a_o discourse_n concern_v coin_v the_o new_a money_n light_a in_o answer_n to_o mr._n lock_n be_v consideration_n about_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o money_n by_o nicholas_n barbon_n esq_n london_n print_v for_o richard_n chiswell_n at_o the_o rose_n and_o crown_n in_o st._n paul_n churchyard_n mdcxcvi_o preface_n this_o question_n whether_o it_o be_v for_o the_o interest_n of_o england_n at_o this_o time_n to_o new-coin_n their_o clipt-money_n according_a to_o the_o old_a standard_n both_o for_o weight_n and_o fineness_n or_o to_o coin_v it_o somewhat_o light_a have_v be_v of_o late_a the_o business_n of_o the_o press_n and_o the_o common_a subject_n of_o debate_n and_o since_o there_o have_v be_v so_o much_o write_v and_o say_v pro_n &_o con_n about_o this_o matter_n and_o yet_o gentleman_n continue_v still_o unsatisfied_a and_o of_o different_a opinion_n i_o can_v not_o hope_v from_o any_o thing_n i_o may_v write_v to_o have_v better_a success_n and_o therefore_o do_v not_o intend_v 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that_o they_o may_v thereby_o discover_v the_o truth_n but_o because_o by_o the_o experiment_n there_o appear_v so_o plain_a a_o advantage_n as_o the_o multiply_a the_o species_n of_o the_o coin_n and_o save_v the_o nation_n near_o a_o million_o of_o money_n in_o a_o time_n when_o they_o be_v engage_v in_o so_o chargeable_a a_o war._n i_o be_v therefore_o encourage_v in_o hope_n of_o such_o success_n to_o offer_v my_o reason_n for_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o the_o money_n to_o public_a consideration_n that_o they_o may_v be_v the_o better_o weigh_v and_o examine_v and_o at_o the_o same_o time_n to_o answer_v mr._n lock_n be_v objection_n to_o the_o contrary_a which_o both_o from_o the_o reputation_n of_o the_o person_n that_o write_v they_o and_o the_o reception_n they_o seem_v to_o have_v have_v from_o great_a personage_n before_o they_o be_v publish_v be_v of_o great_a force_n in_o this_o debate_n that_o which_o seem_v to_o be_v the_o great_a difficulty_n in_o clear_v this_o 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of_o money_n when_o man_n will_v be_v glad_a to_o take_v a_o bank-note_a for_o want_v of_o it_o and_o on_o the_o contrary_a nothing_o can_v be_v more_o disadvantageous_a to_o bank_n especial_o to_o those_o young_a in_o credit_n than_o plenty_n of_o new_a money_n when_o the_o money_n may_v be_v soon_o tell_v than_o a_o note_v write_v so_o that_o if_o i_o be_v to_o consider_v my_o private_a interest_n i_o ought_v to_o be_v of_o the_o contrary_a opinion_n to_o that_o i_o argue_v for_o and_o therefore_o i_o hope_v i_o shall_v be_v believe_v when_o i_o declare_v that_o i_o have_v no_o other_o design_n in_o write_v this_o discourse_n than_o the_o service_n of_o my_o country_n and_o i_o have_v the_o same_o candour_n to_o believe_v it_o of_o those_o that_o have_v write_v for_o the_o contrary_a opinion_n and_o that_o mr._n lock_n and_o i_o do_v in_o this_o agree_v though_o in_o our_o argument_n we_o differ_v for_o i_o can_v believe_v that_o any_o person_n for_o his_o own_o private_a interest_n 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for_o want_v of_o right_a understanding_n of_o it_o for_o i_o have_v the_o same_o design_n as_o mr._n lock_v that_o truth_n betwixt_o we_o may_v appear_v and_o therefore_o shall_v use_v his_o own_o word_n that_o i_o shall_v think_v myself_o oblige_v to_o he_o or_o any_o one_o else_o who_o shall_v show_v i_o or_o the_o public_a any_o material_a mistake_n in_o any_o thing_n i_o have_v here_o say_v whereon_o any_o part_n of_o the_o question_n turn_v the_o want_n of_o leisure_n from_o other_o affair_n may_v very_o well_o have_v be_v plead_v for_o not_o write_v in_o this_o debate_n but_o if_o it_o may_v be_v allow_v i_o for_o a_o excuse_n in_o not_o write_v so_o well_o on_o this_o subject_a as_o the_o weightiness_n of_o it_o may_v require_v either_o in_o respect_n of_o the_o style_n the_o method_n of_o argue_v or_o the_o omission_n of_o several_a thing_n to_o the_o clear_v the_o controversy_n i_o shall_v not_o think_v my_o time_n ill_o spend_v especial_o if_o any_o thing_n that_o i_o have_v write_v may_v tend_v to_o the_o service_n of_o the_o public_a the_o content_n or_o chief_z substance_n of_o mr._n have_v book_n that_o silver_n be_v the_o instrument_n and_o measure_n of_o commerce_n by_o its_o intrinsic_a value_n the_o intrinsic_a value_n of_o silver_n be_v the_o estimate_n which_o common_a consent_n have_v place_v on_o it_o silver_n be_v the_o measure_n of_o commerce_n by_o its_o quantity_n which_o be_v also_o the_o measure_n of_o its_o intrinsic_a value_n it_o be_v the_o quantity_n of_o silver_n man_n give_v take_v and_o contract_n for_o that_o they_o estimate_v the_o value_n of_o other_o thing_n by_o and_o give_v and_o take_v in_o exchange_n for_o all_o other_o commodity_n that_o money_n differ_v from_o vncoined_a silver_n only_o in_o this_o that_o the_o quantity_n of_o silver_n in_o each_o piece_n be_v ascertain_v by_o its_o stamp_n which_o be_v set_v there_o to_o be_v a_o public_a voucher_n for_o its_o weight_n and_o fineness_n that_o the_o par_fw-fr of_o money_n be_v a_o certain_a number_n of_o piece_n of_o the_o coin_n of_o one_o country_n contain_v in_o they_o a_o equal_a quantity_n of_o silver_n to_o that_o in_o another_o number_n of_o piece_n of_o the_o coin_n of_o another_o country_n that_o plenty_n of_o money_n in_o a_o country_n be_v only_o make_v and_o preserve_v by_o the_o balance_n of_o trade_n from_o these_o proposition_n mr._n lock_n argue_v that_o it_o will_v be_v no_o advantage_n to_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o the_o money_n but_o a_o great_a loss_n to_o all_o the_o creditor_n and_o land_a man_n of_o england_n for_o bullion_n or_o vncoined_a silver_n have_v a_o intrinsic_a value_n can_v never_o rise_v nor_o fall_v and_o money_n differ_v only_o from_o silver_n in_o this_o that_o the_o stamp_n ascertain_v the_o weight_n and_o
fineness_n of_o the_o silver_n in_o the_o money_n silver_n can_v never_o be_v of_o a_o high_a price_n than_o the_o money_n for_o a_o equal_a quantity_n of_o silver_n will_v always_o be_v of_o the_o same_o value_n to_o a_o equal_a quantity_n of_o silver_n that_o if_o the_o value_n of_o the_o money_n be_v raise_v the_o value_n of_o all_o good_n will_v rise_v according_o for_o silver_n be_v the_o measure_n of_o commerce_n by_o its_o quantity_n and_o it_o be_v the_o quantity_n of_o silver_n that_o man_n contract_v for_o in_o sell_v their_o good_n if_o there_o be_v a_o less_o quantity_n of_o silver_n in_o a_o crown-piece_n it_o will_v buy_v a_o less_o quantity_n of_o good_n or_o if_o the_o crown_n be_v raise_v to_o six_o shilling_n those_o good_n that_o use_v to_o be_v sell_v for_o a_o crown_n will_v then_o cost_v six_o shilling_n that_o it_o will_v be_v the_o same_o in_o all_o foreign_a commodity_n and_o foreign_a exchange_n for_o the_o foreign_a exchange_n and_o par_n of_o money_n be_v only_o from_o a_o equal_a quantity_n of_o silver_n in_o the_o different_a coin_n of_o the_o several_a country_n if_o the_o money_n be_v make_v light_a there_o must_v then_o be_v a_o great_a number_n of_o piece_n to_o make_v the_o par_fw-fr or_o foreign_a exchange_n by_o foreign_a money_n equal_a or_o else_o the_o quantity_n of_o silver_n will_v not_o be_v equal_a to_o that_o in_o the_o foreign_a coin_n so_o that_o the_o foreign_a exchange_n and_o price_n of_o all_o foreign_a good_n will_v rise_v in_o proportion_n to_o what_o the_o value_n of_o the_o money_n be_v raise_v that_o which_o cost_v twenty_o pound_n before_o will_v cost_v five_o and_o twenty_o if_o the_o money_n be_v raise_v a_o five_o because_o there_o will_v be_v no_o great_a a_o quantity_n of_o silver_n in_o five_o and_o twenty_o pound_n than_o there_o be_v in_o twenty_o before_o the_o money_n be_v raise_v that_o the_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o the_o money_n will_v not_o prevent_v the_o carry_v it_o away_o because_o that_o depend_v upon_o the_o balance_n of_o trade_n for_o if_o there_o be_v more_o foreign_a good_n buy_v of_o any_o nation_n and_o import_v than_o there_o be_v of_o the_o native_a commodity_n export_v the_o balance_n must_v be_v pay_v in_o money_n which_o will_v always_o carry_v it_o out_o to_o pay_v the_o debt_n till_o the_o balance_n of_o that_o nation_n be_v alter_v which_o be_v by_o export_v more_o of_o the_o native_a commodity_n and_o import_v less_o of_o the_o foreign_a that_o there_o will_v be_v a_o great_a loss_n to_o all_o the_o creditor_n and_o landlord_n of_o england_n for_o they_o let_v their_o land_n by_o the_o same_o rule_n which_o be_v by_o the_o quantity_n of_o silver_n in_o the_o money_n if_o the_o money_n be_v make_v light_a by_o a_o five_o part_n they_o will_v lose_v a_o five_o part_n by_o their_o rent_n they_o will_v receive_v but_o eighty_o pound_n instead_o of_o a_o hundred_o because_o there_o will_v be_v no_o more_o silver_n in_o a_o hundred_o than_o there_o be_v before_o in_o eighty_o that_o there_o will_v be_v the_o same_o loss_n to_o the_o creditor_n when_o they_o be_v pay_v their_o bond_n debt_n and_o contract_n so_o that_o the_o raise_n of_o the_o money_n will_v put_v a_o very_a great_a loss_n and_o hardship_n upon_o landlord_n and_o creditor_n and_o bring_v no_o advantage_n to_o the_o nation_n the_o contrary_a proposition_n in_o answer_n to_o mr._n lock_v be_v these_o that_o there_o be_v no_o intrinsic_a value_n in_o silver_n or_o any_o fix_v or_o certain_a estimate_n that_o common_a consent_n have_v place_v on_o it_o but_o that_o it_o be_v a_o commodity_n and_o rise_v and_o fall_v as_o other_o commodity_n do_v that_o money_n be_v the_o instrument_n and_o measure_n of_o commerce_n and_o not_o silver_n that_o it_o be_v the_o instrument_n of_o commerce_n from_o the_o authority_n of_o that_o government_n where_o it_o be_v coin_v and_o that_o by_o the_o stamp_n and_o size_n of_o each_o piece_n the_o value_n be_v know_v that_o money_n differ_v from_o vncoined_a silver_n in_o this_o that_o the_o authority_n of_o the_o government_n give_v a_o fix_a and_o certain_a value_n to_o each_o piece_n of_o money_n which_o be_v general_o beyond_o the_o value_n of_o the_o silver_n in_o it_o that_o it_o be_v money_n that_o man_n give_v take_v and_o contract_n with_o for_o all_o other_o commodity_n and_o by_o which_o they_o estimate_v the_o value_n of_o all_o other_o thing_n have_v regard_n more_o to_o the_o stamp_n and_o currancy_n of_o the_o money_n than_o to_o the_o quantity_n of_o fine_a silver_n in_o each_o piece_n that_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o the_o money_n will_v not_o raise_v the_o foreign_a exchange_n nor_o foreign_a commodity_n that_o if_o by_o the_o balance_n of_o trade_n in_o a_o nation_n the_o money_n be_v carry_v away_o the_o only_a mean_n to_o prevent_v it_o be_v to_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o the_o money_n that_o it_o be_v the_o practice_n of_o all_o the_o government_n in_o europe_n to_o raise_v their_o money_n from_o time_n to_o time_n as_o the_o price_n of_o silver_n rise_v that_o the_o raise_n of_o the_o money_n will_v not_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o any_o commodity_n that_o if_o the_o money_n be_v raise_v a_o five_o the_o landlord_n will_v not_o lose_v any_o part_n of_o his_o rent_n nor_o the_o creditor_n any_o part_n of_o his_o debt_n or_o contract_n that_o if_o the_o money_n be_v not_o raise_v and_o keep_v above_o the_o price_n of_o silver_n it_o will_v be_v melt_v down_o and_o carry_v away_o that_o the_o consequence_n will_v be_v that_o for_o want_v of_o money_n commerce_n and_o trade_n will_v be_v at_o a_o stand_n the_o price_n of_o the_o native_a commodity_n and_o the_o rent_n of_o the_o land_n will_v fall_v and_o that_o it_o will_v cause_v a_o general_a clamour_n and_o poverty_n in_o the_o nation_n to_o prove_v the_o truth_n of_o these_o proposition_n it_o will_v be_v necessary_a to_o discourse_v in_o general_n of_o these_o several_a thing_n viz._n of_o riches_n and_o the_o value_n of_o thing_n of_o money_n and_o the_o par_fw-fr of_o the_o several_a coin_n of_o the_o balance_n of_o trade_n and_o foreign_a exchange_n of_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o money_n with_o the_o cause_n of_o it_o and_o the_o effect_n a_o discourse_n concern_v coin_v the_o new_a money_n light_a etc._n etc._n of_o riches_n and_o the_o value_n of_o thing_n all_o the_o argument_n in_o mr._n lock_n be_v book_n against_o the_o raise_n the_o value_n of_o money_n be_v draw_v from_o this_o single_a supposition_n that_o there_o be_v a_o intrinsic_a value_n in_o silver_n which_o be_v the_o price_n or_o estimate_n that_o common_a consent_n have_v place_v on_o it_o by_o which_o it_o come_v to_o be_v the_o measure_n of_o the_o value_n of_o all_o other_o thing_n which_o if_o that_o shall_v not_o be_v true_a than_o all_o his_o consequence_n must_v be_v mistake_v and_o to_o prove_v that_o he_o be_v so_o it_o will_v be_v necessary_a to_o discourse_v of_o riches_n in_o general_a and_o to_o show_v how_o the_o value_n of_o thing_n do_v arise_v by_o riches_n be_v mean_v all_o such_o thing_n as_o be_v of_o great_a value_n by_o value_v be_v to_o be_v understand_v the_o price_n of_o thing_n that_o be_v what_o any_o thing_n be_v worth_a to_o be_v sell_v according_a to_o the_o old_a maxim_n valet_fw-la quantum_fw-la vendi_fw-la potest_fw-la the_o value_n of_o all_o thing_n arise_v from_o their_o use._n thing_n of_o no_o use_n be_v of_o no_o value_n as_o the_o english_a phrase_n be_v they_o be_v good_a for_o nothing_o there_o be_v two_o general_n use_v by_o which_o all_o thing_n have_v a_o value_n they_o be_v either_o useful_a to_o supply_v the_o want_v of_o the_o body_n or_o the_o want_v of_o the_o mind_n thing_n that_o have_v a_o value_n from_o be_v necessary_a to_o supply_v the_o want_v of_o the_o body_n be_v all_o such_o thing_n as_o be_v useful_a to_o support_v life_n such_o as_o all_o sort_n of_o food_n and_o physic_n thing_n that_o have_v their_o value_n by_o be_v useful_a to_o supply_v the_o want_v of_o the_o mind_n be_v all_o such_o thing_n that_o satisfy_v desire_n desire_n imply_v want_n it_o be_v the_o appetite_n of_o the_o mind_n and_o as_o natural_a as_o hunger_n to_o the_o body_n such_o be_v all_o those_o thing_n that_o be_v any_o way_n useful_a to_o satisfy_v the_o mind_n by_o contribute_v to_o the_o ease_n pleasure_n or_o pomp_n of_o life_n by_o supply_v these_o two_o general_a want_n all_o sort_n of_o thing_n have_v a_o value_n but_o the_o great_a number_n of_o they_o have_v their_o value_n from_o supply_v the_o want_n of_o the_o mind_n and_o thing_n of_o the_o great_a value_n be_v use_v to_o set_v orth_o the_o pomp_n of_o life_n such_o as_o all_o sort_n of_o fine_a drapery_n gold_n
receive_v they_o expect_v no_o more_o than_o to_o be_v pay_v by_o the_o now_o current_a money_n though_o the_o quantity_n of_o silver_n be_v much_o less_o in_o this_o money_n the_o judge_n in_o set_v their_o fine_n common_o use_v the_o old_a denomination_n of_o a_o mark_n which_o be_v the_o name_n of_o the_o weight_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n in_o most_o place_n of_o europe_n contain_v eight_o ounce_n of_o the_o pound_n troy_n and_o in_o edward_n the_o three_o time_n when_o our_o pound_n sterling_n weigh_v a_o pound_n troy_n a_o mark_n be_v a_o common_a name_n in_o payment_n which_o then_o contain_v eight_o ounce_n of_o silver_n and_o yet_o the_o judge_n by_o their_o fine_a intend_v no_o more_o than_o that_o it_o shall_v be_v pay_v by_o the_o current_a money_n now_o in_o be_v which_o be_v two_o three_o of_o a_o pound_n sterling_n by_o tale_n and_o not_o two_o three_o of_o a_o pound_n troy_n by_o weight_n as_o the_o mark_n signify_v when_o first_o in_o use_n which_o will_v now_o amount_v to_o forty_o shilling_n by_o tale_n instead_o of_o thirteen_o and_o four_o penny_n which_o show_v that_o money_n be_v pay_v by_o a_o compute_v valuation_n and_o not_o by_o the_o quantity_n of_o silver_n in_o it_o the_o same_o may_v be_v observe_v in_o examine_v the_o par_fw-fr of_o the_o several_a coin_n and_o that_o the_o par_fw-fr of_o money_n be_v make_v sole_o by_o the_o valuation_n of_o the_o coin_n according_a to_o what_o it_o be_v current_n at_o and_o not_o from_o the_o quantity_n of_o silver_n in_o each_o piece_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o queen_n elizabeth_n anno_fw-la 1586._o there_o be_v a_o par_fw-fr of_o monies_n agree_v on_o betwixt_o the_o earl_n of_o essex_n and_o the_o state_n of_o the_o unite_a province_n which_o be_v that_o three_o and_o thirty_o of_o their_o shilling_n and_o four_o stivers_n shall_v be_v equal_a to_o our_o twenty_o shilling_n a_o english_a shilling_n be_v then_o value_v at_o 10_o stivers_n and_o if_o any_o person_n will_v examine_v the_o quantity_n of_o silver_n in_o this_o par_fw-fr they_o will_v find_v that_o there_o be_v more_o silver_n in_o our_o twenty_o shilling_n than_o in_o eight_o and_o thirty_o shilling_n of_o their_o money_n in_o the_o year_n 1622_o the_o state_n set_v out_o a_o placate_v wherein_o they_o prohibit_v all_o foreign_a coin_n to_o pass_v except_z what_o be_v name_v in_o that_o ordinance_n of_o the_o state_n according_a to_o the_o valuation_n there_o express_v the_o english_a shilling_n be_v one_o of_o the_o foreign_a coin_n that_o be_v allow_v to_o be_v there_o current_a which_o be_v to_o pass_v for_o ten_o stivers_n and_o a_o half_a so_o that_o by_o this_o second_o valuation_n of_o our_o english_a money_n they_o allow_v the_o par_fw-fr of_o our_o twenty_o shilling_n to_o be_v equal_a to_o five_o and_o thirty_o shilling_n two_o stivers_n of_o their_o money_n and_o yet_o our_o shilling_n be_v make_v light_a betwixt_o the_o first_o time_n of_o the_o valuation_n and_o the_o second_o by_o two_o shilling_n in_o three_o pound_n the_o french_a crown_n which_o use_v to_o pass_v for_o five_o and_o fifty_o stivers_n be_v now_o current_a in_o flanders_n for_o seven_o and_o fifty_o stivers_n since_o the_o french_a have_v raise_v the_o value_n of_o their_o money_n though_o there_o be_v no_o more_o silver_n in_o the_o crown-piece_n than_o there_o be_v before_o which_o show_v plain_o that_o the_o par_fw-fr of_o monies_n be_v a_o compute_v valuation_n and_o not_o from_o the_o quantity_n of_o silver_n in_o each_o piece_n of_o coin_n there_o be_v a_o par_fw-fr betwixt_o the_o money_n make_v of_o gold_n and_o silver_n that_o likewise_o be_v uncertain_a and_o depend_v somewhat_o upon_o the_o valuation_n of_o the_o money_n but_o because_o gold_n be_v a_o commodity_n of_o great_a value_n the_o gold_n money_n be_v general_o coin_v near_a to_o the_o market-price_n of_o gold_n than_o the_o silver_n money_n be_v to_o the_o silver_n and_o therefore_o the_o gold_n money_n be_v often_o weigh_v because_o the_o difference_n of_o a_o grain_n or_o two_o great_o alter_v the_o value_n of_o the_o piece_n of_o money_n to_o show_v what_o the_o par_n be_v betwixt_o gold_n and_o silver_n will_v be_v more_o proper_a in_o the_o discourse_n of_o raise_v the_o coin_n therefore_o i_o shall_v conclude_v this_o debate_n of_o money_n and_o the_o par_fw-fr of_o money_n and_o submit_v the_o question_n betwixt_o we_o to_o consideration_n upon_o the_o argument_n that_o have_v be_v use_v to_o prove_v that_o money_n have_v some_o valuation_n from_o the_o authority_n of_o the_o government_n where_o it_o be_v coin_v and_o not_o its_o sole_a value_n from_o the_o quantity_n of_o silver_n in_o each_o piece_n that_o man_n regard_v the_o currency_n and_o stamp_n of_o the_o coin_n and_o take_v it_o more_o upon_o the_o account_n that_o it_o will_v pass_v again_o for_o the_o same_o value_n to_o another_o than_o for_o the_o quantity_n of_o silver_n in_o each_o piece_n and_o not_o as_o mr._n lock_n have_v assert_v that_o be_v that_o the_o stamp_n upon_o the_o money_n be_v set_v there_o only_o to_o be_v a_o public_a voucher_n of_o its_o weight_n and_o fineness_n that_o in_o buy_v and_o sell_v it_o be_v the_o quantity_n of_o silver_n that_o man_n give_v or_o take_v or_o contract_n for_o that_o they_o estimate_v the_o value_n of_o other_o thing_n and_o satisfy_v for_o they_o and_o thus_o by_o its_o quantity_n silver_n become_v the_o measure_n of_o commerce_n of_o the_o balance_n of_o trade_n and_o foreign_a exchange_n the_o balance_n of_o trade_n be_v use_v by_o mr._n lock_v as_o a_o argument_n against_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o the_o money_n because_o the_o balance_n of_o all_o foreign_a account_n as_o he_o suppose_v be_v pay_v in_o money_n which_o must_v be_v send_v out_o to_o balance_v the_o account_n and_o let_v the_o value_v of_o it_o be_v what_o it_o will_v that_o be_v set_v upon_o the_o money_n it_o will_v go_v for_o no_o more_o in_o foreign_a country_n than_o according_a to_o the_o quantity_n of_o silver_n that_o be_v in_o it_o this_o be_v a_o very_a popular_a notion_n and_o general_o believe_v yet_o if_o it_o be_v consider_v it_o will_v be_v find_v to_o be_v a_o mistake_n and_o that_o there_o be_v no_o such_o usage_n as_o balance_v the_o foreign_a account_n of_o merchant_n by_o the_o money_n of_o a_o foreign_a nation_n but_o if_o there_o be_v such_o a_o usage_n it_o be_v the_o great_a argument_n for_o raise_v the_o value_n of_o the_o money_n that_o which_o be_v common_o mean_v by_o the_o balance_n of_o trade_n be_v the_o equal_a import_v of_o foreign_a commodity_n with_o the_o export_n of_o the_o native_a and_o they_o reckon_v that_o nation_n have_v the_o advantage_n in_o the_o balance_n of_o trade_n that_o export_v more_o of_o the_o native_a commodity_n and_o import_v less_o of_o the_o foreign_a and_o the_o reason_n that_o be_v give_v for_o it_o be_v that_o if_o the_o native_a commodity_n be_v of_o a_o great_a value_n that_o be_v export_v the_o balance_n of_o that_o account_n must_v be_v make_v up_o in_o bullion_n or_o money_n and_o the_o nation_n grow_v so_o much_o rich_a as_o the_o balance_n of_o that_o account_n amount_v to_o this_o opinion_n be_v ground_v upon_o this_o supposition_n that_o gold_n and_o silver_n be_v the_o only_a riches_n some_o man_n lay_v so_o great_a a_o stress_n about_o the_o inquire_n into_o this_o balance_n that_o they_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o a_o trade_n nation_n may_v be_v ruin_v and_o undo_v if_o there_o beened_a care_n take_v by_o law_n to_o regulate_v the_o balance_n and_o yet_o there_o be_v nothing_o so_o difficult_a as_o to_o find_v out_o the_o balance_n of_o trade_n in_o any_o nation_n or_o to_o know_v whether_o there_o ever_o be_v or_o can_v be_v such_o a_o thing_n as_o the_o make_n up_o the_o balance_n of_o trade_n betwixt_o one_o nation_n and_o another_o or_o to_o prove_v if_o it_o can_v be_v find_v out_o that_o there_o be_v any_o thing_n get_v or_o lose_v by_o the_o balance_n for_o a_o nation_n as_o a_o nation_n never_o trade_n it_o be_v only_o the_o inhabitant_n and_o subject_n of_o each_o nation_n that_o trade_n and_o there_o be_v no_o set_a day_n or_o time_n for_o make_v up_o of_o a_o general_a account_n every_o merchant_n make_v up_o his_o own_o private_a account_n and_o that_o be_v not_o do_v at_o any_o set_a time_n one_o merchant_n make_v it_o up_o one_o week_n and_o another_o in_o another_o week_n so_o that_o there_o can_v be_v no_o set_a time_n when_o to_o begin_v that_o balance_n therefore_o those_o that_o rely_v so_o much_o upon_o find_v out_o the_o balance_n of_o trade_n do_v it_o by_o take_v the_o computation_n from_o the_o trade_n of_o several_a year_n of_o one_o nation_n with_o another_o and_o think_v it_o may_v be_v do_v by_o examine_v
the_o account_n of_o the_o customhouse_n book_n and_o use_v to_o give_v for_o instance_n the_o french_a trade_n because_o the_o revenue_n that_o arise_v from_o those_o duty_n on_o french_a wine_n and_o other_o commodity_n that_o be_v import_v be_v so_o much_o great_a than_o the_o duty_n on_o those_o good_n that_o be_v send_v into_o france_n and_o therefore_o use_v to_o cry_v out_o very_o much_o against_o the_o french_a trade_n though_o perhaps_o if_o that_o be_v thorough_o consider_v the_o french_a trade_n be_v as_o profitable_a to_o the_o nation_n as_o any_o other_o foreign_a trade_n which_o may_v be_v make_v to_o appear_v if_o it_o be_v proper_a for_o this_o debate_n but_o to_o make_v up_o the_o balance_n of_o trade_n by_o the_o customhouse_n book_n be_v a_o very_a uncertain_a way_n of_o reckon_n for_o all_o foreign_a good_n that_o be_v import_v pay_v a_o great_a duty_n than_o the_o native_a good_n export_v it_o be_v the_o interest_n of_o all_o trade_n nation_n to_o lay_v easy_a custom_n if_o any_o upon_o their_o native_a commodity_n that_o they_o may_v be_v send_v cheap_a to_o foreign_a market_n and_o thereby_o encourage_v both_o the_o make_n and_o export_v of_o they_o and_o to_o lay_v high_a duty_n upon_o foreign_a ware_n that_o they_o may_v be_v dear_a and_o so_o not_o lessen_v by_o their_o cheapness_n the_o consumption_n of_o the_o native_a commodity_n so_o that_o there_o can_v be_v no_o computation_n of_o the_o balance_n of_o trade_n from_o the_o difference_n of_o the_o sum_n of_o money_n that_o be_v pay_v at_o the_o customhouse_n for_o the_o foreign_a good_n import_v and_o the_o native_a export_v but_o suppose_v there_o shall_v be_v a_o allowance_n make_v in_o cast_v up_o the_o account_n for_o the_o greatness_n of_o the_o duty_n that_o the_o foreign_a good_n pay_v more_o than_o the_o native_a yet_o that_o can_v be_v no_o advantage_n in_o the_o discover_v the_o balance_n of_o trade_n because_o they_o can_v discover_v by_o the_o customhouse_n book_n what_o the_o native_a good_n that_o be_v export_v be_v sell_v for_o for_o the_o balance_n of_o the_o trade_n must_v arise_v from_o the_o value_n of_o the_o good_n that_o be_v sell_v and_o not_o from_o the_o quantity_n that_o be_v export_v or_o import_v and_o that_o be_v know_v only_o to_o the_o merchant_n that_o sell_v the_o good_n and_o it_o be_v not_o for_o his_o interest_n to_o acquaint_v other_o with_o it_o and_o thereby_o discover_v the_o profit_n of_o his_o trade_n so_o that_o there_o can_v be_v no_o find_v out_o the_o balance_n of_o trade_n by_o the_o customhouse_n book_n some_o be_v of_o the_o opinion_n that_o the_o way_n to_o find_v out_o the_o balance_n of_o trade_n be_v by_o the_o foreign_a exchange_n and_o they_o reckon_v that_o if_o the_o exchange_n run_v high_a upon_o a_o nation_n it_o be_v a_o sign_n that_o there_o be_v more_o foreign_a good_n import_v than_o there_o be_v of_o the_o native_a export_v and_o therefore_o there_o be_v bill_n of_o exchange_n draw_v to_o answer_v the_o effect_n and_o make_v up_o the_o difference_n in_o the_o value_n of_o what_o the_o native_a good_n be_v sell_v for_o less_o than_o the_o foreign_a this_o seem_v to_o be_v the_o near_a way_n of_o guess_v of_o the_o balance_n of_o the_o trade_n of_o a_o nation_n but_o this_o be_v altogether_o as_o uncertain_a for_o exchange_n rise_v and_o fall_v every_o week_n and_o at_o some_o particular_a time_n in_o the_o year_n run_v high_a against_o a_o nation_n and_o at_o other_o time_n run_v as_o high_a on_o the_o contrary_n as_o against_o a_o vintage_n a_o great_a mart_n or_o some_o public_a sale_n the_o exchange_n may_v run_v high_o to_o bourdeaux_n francfort_n or_o holland_n upon_o a_o east-india_n sale_n and_o at_o other_o time_n the_o exchange_n may_v have_v run_v to_o the_o same_o place_n as_o much_o on_o the_o contrary_a for_o no_o exchange_n can_v constant_o run_v high_a against_o a_o nation_n for_o then_o the_o merchant_n that_o trade_n to_o that_o country_n must_v always_o lose_v by_o their_o trade_n for_o if_o the_o good_n that_o they_o export_v do_v yield_v they_o as_o much_o profit_n as_o the_o good_n they_o import_v they_o must_v lose_v by_o the_o return_n and_o it_o can_v be_v suppose_v that_o merchant_n will_v always_o trade_n to_o a_o country_n where_o they_o must_v always_o lose_v by_o trading_n therefore_o there_o can_v be_v no_o account_n of_o the_o balance_n of_o trade_n by_o foreign_a exchange_n as_o to_o the_o rise_n of_o the_o exchange_n betwixt_o holland_n and_o england_n that_o be_v not_o to_o be_v reckon_v as_o a_o rule_n because_o of_o the_o extraordinary_a charge_n of_o the_o war_n at_o this_o time_n but_o if_o there_o can_v be_v a_o account_n take_v of_o the_o balance_n of_o trade_n i_o can_v see_v where_o the_o advantage_n of_o it_o can_v be_v for_o the_o reason_n that_o be_v give_v for_o it_o that_o the_o overplus_n be_v pay_v in_o bullion_n and_o the_o nation_n grow_v so_o much_o the_o rich_a because_o the_o balance_n be_v make_v up_o in_o bullion_n be_v altogether_o a_o mistake_n for_o gold_n and_o silver_n be_v but_o commodity_n and_o one_o sort_n of_o commodity_n be_v as_o good_a as_o another_o so_o it_o be_v of_o the_o same_o value_n a_o hundred_o pound_n worth_a of_o copper_n be_v as_o good_a to_o a_o merchant_n as_o if_o he_o import_v a_o hundred_o pound_n worth_a of_o silver_n and_o he_o may_v get_v as_o much_o by_o it_o beside_o some_o country_n have_v no_o gold_n and_o silver_n and_o yet_o the_o trade_n to_o these_o country_n may_v be_v as_o profitable_a to_o the_o merchant_n and_o nation_n as_o to_o the_o other_o country_n from_o whence_o they_o fetch_v the_o gold_n and_o silver_n as_o the_o trade_n to_o denmark_n and_o sueden_n and_o the_o northern_a part_n of_o the_o world_n from_o whence_o they_o fetch_v pitch_n tar_n hemp_n and_o timber_n be_v as_o profitable_a to_o england_n as_o the_o trade_n to_o spain_n from_o whence_o the_o merchant_n fetch_v the_o bullion_n though_o those_o very_a good_n pitch_n tar_n hemp_n etc._n etc._n be_v buy_v for_o the_o most_o part_n with_o the_o bullion_n that_o be_v bring_v from_o spain_n for_o all_o merchant_n get_v by_o their_o trade_n and_o if_o they_o grow_v rich_a the_o nation_n thrive_v for_o a_o nation_n grow_v rich_a by_o the_o inhabitant_n grow_v rich_a beside_o those_o good_n pitch_n tar_n and_o hemp_n be_v more_o profitable_a commodity_n to_o england_n than_o bullion_n because_o they_o be_v material_n for_o the_o build_n of_o ship_n and_o employ_v more_o hand_n in_o the_o work_n of_o they_o after_o they_o be_v import_v than_o bullion_n do_v and_o the_o only_a way_n to_o know_v what_o sort_n of_o good_n and_o trade_n be_v most_o profitable_a to_o a_o nation_n be_v by_o examine_v which_o sort_n of_o good_n employ_v most_o hand_n by_o import_v and_o manufacture_v for_o every_o man_n that_o work_v be_v pay_v for_o his_o time_n and_o the_o more_o there_o be_v employ_v in_o a_o nation_n the_o rich_a the_o nation_n grow_v and_o therefore_o the_o import_v of_o unwrought_a good_n such_o as_o flax_n raw-silk_n cotton_n etc._n etc._n and_o all_o sort_n of_o bulky_a and_o weighty_a good_n such_o as_o wine_n pitch_n tar_n etc._n etc._n be_v more_o profitable_a to_o a_o nation_n than_o wrought-silk_n linen_n or_o calico_n or_o gold_n silver_n and_o good_n of_o little_a bulk_n in_o respect_n to_o their_o weight_n because_o the_o nation_n get_v the_o profit_n by_o the_o make_n of_o the_o raw-silk_n flax_n and_o cotton_n into_o wrought_a silk_n linen_n and_o all_o such_o thing_n as_o be_v make_v of_o of_o cotton_n and_o by_o the_o bulky_a good_n a_o great_a profit_n from_o their_o freight_n but_o this_o rule_n all_o trade_n nation_n be_v acquaint_v with_o and_o therefore_o lie_v high_a duty_n upon_o all_o manufactured_a good_n and_o a_o less_o duty_n upon_o those_o unmanufacture_v some_o upon_o this_o consideration_n be_v for_o prohibit_v not_o only_o almost_o all_o sort_n of_o manufactured_a good_n but_o several_a other_o commodity_n because_o they_o think_v they_o hinder_v the_o make_n and_o consume_v of_o their_o own_o manufacture_n and_o native_a commodity_n but_o in_o this_o they_o be_v under_o a_o great_a mistake_n and_o perhaps_o there_o be_v nothing_o so_o prejudicial_a to_o the_o trade_n of_o england_n as_o the_o many_o law_n for_o prohibit_v commodity_n or_o lay_v too_o high_a a_o duty_n which_o amount_v to_o a_o prohibition_n for_o by_o such_o prohibition_n the_o trade_n to_o such_o a_o country_n be_v whole_o lose_v by_o which_o the_o profit_n that_o the_o english_a merchant_n use_v to_o get_v by_o sell_v the_o foreign_a good_n the_o profit_n of_o the_o owner_n of_o the_o ship_n for_o the_o freight_n the_o profit_n from_o the_o native_a commodity_n that_o use_v to_o be_v send_v in_o exchange_n