a resistance_n against_o the_o battery_n of_o whole_a cannon_n it_o soon_o make_v such_o a_o breach_n in_o the_o wall_n that_o miner_n can_v lodge_v in_o it_o and_o enlarge_v it_o as_o they_o please_v in_o the_o time_n of_o its_o battery_n it_o be_v defend_v above_o with_o hurdle_n basket_n full_a of_o earth_n and_o raw_a hide_n and_o on_o both_o side_n with_o moscle_n vine_n and_o tortoise_n out_o of_o or_o from_o under_o which_o the_o besieger_n incessant_o cast_v their_o missile_n against_o the_o defendant_n and_o they_o at_o the_o approach_n of_o the_o ram_n to_o the_o wall_n beat_v it_o with_o huge_a great_a stone_n or_o heavy_a lump_n and_o oppose_v how_o it_o be_v oppose_v weight_n of_o lead_n tie_v with_o strong_a rope_n or_o chain_n of_o iron_n to_o a_o crane_n or_o telenon_fw-mi those_o who_o be_v appoint_v to_o defend_v the_o ram_n endeavour_v to_o gripe_v those_o rope_n or_o chain_n with_o long_a hook_n or_o grapple_v and_o on_o the_o other_o side_n the_o besiege_v assay_v with_o long_a scythes_n to_o cut_v the_o cord_n which_o govern_v and_o sustain_v the_o ram._n the_o defendant_n also_o use_v to_o hang_v over_o the_o wall_n bed_n and_o great_a sack_n fill_v with_o straw_n feather_n or_o wool_n which_o break_v the_o source_n of_o the_o stroke_n before_o they_o come_v to_o the_o wall_n and_o these_o be_v all_o of_o good_a use_n in_o any_o retrenchment_n sudden_o make_v up_o against_o the_o battery_n of_o canon_n in_o our_o time_n the_o invention_n of_o a_o more_o dreadful_a engine_n than_o the_o ram_n the_o ordnance_n do_v not_o hinder_v this_o engine_n to_o be_v make_v use_n of_o by_o dâ—valo_n marquis_n of_o pescara_n at_o pavia_n which_o when_o francis_n king_n of_o france_n have_v besiege_v and_o that_o the_o imperial_a army_n can_v not_o draw_v he_o out_o of_o the_o park_n to_o battle_n davalo_n in_o the_o night_n time_n with_o three_o ram_n break_v down_o the_o park-wall_n which_o davalo_n the_o ram_n make_v use_v of_o at_o pavia_n by_o davalo_n giovio_n say_v be_v of_o a_o admirable_a strength_n not_o think_v it_o fit_a to_o do_v it_o with_o cannon_n for_o alarm_v the_o french_a yet_o the_o violent_a stroke_n of_o the_o ram_n be_v hear_v but_o not_o at_o all_o suspect_v passage_n be_v make_v by_o these_o ancient_a machine_n some_o horse_n and_o foot_n enter_v who_o soon_o take_v possession_n of_o the_o great_a house_n or_o lodge_n of_o the_o park_n call_v mirabell_n this_o impose_v a_o necessity_n on_o the_o french_a king_n to_o fight_v and_o though_o he_o do_v it_o well_o yet_o be_v he_o beat_v and_o take_v the_o telenon_fw-mi be_v such_o another_o engine_n as_o that_o we_o draw_v water_n with_o out_o of_o telenon_fw-mi the_o telenon_fw-mi well_n call_v a_o sweep_v or_o like_o those_o crane_n wherewith_o great_a burden_n pack_n or_o weight_n be_v pull_v up_o and_o let_v down_o it_o be_v a_o huge_a beam_n of_o timber_n lay_v 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principes_fw-la come_v back_o to_o their_o assistance_n but_o by_o this_o argument_n they_o need_v not_o have_v be_v so_o many_o as_o six_o hundred_o because_o both_o the_o hastati_fw-la and_o principes_fw-la come_v back_o to_o their_o assistance_n and_o by_o this_o reason_n the_o principes_fw-la shall_v have_v be_v but_o six_o hundred_o because_o the_o hastati_fw-la come_v back_o to_o their_o help_n before_o they_o be_v oblige_v to_o fight_v but_o his_o second_o reason_n speak_v why_o and_o why_o better_a sense_n which_o be_v that_o the_o consul_n who_o ordinary_o stand_v near_o the_o triarii_n come_v with_o the_o evocati_fw-la of_o the_o roman_n and_o the_o extraordinarii_fw-la of_o the_o socii_fw-la or_o ally_n and_o join_v with_o the_o triarii_n what_o these_o extraordinarii_fw-la be_v shall_v be_v tell_v you_o in_o my_o discourse_n of_o the_o ally_n and_o what_o the_o evocati_fw-la be_v i_o shall_v tell_v you_o just_a now_o if_o you_o will_v believe_v lipsius_n the_o evocati_fw-la 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servius_n tullius_n king_n of_o rome_n to_o be_v enroll_v for_o the_o war_n but_o be_v leave_v to_o serve_v at_o sea_n which_o at_o that_o time_n be_v esteem_v dishonourable_a in_o comparison_n of_o the_o land_n service_n yet_o in_o time_n of_o danger_n they_o be_v bind_v to_o take_v arm_n which_o be_v give_v they_o out_o of_o the_o public_a magazine_n for_o the_o defence_n of_o the_o wall_n of_o the_o city_n but_o in_o process_n of_o time_n they_o come_v to_o be_v enroll_v in_o legion_n particular_o with_o marius_n against_o the_o tâ—utâ—nâ—s_n and_o the_o cimbrian_o livius_n in_o his_o eight_o book_n write_v of_o that_o war_n which_o the_o roman_n have_v with_o accensi_fw-la rorarii_fw-la and_o accensi_fw-la the_o latin_n mention_n rorarii_fw-la and_z accensi_fw-la in_o two_o several_a body_n and_o he_o place_v they_o behind_o the_o triarii_n they_o be_v call_v from_o the_o rear_n according_a as_o the_o consul_n or_o general_n have_v use_v for_o they_o they_o be_v the_o light_a arm_a foot_n and_o have_v those_o name_n till_o the_o roman_n besiege_v capua_n in_o hannibal_n time_n then_o and_o there_o it_o seem_v they_o get_v the_o name_n of_o velite_n and_o that_o they_o keep_v they_o be_v call_v accensi_fw-la because_o they_o be_v the_o mean_a in_o the_o cense_v and_o rorarii_fw-la à _fw-la roar_n from_o dew_n because_o in_o skirmish_v they_o scatter_v themselves_o as_o dew_n do_v on_o grass_n i_o shall_v tell_v you_o more_o of_o they_o in_o my_o discourse_n of_o a_o roman_a legion_n each_o of_o these_o three_o class_n of_o the_o heavy_a arm_a foot_n be_v divide_v into_o century_n two_o century_n make_v a_o maniple_n three_o maniple_n make_v a_o cohort_n and_o ten_o cohort_n make_v up_o a_o legion_n a_o roman_a legion_n be_v of_o great_a or_o lesser_a legion_n legion_n number_n according_a to_o the_o pleasure_n of_o the_o king_n senate_n people_n or_o emperor_n who_o be_v invest_v with_o the_o sovereignty_n or_o as_o the_o exigency_n of_o the_o present_a condition_n of_o affair_n seem_v to_o require_v romulus_n ordain_v it_o to_o consist_v of_o three_o thousand_o man_n one_o thousand_o of_o each_o tribe_n whereof_o there_o be_v but_o three_o in_o his_o time_n though_o afterward_o they_o come_v to_o be_v thirty_o five_o whether_o the_o king_n who_o succeed_v romulus_n keep_v the_o legion_n at_o three_o thousand_o foot_n i_o know_v not_o but_o after_o monarchy_n be_v banish_v the_o city_n legion_n come_v to_o be_v four_o thousand_o strong_a sometime_o five_o thousand_o and_o twice_o if_o i_o mistake_v not_o six_o thousand_o and_o two_o hundred_o let_v we_o now_o speak_v of_o the_o several_a body_n of_o a_o legion_n and_o first_o of_o a_o century_n centurion_n a_o centuriate_a and_o centurion_n at_o the_o first_o constitution_n i_o doubt_v not_o but_o a_o centuriate_a consist_v of_o one_o hundred_o man_n and_o its_o commander_n be_v call_v centurion_n both_o the_o word_n be_v derive_v from_o centum_fw-la a_o hundred_o but_o thereafter_o that_o band_n of_o man_n call_v a_o centuriate_a in_o legion_n of_o four_o thousand_o or_o four_o thousand_o two_o hundred_o which_o be_v most_o ordinary_a come_v to_o consist_v but_o of_o sixty_o man_n in_o the_o two_o class_n of_o the_o hastati_fw-la and_o principes_fw-la and_o but_o of_o thirty_o in_o the_o three_o class_n of_o the_o triarii_n in_o the_o class_n of_o the_o hastati_fw-la there_o be_v twenty_o centuriates_n at_o sixty_o man_n each_o of_o they_o and_o those_o be_v twelve_o hundred_o just_o as_o many_o centuriates_n and_o of_o that_o same_o number_n for_o the_o principes_fw-la make_v twelve_o hundred_o more_o in_o the_o class_n of_o the_o triarii_n there_o be_v likewise_o twenty_o centuriates_n but_o each_o of_o these_o consist_v but_o of_o thirty_o man_n which_o make_v six_o hundred_o in_o all_o three_o thousand_o heavy_a arm_v the_o other_o thousand_o or_o twelve_o hundred_o be_v velite_n but_o though_o each_o of_o those_o band_n be_v but_o sixty_o or_o thirty_o strong_a yet_o they_o and_o their_o principal_a commander_n keep_v their_o ancient_a denomâ—nations_n of_o centuriate_a and_o centurion_n there_o be_v sixty_o centuriates_n in_o a_o legion_n though_o vegetius_n speak_v of_o but_o fifty_o five_o which_o shall_v hereafter_o be_v examine_v the_o centurion_n be_v choose_v by_o the_o tribune_n as_o i_o former_o tell_v you_o and_o he_o have_v liberty_n to_o choose_v his_o own_o sub-centurion_n sub-centurion_n a_o sub-centurion_n who_o station_n be_v in_o the_o rear_n and_o be_v indeed_o nothing_o but_o ouâ—_n bringer_n up_o polybius_n his_o interpreter_n call_v the_o centurion_n ordinum_fw-la dâ—ctores_fw-la leader_n of_o file_n or_o of_o centuriates_n if_o ordo_fw-la be_v take_v for_o a_o centuriate_a as_o perhaps_o it_o be_v the_o sub-centurion_n he_o call_v agminis_fw-la coactorem_fw-la and_o that_o be_v direct_o our_o rear-man_n this_o will_v not_o make_v a_o centurion_n and_o sub-centurion_n to_o be_v our_o captain_n and_o lieutenant_n as_o some_o will_v have_v they_o to_o be_v and_o if_o you_o will_v be_v please_v to_o consider_v that_o a_o roman_a centurion_n command_v but_o sixty_o some_o of_o they_o but_o thirty_o man_n and_o be_v himself_o not_o otherwise_o arm_v than_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o centuriate_a only_o distinguish_v by_o his_o crest_n and_o that_o he_o stand_v in_o rank_n and_o file_n with_o the_o rest_n either_o on_o the_o right_n or_o left_a hand_n of_o the_o front_n of_o the_o maniple_n i_o suppose_v you_o will_v think_v with_o i_o that_o the_o roman_a centurion_n for_o the_o matter_n of_o either_o power_n or_o honour_n be_v no_o other_o than_o our_o corporal_n corporal_n centurion_n our_o corporal_n and_o their_o sub-centurion_n such_o as_o lancespesat_n especial_o where_o foot_n company_n be_v as_o in_o our_o own_o time_n they_o be_v in_o several_a place_n of_o europe_n three_o hundred_o strong_a and_o consequent_o every_o corporalship_n sixty_o man_n the_o centurion_n badge_n be_v a_o
branch_n rod_n or_o twig_n of_o a_o vine_n wherewith_o he_o have_v power_n to_o beat_v or_o whip_v those_o of_o his_o centuriate_a as_o they_o deserve_v it_o be_v not_o half_a a_o age_n since_o a_o corporal_n use_v to_o carry_v a_o musket-rest_n in_o his_o hand_n wherewith_o he_o may_v beat_v those_o of_o his_o corporalship_n according_a to_o their_o misdemeanour_n neither_o will_v the_o matter_n of_o profit_n or_o pay_v make_v any_o difference_n between_o they_o the_o roman_a centurion_n have_v but_o double_a allowance_n of_o either_o wage_n proviant_a or_o donative_n of_o what_o the_o common_a soldier_n have_v and_o so_o have_v our_o corporal_n in_o all_o or_o most_o of_o our_o modern_a army_n polybius_n inform_v we_o that_o the_o centurion_n may_v nominate_v his_o sub-centurion_n that_o in_o case_n he_o shall_v die_v in_o battle_n the_o other_o shall_v succeed_v he_o and_o by_o this_o it_o shall_v seem_v that_o so_o long_o as_o the_o centurion_n live_v the_o sub-centurion_n have_v no_o command_n at_o all_o but_o we_o do_v not_o rise_n sub-centurion_n his_o rise_n at_o all_o read_v of_o sub-centurion_n till_o before_o that_o great_a battle_n be_v fight_v between_o the_o roman_n and_o the_o latin_n that_o a_o roman_a centurion_n who_o be_v of_o a_o weak_a body_n know_v he_o be_v to_o encounter_v with_o a_o latin_a centurion_n who_o be_v strong_a desire_v to_o have_v one_o join_v to_o he_o as_o his_o helper_n or_o sub-centurion_n to_o assist_v he_o as_o livy_n at_o great_a length_n relate_v the_o story_n in_o his_o eight_o book_n and_o this_o it_o may_v be_v give_v the_o rise_n to_o that_o despicable_a office_n of_o a_o sub-centurion_n who_o be_v call_v a_o option_n by_o vegetius_n a_o word_n i_o do_v not_o remember_v to_o have_v read_v in_o any_o other_o author_n except_o once_o in_o polybius_n the_o tribune_n very_o often_o use_v their_o centurion_n as_o we_o do_v our_o marshal_n and_o proforce_v of_o company_n and_o worse_o in_o cause_v they_o to_o lead_v the_o malefactor_n out_o of_o the_o camp_n and_o there_o either_o see_v they_o put_v to_o death_n or_o do_v it_o themselves_o after_o julius_n caesar_n have_v usurp_v the_o state_n his_o hangman_n centurion_n sometime_o hangman_n successor_n the_o emperor_n use_v their_o centurion_n direct_o as_o their_o hangman_n in_o cause_v they_o to_o put_v to_o death_n with_o their_o own_o hand_n such_o as_o they_o in_o their_o arbitrary_a government_n have_v ordain_v to_o die_v so_o one_o of_o they_o with_o his_o own_o hand_n kill_v the_o empress_n mâ—ssalina_n not_o by_o the_o emperor_n claudius_n his_o command_n but_o by_o the_o direction_n of_o his_o free_a bondslave_n narcissus_n another_o of_o they_o assist_v at_o the_o horrid_a murder_n of_o the_o empress_n agrippina_n after_o he_o have_v base_o strike_v she_o over_o the_o head_n with_o a_o battoon_n every_o centuriate_a have_v a_o banner_n or_o colour_n and_o the_o ensign-bearer_n be_v choose_v by_o the_o centurion_n nor_o can_v i_o find_v that_o this_o ensign-bearer_n be_v any_o distinct_a officer_n but_o only_o some_o one_o of_o the_o common_a soldier_n who_o for_o his_o courage_n and_o strength_n the_o centurion_n entrust_v with_o the_o ensign_n for_o his_o command_n be_v none_o at_o all_o and_o his_o profit_n as_o little_a be_v no_o otherwise_o pay_v than_o as_o other_o soldier_n be_v only_o he_o be_v a_o step_n near_a preferment_n than_o they_o two_o centuriates_n make_v a_o maniple_n so_o call_v from_o a_o wisp_n or_o handful_n of_o hay_n tie_v maniple_n a_o maniple_n to_o a_o long_a pole_n which_o perhaps_o be_v the_o first_o ensign_n that_o ever_o romulus_n carry_v the_o maniple_n have_v no_o particular_a commander_n the_o old_a centurion_n command_v the_o right_a hand_n centuriate_n and_o the_o young_a the_o left_a hand_n one_o the_o maniple_n have_v two_o ensign_n one_o for_o each_o centuriate_a and_o this_o lipsius_n convince_v by_o history_n acknowledge_v in_o the_o first_o dialogue_n of_o his_o four_o book_n of_o his_o commentary_n on_o polybius_n yet_o in_o the_o three_o dialogue_n of_o that_o same_o book_n he_o seem_v to_o allow_v but_o one_o ensign_n to_o the_o maniple_n but_o he_o do_v worse_a for_o in_o the_o three_o dialogue_n of_o his_o second_o book_n speak_v of_o that_o passage_n in_o livy_n eight_o book_n where_o he_o make_v three_o ensign_n to_o be_v in_o one_o maniple_n make_v up_o of_o triarii_n rorarii_fw-la and_o accensi_fw-la lipsius_n say_v it_o may_v be_v so_o for_o say_v he_o there_o may_v be_v colour_n where_o there_o be_v no_o commander_n whereof_o the_o rorarii_fw-la and_o accensi_fw-la have_v none_o this_o be_v strange_a doctrine_n colour_n without_o commander_n but_o observe_v more_o that_o notwithstanding_o the_o authority_n of_o livius_n polybius_n and_o vegetius_n who_o give_v a_o ensign_n to_o every_o centuriate_a lipsius_n in_o the_o eight_o dialogue_n of_o his_o second_o book_n declare_v his_o opinion_n to_o be_v that_o a_o maniple_n consist_v of_o two_o centuriates_n have_v but_o one_o ensign_n in_o what_o roman_a author_n he_o first_o lipsius_n will_v allow_v but_o one_o ensign_n for_o a_o maniple_n his_o reason_n examine_v and_o answer_v first_o have_v read_v this_o i_o know_v not_o but_o i_o be_o confident_a he_o see_v neither_o of_o the_o two_o practise_v in_o his_o own_o country_n during_o the_o whole_a war_n between_o the_o king_n of_o spain_n and_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o netherlands_o which_o begin_v a_o little_a before_o he_o begin_v to_o write_v but_o it_o be_v fit_a we_o hear_v and_o answer_v the_o reason_n wherewith_o he_o endeavour_v to_o confirm_v his_o opinion_n first_o he_o cite_v varro_n who_o mention_n but_o one_o signum_fw-la or_o banner_n in_o one_o maniple_n it_o be_v answer_v that_o varro_n in_o that_o place_n intend_v not_o to_o inform_v we_o whether_o there_o be_v two_o ensign_n or_o one_o in_o the_o maniple_n that_o not_o be_v the_o subject_n or_o matter_n of_o his_o discourse_n and_o therefore_o when_o he_o speak_v of_o one_o he_o do_v not_o deny_v but_o there_o may_v be_v two_o second_o second_o second_o say_v lipsius_n since_o there_o be_v but_o one_o eagle_n in_o the_o legion_n there_o shall_v be_v but_o one_o banner_n in_o the_o maniple_n true_o he_o may_v as_o well_o have_v say_v but_o one_o banner_n in_o the_o cohort_n the_o analogy_n will_v have_v hold_v as_o well_o if_o not_o better_o it_o be_v the_o roman_n plreasure_n to_o have_v but_o one_o eagle_n in_o every_o legion_n and_o one_o colour_n in_o every_o centuriate_a and_o the_o question_n be_v de_fw-fr re_fw-mi gestâ_fw-la of_o the_o thing_n do_v and_o not_o of_o the_o cause_n and_o reason_n of_o the_o deed_n itself_o three_o he_o say_v polybius_n speak_v of_o three_o three_o two_o signiferi_fw-la or_o ensign-bearer_n but_o not_o of_o two_o ensign_n neither_o do_v that_o which_o lipsius_n add_v help_v he_o that_o he_o think_v the_o one_o ensign-bearer_n be_v to_o relieve_v the_o other_o when_o he_o be_v weary_v to_o the_o first_o part_n of_o this_o reason_n i_o say_v it_o be_v of_o no_o force_n for_o when_o polybius_n say_v there_o be_v two_o ensign-bearer_n he_o say_v in_o these_o word_n there_o be_v likewise_o two_o ensign_n for_o if_o lipsius_n shall_v say_v in_o one_o brigade_n there_o be_v two_o colonel_n will_v not_o any_o man_n infer_v that_o there_o be_v two_o regiment_n in_o that_o brigade_n to_o the_o second_o part_n that_o the_o one_o ensign-bearer_n serve_v to_o relieve_v and_o ease_v the_o other_o it_o be_v but_o a_o conjecture_n of_o lipsius_n and_o he_o guess_v not_o always_o right_a for_o why_o shall_v there_o be_v two_o ensign-bearer_n for_o one_o ensign_n since_o there_o be_v but_o one_o eagle_n bearer_n for_o one_o eagle_n which_o be_v much_o heavy_a and_o of_o more_o consequence_n than_o a_o ordinary_a banner_n four_o he_o tell_v we_o that_o when_o caesar_n beat_v pompey_n at_o pharsalia_n forth_o forth_o he_o take_v nine_o eagle_n that_o be_v say_v he_o one_o for_o every_o legion_n but_o he_o take_v only_o one_o hundred_o and_o eighty_o ensign_n now_o say_v lipsius_n if_o there_o have_v be_v two_o colour_n in_o every_o maniple_n he_o shall_v have_v take_v five_o hundred_o and_o forty_o of_o they_o i_o wonder_v why_o so_o grave_a a_o man_n as_o lipsius_n will_v propose_v so_o ridiculous_a a_o argument_n for_o first_o caesar_n get_v not_o all_o pompey_n eagle_n for_o himself_o write_v that_o pompey_n have_v one_o hundred_o and_o ten_o cohort_n these_o make_v up_o eleven_o complete_a legion_n but_o caesar_n get_v but_o nine_o eagle_n and_o so_o he_o want_v the_o two_o belong_v to_o the_o other_o two_o legion_n and_o if_o he_o have_v get_v all_o the_o ensign_n that_o belong_v to_o those_o nine_o eagle_n reckon_v two_o ensign_n to_o every_o maniple_n he_o have_v get_v no_o few_o than_o five_o hundred_o and_o forty_o or_o yet_o according_a to_o
lipsius_n his_o own_o account_n reckon_v but_o one_o banner_n to_o every_o maniple_n if_o he_o have_v get_v all_o he_o shall_v have_v get_v just_o two_o hundred_o and_o seventy_o yet_o caesar_n declare_v he_o get_v no_o more_o than_o one_o hundred_o and_o eighty_o what_o will_v follow_v upon_o all_o this_o but_o that_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o ensign_n escape_v as_o well_o as_o the_o two_o eagle_n or_o that_o they_o be_v tear_v or_o destroy_v by_o the_o bearer_n as_o be_v usual_a in_o our_o own_o time_n for_o ensign_n to_o do_v but_o he_o conclude_v that_o whatever_o the_o maniple_n of_o the_o principes_fw-la and_o the_o hastati_fw-la have_v yet_o each_o century_n of_o the_o triarii_n have_v but_o one_o colour_n because_o of_o their_o small_a number_n but_o his_o conjecture_n be_v ill_o ground_v as_o not_o agreeable_a to_o ancient_a story_n for_o it_o be_v agree_v on_o that_o thirty_o man_n of_o the_o triarii_n shall_v make_v a_o century_n that_o century_n ought_v to_o have_v 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that_o the_o maniple_n of_o the_o principes_fw-la stand_v at_o a_o distance_n just_a behind_o the_o interval_n that_o be_v i_o pray_v you_o observe_v it_o between_o two_o maniple_n of_o the_o hastati_fw-la and_o not_o direct_o behind_o one_o of_o the_o maniple_n of_o the_o first_o class_n and_o the_o three_o maniple_n of_o the_o cohort_n which_o be_v of_o the_o triarii_n stand_v direct_o behind_o the_o marshal_v how_o marshal_v interval_n that_o be_v between_o two_o maniple_n of_o the_o principes_fw-la and_o to_o speak_v it_o once_o for_o all_o this_o be_v ever_o the_o roman_a custom_n of_o marshal_v these_o three_o class_n of_o hastati_fw-la principes_fw-la and_o triarii_fw-la except_o once_o at_o zama_n where_o scipio_n draw_v they_o up_o in_o a_o direct_a and_o straight_a line_n one_o just_a behind_o another_o leave_v one_o interval_n direct_o opposite_a to_o that_o which_o be_v before_o it_o to_o give_v way_n to_o the_o fury_n of_o hannibal_n numerous_a elephant_n say_v livius_n of_o both_o his_o elephant_n and_o horse_n say_v polybius_n i_o shall_v neither_o busy_v my_o reader_n nor_o myself_o with_o the_o etymology_n of_o the_o word_n cohâ—rs_n which_o may_v be_v a_o greek_a word_n that_o signify_v a_o close_a or_o enclosure_n but_o i_o shall_v say_v that_o though_o the_o centuriate_a be_v sometime_o strong_a sometime_o weak_a of_o man_n according_a as_o the_o legion_n be_v appoint_v to_o be_v yet_o still_o a_o maniple_n be_v the_o same_o that_o be_v a_o band_n of_o man_n consist_v of_o two_o centuriates_n join_v together_o and_o a_o cohort_n be_v still_o the_o same_o that_o be_v a_o body_n compose_v of_o three_o maniple_n though_o not_o join_v together_o till_o necessity_n force_v either_o the_o retreat_n or_o advance_v of_o some_o of_o they_o and_o be_v a_o legion_n consist_v of_o ten_o cohort_n and_o the_o strong_a legion_n we_o read_v of_o as_o to_o its_o number_n of_o foot_n be_v six_o thousand_o two_o hundred_o i_o admire_v why_o in_o the_o 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murderer_n of_o the_o emperor_n and_o the_o bane_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n some_o of_o they_o serve_v on_o horseback_n and_o yet_o still_o retain_v the_o name_n of_o cohort_n i_o believe_v lipsius_n conjecture_n right_a enough_o that_o in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o civil_a war_n where_o army_n be_v make_v up_o of_o many_o legion_n and_o these_o make_v weak_a by_o long_a and_o continuate_v march_n frequent_a sieges_n and_o battle_n than_o i_o say_v it_o be_v probable_a cohort_n be_v model_v in_o one_o body_n and_o use_v as_o maniple_n use_v to_o be_v maniple_n cohort_n marshal_v as_o maniple_n in_o more_o ancient_a time_n yet_o for_o all_o that_o i_o will_v not_o grant_v to_o lipsius_n that_o the_o cohort_n consist_v of_o less_o than_o six_o century_n though_o they_o may_v be_v very_o weak_a nor_o yet_o will_v i_o grant_v that_o every_o one_o of_o those_o six_o century_n have_v not_o its_o own_o centurion_n and_o ensign_n for_o as_o in_o our_o modern_a regiment_n a_o captain_n be_v 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the_o roman_a pay_n that_o which_o indeed_o stumble_v i_o most_o be_v that_o the_o ensign-bearer_n be_v not_o reckon_v to_o be_v officer_n and_o i_o conceive_v this_o have_v be_v a_o neglect_n in_o both_o vegetius_n and_o polybius_n that_o they_o have_v not_o give_v we_o right_a information_n of_o that_o matter_n for_o i_o can_v but_o suppose_v the_o roman_n do_v assure_o give_v to_o their_o ensign_n some_o more_o than_o ordinary_a allowance_n for_o carry_v the_o colour_n especial_o since_o the_o three_o part_n of_o the_o soldier_n pay_v and_o booty_n and_o of_o their_o largess_n and_o donative_n too_o be_v deposit_v in_o the_o ensign_n hand_n or_o at_o the_o colour_n till_o the_o time_n of_o the_o soldier_n dismission_n of_o which_o hereafter_o yet_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n to_o my_o best_a understanding_n caesar_n do_v not_o acknowledge_v any_o foot_n officer_n or_o commander_n in_o a_o legion_n or_o in_o the_o army_n but_z tribunes_z and_o centurion_n hear_v himself_o in_o two_o several_a place_n the_o first_o be_v in_o his_o first_o book_n of_o the_o civil_a war_n where_o he_o say_v the_o chieftain_n swear_v first_o after_o he_o the_o tribune_n after_o they_o the_o centurion_n and_o then_o say_v he_o the_o soldier_n by_o century_n not_o â—ne_a word_n here_o of_o sub-centurion_n option_n ensign-bearer_n tesseraries_n measurer_n clerk_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o that_o crew_n who_o indeed_o be_v all_o of_o they_o but_o soldier_n in_o these_o century_n the_o second_o place_n be_v in_o his_o three_o book_n of_o the_o civil_a war_n there_o he_o tell_v we_o how_o a_o oath_n be_v swear_v not_o to_o desert_n pompey_n very_o ill_o keep_v first_o say_v he_o labiâ—nus_n as_o chief_a swear_v than_o the_o legate_n whereof_o labienus_n himself_o be_v one_o than_o the_o tribune_n next_o they_o the_o centurion_n and_o then_o the_o whole_a army_n chap._n vii_o of_o the_o roman_a cavalry_n and_o all_o its_o officer_n we_o have_v but_o a_o slender_a account_n give_v we_o of_o the_o roman_a horse_n by_o vegetius_n horse_n the_o sum_n of_o what_o vegetius_n say_v of_o the_o horse_n all_o he_o say_v on_o that_o subject_a amount_n to_o this_o in_o the_o fourteen_o chapter_n of_o his_o second_o book_n he_o say_v as_o a_o band_n of_o foot_n be_v call_v a_o century_n or_o a_o maniple_n so_o a_o company_n of_o horse_n be_v call_v a_o turma_fw-la that_o be_v a_o troop_n that_o every_o one_o of_o these_o troop_n consist_v of_o thirty_o two_o rider_n whereof_o the_o commander_n be_v call_v a_o decurion_n and_o he_o describe_v he_o to_o have_v be_v a_o person_n not_o only_o well_o arm_v and_o horse_v and_o active_a and_o expert_a in_o all_o feat_n of_o horsemanship_n but_o able_a to_o teach_v his_o trooper_n to_o be_v so_o likewise_o and_o to_o keep_v their_o arm_n bright_a and_o clean_o and_o their_o horse_n in_o good_a case_n in_o the_o twenty_o three_o chapter_n of_o his_o three_o book_n he_o inform_v we_o that_o the_o cataphract_v horseman_n or_o cuirassier_n arm_v 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troop_n let_v we_o see_v how_o polybius_n will_v help_v we_o in_o all_o or_o in_o any_o of_o these_o in_o his_o six_o book_n he_o say_v in_o old_a time_n two_o hundred_o horse_n be_v assign_v for_o every_o legion_n and_o these_o be_v elect_v after_o the_o foot_n be_v levy_v but_o in_o his_o horseman_n election_n of_o the_o horseman_n own_o time_n and_o long_o before_o it_o three_o hundred_o horse_n be_v appoint_v for_o every_o legion_n and_o be_v elect_v before_o the_o foot_n and_o elect_v they_o be_v not_o by_o the_o consul_n or_o tribune_n as_o the_o foot_n be_v but_o by_o the_o censor_n this_o be_v all_o polybius_n say_v of_o their_o election_n out_o of_o history_n we_o find_v that_o the_o roman_a horseman_n be_v all_o of_o the_o equestral_a dignity_n that_o be_v gentleman_n yet_o in_o ancient_a time_n they_o serve_v on_o horse_n buy_v at_o the_o public_a charge_n and_o when_o any_o of_o they_o commit_v gross_a fault_n their_o horse_n be_v take_v from_o they_o which_o be_v just_o 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be_v the_o ancient_a custom_n we_o require_v of_o he_o for_o it_o be_v these_o he_o promise_v to_o we_o but_o if_o we_o take_v in_o all_o these_o three_o body_n of_o light_a arm_a foot_n which_o he_o so_o frequent_o mention_n in_o the_o number_n of_o the_o legion_n as_o rolybius_n do_v the_o velite_n in_o his_o legion_n and_o proportion_v 400_o light_n arm_v for_o every_o 1000_o heavy_a arm_v as_o the_o same_o polybius_n do_v then_o vegetius_n his_o legion_n shall_v exceed_v 8500_o of_o which_o we_o read_v in_o no_o story_n now_o if_o all_o these_o instance_n i_o have_v give_v out_o of_o livius_n and_o in_o another_o place_n shall_v give_v out_o of_o polybius_n be_v true_a than_o vegetius_n his_o assertion_n that_o a_o legion_n shall_v have_v no_o few_o than_o 6100_o heavy_a arm_v foot_n can_v have_v no_o truth_n at_o all_o in_o it_o and_o that_o also_o which_o he_o subjoin_v in_o that_o same_o six_o chapter_n of_o his_o second_o book_n must_v be_v false_a second_o i_o can_v believe_v 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one_o legion_n in_o the_o war_n against_o both_o the_o gaul_n and_o carthaginian_n polybius_n give_v but_o 300_o horse_n to_o every_o legion_n in_o the_o divide_v his_o 726_o rider_n vegetius_n err_v twice_o first_o for_o allow_v 22_o turm_n or_o troop_n to_o the_o cavalry_n ten_o be_v the_o ordinary_a number_n next_o for_o allow_v 32_o rider_n to_o each_o troop_n whereas_o there_o be_v but_o 30_o both_o which_o assertion_n of_o i_o be_v ground_v on_o history_n and_o be_v likewise_o take_v out_o of_o polybius_n his_o six_o book_n as_o i_o have_v make_v it_o appear_v in_o my_o discourse_n of_o the_o roman_a cavalry_n beside_o our_o author_n error_n in_o calculo_fw-la may_v be_v charge_v on_o he_o as_o a_o peccadillo_n for_o though_o we_o shall_v admit_v 22_o troop_n in_o every_o legion_n and_o thirty_o two_o rider_n in_o every_o troop_n the_o number_n will_v not_o amount_v to_o 726_o for_o multiply_v 32_o by_o 22_o the_o aggregate_v will_v be_v but_o 704._o but_o in_o step_n 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may_v reckon_v the_o turmae_fw-la coactores_fw-la or_o bringer_n up_o who_o by_o polybius_n his_o account_n be_v three_o for_o every_o turme_n and_o consequent_o 66_o in_o 22_o troop_n and_o then_o a_o addition_n be_v make_v of_o all_o we_o shall_v find_v the_o aggregate_v of_o the_o horse_n for_o vegetius_n his_o legion_n to_o be_v 836._o the_o three_o complaint_n i_o make_v be_v that_o vegetius_n marshal_n two_o troop_n of_o horse_n error_n three_o error_n with_o every_o cohort_n and_o four_o troop_n with_o the_o first_o cohort_n observe_v that_o here_o it_o be_v not_o the_o question_n whether_o this_o way_n of_o marshal_n be_v good_a or_o not_o nor_o be_v it_o the_o question_n whether_o it_o be_v not_o good_a that_o foot_n &_o horse_n shall_v be_v near_o one_o another_o when_o they_o fight_v but_o the_o question_n be_v whether_o the_o ancient_a roman_n use_v this_o way_n or_o not_o or_o if_o this_o be_v the_o right_a way_n of_o order_v or_o marshal_n a_o old_a legion_n which_o vegetius_n promise_v to_o give_v we_o i_o aver_v it_o be_v not_o and_o i_o know_v no_o old_a author_n will_v contradict_v my_o assertion_n it_o will_v be_v lose_v labour_n to_o instance_n these_o battle_n describe_v by_o ancient_a historian_n who_o mention_v nothing_o like_o this_o manner_n of_o embattel_v in_o my_o discourse_n of_o both_o infantry_n and_o cavalry_n i_o have_v show_v how_o horseman_n have_v fight_v on_o foot_n how_o they_o have_v fight_v with_o horse_n unbridled_a and_o how_o foot_n and_o horse_n have_v be_v mingle_v together_o in_o skirmish_n and_o battle_n but_o i_o read_v not_o in_o any_o author_n of_o this_o method_n of_o marshal_n that_o vegetius_n speak_v of_o nay_o the_o current_n of_o history_n evince_v the_o contrary_a for_o most_o part_n the_o horse_n be_v draw_v up_o in_o the_o wing_n and_o the_o foot_n in_o the_o battle_n so_o it_o be_v at_o cannae_n where_o the_o consul_n aemilius_n fight_v on_o the_o right_a hand_n with_o the_o roman_a cavalry_n and_o terentius_n varo_n on_o the_o left_a with_o the_o horse_n of_o the_o ally_n the_o like_a be_v do_v at_o the_o battle_n of_o metaurus_n against_o asdrubal_n in_o the_o two_o battle_n which_o scipio_n fight_v in_o africa_n the_o very_a same_o be_v practise_v sometime_o all_o the_o horse_n be_v marshal_v in_o one_o of_o the_o wing_n as_o caesar_n draw_v up_o all_o his_o in_o the_o right_a wing_n of_o the_o army_n and_z pompey_z most_o of_o his_o cavalry_n on_o the_o left_a hand_n of_o his_o army_n at_o that_o great_a battle_n of_o pharsalia_n where_o these_o two_o brave_a roman_n fight_v for_o no_o less_o wager_n than_o the_o empire_n of_o the_o world_n at_o vzita_n the_o same_o caesar_n be_v to_o offer_v battle_n to_o scipio_n pompey_n father-in-law_n draw_v up_o all_o his_o horseman_n on_o the_o left-wing_n of_o his_o army_n and_o mix_v foot_n with_o they_o polybius_n in_o his_o 14_o book_n inform_v we_o that_o the_o great_a scipio_n be_v to_o fight_v against_o syphax_n marshal_v his_o roman_a horse_n in_o one_o wing_n and_o his_o auxiliary_n in_o the_o other_o and_o which_o be_v very_o observable_a against_o vegetius_n he_o say_v in_o that_o same_o place_n that_o in_o do_v so_o romana_fw-la militia_n consuetudinem_fw-la simpliciter_fw-la servavit_fw-la he_o simple_o and_o pure_o observe_v the_o custom_n of_o the_o roman_a militia_n nor_o will_v it_o be_v one_o full_a step_n out_o of_o my_o way_n to_o tell_v you_o that_o i_o think_v horse_n do_v not_o at_o all_o belong_v to_o a_o legion_n it_o be_v as_o i_o suppose_v whole_o compose_v of_o foot_n legious_a horse_n belong_v not_o proper_o to_o legious_a for_o though_o most_o historian_n tell_v we_o that_o when_o legion_n be_v levy_v horse_n be_v also_o raise_v and_o punctual_o for_o every_o
polybius_n be_v what_o polybius_n be_v be_v a_o soldier_n in_o greece_n and_o as_o himself_o witness_v in_o his_o eleven_o book_n be_v a_o commander_n in_o the_o achaean_n army_n under_o philopamon_n at_o the_o battle_n of_o mantinaea_n against_o machanidas_n the_o tyrant_n of_o lacedaemâ—n_n who_o be_v there_o overthrow_v and_o kill_v he_o be_v long_o after_o that_o a_o great_a favourite_n yea_o a_o counsellor_n of_o that_o scipio_n who_o be_v sometime_o call_v africanus_n minor_n and_o sometime_o numantinus_n because_o he_o end_v the_o carthaginian_a and_o numantine_a war_n with_o the_o destruction_n of_o both_o city_n there_o be_v some_o reason_n why_o scipio_n shall_v be_v kind_a to_o polybius_n because_o his_o natural_a father_n lucius_n aemilius_n for_o this_o scipio_n be_v but_o the_o adopt_a grandchild_n of_o the_o great_a africanus_n be_v the_o author_n of_o carry_v many_o hundred_o achaean_o prisoner_n to_o rome_n for_o no_o reason_n but_o suspicion_n among_o who_o polybius_n be_v one_o who_o lie_v full_a seventeen_o year_n prisoner_n there_o where_o he_o have_v leisure_n enough_o to_o learn_v both_o the_o roman_a language_n and_o custom_n scipio_n be_v a_o very_a great_a captain_n a_o strict_a reformer_n of_o the_o old_a roman_a militia_n and_o a_o severe_a disciplinarian_a from_o who_o polybius_n can_v not_o but_o know_v all_o the_o mystery_n of_o the_o roman_a art_n of_o war_n be_v a_o person_n of_o so_o great_a ability_n as_o those_o parcel_n of_o his_o history_n yet_o extant_a speak_v he_o ta_o have_v be_v and_o true_o we_o have_v reason_n to_o be_v sorry_a that_o we_o be_v rob_v of_o those_o book_n of_o he_o of_o which_o all-devouring_a time_n have_v deprive_v we_o let_v we_o hear_v how_o he_o have_v a_o roman_a legion_n a_o legion_n in_o that_o scipio_n minor_n time_n consist_v of_o four_o thousand_o two_o hundred_o man_n as_o many_o time_n it_o do_v both_o before_o and_o after_o he_o whereof_o six_o hundred_o be_v triarii_n and_o make_v the_o three_o batallion_n oblige_v to_o kneel_v on_o their_o right_a knee_n till_o either_o the_o other_o two_o class_n retire_v to_o they_o or_o that_o the_o general_n command_v they_o to_o rise_v and_o advance_v these_o he_o say_v be_v never_o more_o than_o six_o hundred_o though_o the_o legion_n chance_v to_o be_v four_o thousand_o two_o hundred_o as_o many_o time_n it_o do_v and_o for_o this_o we_o must_v take_v his_o word_n before_o the_o triarii_n stand_v the_o principes_fw-la man_n in_o the_o flower_n of_o their_o age_n and_o before_o they_o the_o hastati_fw-la in_o the_o van_n they_o be_v the_o young_a and_o raw_a of_o all_o the_o heavy_a arm_v each_o of_o these_o two_o batallion_n consist_v of_o twelve_o hundred_o and_o all_o the_o three_o be_v alike_o arm_v except_o that_o the_o triarii_n instead_o of_o pila_fw-la carry_v short_a spear_n of_o all_o which_o i_o have_v speak_v sufficient_o already_o so_o you_o see_v all_o polybius_n legion_n the_o polybâ—â—â—_n legion_n his_o heavy_a arm_a amount_v to_o three_o thousand_o the_o rest_n which_o be_v twelve_o hundred_o be_v say_v he_o velites_n and_o these_o he_o say_v be_v levy_v of_o the_o poor_a and_o most_o inconsiderable_a sort_n of_o the_o people_n nor_o do_v i_o find_v that_o he_o divide_v these_o twelve_o hundred_o velite_n into_o three_o squadron_n one_o whereof_o shall_v stand_v behind_o every_o one_o of_o the_o class_n of_o the_o heavy_a arm_v of_o all_o which_o i_o have_v already_o speak_v in_o my_o discourse_n of_o the_o infantry_n and_o yet_o terduzzi_n and_o the_o sieur_n de_fw-fr preissack_n will_v father_n this_o upon_o polybius_n but_o indeed_o in_o my_o judgement_n he_o leave_v the_o light_a arm_a to_o be_v dispose_v of_o in_o the_o flank_n van_n or_o rear_n as_o the_o general_n conceive_v they_o may_v be_v most_o useful_a he_o appoint_v his_o legion_n to_o be_v divide_v into_o thirty_o maniple_n suppose_v still_o the_o heavy_a arm_a each_o maniple_n to_o consist_v of_o two_o centuriates_n to_o every_o century_n he_o allow_v a_o ensign_n and_o a_o centurion_n who_o he_o permit_v to_o choose_v his_o sub-centurion_n of_o all_o which_o i_o have_v already_o speak_v the_o number_n of_o the_o hastati_fw-la principes_fw-la and_o velite_n may_v alter_v according_a to_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o legion_n but_o not_o the_o triarii_n he_o tell_v we_o that_o three_o hundred_o horse_n be_v levy_v with_o every_o legion_n but_o say_v not_o that_o they_o make_v a_o part_n of_o every_o legion_n these_o three_o hundred_o horse_n he_o divide_v into_o ten_o turm_n or_o troop_n and_o officer_n they_o as_o i_o have_v show_v you_o in_o my_o discourse_n of_o the_o cavalry_n he_o leave_v they_o to_o be_v marshal_v where_o the_o commander_n in_o chief_a thought_n they_o may_v do_v best_a service_n and_o now_o we_o have_v the_o polybian_a legion_n no_o word_n here_o for_o all_o this_o how_o deep_a that_o be_v how_o many_o in_o file_n either_o of_o horse_n or_o foot_n or_o what_o or_o how_o much_o ground_n be_v allow_v for_o distance_n between_o file_n or_o rank_n or_o yet_o how_o great_a the_o interval_n be_v between_o the_o several_a maniple_n of_o every_o one_o of_o the_o class_n or_o what_o between_o the_o class_n themselves_o or_o between_o the_o several_a troop_n of_o horse_n a_o great_a oversight_n for_o of_o all_o these_o we_o be_v force_v to_o hear_v other_o man_n conjecture_n and_o make_v use_n of_o our_o own_o as_o we_o shall_v offer_v to_o do_v in_o the_o follow_a chapter_n chap._n fourteen_o of_o distance_n and_o interval_n of_o the_o several_a body_n and_o batallion_n of_o the_o foot_n and_o horse_n before_o we_o proceed_v to_o our_o conjecture_n it_o will_v be_v fit_a first_o to_o know_v what_o this_o word_n interval_n proper_o signify_v and_o how_o it_o be_v take_v in_o both_o ancient_n and_o modern_a fortification_n town_n castle_n and_o camp_n be_v defend_v not_o only_o with_o rampart_n of_o earth_n and_o wall_n of_o stone_n but_o also_o with_o great_a log_n or_o stake_n of_o timber_n which_o we_o call_v palliâ—adoes_n these_o the_o roman_n in_o their_o language_n call_v valli_n and_o i_o suppose_v thereafter_o the_o rampart_n itself_o get_v the_o vallum_n vallus_fw-la and_o vallum_n name_n of_o vallus_fw-la and_o vallum_n hence_o perhaps_o our_o wall_n these_o stake_n be_v and_o be_v of_o two_o kind_n long_o and_o short_a the_o first_o stand_v straight_o up_o from_o the_o ground_n the_o second_o have_v the_o one_o end_n of_o they_o fix_v in_o the_o rampart_n and_o the_o other_o lie_v on_o it_o to_o hinder_v a_o approach_n to_o it_o distinguish_v by_o the_o german_n by_o several_a name_n for_o they_o call_v the_o long_a stake_n palliâ—adoes_n and_o the_o short_a one_o stoccado_n both_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o sharp-pointed_a at_o both_o end_n the_o ground_n earth_n or_o part_n of_o the_o rampart_n between_o two_o pallisadoe_n or_o stoccado_n be_v proper_o call_v a_o interval_n but_o it_o be_v borrow_a and_o appropriate_v to_o what_o interval_n what_o any_o distance_n between_o body_n great_a and_o small_a yea_o to_o the_o space_n that_o be_v between_o one_o time_n and_o another_o a_o interval_n of_o time_n be_v now_o language_n proper_a enough_o and_o physician_n borrow_v it_o and_o call_v a_o intermit_a ague_n febris_n intervallata_n a_o intervalled_a favour_n what_o distance_n or_o interval_n there_o be_v between_o roman_a rank_n and_o between_o tell_v deepness_n of_o the_o file_n not_o tell_v file_n between_o several_a body_n of_o either_o their_o horse_n or_o foot_n no_o ancient_a author_n have_v clear_v to_o we_o but_o leave_v we_o to_o grope_v in_o the_o dark_a nor_o can_v we_o well_o guess_v at_o they_o till_o we_o condescend_v how_o many_o in_o file_n both_o horse_n and_o foot_n be_v marshal_v i_o tell_v you_o before_o that_o vegetius_n in_o the_o twenty_o five_o chapter_n vegetius_n by_o vegetius_n of_o his_o second_o book_n seem_v to_o make_v the_o foot_n eleven_o deep_a because_o as_o i_o tell_v you_o he_o order_v a_o contubernium_fw-la of_o soldier_n to_o manage_v a_o carrobalist_n and_o that_o he_o say_v consist_v of_o eleven_o man_n but_o this_o do_v not_o prove_v that_o vegetius_n his_o file_n be_v precise_o eleven_o no_o more_o than_o what_o he_o say_v in_o the_o fifteen_o chapter_n of_o his_o three_o book_n that_o ten_o thousand_o man_n draw_v up_o in_o six_o rank_n will_v take_v up_o so_o much_o ground_n in_o front_n will_v prove_v that_o the_o roman_a foot_n be_v draw_v up_o six_o deep_a and_o so_o for_o vegetius_n we_o know_v not_o the_o deepness_n of_o either_o the_o roman_a foot_n or_o horse_n nor_o will_v we_o be_v one_o jot_n the_o wise_a for_o polybius_n for_o the_o discourse_n he_o have_v in_o his_o twelve_o book_n where_o he_o speak_v of_o horse_n polybius_n nor_o by_o polybius_n eight_o in_o file_n do_v not_o concern_v the_o roman_a militia_n for_o
he_o speak_v there_o of_o macedonian_a and_o persian_a warrior_n and_o be_v confute_v calisthenes_n his_o history_n of_o the_o battle_n of_o issus_n between_o alexander_n and_o daâ—ius_n as_o i_o note_v before_o achilles_n terduzzi_n imagine_v the_o roman_a foot_n to_o have_v be_v twelve_o in_o file_n but_o that_o be_v to_o make_v good_a his_o conjecture_n of_o the_o quantity_n of_o ground_n a_o consular_a army_n take_v up_o whereof_o i_o may_v chance_v to_o speak_v hereafter_o but_o the_o common_a opinion_n carry_v i_o along_o with_o it_o that_o both_o the_o roman_a horse_n and_o foot_n ordinary_o be_v deep_a roman_a horse_n and_o foot_n teâ—_n deep_a marshal_v ten_o in_o file_n but_o upon_o emergency_n general_n may_v alter_v it_o though_o i_o confess_v the_o strong_a reason_n for_o it_o to_o i_o seem_v very_o weak_a which_o be_v that_o the_o leader_n of_o the_o horse_n be_v call_v decurio_fw-la and_o he_o of_o the_o file_n of_o foot_n decâ—nus_n for_o this_o last_o be_v appropriate_v to_o other_o office_n and_o the_o first_o by_o aelian_n translator_n be_v give_v to_o the_o leader_n of_o a_o macedonian_a file_n which_o consist_v of_o sixteen_o but_o this_o supposition_n as_o probable_a we_o must_v make_v the_o basis_n or_o ground_n on_o which_o to_o build_v our_o most_o probable_a conjecture_n of_o the_o interval_n of_o several_a body_n and_o class_n in_o which_o both_o our_o author_n give_v we_o small_a assistance_n yet_o i_o shall_v give_v you_o all_o i_o can_v pick_v out_o of_o they_o or_o other_o on_o that_o subject_a when_o polybius_n in_o his_o twelve_o book_n tell_v we_o that_o for_o most_o part_n horseman_n be_v range_v eight_o depth_n meaning_n i_o think_v the_o persian_a horse_n he_o subjoin_v that_o there_o must_v be_v a_o interval_n between_o several_a troop_n but_o what_o that_o interval_n be_v he_o forget_v to_o tell_v we_o it_o be_v pity_n he_o who_o know_v thing_n so_o well_o shall_v needless_o have_v keep_v they_o up_o from_o we_o as_o secret_n the_o reason_n he_o give_v for_o a_o interval_n between_o two_o troop_n do_v not_o weigh_v much_o because_o say_v he_o they_o troop_n interval_n between_o troop_n must_v have_v ground_n for_o conversion_n that_o be_v to_o face_n to_o either_o right_a or_o left_a hand_n or_o by_o any_o of_o they_o to_o the_o rear_n if_o any_o of_o these_o be_v needful_a whole_a squadron_n of_o four_o six_o or_o eight_o troop_n join_v together_o may_v do_v it_o as_o easy_o and_o convenient_o as_o single_a troop_n which_o consist_v of_o three_o or_o four_o file_n at_o most_o but_o conversion_n on_o that_o same_o ground_n be_v seldom_o necessary_a never_o convenient_a but_o be_v leave_v to_o guess_v how_o many_o foot_n of_o interval_n troop_n ten_o deep_a conjecture_v conjecture_v require_v one_o from_o another_o i_o conjecture_v eight_o foot_n which_o i_o ground_n on_o that_o the_o same_o polybius_n say_v in_o that_o same_o twelve_o book_n which_o be_v that_o a_o stadium_n or_o furlong_n contain_v eight_o hundred_o horse_n draw_v up_o in_o battle_n then_o i_o say_v first_o a_o stadium_n be_v the_o eight_o part_n of_o a_o italian_a mile_n one_o hundred_o twenty_o five_o pace_n six_o hundred_o twenty_o five_o foot_n second_o eight_o hundred_o horse_n be_v at_o our_o author_n rate_n eight_o in_o file_n be_v one_o hundred_o in_o front_n three_o for_o every_o horseman_n to_o stand_v on_o horse_n back_o and_o room_n to_o handle_v his_o arm_n i_o allow_v with_o other_o four_o foot_n of_o ground_n and_o so_o for_o one_o hundred_o horse_n four_o hundred_o foot_n four_o according_a to_o polybius_n and_o i_o suppose_v the_o polybius_n out_o of_o polybius_n roman_a rule_n the_o eight_o hundred_o horse_n must_v be_v divide_v into_o several_a troop_n and_o in_o each_o of_o they_o but_o thirty_o rider_n so_o there_o will_v be_v twenty_o â—â—x_n complete_a troop_n and_o twenty_o horseman_n for_o the_o twenty_o seven_o troop_n five_o twenty_o seven_o troop_n require_v twenty_o six_o interval_n now_o allow_v with_o polybius_n a_o stadium_n for_o eight_o hundred_o horseman_n that_o be_v for_o one_o hundred_o in_o front_n and_o for_o these_o hundred_o allow_v with_o i_o four_o hundred_o foot_n for_o the_o horseman_n to_o stand_v on_o you_o will_v have_v of_o six_o hundred_o twenty_o five_o foot_n of_o ground_n for_o your_o twenty_o six_o interval_n two_o hundred_o and_o seventeen_o foot_n and_o that_o will_v be_v eight_o foot_n and_o near_o one_o half_a for_o every_o interval_n so_o my_o opinion_n be_v if_o i_o understand_v polybius_n right_a that_o the_o interval_n between_o two_o single_a troop_n be_v about_o eight_o foot_n but_o let_v we_o fancy_v the_o roman_a horse_n to_o have_v be_v ten_o in_o file_n and_o so_o every_o troop_n only_o three_o in_o front_n for_o so_o i_o probable_o think_v they_o be_v and_o let_v uâ—_n remember_v that_o in_o every_o consular_a army_n there_o be_v twenty_o roman_a troop_n and_o forty_o of_o the_o ally_n in_o all_o sixty_o fancy_n those_o sixty_o troop_n draw_v up_o in_o one_o field_n upon_o one_o of_o the_o wing_n of_o the_o army_n as_o several_a time_n all_o the_o cavalry_n be_v marshal_v on_o one_o wing_n they_o must_v have_v fifty_o nine_o interval_n next_o remember_v that_o sixty_o troop_n at_o thirty_o in_o a_o troop_n be_v compose_v of_o eighteen_o hundred_o interval_n too_o many_o interval_n rider_n these_o draw_v up_o ten_o in_o file_n make_v one_o hundred_o and_o eighty_o leadder_n allow_v to_o every_o one_o of_o these_o four_o foot_n that_o will_v amount_v to_o seven_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o foot_n then_o for_o fifty_o nine_o interval_n which_o according_a to_o polybius_n sixty_o troop_n must_v have_v you_o be_v to_o allow_v four_o hundred_o seventy_o two_o foot_n at_o eight_o foot_n for_o each_o interval_n i_o suppose_v still_o that_o which_o i_o can_v scarce_o believe_v of_o so_o many_o interval_n but_o add_v four_o hundred_o seventy_o two_o foot_n to_o seven_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o the_o aggregate_v will_v be_v eleven_o hundred_o ninety_o two_o foot_n how_o these_o sixty_o troop_n marshal_v so_o thin_a so_o few_o in_o front_n with_o so_o many_o interval_n can_v stand_v out_o the_o brisk_a and_o furious_a charge_n of_o a_o numerous_a and_o courageous_a enemy_n be_v beyond_o my_o fancy_n unless_o they_o have_v be_v interline_v with_o wellarmed_n foot_n as_o to_o the_o distance_n between_o body_n of_o foot_n polybius_n in_o the_o twelâ—th_o book_n polybius_n overâ—ight_n in_o polybius_n so_o often_o cite_v allow_v express_o six_o foot_n between_o file_n but_o he_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v in_o that_o place_n of_o the_o macedonian_a phalanx_n confute_v the_o impertinent_a relation_n of_o calisthenes_n but_o he_o speak_v not_o there_o or_o elsewhere_o oâ—_n distance_n between_o roman_a file_n and_o yet_o here_o be_v a_o inadvertency_n in_o that_o great_a man_n as_o we_o shall_v see_v another_o immediate_o in_o vegetius_n of_o the_o same_o nature_n polybius_n allow_v six_o thousand_o foot_n of_o ground_n for_o the_o front_n or_o longitude_n of_o sixteen_o thousand_o man_n sixteen_o deep_a and_o so_o we_o have_v one_o thousand_o file_n between_o every_o one_o of_o the_o file_n he_o allowâ—_n six_o foot_n of_o distance_n so_o the_o distance_n do_v complete_o take_v up_o his_o six_o thousand_o foot_n and_o so_o no_o ground_n be_v allow_v to_o stand_v on_o to_o which_o if_o he_o have_v advert_v he_o will_v have_v allow_v one_o foot_n to_o each_o man_n whereon_o to_o stand_v and_o consequent_o seven_o thousand_o foot_n for_o one_o thousand_o file_n in_o front_n but_o i_o shall_v not_o question_v the_o six_o foot_n of_o distance_n between_o file_n be_v i_o have_v tell_v you_o in_o the_o grecian_a militia_n that_o much_o be_v necessary_a for_o their_o pike-man_n between_o rank_n on_o their_o march_n though_o not_o between_o file_n and_o that_o in_o stand_v in_o battle_n they_o use_v densatio_n three_o foot_n of_o distance_n and_o in_o fight_n constipate_v one_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a vegetius_n be_v more_o inexcusable_a than_o polybius_n for_o he_o allow_v for_o the_o rank_n one_o foot_n vegetius_n two_o in_o vegetius_n of_o ground_n to_o stand_v on_o in_o these_o word_n singuli_fw-la bellatâ—res_fw-la stantes_fw-la singulos_fw-la obtinent_fw-la pedes_fw-la every_o combatant_n say_v he_o take_v up_o one_o foot_n of_o ground_n but_o that_o he_o allow_v none_o for_o they_o to_o stand_v on_o when_o he_o speak_v of_o file_n i_o prove_v thus_o in_o the_o fourteen_o chapter_n of_o his_o three_o book_n he_o allow_v three_o foot_n of_o distance_n between_o file_n and_o in_o the_o next_o place_n say_v that_o ten_o thousand_o man_n marshal_v file_n the_o first_o in_o distance_n of_o file_n six_o deep_a make_v a_o front_n of_o sixteen_o hundred_o sixty_o six_o and_o so_o it_o do_v with_o a_o fraction_n only_o of_o four_o hitherto_o he_o be_v very_o right_a but_o conclude_v very_o
ill_a that_o these_o sixteen_o hundred_o sixty_o six_o file_n take_v no_o more_o ground_n up_o in_o front_n but_o one_o thousand_o pace_n that_o be_v five_o thousand_o foot_n a_o thing_n pure_o impossible_a for_o three_o foot_n of_o distance_n be_v allow_v by_o himself_o between_o file_n and_o file_n and_o next_o sixteen_o hundred_o sixty_o six_o file_n require_v sixteen_o hundred_o sixty_o five_o distance_n multiply_v sixteen_o hundred_o sixty_o five_o by_o three_o the_o product_n be_v four_o thousand_o nine_o hundred_o ninety_o five_o these_o want_n but_o 5_o foot_n of_o vegetius_n his_o one_o thousand_o pace_n where_o shall_v then_o the_o sixteen_o hundred_o sixty_o six_o combatant_n stand_v certain_o they_o have_v sixteen_o hundred_o sixty_o six_o foot_n of_o ground_n to_o stand_v on_o add_v sixteen_o hundred_o sixty_o six_o to_o four_o thousand_o nine_o hundred_o ninety_o five_o the_o aggregate_v be_v six_o thousand_o six_o hundred_o sixty_o one_o foot_n a_o three_o more_o than_o vegetius_n allow_v to_o sixteen_o hundred_o sixty_o six_o file_n in_o imitation_n of_o he_o terduzzi_n commit_v the_o very_a same_o error_n in_o his_o five_o and_o six_o chapter_n in_o the_o next_o place_n vegetius_n allow_v six_o foot_n of_o distance_n between_o rank_n the_o second_o of_o rank_n rank_n because_o man_n must_v run_v when_o they_o throw_v their_o dart_n and_o javeline_n for_o so_o they_o cast_v they_o with_o great_a â—orce_n vehementius_fw-la say_v he_o i_o think_v he_o speak_v reason_n but_o not_o at_o all_o sense_n when_o he_o aver_v that_o six_o rank_n of_o man_n have_v one_o foot_n of_o ground_n allow_v for_o every_o rank_a to_o stand_v on_o and_o six_o foot_n between_o one_o rank_n and_o another_o take_v up_o forty_o two_o foot_n of_o ground_n from_o the_o van_n to_o the_o rear_n that_o be_v as_o i_o think_v from_o the_o toe_n of_o the_o leader_n to_o the_o heel_n of_o the_o bringer_n up_o for_o by_o his_o own_o account_n and_o allowance_n six_o rank_n can_v take_v up_o no_o more_o from_o van_n to_o the_o rear_n than_o thirty_o six_o foot_n as_o thus_o six_o foot_n for_o the_o six_o rank_n to_o stand_v on_o and_o thirty_o foot_n for_o the_o five_o distance_n the_o error_n seem_v to_o have_v proceed_v from_o a_o fancy_n he_o have_v have_v that_o six_o rank_n must_v have_v six_o interval_n which_o be_v not_o only_o false_a but_o ridiculous_o childish_a in_o regard_n in_o six_o rank_n there_o be_v one_o distance_n between_o the_o first_o and_o second_o rank_n the_o second_o between_o the_o second_o rank_n and_o the_o three_o the_o three_o between_o the_o three_o and_o four_o rank_n the_o four_o between_o the_o four_o and_o five_o rank_n and_o the_o five_o distance_n between_o the_o five_o and_o six_o rank_n and_o for_o his_o first_o error_n that_o sixteen_o hundred_o sixty_o six_o file_n take_v no_o more_o ground_n in_o front_n than_o five_o thousand_o foot_n it_o will_v be_v a_o folly_n to_o defend_v he_o by_o â—aying_v three_o foot_n be_v but_o allow_v both_o for_o file_n to_o stand_v on_o and_o distance_n between_o they_o for_o a_o distance_n as_o lieutenant-colonel_n eltâ—n_n distance_n definition_n of_o a_o distance_n in_o his_o complete_a body_n of_o the_o military_a art_n discribe_v it_o well_o be_v a_o place_n or_o interval_n of_o ground_n between_o every_o particular_a file_n and_o file_n and_o rank_a and_o rank_a and_o therefore_o no_o part_n of_o that_o ground_n on_o which_o the_o file_n oâ—_n rank_n stand_v when_o i_o look_v upon_o these_o place_n of_o vegetius_n and_o consider_v they_o i_o can_v not_o but_o approve_v of_o lipsâ—â—s_n for_o qualify_a he_o but_o on_o another_o account_n with_o the_o title_n of_o solutus_fw-la &_o negligens_fw-la the_o same_o lipsius_n in_o the_o four_o book_n of_o his_o commentary_n quarrel_n with_o polybius_n for_o not_o inform_v we_o what_o distance_n the_o several_a maniple_n keep_v one_o from_o another_o nor_o what_o interval_n be_v keep_v between_o the_o three_o great_a class_n and_o if_o that_o piece_n of_o polybius_n be_v not_o lose_v with_o other_o of_o his_o work_n assure_o it_o be_v a_o inexcusable_a oversight_n i_o dare_v not_o accuse_v vegetius_n of_o this_o neglect_n though_o lipsius_n seem_v to_o do_v it_o for_o i_o be_o apt_a to_o believe_v that_o what_o he_o speak_v of_o understand_v vegetius_n 〈…〉_o to_o be_v understand_v the_o distance_n between_o rank_n as_o i_o have_v understand_v he_o it_o be_v in_o the_o fourteen_o and_o fifteen_o chapter_n of_o his_o three_o book_n he_o may_v have_v mean_v interval_n between_o the_o great_a body_n for_o in_o these_o place_n he_o use_v the_o word_n ordâ—_n and_o acies_fw-la indifferent_o and_o though_o ordo_fw-la be_v sometime_o take_v for_o a_o rank_n sometime_o for_o a_o band_n or_o company_n yet_o acies_fw-la be_v ever_o take_v for_o a_o battle_n or_o batallion_n and_o to_o i_o it_o be_v clear_a enough_o that_o in_o the_o mentioned_a place_n he_o take_v ordo_fw-la for_o batallion_n and_o make_v six_o of_o they_o the_o first_o of_o principes_fw-la the_o second_o of_o hastati_fw-la the_o three_o forth_z and_z fifth_z of_o light_n arm_v the_o six_o of_o triarii_n now_o it_o be_v palpable_a these_o great_a body_n be_v not_o rank_n for_o every_o one_o of_o they_o if_o i_o mistake_v not_o consist_v of_o ten_o rank_n but_o be_v all_o several_a batallion_n whereof_o as_o i_o tell_v you_o before_o he_o compose_v his_o legion_n but_o whether_o he_o mean_v rank_n or_o batallion_n the_o error_n i_o mention_v be_v still_o the_o same_o in_o make_v six_o several_a body_n be_v they_o rank_n file_n squadron_n or_o batallion_n to_o have_v six_o distance_n for_o they_o can_v possible_o have_v more_o than_o five_o but_o if_o in_o these_o place_n he_o allow_v but_o six_o foot_n of_o interval_n between_o these_o class_n and_o great_a body_n it_o speak_v he_o to_o have_v be_v almost_o out_o of_o his_o wit_n when_o he_o write_v it_o as_o the_o reader_n may_v collect_v from_o the_o ensue_a discourse_n but_o be_v neither_o polybius_n nor_o vegetius_n help_v we_o much_o in_o the_o matter_n of_o interval_n lipsius_n in_o his_o four_o book_n comfort_v we_o and_o tell_v we_o he_o will_v not_o suffer_v so_o profitable_a much_o lipsius_n undertake_v much_o a_o business_n as_o be_v the_o knowledge_n of_o interval_n to_o remain_v in_o darkness_n in_o finibus_fw-la noctis_fw-la be_v his_o word_n in_o the_o border_n of_o night_n and_o therefore_o promise_v out_o of_o the_o plentiful_a magazine_n of_o his_o own_o read_n to_o clear_v the_o whole_a matter_n to_o we_o but_o i_o be_o afraid_a he_o will_v not_o be_v a_o man_n of_o his_o word_n for_o the_o great_a undertaker_n be_v seldom_o the_o best_a performer_n however_o it_o be_v fit_a we_o hear_v he_o for_o he_o deserve_v it_o first_o he_o tell_v we_o that_o he_o conceive_v that_o the_o interval_n between_o the_o hastati_fw-la performâ—â—â—ttle_a but_o performâ—â—â—ttle_a and_o the_o principes_fw-la be_v fifty_o foot_n and_o between_o the_o principes_fw-la and_o the_o triarii_n one_o hundred_o next_o concern_v the_o interval_n between_o the_o maniple_n of_o any_o of_o the_o three_o class_n which_o the_o roman_n call_v via_fw-la directa_fw-la he_o say_v if_o the_o velite_n be_v to_o stand_v in_o they_o the_o interval_n may_v be_v of_o twenty_o or_o thirty_o foot_n if_o not_o ten_o foot_n be_v enough_o this_o be_v brief_o all_o he_o say_v on_o the_o matter_n but_o assure_o if_o this_o learned_a man_n can_v convenlent_o have_v leave_v the_o university_n of_o louvaine_n and_o follow_v the_o spanish_a army_n but_o one_o summer_n or_o as_o we_o call_v it_o one_o campagne_n he_o will_v have_v see_v under_o the_o conduct_n of_o the_o famous_a duke_n of_o alva_n and_o parma_n the_o great_a captain_n of_o that_o age_n who_o live_v at_o the_o time_n that_o he_o be_v write_v his_o book_n how_o pitiful_o simple_a that_o school-speculation_n of_o his_o be_v i_o must_v confirm_v my_o opinion_n with_o reason_n for_o authority_n of_o writer_n i_o have_v no_o more_o than_o he_o and_o that_o be_v none_o at_o all_o each_o of_o the_o two_o class_n of_o the_o hastati_fw-la and_o principes_fw-la consist_v of_o twelve_o hundred_o man_n which_o be_v marshal_v ten_o deep_a make_v one_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o file_n vegetius_n allow_v three_o foot_n distance_n between_o file_n these_o make_v three_o hundred_o and_o sixty_o foot_n in_o front_n add_v one_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o foot_n for_o the_o file_n to_o stand_v on_o the_o ground_n that_o either_o of_o these_o batallion_n stand_v on_o be_v four_o hundred_o and_o eighty_o foot_n in_o longitude_n but_o to_o shun_v debate_n i_o shall_v be_v content_a to_o allow_v but_o one_o foot_n for_o every_o file_n to_o stand_v on_o and_o two_o foot_n of_o interval_n between_o file_n and_o so_o the_o front_n of_o the_o hastati_fw-la though_o they_o have_v be_v all_o marshal_v
velite_n be_v not_o to_o stand_v in_o the_o interval_n of_o the_o heavy_a arm_v but_o only_o either_o to_o advance_v to_o the_o van_n or_o retire_v to_o the_o rear_n through_o they_o and_o he_o know_v too_o that_o the_o interval_n between_o maniple_n be_v principal_o for_o the_o maniple_n of_o the_o first_o class_n to_o fall_v in_o the_o interval_n of_o the_o second_o class_n and_o the_o interval_n of_o the_o three_o batallion_n for_o the_o maniple_n of_o the_o other_o two_o to_o full_a back_n to_o they_o and_o therefore_o to_o allow_v but_o ten_o foot_n for_o every_o one_o of_o these_o interval_n be_v a_o inexcusable_a error_n in_o he_o and_o a_o conjecture_n which_o have_v no_o coherence_n with_o sense_n nor_o can_v ever_o be_v justify_v by_o reason_n that_o general_n never_o breathe_v that_o can_v draw_v up_o a_o band_n of_o man_n consist_v of_o twelve_o file_n in_o ten_o foot_n of_o ground_n now_o every_o maniple_n of_o the_o pâ—â—â—cipes_n and_o hastati_fw-la according_a to_o polybius_n who_o lipsius_n follow_v consist_v of_o one_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o man_n and_o these_o be_v ten_o deep_a constitute_v twelve_o file_n these_o have_v eleven_o interval_n every_o one_o of_o which_o being_n three_o foot_n make_v thirty_o three_o foot_n add_v twelve_o to_o that_o for_o the_o twelve_o file_n to_o stand_v on_o the_o aggregate_v maniples_n true_a interval_n between_o maniples_n be_v forty_o five_o foot_n and_o if_o you_o allow_v but_o two_o foot_n for_o every_o interval_n between_o file_n the_o interval_n between_o two_o maniple_n must_v be_v thirty_o four_o foot_n for_o it_o be_v not_o possible_a you_o can_v allow_v less_o ground_n for_o a_o interval_n than_o that_o which_o a_o body_n possess_v that_o be_v ordain_v to_o stand_v in_o that_o interval_n hence_o i_o think_v it_o be_v obvious_a to_o common_a sense_n that_o all_o the_o interval_n between_o the_o maniple_n of_o the_o hastati_fw-la and_o principes_fw-la be_v of_o forty_o five_o foot_n or_o thirty_o four_o at_o least_o and_o those_o of_o the_o triarii_n of_o ninety_o foot_n or_o sixty_o eight_o at_o least_o in_o regard_n they_o be_v to_o receive_v the_o maniple_n of_o both_o the_o hastati_fw-la and_o principes_fw-la in_o the_o clear_n this_o point_n of_o distance_n i_o have_v be_v perhaps_o too_o prolix_a and_o have_v use_v repetition_n which_o i_o condemn_v in_o other_o but_o be_v it_o be_v almost_o impossible_a to_o have_v so_o much_o as_o a_o general_a notion_n of_o a_o roman_a army_n how_o it_o be_v marshal_v or_o of_o any_o other_o army_n unless_o you_o know_v the_o interval_n i_o have_v not_o think_v it_o amiss_o to_o spend_v a_o little_a paper_n on_o that_o subject_a and_o indeed_o we_o be_v leave_v as_o in_o many_o other_o point_n necessary_a to_o be_v know_v so_o in_o this_o to_o grope_v in_o the_o dark_a nor_o have_v i_o be_v so_o severe_a to_o the_o learned_a lipsius_n for_o his_o extravagant_a conjecture_n of_o roman_a interval_n but_o i_o shall_v be_v ready_a to_o accept_v and_o desire_v other_o to_o do_v so_o too_o of_o his_o own_o excuse_n which_o i_o shall_v give_v you_o in_o his_o own_o word_n as_o i_o find_v they_o in_o the_o four_o book_n of_o his_o commentary_n hâ—â—_n 〈◊〉_d as_o i_o as_o â—â—_o rerâ—â—â—â—_n veterâ—â—â—_n quas_fw-la excuse_v lipsius_n excuse_v revera_fw-la per_fw-la leves_fw-la conjecturas_fw-la &_o fallacia_fw-la vestigia_fw-la 〈◊〉_d ah_o say_v he_o my_o darkness_n or_o that_o of_o ancient_a thing_n which_o indeed_o we_o must_v hunt_v after_o with_o uncertain_a conjecture_n and_o through_o fallacious_a footstep_n chap._n xv._o of_o the_o roman_a ally_n and_o auxiliary_n and_o the_o mistake_v of_o some_o author_n concern_v they_o you_o may_v read_v very_o frequent_o in_o roman_a story_n of_o socii_fw-la ally_n and_o confederate_n who_o be_v oblige_v by_o covenant_n and_o stipulation_n to_o send_v out_o such_o a_o assistance_n of_o man_n for_o the_o city_n of_o rome_n as_o the_o senate_n or_o the_o consul_n require_v till_o a_o little_a before_o julius_n caesar_n time_n after_o that_o you_o shall_v read_v no_o more_o of_o they_o for_o than_o they_o be_v all_o make_v citizen_n of_o rome_n and_o reckon_v to_o be_v of_o one_o incorporation_n the_o difference_n between_o ally_n and_o auxiliary_n be_v the_o first_o can_v only_a be_v italian_n the_o second_o be_v of_o any_o other_o nation_n hence_o it_o be_v that_o though_o we_o read_v of_o no_o ally_n that_o join_v with_o lucullâ—â—_n sylla_n pompâ—y_n caesar_n anthony_n vespasian_n and_o his_o son_n titus_n yet_o we_o find_v their_o army_n mighty_o strengthen_v by_o auxiliary_n but_o indeed_o the_o roman_n do_v but_o fool_n some_o of_o the_o italian_a town_n and_o republic_n with_o the_o goodly_a show_n of_o alliance_n and_o the_o honourable_a title_n of_o socii_fw-la whereas_o true_o they_o use_v they_o no_o better_a than_o vassal_n oblige_v use_v roman_n ally_n ill_o use_v they_o to_o follow_v they_o in_o the_o pursuance_n of_o their_o ambitious_a design_n with_o as_o many_o force_n of_o horse_n and_o foot_n as_o the_o senate_n please_v to_o impose_v on_o they_o and_o to_o serve_v at_o their_o own_o charge_n except_o a_o little_a proviant_a which_o with_o the_o help_n of_o these_o same_o ally_n they_o take_v from_o a_o enemy_n hence_o come_v these_o many_o grievance_n of_o the_o confederated_a town_n mention_v in_o the_o roman_a history_n and_o once_o a_o total_a rapture_n of_o the_o latin_n from_o they_o till_o after_o much_o bloodshed_n they_o be_v reduce_v to_o their_o former_a condition_n till_o the_o roman_n have_v overmastered_n hannibal_n philip_n of_o macedon_n and_o the_o great_a king_n of_o syria_n antiochus_n we_o shall_v seldom_o read_v of_o any_o of_o their_o army_n that_o be_v not_o pvissant_o assist_v by_o their_o ally_n the_o number_n either_o as_o to_o foot_n or_o horse_n ally_n number_n of_o the_o ally_n of_o which_o that_o assistance_n consist_v may_v be_v collect_v from_o the_o several_a time_n of_o their_o conjunction_n but_o that_o they_o be_v determinate_o and_o constant_o stint_v to_o such_o a_o number_n can_v never_o be_v prove_v out_o of_o ancient_a story_n yet_o i_o find_v vegetius_n very_o positive_a in_o it_o and_o in_o the_o first_o chapter_n of_o his_o three_o book_n he_o offer_v to_o assure_v vegetius_n mistake_v by_o vegetius_n his_o reader_n that_o neither_o ally_n nor_o auxiliary_n be_v ever_o in_o one_o army_n strong_a than_o the_o roman_n take_v his_o own_o word_n illa_fw-la tamen_fw-la ratio_fw-la servata_fw-la est_fw-la ne_fw-la unquam_fw-la ampliâ—r_fw-la multitudo_fw-la sociorum_fw-la auxiliaxiumve_fw-la â—sset_fw-la in_o castris_fw-la quam_fw-la civium_fw-la romanorum_fw-la that_o care_n say_v he_o be_v take_v that_o no_o great_a number_n of_o ally_n or_o auxiliary_n shall_v be_v in_o the_o camp_n than_o of_o roman_a citizen_n and_o machiavelli_n in_o the_o three_o machiavelli_n mistake_v by_o machiavelli_n book_n of_o his_o art_n of_o war_n say_v that_o every_o consular_a army_n consist_v of_o two_o legion_n which_o be_v eleven_o thousand_o foot_n and_o two_o legion_n of_o ally_n which_o make_v also_o eleven_o thousand_o foot_n i_o shall_v first_o speak_v a_o word_n to_o both_o of_o they_o together_o and_o then_o several_o to_o each_o of_o they_o both_o of_o they_o have_v read_v livy_n and_o till_o they_o have_v produce_v a_o more_o authentic_a historian_n none_o of_o they_o shall_v have_v give_v he_o the_o lie_n so_o broad_o this_o author_n in_o his_o twenty_o first_o book_n tell_v we_o that_o after_o hannibal_n come_v to_o italy_n cor._n scipio_n and_o sempronius_n levy_v six_o legion_n of_o roman_n each_o of_o four_o thousand_o foot_n and_o for_o every_o one_o of_o they_o three_o hundred_o horse_n and_o in_o that_o same_o place_n he_o cast_v up_o the_o total_a of_o they_o to_o be_v twenty_o four_o thousand_o foot_n and_o eighteen_o hundred_o horse_n and_o of_o ally_n say_v he_o forty_o four_o thousand_o foot_n and_o four_o thousand_o horse_n this_o want_v but_o four_o thousand_o of_o the_o double_a number_n of_o the_o roman_a foot_n and_o four_o hundred_o more_o than_o double_a the_o number_n of_o the_o roman_a horse_n in_o his_o thirty_o five_o book_n he_o inform_v we_o that_o in_o the_o war_n against_o antiochus_n the_o consul_n quintius_n raise_v two_o legion_n each_o of_o five_o thousand_o foot_n in_o all_o ten_o thousand_o and_o six_o hundred_o horse_n and_o of_o the_o ally_n say_v he_o twenty_o thousand_o foot_n and_o eight_o hundred_o horse_n the_o number_n of_o the_o foot_n be_v double_a the_o roman_a infantry_n and_o the_o horse_n exceed_v livius_n prove_v out_o of_o livius_n the_o roman_a by_o two_o hundred_o in_o the_o istrian_a war_n a_o little_a before_o that_o of_o macedon_n livy_n in_o his_o forty_o first_o book_n say_v ten_o thousand_o roman_a foot_n and_o three_o hundred_o horse_n be_v levy_v and_o of_o the_o ally_n twelve_o thousand_o foot_n and_o six_o hundred_o
officer_v marshal_v encamp_v and_o discipline_v according_a to_o the_o roman_a custom_n only_o with_o this_o difference_n that_o those_o who_o command_v roman_a legion_n be_v call_v tribune_n but_o those_o who_o command_v the_o legion_n of_o the_o ally_n be_v call_v prafecti_n i_o conceive_v the_o reason_n of_o the_o difference_n of_o the_o title_n be_v this_o the_o tribune_n be_v elect_v for_o most_o part_n by_o the_o tribe_n whence_o he_o have_v his_o name_n tribunus_n but_o those_o of_o the_o ally_n roman_n consul_n power_n over_o the_o ally_n ally_n be_v nominate_v by_o the_o roman_a consul_n for_o the_o ally_n have_v no_o power_n to_o appoint_v or_o commissionate_v their_o own_o praefecti_fw-la that_o have_v entrench_v too_o much_o upon_o the_o lordly_a power_n the_o roman_n still_o keep_v in_o their_o own_o hand_n and_o be_v bind_v most_o strong_o to_o obey_v that_o consul_n with_o who_o they_o join_v so_o we_o see_v how_o little_a difference_n the_o haughty_a roman_n make_v between_o their_o confederated_a friend_n and_o their_o vassal_n which_o i_o hint_v in_o the_o begin_n of_o this_o chapter_n and_o in_o this_o point_n the_o consul_n have_v more_o power_n over_o the_o ally_n than_o over_o the_o roman_n themselves_o for_o the_o roman_a people_n for_o most_o part_n choose_v the_o roman_a tribune_n and_o not_o the_o consul_n chap._n xvi_o of_o a_o roman_a consular_a army_n and_o some_o mistake_v concern_v it_o i_o know_v not_o from_o whence_o this_o denomination_n of_o a_o consular_a army_n be_v come_v unless_o it_o be_v that_o polybius_n in_o his_o six_o book_n say_v that_o ordinary_o every_o year_n four_o legion_n be_v levy_v for_o the_o state_n service_n two_o for_o every_o consul_n and_o this_o livy_n do_v witness_v to_o have_v be_v do_v often_o but_o neither_o the_o one_o nor_o the_o other_o have_v assert_v that_o a_o consul_n never_o have_v more_o or_o few_o legion_n in_o his_o army_n than_o two_o polybius_n mean_v that_o a_o consular_a army_n consist_v for_o most_o part_n of_o two_o roman_a legion_n six_o hundred_o horse_n with_o two_o legion_n of_o ally_n and_o twelve_o hundred_o horse_n but_o he_o never_o say_v that_o it_o be_v constant_o so_o for_o than_o he_o have_v contradict_v his_o own_o history_n in_o many_o place_n but_o i_o rather_o conceive_v author_n call_v that_o a_o consular_a army_n which_o have_v in_o it_o the_o above_o specify_v number_n of_o horse_n and_o foot_n by_o the_o authority_n and_o upon_o the_o word_n of_o vegetius_n who_o describe_v both_o a_o praetorian_a and_o a_o consular_a army_n in_o the_o first_o chapter_n of_o his_o three_o book_n i_o shall_v army_n vegetius_n describe_v a_o praetorian_a and_o a_o consular_a army_n faithful_o english_a his_o word_n thus_o the_o ancient_n say_v he_o have_v by_o exrerience_n learned_a to_o obviate_v difficulty_n choose_v rather_o to_o have_v skilful_a than_o numerous_a army_n â—_o therefore_o they_o think_v in_o war_n of_o lesser_a moment_n one_o legion_n with_o the_o auxiliary_n that_o be_v ten_o thousand_o foot_n and_o two_o thousand_o horse_n may_v suffice_v which_o the_o praetor_n as_o lesser_a chieftan_n often_o lead_v in_o expedition_n but_o if_o the_o enemy_n be_v report_v to_o be_v strong_a than_o a_o consular_a power_n with_o twenty_o thousand_o foot_n and_o four_o thousand_o horse_n be_v send_v with_o a_o great_a captain_n but_o if_o a_o infinite_a multitude_n of_o the_o fierce_a nation_n do_v rebel_v than_o too_o great_a necessity_n force_v they_o two_o chieftan_n with_o two_o army_n be_v send_v with_o this_o command_n that_o either_o the_o one_o consul_n or_o both_o shall_v look_v to_o it_o that_o the_o commonwealth_n shall_v receive_v no_o damage_n in_o fine_a say_v he_o since_o the_o roman_a people_n be_v to_o make_v war_n almost_o himself_o and_o contradict_v himself_o every_o year_n in_o several_a country_n against_o divers_a enemy_n they_o think_v these_o force_n may_v suffice_v because_o they_o judge_v it_o be_v not_o so_o profitable_a to_o entertain_v great_a army_n as_o those_o that_o be_v well_o exercise_v and_o train_v in_o arm_n thus_o far_o vegetius_n let_v we_o take_v his_o discourse_n in_o piece_n and_o examine_v it_o according_a to_o his_o own_o writing_n and_o no_o man_n else_o first_o in_o the_o six_o chapter_n of_o his_o second_o book_n he_o aver_v there_o shall_v be_v no_o army_n first_o in_o the_o praetorian_a army_n few_o in_o a_o legion_n than_o six_o thousand_o one_o hundred_o foot_n and_o seven_o hundred_o twenty_o six_o horse_n in_o this_o place_n he_o say_v a_o praetorian_a army_n wherein_o there_o shall_v be_v a_o legion_n of_o roman_n and_o another_o of_o ally_n shall_v have_v ten_o thousand_o foot_n and_o two_o thousand_o horse_n the_o foot_n two_o thousand_o two_o hundred_o few_o than_o in_o his_o own_o account_n there_o shall_v be_v in_o two_o legion_n and_o the_o horse_n five_o hundred_o forty_o eight_o more_o than_o himself_o allow_v to_o the_o cavalry_n of_o two_o legion_n and_o to_o let_v we_o see_v that_o he_o will_v keep_v a_o proportionable_a way_n in_o contradict_v army_n second_o in_o a_o consular_a army_n himself_o he_o say_v against_o a_o strong_a enemy_n a_o consul_n be_v send_v with_o twenty_o thousand_o foot_n and_o four_o thousand_o horse_n and_o that_o be_v as_o he_o explain_v himself_o in_o the_o four_o chapter_n of_o his_o second_o book_n two_o legion_n of_o roman_n with_o the_o help_n of_o the_o ally_n now_o i_o beseech_v you_o hear_v he_o speak_v for_o himself_o and_o first_o in_o the_o six_o chapter_n of_o his_o second_o book_n he_o say_v that_o the_o legion_n must_v consist_v of_o six_o thousand_o one_o hundred_o foot_n and_o seven_o hundred_o twenty_o six_o horse_n second_o in_o this_o first_o chapter_n of_o his_o three_o book_n he_o make_v four_o legion_n of_o the_o roman_a and_o ally_n foot_n to_o be_v but_o twenty_o thousand_o which_o by_o his_o own_o rule_n shall_v have_v be_v twenty_o four_o thousand_o four_o hundred_o for_o his_o word_n former_o be_v that_o no_o legion_n shall_v be_v under_o six_o thousand_o one_o hundred_o and_o those_o heavy_a arm_v too_o and_o whereas_o by_o his_o own_o appointment_n in_o the_o six_o chapter_n of_o his_o second_o book_n every_o legion_n shall_v have_v have_v seven_o hundred_o twenty_o six_o horse_n more_o than_o any_o other_o author_n allow_v in_o this_o chapter_n he_o increase_v their_o number_n to_o one_o thousand_o for_o he_o order_v the_o horse_n of_o four_o legion_n to_o be_v full_a four_o thousand_o the_o foot_n of_o a_o consular_a army_n four_o thousand_o four_o hundred_o below_o and_o the_o horse_n one_o thousand_o ninety_o six_o above_o his_o own_o allowance_n you_o see_v how_o vegetius_n clash_v with_o vegetius_n it_o be_v not_o i_o that_o quarrel_n with_o he_o in_o the_o second_o place_n he_o say_v if_o a_o infinite_a multitude_n of_o fierce_a nation_n rebel_v rebel_v against_o who_o certain_o he_o mean_v against_o the_o roman_n but_o how_o can_v they_o rebel_v before_o they_o profess_v to_o be_v subject_a assure_o these_o fierce_a nation_n he_o speak_v of_o swear_v neither_o fealty_n nor_o homage_n to_o romulus_n nor_o rome_n when_o inadvertency_n his_o inadvertency_n he_o first_o found_v it_o if_o they_o defend_v themselves_o so_o long_o as_o they_o can_v from_o the_o dominion_n of_o stranger_n they_o do_v what_o nature_n command_v they_o and_o be_v no_o rebel_n he_o will_v find_v spain_n itself_o after_o long_a and_o bloody_a war_n never_o reduce_v to_o a_o province_n till_o augustus_n time_n you_o see_v what_o word_n his_o inadvertency_n prompt_v he_o to_o utter_v in_o this_o case_n of_o a_o great_a rebellion_n he_o say_v two_o consul_n with_o the_o army_n be_v join_v together_o with_o a_o command_n to_o look_v to_o it_o that_o the_o commonwealth_n suffer_v no_o damage_n but_o this_o command_n be_v give_v many_o time_n when_o two_o consul_n do_v not_o nor_o need_v not_o bring_v their_o force_n together_o three_o you_o have_v hear_v he_o aver_v that_o in_o the_o great_a war_n which_o the_o roman_a state_n manage_v their_o great_a army_n consist_v of_o twenty_o thousand_o foot_n and_o four_o thousand_o horse_n twenty_o four_o thousand_o in_o all_o and_o that_o two_o of_o those_o army_n join_v together_o make_v of_o both_o forty_o eight_o thousand_o combatant_n do_v suffice_v in_o the_o great_a danger_n true_o vegetius_n if_o hannibal_n have_v be_v alive_a story_n his_o contradiction_n of_o roman_a story_n when_o you_o write_v this_o he_o can_v have_v inform_v you_o that_o he_o force_v your_o master_n the_o roman_n to_o join_v two_o such_o army_n and_o more_o before_o ever_o they_o have_v to_o do_v with_o those_o fierce_a nation_n you_o speak_v of_o except_o a_o few_o spaniard_n and_o the_o cisalpine_a or_o italian_a gaul_n unless_o you_o take_v the_o sicilian_n and_o carthaginian_n to_o be_v those_o fierce_a nation_n with_o the_o
of_o the_o author_n but_o since_o i_o intend_v not_o in_o this_o treatise_n to_o present_v my_o reader_n with_o any_o figure_n of_o my_o own_o i_o shall_v not_o trouble_v he_o with_o any_o that_o belong_v to_o another_o chap._n xviii_o of_o several_a figure_n of_o army_n use_v by_o the_o ancient_n in_o their_o battle_n if_o a_o general_n or_o commander_n in_o chief_a have_v not_o the_o choice_n of_o the_o ground_n where_o he_o be_v to_o fight_v he_o must_v marshal_v his_o army_n according_a to_o the_o advantage_n or_o difficulty_n of_o it_o but_o if_o he_o may_v make_v choice_n of_o the_o place_n of_o battle_n than_o no_o doubt_n he_o may_v model_n his_o force_n as_o he_o please_v without_o tie_v himself_o to_o any_o other_o prescript_n or_o precedent_n of_o other_o notwithstanding_o which_o he_o must_v be_v very_o wary_a not_o to_o cast_v his_o army_n in_o such_o a_o figure_n as_o carry_v along_o with_o it_o intricacy_n such_o as_o may_v make_v both_o the_o order_n and_o observe_v it_o difficult_a and_o more_o especial_o he_o be_v to_o be_v very_o rich_a of_o change_v the_o figure_n of_o his_o army_n in_o the_o time_n of_o action_n action_n dangerous_a to_o alter_v the_o figure_n of_o a_o army_n in_o time_n of_o action_n in_o regard_n that_o the_o bulk_n of_o a_o army_n be_v compose_v of_o such_o member_n as_o be_v for_o most_o part_n rude_a gross_a and_o of_o so_o dull_a understanding_n that_o they_o be_v not_o able_a in_o a_o instant_n to_o apprehend_v the_o reason_n of_o sudden_a alteration_n or_o to_o dive_v into_o the_o design_n of_o their_o great_a commander_n and_o therefore_o a_o change_n of_o the_o form_n of_o a_o battle_n after_o a_o army_n be_v engage_v may_v cast_v it_o into_o confusion_n which_o may_v quick_o render_v it_o a_o prey_n to_o a_o attentive_a and_o vigilant_a enemy_n the_o figure_n of_o army_n use_v by_o the_o ancient_n not_o only_a grecian_n and_o roman_n but_o even_o of_o those_o nation_n likewise_o who_o both_o these_o be_v please_v to_o qualify_v batallion_n five_o figure_n of_o batallion_n with_o the_o title_n of_o barbarian_n be_v for_o most_o part_n of_o five_o kind_n these_o be_v the_o quadrate_n or_o square_n the_o wedg_n the_o tenaille_n or_o tongue_n the_o saw_n and_o the_o globe_n the_o quadrate_n or_o square_n they_o subdivide_v into_o three_o sort_n to_o wit_n the_o turrite_n the_o lie_v lateritial_a and_o the_o simple_a lateritial_a the_o turrite_n be_v that_o battle_n turrite_n quadrate_n turrite_n who_o height_n or_o depth_n be_v much_o great_a than_o its_o front_n as_o draw_v up_o a_o thousand_o man_n six_o deep_a let_v they_o face_n either_o to_o the_o right_a hand_n or_o leave_v you_o shall_v see_v they_o but_o six_o in_o front_n and_o a_o hundred_o sixty_o six_o deep_a it_o be_v the_o quadrate_n turrite_v so_o call_v because_o its_o height_n or_o depth_n make_v it_o look_v like_o a_o tower_n it_o be_v but_o seldom_o use_v and_o indeed_o it_o be_v very_o useless_a the_o simple_a latrice_n be_v 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not_o see_v brancatio_n but_o terduzzi_n his_o countryman_n for_o they_o be_v both_o italian_n in_o his_o book_n of_o machine_n say_v he_o have_v read_v he_o now_o if_o he_o value_v neither_o his_o opinion_n nor_o his_o reason_n i_o think_v none_o shall_v for_o tâ—rduzzi_n himself_o be_v so_o little_a a_o friend_n to_o the_o pike_n that_o he_o write_v he_o will_v have_v it_o break_v if_o he_o know_v what_o better_a weapon_n to_o put_v in_o its_o room_n out_o of_o he_o i_o shall_v give_v you_o this_o short_a description_n of_o brancatio_n and_o his_o book_n describe_v his_o book_n describe_v the_o title_n of_o his_o book_n be_v this_o of_o the_o true_a art_n of_o war_n whereby_o any_o prince_n may_v not_o only_o resist_v another_o in_o the_o field_n only_o with_o his_o own_o force_n and_o with_o little_a charge_n but_o also_o overcome_v any_o nation_n a_o very_a glorious_a title_n i_o think_v we_o need_v expect_v small_a performance_n from_o so_o vain_a promise_n this_o man_n 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of_o all_o battle_n to_o one_o cause_n since_o army_n may_v be_v undo_v and_o overthrow_v by_o a_o thousand_o several_a occasion_n what_o can_v either_o brancatio_n or_o mr._n lupton_n say_v against_o it_o if_o i_o aver_v that_o when_o ever_o the_o turk_n be_v beat_v and_o beat_v sometime_o they_o be_v it_o be_v because_o they_o have_v no_o pike_n man_n to_o resist_v the_o charge_n of_o a_o stout_a and_o hardy_a cavalry_n four_o he_o aver_v that_o john_n frederick_n duke_n of_o saxe_n in_o germany_n and_o piter_n four_o four_o strozzi_n in_o tuscany_n be_v both_o beat_v because_o of_o the_o multitude_n of_o their_o pikeman_n to_o the_o first_o i_o answer_v i_o do_v not_o remember_v that_o sleidan_n give_v any_o such_o reason_n for_o his_o misfortune_n neither_o do_v ever_o that_o prince_n fight_v a_o just_a battle_n with_o the_o emperor_n charles_n the_o five_o most_o of_o who_o infantry_n consist_v of_o pike-man_n as_o well_o as_o that_o of_o the_o elector_n of_o saxe_n do_v to_o the_o second_o of_o strozzi_n i_o say_v he_o be_v rout_v because_o he_o make_v his_o retreat_n in_o the_o day_n time_n in_o view_n of_o a_o powerful_a enemy_n contrary_a to_o the_o advice_n give_v he_o by_o marshal_n monluc_n final_o he_o say_v the_o battle_n of_o ceresole_n give_v a_o good_a proof_n of_o the_o weakness_n five_o five_o of_o the_o pike-mens_n service_n and_o the_o battle_n of_o dreux_n and_o moncounter_n prove_v fatal_a say_v he_o to_o their_o leader_n who_o be_v despise_v by_o their_o enemy_n because_o their_o foot_n consist_v most_o of_o pike_n here_o mr._n lupton_n do_v himself_o a_o injury_n to_o insert_v such_o three_o ignorant_a and_o unadvised_a citation_n out_o of_o brancatio_n which_o i_o will_v clear_v at_o ceresole_n the_o famous_a alphonso_n davalo_n marquis_n of_o guast_o command_v cerâ—solâ—_n battle_n of_o cerâ—solâ—_n the_o imperial_a army_n and_o the_o duke_n of_o anguien_v the_o french_a the_o imperialist_n be_v beat_v by_o the_o cowardice_n of_o a_o batallion_n of_o their_o own_o horse_n which_o flee_v without_o fight_v which_o a_o great_a batallion_n of_o imperial_a pike_n see_v open_v and_o give_v they_o way_n the_o french_a follow_v the_o chase_n through_o that_o same_o lane_n they_o be_v past_a the_o pike_n who_o be_v no_o â—ewer_a than_o five_o thousand_o close_v again_o and_o keep_v their_o ground_n another_o imperial_a batallion_n of_o pike_n some_o spaniard_n some_o german_n fight_v with_o a_o great_a body_n of_o grison_n belong_v to_o the_o french_a and_o beat_v it_o out_o of_o the_o field_n and_o thereafter_o fight_v with_o the_o gascon_a batallion_n of_o pike_n where_o both_o party_n stand_v to_o it_o valiant_o insomuch_o that_o the_o duc_n d'anguien_v the_o french_a general_n see_v his_o grison_n overthrow_v and_o his_o gascon_n so_o shrewd_o put_v to_o it_o despair_v of_o the_o victory_n in_o this_o charge_n of_o the_o imperial_a pike_n and_o the_o gascon_n almost_o all_o the_o leader_n fall_v at_o the_o first_o 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their_o general_n and_o such_o of_o they_o as_o be_v approve_v by_o they_o shall_v be_v practise_v the_o old_a roman_n indeed_o keep_v themselves_o morose_o to_o their_o ancient_a form_n whereby_o they_o have_v be_v exceed_o prosperous_a and_o call_v all_o new_a invention_n schematism_n but_o we_o be_v not_o bind_v to_o follow_v they_o in_o all_o their_o opinion_n for_o i_o be_o of_o lipsius_n his_o judgement_n valde_fw-la mihi_fw-la placent_fw-la nova_fw-la &_o novitia_fw-la istae_fw-la inventiuncula_fw-la these_o little_a new_a invention_n caution_n to_o be_v practise_v with_o much_o caution_n say_v he_o please_v i_o mighty_o lieutenant-colonel_n elton_n in_o his_o complete_a body_n of_o the_o art_n of_o war_n have_v very_o many_o pretty_a figure_n of_o several_a body_n of_o foot_n all_o of_o they_o exceed_v delightful_a and_o fit_a for_o show_v and_o some_o of_o they_o for_o use_n provide_v officer_n and_o soldier_n be_v often_o and_o thorough_o accustom_a to_o they_o before_o 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prince_n or_o state_n the_o one_o of_o horse_n the_o other_o of_o foot_n shall_v command_v in_o chief_a have_v no_o superior_a at_o that_o time_n above_o they_o suppose_v those_o who_o be_v to_o be_v command_v consist_v of_o both_o foot_n and_o horse_n the_o second_o question_n shall_v be_v whether_o a_o officer_n of_o a_o inferior_a quality_n may_v upon_o occasion_n command_v one_o of_o a_o high_a degree_n as_o whether_o a_o lieutenant_n may_v command_v a_o captain_n the_o question_n be_v subdivide_v into_o two_o as_o first_o whether_o a_o officer_n of_o horse_n of_o a_o inferior_a quality_n may_v command_v a_o officer_n of_o foot_n of_o a_o high_a degree_n and_o next_o whether_o a_o officer_n of_o a_o king_n prince_z state_n or_o general_n guard_n aught_o or_o may_v have_v the_o command_n above_o a_o officer_n of_o a_o superior_a quality_n in_o any_o other_o regiment_n of_o the_o army_n suppose_v a_o lieutenant_n of_o the_o guard_n of_o foot_n to_o command_v over_o any_o captain_n of_o another_o regiment_n of_o foot_n and_o the_o like_a of_o the_o horse_n there_o may_v fall_v out_o a_o thousand_o emergence_n and_o occasion_n for_o such_o encounter_n and_o therefore_o they_o will_v be_v obviate_v and_o provide_v for_o by_o necessary_a and_o punctual_a order_n as_o suppose_v which_o be_v very_o ordinary_a there_o be_v but_o one_o general_a person_n with_o a_o part_n of_o a_o army_n and_o in_o a_o encounter_n he_o be_v kill_v the_o colonel_n under_o he_o strive_v for_o the_o command_n in_o chief_a make_v themselves_o a_o prey_n to_o the_o enemy_n which_o fall_v out_o but_o a_o very_a few_o year_n ago_o to_o the_o dane_n when_o they_o unfortunate_o fight_v against_o the_o swede_n in_o the_o isle_n of_o rugen_n next_o suppose_v a_o strong_a party_n of_o foot_n and_o horse_n command_v by_o a_o colonel_n who_o have_v under_o he_o but_o one_o lieutenant-colonel_n and_o one_o major_n several_a ritmaster_n and_o foot-captain_n the_o three_o field-officer_n be_v kill_v the_o question_n be_v whether_o the_o chief_a command_n belong_v to_o the_o elder_a ritmaster_n or_o the_o elder_a captain_n or_o to_o he_o of_o these_o two_o who_o can_v show_v the_o elder_a commission_n in_o that_o same_o service_n if_o the_o first_o of_o these_o question_n be_v well_o and_o judicious_o handle_v and_o discuss_v there_o will_v need_v but_o a_o few_o word_n to_o be_v speak_v to_o the_o rest_n the_o first_o question_n be_v which_o of_o the_o two_o officer_n of_o horse_n and_o foot_n of_o equal_a quality_n shall_v have_v the_o command_n there_o be_v some_o who_o take_v a_o broad_a axe_n to_o it_o and_o by_o a_o equal_a division_n will_v satisfy_v both_o party_n and_o say_v that_o in_o the_o field_n the_o officer_n of_o horse_n and_o in_o town_n castle_n garrison_n and_o fortify_v place_n the_o officer_z of_o foot_n shall_v have_v the_o prime_a command_n this_o arbitration_n will_v seem_v to_o give_v pretty_a good_a satisfaction_n to_o peaceable_a man_n but_o the_o ambition_n of_o commander_n of_o horse_n challenge_v the_o superiority_n in_o all_o place_n nor_o do_v i_o think_v the_o officer_n of_o foot_n shall_v be_v so_o modest_a as_o to_o give_v it_o they_o in_o any_o place_n without_o the_o express_a command_n of_o the_o prince_n or_o his_o general_n assure_o this_o superiority_n can_v in_o reason_n be_v challenge_v by_o either_o foot_n or_o horse_n unless_o they_o conceive_v their_o employment_n be_v either_o more_o necessary_a more_o to_o be_v trust_v to_o or_o more_o honourable_a than_o the_o other_o we_o shall_v then_o get_v some_o light_n to_o decide_v the_o controversy_n when_o we_o have_v examine_v whether_o the_o cavalry_n or_o infantry_n of_o a_o army_n be_v most_o necessary_a or_o most_o trust_v to_o and_o most_o honourable_a or_o all_o three_o and_o first_o as_o to_o the_o necessity_n reason_n and_o if_o i_o have_v any_o right_a reason_n common_a sense_n will_v evince_v that_o horse_n be_v not_o absolute_o necessary_a in_o the_o manage_n a_o war_n but_o as_o they_o say_v ad_fw-la bene_fw-la esse_fw-la only_o needful_a they_o be_v for_o the_o better_a manage_v the_o war_n or_o to_o say_v better_o they_o be_v useful_a and_o convenient_a but_o the_o foot_n be_v pure_o and_o absolute_o necessary_a as_o without_o which_o no_o war_n ever_o be_v nor_o no_o war_n ever_o can_v be_v manage_v consider_v that_o the_o impugnation_n and_o defence_n of_o town_n fort_n and_o castle_n be_v one_o of_o the_o most_o important_a and_o most_o necessary_a point_n of_o war_n or_o of_o the_o whole_a military_a art_n yet_o these_o have_v be_v may_v be_v and_o for_o most_o part_n be_v maintain_v and_o defend_v and_o assault_v and_o take_v by_o the_o foot_n only_o without_o the_o help_n of_o horseman_n and_o i_o think_v they_o be_v not_o paradoxical_a who_o say_v that_o horseman_n be_v so_o far_o from_o be_v necessary_a that_o they_o be_v not_o convenient_a within_o besiege_a place_n and_o without_o at_o sieges_n as_o little_a unless_o a_o enemy_n with_o succour_n be_v expect_v and_o in_o the_o field_n a_o well_o order_v and_o courageous_a well_o arm_a batallion_n of_o foot_n be_v not_o so_o soon_o tread_v down_o by_o a_o brigade_n of_o horse_n as_o some_o man_n fancy_n and_o when_o their_o charge_n be_v stout_o stand_v out_o i_o know_v not_o what_o the_o horse_n can_v do_v but_o ride_v i_o will_v not_o say_v run_v away_o if_o we_o look_v upon_o the_o practice_n of_o nation_n both_o ancient_a and_o modern_a we_o shall_v find_v all_o i_o have_v say_v support_v and_o more_o too_o and_o though_o our_o young_a gallant_n will_v be_v govern_v by_o no_o former_a custom_n yet_o i_o believe_v truth_n itself_o have_v bid_v we_o follow_v the_o good_a old_a way_n and_o therefore_o let_v we_o take_v a_o short_a view_n how_o little_a necessary_a many_o nation_n have_v think_v horseman_n to_o be_v in_o their_o
weak_a according_a to_o the_o nearness_n of_o a_o enemy_n foot_n be_v full_a and_o complete_a i_o think_v either_o in_o field_n or_o garrison_n a_o enemy_n not_o be_v near_o the_o four_o night_n duty_n be_v enough_o to_o keep_v officer_n and_o soldier_n in_o mind_n of_o their_o business_n though_o i_o know_v other_o think_v the_o three_o night_n easy_a enough_o if_o a_o enemy_n be_v near_o and_o have_v not_o yet_o make_v approach_n it_o will_v be_v to_o no_o purpose_n to_o weary_a soldier_n more_o than_o be_v needful_a the_o three_o night_n watch_n will_v be_v sufficient_a for_o it_o be_v not_o so_o much_o the_o number_n as_o the_o carefulness_n order_n and_o diligence_n of_o watch_n that_o preserve_v a_o camp_n town_n or_o fort_n from_o surprisal_n but_o when_o a_o enemy_n have_v invest_v the_o place_n and_o make_v approach_n more_o sentinel_n be_v requisite_a and_o consequent_o more_o man_n aught_v to_o be_v on_o the_o guard_n and_o this_o may_v bring_v the_o duty_n to_o the_o second_o night_n sometime_o i_o have_v see_v soldier_n keep_v on_o duty_n two_o night_n together_o and_o have_v only_o the_o three_o night_n allow_v they_o to_o repose_v and_o not_o to_o go_v to_o bed_n or_o put_v off_o their_o clothes_n that_o three_o night_n neither_o but_o to_o lie_v in_o readiness_n to_o run_v to_o their_o post_n so_o soon_o as_o call_v upon_o but_o when_o a_o bâ—siegeâ—_n have_v make_v gallery_n over_o the_o ditch_n it_o be_v ordinary_a for_o the_o besiege_a to_o lie_v constant_o at_o their_o several_a post_n our_o modern_a guard_n be_v as_o the_o ancient_a be_v either_o of_o horse_n or_o foot_n in_o the_o field_n whether_o the_o camp_n be_v fortify_v or_o not_o foot_n and_o horse_n have_v some_o guard_n appoint_v without_o the_o leaguer_n sometime_o together_o sometime_o horse_n guard_n of_o horse_n the_o horse_n without_o the_o foot_n who_o be_v oblige_v to_o keep_v sentinel_n on_o horse_n back_o in_o such_o place_n as_o the_o major_a general_n or_o adjutant_n general_n shall_v appoint_v and_o these_o guard_n and_o sentinel_n be_v to_o be_v visit_v often_o by_o the_o officer_n of_o the_o cavalry_n who_o be_v on_o the_o watch_n â—r_o by_o the_o lieutenant_n or_o major_a general_n of_o the_o horse_n these_o visit_n be_v ordin_fw-fr 〈…〉_o y_fw-es call_v patroâ—llies_n or_o patrovilles_n to_o distinguish_v they_o i_o think_v from_o the_o visit_n of_o the_o foot_n guard_n which_o be_v call_v round_n in_o garrison_n horseman_n be_v seldom_o require_v to_o watch_v in_o the_o night_n unless_o it_o be_v in_o the_o time_n of_o a_o siege_n but_o in_o the_o day_n time_n they_o be_v oblige_v to_o ride_v out_o in_o party_n as_o strong_a and_o as_o far_o as_o the_o governor_n of_o the_o place_n shall_v think_v fit_a to_o appoint_v and_o this_o duty_n be_v ordinary_o call_v recognosce_v or_o beat_v the_o street_n within_o a_o leaguer_n the_o foot_n keep_v guard_n constant_o beside_o these_o outer_a post_n speak_v of_o already_o the_o guards_z within_z be_v twofold_a ordinary_a and_o twofold_a foot_n guardâ—_n twofold_a extraordinary_a the_o ordinary_a be_v those_o which_o be_v keep_v within_o the_o fortification_n for_o its_o necessary_a defence_n whether_o it_o be_v in_o the_o bastion_n curtain_n redoubt_n or_o sconce_n the_o extraordinary_a be_v such_o as_o be_v keep_v at_o the_o general_n lieutenant_z general_z or_o other_o general_a officer_n lodging_n at_o the_o proviant_a the_o wagon_n at_o the_o artillery_n and_o ammunition_n but_o observe_v that_o here_o the_o sentinel_n must_v stand_v with_o pike_n for_o be_v so_o near_o powder_n they_o be_v not_o permit_v to_o have_v burn_a match_n and_o consequent_o not_o to_o take_v tabaco_n there_o be_v also_o two_o kind_n of_o sentinel_n extraordinary_a sentinel_n and_o ordinary_a one_o the_o extraordinary_a sentinel_n be_v those_o we_o call_v forlorn_a the_o word_n we_o horrid_a forlorn_a sentinel_n or_o perdues_z of_o horrid_a have_v from_o the_o dutch_a which_o signify_v lose_v the_o french_a call_v they_o perdues_z which_o be_v the_o same_o there_o be_v of_o they_o both_o horse_n and_o foot_n the_o first_o sit_v on_o horse_n back_o with_o his_o ordinary_a arm_n the_o foot_n perdue_n lie_v on_o his_o belly_n but_o have_v foot_n forlorn_a sentinel_n of_o foot_n neither_o musket_n fusee_fw-fr or_o carabine_n only_o a_o sword_n draw_v and_o if_o he_o be_v master_n of_o a_o dagger_n and_o a_o pistol_n he_o may_v have_v they_o too_o he_o be_v call_v lose_v because_o he_o be_v put_v in_o the_o most_o dangerous_a place_n and_o near_a the_o enemy_n neither_o be_v he_o to_o come_v back_o if_o he_o be_v only_o attack_v by_o one_o man_n if_o by_o two_o he_o may_v retire_v to_o the_o next_o perdue_n if_o there_o be_v any_o but_o if_o a_o great_a number_n than_o two_o come_v upon_o they_o they_o be_v bind_v to_o run_v quick_o and_o alarm_n that_o guard_n to_o which_o they_o belong_v in_o this_o place_n speak_v of_o a_o alarm_n i_o wonder_v why_o monsieur_n de_fw-fr gaya_n in_o the_o 82_o page_n of_o his_o book_n tell_v we_o that_o in_o garrison_n when_o alarm_n be_v beat_v or_o sound_v all_o soldier_n shall_v first_o meet_v at_o their_o captain_n house_n and_o from_o thence_o march_v to_o the_o place_n appoint_v for_o they_o to_o maintain_v this_o to_o i_o seem_v very_o strange_a doctrine_n unless_o he_o have_v assurance_n that_o a_o enemy_n will_v neither_o enter_v nor_o scalade_n till_o his_o soldier_n first_o very_o fair_o meet_v at_o their_o captain_n lodging_n and_o then_o march_v to_o their_o post_n but_o by_o his_o favour_n i_o hold_v it_o more_o convenient_a that_o the_o soldier_n run_v as_o fast_o as_o they_o can_v though_o man_n by_o man_n â—_o la_fw-fr desbandad_o direct_o to_o the_o place_n of_o the_o rampart_n or_o retrenchment_n ordain_v for_o they_o to_o defend_v common_o call_v post_n or_o alarm-place_n without_o take_v notice_n of_o their_o captain_n quarter_n we_o make_v it_o the_o sergeant_n duty_n to_o place_v the_o foot_n perdues_z at_o these_o post_n appoint_v by_o the_o sergeant_n major_n but_o i_o have_v know_v it_o do_v by_o the_o furâ—r_n or_o caporal_a of_o the_o gentleman_n and_o where_o such_o a_o officer_n be_v allow_v it_o seem_v to_o belong_v to_o his_o office_n and_o not_o to_o the_o sergeant_n who_o have_v employment_n enough_o beside_o he_o who_o be_v to_o be_v perdue_n shall_v be_v a_o gentleman_n of_o the_o company_n who_o the_o french_a call_n appoint_v and_o where_o these_o have_v no_o allowance_n of_o pay_n the_o captain_n shall_v make_v choice_n of_o some_o who_o by_o their_o birth_n and_o behaviour_n he_o conceive_v most_o fit_a for_o that_o employment_n the_o furer_n or_o sergeant_n be_v to_o bring_v the_o forlorn_a to_o his_o post_n and_o bring_v the_o other_o away_o with_o he_o he_o be_v also_o oblige_v frequent_o to_o visit_v his_o perdues_z for_o veâ—y_n often_o if_o they_o be_v not_o vigilant_a they_o be_v steal_v away_o bâ—_n a_o active_a enemy_n and_o therefore_o no_o perdues_z either_o of_o horse_n or_o foot_n shall_v be_v entrust_v with_o the_o word_n that_o they_o may_v not_o be_v able_a to_o give_v it_o to_o the_o enemy_n if_o they_o happen_v to_o be_v take_v a_o better_a order_n in_o my_o opinion_n than_o that_o of_o the_o roman_n who_o entrust_v their_o common_a soldier_n with_o the_o tessera_fw-la our_o forlorn_a sentinel_n be_v much_o use_v in_o the_o field_n when_o two_o army_n lyâ—_n near_o other_o wait_v their_o advantage_n but_o they_o be_v especial_o make_v use_n of_o at_o sieges_n of_o town_n fort_n and_o castle_n the_o ordinary_a sentinel_n if_o he_o belong_v to_o the_o cavalry_n stand_v on_o horseback_n foot_n ordinary_a sentinel_n of_o horse_n of_o foot_n the_o footman_n whether_o it_o be_v in_o camp_n town_n or_o garrison_n stand_v with_o his_o ordinary_a arm_n it_o be_v true_a i_o have_v see_v gentleman_n of_o company_n stand_v with_o draw_v sword_n at_o the_o chamber-door_n of_o prince_n when_o they_o have_v be_v visit_v garrison_n but_o notwithstanding_o that_o all_o foot_n soldier_n shall_v stand_v without_o duty_n their_o duty_n door_n with_o their_o ordinary_a arm_n whether_o tâ—â—_n be_v pike_n or_o musket_n when_o they_o be_v sentinel_n and_o constant_o at_o their_o seâ—â—â—nel_n posture_n neither_o shall_v any_o of_o they_o be_v permit_v to_o set_v down_o their_o arm_n the_o whole_a time_n they_o be_v on_o that_o duty_n but_o if_o they_o be_v weary_a they_o may_v shoulder_v their_o pike_n or_o musket_n and_o walk_v to_o and_o fro_o with_o they_o and_o so_o refresh_v themselves_o but_o at_o the_o approach_n of_o a_o commissionated_a officer_n they_o be_v immediate_o to_o return_v to_o their_o sentinel-posture_n yet_o they_o be_v never_o suffer_v to_o set_v their_o arm_n out_o of_o their_o hand_n but_o this_o be_v too_o much_o connive_v at_o by_o officer_n who_o thereby_o show_v
of_o the_o governor_n he_o shall_v have_v good_a intelligence_n he_o shall_v also_o have_v a_o serious_a consideration_n of_o his_o own_o provision_n form_v consideration_n before_o a_o siege_n be_v form_v money_n meat_n and_o munition_n and_o many_o more_o particular_n of_o which_o and_o concern_v which_o no_o definite_a or_o certain_a rule_n can_v be_v give_v and_o before_o he_o form_n or_o lay_v down_o his_o siege_n he_o ought_v to_o weigh_v and_o consider_v well_o all_o the_o advantage_n and_o disadvantage_n that_o may_v accrue_v to_o he_o as_o whether_o the_o gain_v the_o town_n or_o castle_n he_o besiege_v will_v counterpoise_v the_o loss_n of_o man_n and_o that_o vast_a expense_n of_o money_n meat_n and_o munition_n that_o must_v be_v hazard_v and_o bestow_v in_o reduce_v it_o how_o long_a time_n his_o own_o provision_n will_v be_v able_a to_o hold_v out_o whether_o he_o be_v able_a with_o probability_n of_o success_n to_o withstand_v or_o fight_v any_o enemy_n that_o dare_v adventure_v the_o relief_n of_o the_o besiege_a place_n and_o that_o which_o concern_v most_o both_o his_o master_n service_n and_o his_o own_o honour_n be_v to_o cast_v up_o his_o account_n so_o well_o that_o if_o any_o unexpected_a accident_n or_o adventure_n fall_v out_o such_o as_o be_v the_o change_n of_o wether_n inundation_n of_o water_n a_o mighty_a and_o unlooked_a for_o succourse_v a_o pestilence_n or_o other_o heavy_a disease_n in_o his_o army_n he_o may_v notwithstanding_o these_o and_o in_o spite_n of_o a_o enemy_n raise_v his_o siege_n and_o march_v away_o to_o place_n of_o safety_n and_o consequent_o make_v a_o honourable_a retreat_n with_o little_a or_o no_o loss_n of_o man_n for_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v think_v that_o a_o army_n march_v away_o from_o a_o besiege_a place_n with_o dishonour_n because_o ratio_fw-la bâ—lli_n depend_v on_o emergency_n and_o accident_n change_v as_o oft_o as_o ratio_fw-la status_fw-la and_o as_o in_o this_o nothing_o be_v think_v dishonourable_a that_o can_v save_v the_o state_n so_o in_o that_o nothing_o can_v be_v dishonourable_a that_o can_v save_v the_o army_n i_o have_v not_o the_o vanity_n to_o prescribe_v or_o give_v rule_n for_o what_o shall_v be_v do_v at_o siege_n how_o to_o begin_v the_o siege_n sieges_n but_o i_o presume_v i_o may_v be_v permit_v to_o tell_v novice_n for_o to_o they_o only_o i_o write_v what_o be_v do_v and_o ordinarl_o practise_v at_o sieges_n after_o a_o resolution_n be_v take_v to_o besiege_v a_o place_n diligence_n and_o expedition_n shall_v be_v use_v that_o all_o pass_n highway_n and_o avenue_n be_v possess_v by_o the_o cavalry_n that_o no_o entrance_n to_o the_o fort_n be_v permit_v and_o that_o all_o citizen_n or_o soldier_n belong_v to_o it_o be_v seize_v on_o and_o make_v prisoner_n that_o intelligence_n may_v be_v get_v of_o all_o affair_n within_o many_o general_n at_o sieges_n entrench_v their_o army_n and_o many_o do_v not_o those_o entrench_v at_o some_o sieges_n army_n be_v not_o entrench_v who_o do_v not_o have_v no_o apprehension_n of_o a_o enemy_n and_o therefore_o upon_o intelligence_n of_o the_o approach_n of_o one_o they_o must_v be_v ready_a to_o march_v either_o to_o meet_v and_o fight_v that_o enemy_n or_o leave_v both_o he_o and_o the_o besieged_a place_n for_o good_a and_o all_o both_o which_o i_o have_v know_v practise_v those_o who_o entrench_v their_o army_n sieges_n army_n entrench_v at_o sieges_n take_v the_o far_o sure_a way_n though_o the_o do_v it_o cost_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o time_n and_o labour_n the_o entrenchment_n must_v be_v make_v both_o against_o those_o within_o the_o town_n and_o against_o any_o without_o who_o will_v hazard_v to_o relieve_v it_o the_o fortification_n of_o the_o camp_n be_v proper_o call_v the_o trench_n though_o the_o word_n be_v frequent_o take_v for_o approach_n and_o in_o that_o word_n be_v comprehend_v the_o line_n of_o communication_n which_o line_n be_v divide_v into_o several_a part_n field-sconce_n whole_a and_o half_a bulwark_n star-work_n and_o redout_n none_o of_o these_o shall_v have_v a_o curtain_n between_o they_o above_o six_o or_o seven_o hundred_o foot_n long_o for_o the_o distance_n of_o they_o one_o from_o another_o shall_v be_v less_o than_o a_o musket_n shoot_v they_o shall_v be_v build_v of_o black_a earth_n if_o it_o can_v be_v have_v but_o if_o the_o ground_n be_v sandy_a it_o must_v be_v knit_v together_o with_o with_o 's_o fascines_n straw_n or_o grow_a corn_n and_o without_o with_o a_o ditch_n and_o pallisado_n of_o the_o same_o matter_n shall_v the_o redout_n and_o battery_n in_o the_o approach_n be_v build_v the_o star-sconce_n have_v their_o side_n 40_o or_o 50_o foot_n long_o and_o their_o point_n far_o distant_a be_v ordinary_o make_v in_o haste_n when_o time_n will_v not_o permit_v better_a to_o be_v make_v if_o a_o army_n be_v numerous_a enough_o or_o that_o there_o be_v store_n of_o pioner_n with_o it_o a_o general_n may_v fortify_v his_o camp_n and_o begin_v his_o approach_n both_o together_o and_o this_o will_v save_v he_o much_o time_n which_o in_o such_o occasion_n be_v very_o precious_a but_o if_o he_o can_v do_v both_o at_o once_o he_o shall_v entrench_v himself_o and_o then_o begin_v those_o work_n which_o be_v call_v approach_n run_v trench_n and_o by_o the_o dutch_a laâ—fgrabon_n in_o make_v these_o to_o break_v ground_n without_o the_o range_n of_o a_o piece_n of_o forâ—_n to_o approach_v to_o a_o forâ—_n ordnance_n will_v be_v too_o far_o and_o within_o musket_n shoot_v perhaps_o too_o near_o yet_o many_o think_v 8_o or_o 900._o foot_n from_o the_o besiege_a fort_n be_v passable_a at_o this_o place_n where_o the_o approach_n begin_v a_o sconce_n shall_v be_v make_v and_o in_o it_o a_o court_n of_o guard_n neither_o be_v it_o amiss_o here_o to_o make_v a_o battery_n and_o in_o it_o to_o plant_v some_o culverines_n and_o twelve_o pounder_n to_o beat_v down_o the_o near_a parapet_n of_o the_o fort_n from_o whence_o those_o who_o be_v to_o work_v in_o the_o approach_n may_v be_v infest_a but_o before_o i_o approach_v any_o near_a the_o fort_n i_o must_v tell_v you_o that_o i_o admire_v how_o captain_n rud_n the_o late_a king_n engineer_n have_v leave_v it_o upon_o record_n that_o the_o roman_n be_v the_o first_o that_o use_v the_o spade_n at_o sieges_n and_o that_o julius_n dispute_v captain_n rudd_n opinion_n dispute_v caesar_n be_v the_o first_o that_o besiege_v town_n by_o circumvallation_n against_o the_o first_o assertion_n though_o we_o shall_v not_o speak_v of_o profane_a author_n yet_o we_o find_v it_o write_v in_o the_o 15._o verse_n of_o the_o 20._o chapter_n of_o the_o second_o book_n of_o samuel_n that_o jacob_n cast_v up_o a_o bank_n say_v our_o translation_n against_o abel_n where_o the_o rebel_n sheba_n be_v deodati_n in_o his_o italian_a translation_n call_v it_o bastione_n a_o bulwark_n now_o these_o can_v not_o be_v do_v without_o the_o help_n of_o a_o spade_n or_o 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military_a essay_n of_o the_o ancient_n grecian_a roman_a and_o modern_a art_n of_o war_n fol._n mr._n tanner_n primordia_fw-la or_o the_o rise_n and_o growth_n of_o the_o first_o church_n of_o god_n describe_v octavo_n a_o letter_n write_v by_o the_o last_o assembly_n general_n of_o the_o clergy_n of_o france_n to_o the_o protestant_n invite_v they_o to_o return_v to_o their_o communion_n together_o with_o the_o method_n propose_v by_o they_o for_o their_o conviction_n translate_v into_o english_a and_o examine_v by_o dr._n gilb._n burnet_n octavo_n dr._n cave_n dissertation_n concern_v the_o government_n of_o the_o ancient_a church_n by_o bishop_n metropolitan_o and_o patriarch_n more_o particular_o concern_v the_o ancient_a power_n and_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o bishop_n of_o rome_n and_o the_o encroachment_n of_o that_o upon_o other_o see_v especial_o constantinople_n octavo_n his_o history_n of_o the_o life_n act_n death_n and_o write_n of_o the_o most_o eminent_a father_n of_o the_o church_n that_o flourish_v in_o the_o four_o century_n be_v a_o second_o volumn_n wherein_o among_o other_o thing_n be_v a_o account_n of_o arianism_n and_o all_o other_o sect_n of_o that_o age._n with_o a_o introduction_n contain_v a_o historical_a account_n of_o the_o state_n of_o paganism_n under_o the_o first_o christian_n emperor_n folio_n book_n in_o the_o press_n doctor_n john_n lightfoot'_v work_n in_o english_a fol._n mr._n selden_n janus_n anglorum_fw-la english_v with_o note_n to_o which_o be_v add_v his_o epinomis_n concern_v the_o ancient_a government_n and_o law_n of_o this_o kingdom_n never_o before_o extant_a also_o two_o other_o treatise_n write_v by_o the_o same_o author_n one_o of_o the_o original_a of_o ecclesiastical_a jurisdiction_n of_o testament_n the_o other_o of_o the_o disposition_n or_o administration_n of_o intestates_fw-la good_n now_o the_o first_o time_n publish_v fol._n mezeray_n history_n of_o france_n render_v into_o engl._n fol._n gul._n ten-rhyne_n med._n doct._n dissertat_fw-la de_fw-fr arthritide_fw-la mantyssa_n schematica_fw-la &_o de_fw-fr acupunctura_fw-la item_n orationes_fw-la tres_fw-fr de_fw-fr chemiae_n ac_fw-la botaniae_fw-la antiquitate_fw-la &_o dignitate_fw-la de_fw-fr physiognomia_fw-la &_o de_fw-la monstris_fw-la cum_fw-la figuris_fw-la &_o authoris_fw-la notis_fw-la illustratae_fw-la octavo_fw-la d._n spenceri_fw-la dissertationes_fw-la de_fw-la ratione_fw-la rituum_fw-la judaicorum_fw-la etc._n etc._n fol._n finis_fw-la
cover_v make_v of_o white_a iron_n like_o extinguisher_n purposely_o for_o that_o end_n but_o that_o some_o of_o they_o will_v be_v see_v by_o a_o vigilant_a enemy_n and_o thereby_o many_o secret_a erterprise_n be_v lose_v it_o be_v therefore_o good_a that_o for_o the_o half_a of_o the_o musket_n if_o not_o for_o they_o all_o flint-lock_n be_v make_v and_o keep_v careful_o by_o the_o captain_n of_o arm_n of_o each_o company_n that_o upon_o any_o such_o occasion_n or_o party_n the_o half_a or_o more_o of_o the_o other_o lock_n may_v be_v immediate_o take_v off_o and_o the_o flint-ones_a clap_v on_o by_o the_o gunsmith_n of_o the_o company_n and_o then_o there_o will_v be_v no_o danger_n of_o see_v burn_a match_n the_o sight_n whereof_o have_v ruin_v many_o good_a design_n i_o shall_v give_v you_o but_o one_o instance_n for_o all_o not_o long_o after_o the_o invention_n of_o the_o musket_n some_o spaniard_n be_v almost_o starve_v to_o death_n in_o instance_a instance_a coron_n by_o a_o blockade_n of_o the_o turk_n they_o hazard_v desperate_o and_o sally_v out_o and_o though_o they_o have_v some_o mile_n to_o march_v yet_o they_o do_v it_o with_o great_a courage_n and_o all_o imaginable_a industry_n and_o silence_n and_o have_v assure_o take_v the_o infidel_n â—â—pping_v if_o their_o burn_a match_n have_v not_o bewray_v their_o approach_n and_o this_o only_o mar_v the_o achievement_n of_o a_o noble_a exploit_n it_o be_v true_a they_o make_v a_o handsome_a retreat_n but_o with_o great_a loss_n and_o with_o the_o death_n of_o their_o chief_a commander_n one_o machichao_n a_o noble_a and_o stout_a gentleman_n i_o shall_v have_v tell_v you_o that_o all_o the_o musket_n of_o one_o army_n yea_o under_o one_o prince_n or_o state_n shall_v be_v of_o one_o calibre_n or_o bear_v there_o be_v beside_o these_o i_o have_v mention_v other_o weapon_n for_o the_o foot_n such_o foot_n other_o weapon_n for_o foot_n as_o long_a rapier_n and_o touk_n shable_n two_o hand_a sword_n 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of_o the_o popish_a pikeman_n by_o the_o length_n of_o their_o pike_n and_o immediate_o after_o rout_v the_o whole_a body_n not_o suffer_v one_o german_n to_o escape_v upon_o this_o the_o pope_n cavalry_n flee_v and_o the_o vrsiâ—â—s_n keep_v the_o field_n force_v his_o holiness_n to_o grant_v they_o against_o his_o will_n a_o advantageous_a peace_n i_o shall_v not_o here_o speak_v of_o the_o number_n of_o pikeman_n allow_v to_o each_o company_n i_o shall_v do_v that_o in_o its_o due_a place_n but_o it_o seem_v strange_a to_o i_o there_o shall_v be_v so_o little_a esteem_n make_v of_o the_o pike_n in_o most_o place_n it_o be_v so_o useful_a and_o so_o necessary_a a_o weapon_n thirty_o year_n ago_o when_o the_o war_n be_v very_o hot_a in_o the_o german_a empire_n between_o the_o emperor_n ferdinand_n and_o the_o catholic_n league_n as_o it_o be_v call_v on_o the_o one_o part_n and_o the_o swede_n and_o the_o evangelic_n union_n as_o they_o call_v it_o on_o the_o other_o i_o see_v such_o a_o universal_a contempt_n of_o the_o pike_n that_o i_o can_v not_o admire_v neglect_v the_o pike_n very_o much_o neglect_v it_o enough_o for_o though_o after_o gustavus_n adolphus_n king_n of_o sweden_n enter_v germany_n squadron_n and_o batallion_n of_o pike_n be_v to_o be_v see_v in_o all_o regiment_n and_o brigade_n of_o both_o party_n and_o that_o pikeman_n be_v still_o account_v the_o body_n of_o the_o infantry_n yet_o after_o his_o victory_n at_o leipsick_a over_o the_o imperial_a force_n under_o ty_o the_o king_n march_n be_v so_o quick_a in_o pursuance_n of_o his_o success_n which_o follow_v one_o germany_n in_o germany_n on_o the_o heel_n of_o another_o and_o the_o retreat_n also_o of_o other_o army_n from_o he_o be_v so_o speedy_a that_o first_o the_o pikemans_fw-mi defensive_a arm_n be_v cast_v away_o and_o after_o they_o the_o pike_n itself_o insomuch_o that_o all_o who_o hereafter_o be_v levy_v and_o enroll_v call_v for_o musket_n but_o notwithstanding_o this_o when_o new_a regiment_n be_v levy_v after_o that_o great_a king_n death_n colonel_n and_o captain_n be_v ever_o order_v to_o levy_v and_o arm_v pikeman_n proportionable_o to_o the_o musquetier_n yet_o after_o they_o have_v endure_v some_o fatigue_n the_o pike_n be_v again_o cast_v away_o and_o no_o soldier_n but_o musquetier_n be_v to_o be_v see_v whether_o this_o be_v do_v by_o the_o supine_n negligence_n of_o the_o officer_n especial_o the_o colonel_n or_o for_o the_o contempt_n they_o have_v of_o the_o pike_n i_o know_v not_o but_o i_o be_o sure_a that_o for_o some_o year_n together_o i_o have_v see_v many_o weak_a regiment_n compose_v mere_o of_o musquetier_n without_o one_o pikeman_n in_o any_o of_o they_o and_o sure_o they_o be_v so_o much_o the_o weak_a for_o that_o nor_o do_v i_o find_v long_o after_o that_o that_o the_o pike_n get_v better_a entertainment_n in_o other_o place_n than_o in_o germany_n for_o in_o the_o year_n 1657_o after_o the_o late_a king_n of_o denmark_n have_v lose_v his_o best_a army_n he_o give_v denmark_n in_o denmark_n as_o i_o say_v in_o this_o same_o chapter_n commission_n to_o five_o of_o we_o to_o raise_v each_o of_o we_o a_o regiment_n of_o man_n of_o one_o thousand_o apiece_o all_o stranger_n we_o be_v bind_v by_o the_o capitulation_n to_o arm_v our_o regiment_n ourselves_o out_o of_o the_o money_n we_o have_v agree_v for_o and_o express_o with_o musket_n neither_o will_v those_o of_o the_o privy_a council_n who_o be_v order_v to_o treat_v with_o we_o suffer_v one_o word_n to_o be_v mention_v of_o a_o pike_n in_o our_o commission_n though_o the_o conveniency_n and_o sometime_o the_o necessity_n of_o that_o weapon_n be_v sufficient_o remonstrate_v by_o we_o but_o there_o be_v two_o who_o write_v down_o right_a against_o the_o use_n of_o the_o pike_n these_o be_v englishman_n declare_v useless_a by_o two_o a_o italian_a and_o a_o englishman_n brancatio_n a_o italian_a commander_n and_o one_o master_n daniel_n lupton_n a_o englishman_n who_o i_o think_v trace_v brancatio_n his_o step_n for_o though_o i_o have_v not_o see_v that_o italian_a piece_n yet_o i_o have_v see_v a_o countryman_n of_o the_o author_n achilles_n terduzzi_n who_o tell_v i_o he_o have_v read_v it_o every_o word_n master_n luptons_n book_n i_o have_v see_v and_o will_v presume_v by_o his_o leave_n in_o the_o next_o chapter_n to_o examine_v his_o argument_n and_o reason_n chap._n vi_o master_n lupton_n book_n against_o the_o use_n of_o the_o pike_n examine_v this_o gentleman_n print_v his_o book_n in_o the_o year_n 1642_o and_o present_v it_o to_o essex_n the_o book_n dedicate_v to_o the_o earl_n of_o essex_n the_o earl_n of_o essex_n who_o be_v declare_v general_n of_o the_o parliament_n force_v that_o very_a year_n but_o it_o seem_v he_o have_v not_o get_v his_o